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,/c2^f rr^ ^-U^^-i 



DICTIONARY 



OP 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



Canute Chaloner 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



EDITED BY 



LESLIE STEPHEN 



VOL. IX. 



Canute C haloner 



^i* '. 



MACMILLAN AND CO. 

LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 

1887 




/9//^-^ 



X,h 



LIST. OF. WEITEES 



m THE NINTH VOLUME. 



\Jm A^ • • • 


. . Osmund Airt. - ■ . 


E. H.-A. 


. . Edwabd Hebon-Aixsk. • 


A. J. A. . 


. . Sib a. J. Abbuthnot, K.C.S.I. 


T. A. A. 


. . T. A. Abchbb. 


J. A. . . 


. . John Ashton. 


W. E. A. 


A. W. E. A. Axon. 


J. El. B. . 


. . J. E. Baiuet. 


G. F. R. 


B. G. F. Russell Babzeb. 


G. T. B. 


. . G. T. Bettant. 


A. C. B. 


. . A. C. BiCKLEY. 


W. G. B. 


. . ThbRev.Pbofe8sorBlaieie,D.D 


G. C. B. 


. . G. C. BOASK. 


H. B. . . 


. . Hbnbt Bradley. 


R. H. B. 


. . R. H. Bbodie. 


A. H. B. 


. . A. H. BULLEN. 


H. M. C. 


. . H. Manners Chichester. 


A. M. C. 


. . Miss A. M. Clerxe. 


i.. \j. > . 


. . Thompson Cooper, F.S.A. 


C. H. C. 


. . C. H. COOTE. 


W. P. C. 


. . W. P. Courtney. 


M. C. . . 


. . The Ret. Professor Crriohton. 


1j» c . . 


. . Lionel Cust. 


R. W. D. 


. . The Rev. Canon Dixon. 


F. £. . . 


. . Francis Rspinasse. 


C. H. F. 


. . C. H. Fibth. 


J. G. . . 


. . Jambs Gaibdner. 


S. E. G. . 


. . S. R. Gabdinxr, LL.D. 



B. G Richard Gabnett, LL.D. 

W. G. . .^. ..William Gbobgb. 

J. W.-G. ., . J. WSSTBT-GIBSON, I4L.D. 

G. G. . ..- . . Gk)BDON Goodwin. 

A. G The Ret. Alexandbb Gobdon. 

J. A. H. . . J. A. Hamilton. 

T. F. H. . . T. F. Hbndebson. 

G. J. H. . . . G. J. HOLTOAXB. 

J. H Miss Jennett Humphbets. 

R. H-T. . . . Robebt Hunt, F.R.S. 
W. H The Rev. William Hunt. 

B. D. J. • • B. D. Jackson. 

A. J The Rev. Augustus Jessopp, D.D. 

C. K. . . . . Chables Kent. 
J. K Joseph Xnight. 

J. K. L. . . Pbofbssor J. K. Lauohton. 

S. L. L. . . S. L. Lee. 

G. P. M. . . G. P. Macdonbll. 

JE. M. ... ^NEAS Macxay, LL.D. 

C. T. M. . . C. Trice Martin. F.S.A. 

A. M Arthur Miller. 

CM Cosmo Monkhoubb. 

N. M Norman Moore, M.D. 

J. B. M. . . . J. Bass Mullinoer. 

T. The Rev. Thomas Olden. 

J. John Ormsby. 

J. H. O. . . The Rev. Canon Ovbbton. 



vi List of Writers. 

J. F. p. . . J. F. Paths, MJ). H. M. & . . H. M. Stephens. 

G. G. P. . . . Th» Bit. Canon Pkrby. W. B. W. S. Thb Rbv. W. B. W. Stephens. 

B. L. P. . . B. L. Pools. C. W. S. . . C. W. Sutton. 

S. L.-P. . . . Stanur L4NB-P00LS. £• M. T. . . £. Maxtnds Thompson. 

£. B. . . . . £bnb8T Badpobd. H. B. T. . . H. B. Tbodbb. 

J. M. B. . . J. M. BiQo. J. H. T. . . J. H. Thorpe. 

C. J. B. . . Thb Bvr. C. J. BcumacHr. ; T. F. T. . . Pbofbsob T. F. Tout. 

E. 8. S. . . K S. Shugkbuboh. , £. Y Thb Bet. Canon Yenables. 

£. S £dwabd Smith. A. W. W.. . Pbofbssob A. W. Wabd, LL.b. 

G. B. S. . . G. Babnbtt Smrb. M. G. W. . . The Bet. M. G. Watkins. 

G. S Goiawin Smith. F. W-t. . . . Fbancis Watt. 

W. B. S. . . W. Babglat Squibb. W. W. . . . Wabwiol Wboth. 

L. S 



DICTIONARY 



OF 



NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY 



Canute 



• 
Canute 



CANUTE or CNUT (994 P-1036), caUed 
the Great, and by ScandinaTiian writers the 
Mighty and the Old, king of the' -English, 
Danes, and Norwegians, was the youn^r 
son of Swe^, kii^ of Denmark, by Signd, 
widow of Eric the Victorious, kiqg of Sweden 
(Adam Bsem. iL 87). In his charters his 
name is written Cnut, and sometimes Enu5, 
in Norsk it is Cnutr, and in Latin correctly 
Cnuto. The name is one peculiar to the 
Danish royal family. The form Ganutus is 
a corruption ; it is, however, as old as the 
canonisation of the later king of that name 
by Paschal 11 about 1100 (^lnoth, Vita 
8, Kanutiy ap. Langebek, Scrip, Her. Dan. 
iii. 340, 382 ; Fbeeman, Norman Conqtcestf 
i. 442). While, then, Canute is certaiidy an 
incorrect form, it has obtained such sanction 
as wide and long use can give. Sweyn had 
apostatised, but some time after the birth of 
dnut he again became a christian, and was 
rebaptised. As a boy, then, Cnut must have 
b^n a pagan, but he seems to have received 
baptism before 1013, and possibly before 
1000, the date of the battle of Swold, won 
by Sweyn, as it seems, after his conversion, 
and by his allies, the Swedes. At his baptism 
Gnut received the name of Lambert (comp. 
C^ron. JBricif Lastgebek, i. }58 ; Adam 
Bbek. ii. 87, 38, 49, and Schol. 38). He 
b said to have urged his father to invade 
England in 1013 (Enc. Emnue, i. 3) ; he 
sailed witk him, and must therefore have 
landed at Sandwich, uid thence gdne round 
to Gainsborough, whve Swejm received the 
submission of Earl Uhtred of Northumbria, 
and of all the Danish part of the kingdom. 
Grossing Watling Street into the purely Eng- 
lish districts, the host advanced to London, 
ravaging all the country. Being repulsed 
firom London, the Danes marched westwards, 
and all Wessez snbmitted to Sweyn, who 

TOL.IZ. 



was now acknowledged as ' fiill king ' (-4.-A 
Chron, 1013). London gave hostages to 
him, and ^thelred fled to Normandy. Thus 
Gnut's conquest only completed and confirmed 
the work of his father {^orman Conquest, i. 
399). According to one writer, Sweyn, be- 
lieving Ijis end to be near, talked much with 
his son concerning the art of government and 
the christian rebgion {Enc. EmmeBf i. 6). 
His death, however, was unexpected, and the 
gifts Cnut afterwards made to the monas- 
tery of Bury seem to show that he shared the 
general belief tnat it was due to the vengeance 
of St. Eadmund. Sweyn died on the road 
from Gainsborough to Bury on 3 Feb. 1014. 
His son Harold succeeded him in Denmark, 
and the Danish fleet chose Cnut to be kin^ of 
England. The * witan,* however, sent after 
^thelred, and declared every Danish king 
an outlaw. ^Ethelred returned to England 
during Lent. Meanwhile Cnut remained at 
Gainsborough until Easter (17 April), evi- 
dently gathering together as large a force as he 
could, in order to crush the newly awakened 
energy of the English. Following his father's 
example, he now made an agreement with the 
people of Lindesey that they should supply 
him with horses, an indispensable step to- 
wards inland conquest, and then join his army 
in ravaging the countiy. Before he could 
set out ^thelred marched into Lindesey at 
the head of a great host, and forced Cnut and 
his Danes to flee. They sailed to Sandwich, 
and there Cnut cut ofi^ the hands, ears, and 
noses of the hostages his father had taken, 
and put them ashore. He then returned to 
Denmark. 

Meanwhile the Norwegians shook off the 
Danish yoke. Olaf Haroldsson (the saint), 
a Norwegian sea-king, had carried iEthelred 
from Normandy to England in his ships. Fore- 
seeing that the English war would caU for all 

B 



m:^ 



Canute 



^ Canute 



Cnut's strength, and knowing that the bravest 
Danes were with him, and amon^ them Eric, 
the earl of Norway, he landed in that country, 
and by the spring of 1015 obtained the crown 
(Corpus Poeticum Boreale^u. 116, 127, 163). 
According to a strange story, Cnut, on land- 
ing in Denmark, asked his brother Harold to 
divide his kingdom with him. Harold re- 
fused, and Cnut let the matter drop for the 
time (Enc, Emnue, ii. 2). In another account 
the Danes are said to have deposed Harold 
on account of his slothful and unwarlike cha- 
racter, and to have chosen his brother king 
in his stead, but, subsequently becoming im- 
patient at Cnut's long absence, to have again 
chosen Harold, who reigned until his death 
(Chron, End, Lang. i. 168). It seems pro- 
bable that Cnut, on his return at the head of 
a powerful fleet devoted to his service, became 
at least virtual sovereign of the country; that 
some time later (during Cnut's second absence 
in England, 1015-19) Harold regained the 
authority he had lost while his abler brother 
was in the country, and that Harold died 
before Cnut returned to Denmark from his 
second visit to England. 

Having thus lost England, Cnut is said to 
have prepared himself for its reconquest by 
two successful campaigns against tne Slavs 
dwelling on the south coast of the Baltic in 
Sclavia and Sembia. The two brothers are 
also represented as acting together. They 
went to Poland and brou^t back with them 
their mother, who was the daughter of Mie- 
ceslas, the last duke, and on their return they 
received the body of their father Sweyn, which 
was sent over horn England by an English 
lady, and buried it with great pomp at Hoskild 
(Enc, Emma, ii. 3). 

Cnut eagerly set himself to raise a suffi- 
cient force for a fresh invasion of England, 
and with the help of his half-brother, Olaf of 
Sweden, he equipped a splendid fleet (Adam 
Brem. ii. 50). A promise from Earl Thurkill 
that he woidd join him with his ships, whether 
delivered in person or not, decided the date 
of his departure. He sailed from Denmark 
in 1016, perhaps accompanied by his brother 
Harold and by the earl (Thibtmab, vii. 28), 
though Harold's presence may at least be 
doubted {Enc, Emma, ii. 4) ; while the state- 
ment that Thurkill went with the fleet de- 
pends on his identity with a Thurgut spoken 
of by Thietmar. Cnut landed at Sandwich. 
Thence he sailed round the coast to the mouth 
of the Frome, and harried Dorset (the sack of 
the monastery of Ceme is specially recorded, 
M<m, ii. 626) and Wiltshire and Somerset. 
He met with no opposition, ^thelred lay sick 
at Corsham, and tne ffitheling Eadmund and 
Earl Eadric were at enmity with each other* 



Eadric joined Cnut, bringing forty ships with 
him, and hj Christmas Wessex submitted 
to the Danish king and supplied him with 
horses. Early in 1016 Cnut crossed the 
Thames at Cricklade and ravaged Warwick- 
shire; thence he passed over to Bedfordshire, 
and then led his host by Stamford and Not- 
tingham to York (A-5'. C%ron.l016; Othebe, 
Corp, Poet Bor. li. 176). There Uhtred and 
all Northumbria submitted to him. Never- 
theless he treacherously allowed Uhtred to 
be slain by his private enemies, and gave his 
earldom to Eric, who had married ms sister 
Estrith (Simeon, ap. Twtsdbn, col. 81). At 
York he stayed some time to gather his forces, 
^thelred was now dead, and on hearing of 
his death Cnut appears to have sailea to 
Southampton, and to have held a meeting 
of the witan there, at which he was chosen 
king, and the great men present at it re- 
nounced the sons of ^Ethelred, and swore to 
obey him (Flob. Wiq. i. 173 ; Norman Omr 
quest, i. 418). The silence of the chronicles, 
however, throws some doubt on this story. 
Meanwhile the Londoners made ^thelreas 
son, Eadmund, king in his stead. On 7 May 
Cnut laid siege to London. The invading fleet 
is said to have consisted of 340 ships, each con- 
taining eighty men (Thietmab), and as the 
river was defended by London Bridge, Cnut 
made a canal along the south side of it, and so 
drew his ships to t-he west of the bridge {A,^8. 
Chron, \ Flobencb, i. 173 ; Lithsmen's Song, 
Corp, Poet, Bor, ii. 108). Eadmund left the 
city to gather a force in Wessex, and it was 
perhaps now that Emma, ^thelred's widow, 
m order to give her stepson time to come to 
the relief oi the city, entered into negotia- 
tions with Cnut, and that he was thus for the 
first time brought into communication with 
her (Thibtmab). Cnut was forced to march 
westwards with part of his army to meet 
Eadmund, and after two engagements the 
Danes broke up the siege ; it was again formed 
and again broken up, and Cnut, foiled in 
his attempt to take London, seems to have 
made the Medway the headquarters of his 
fleet, and to have thence sent out expeditions 
to plunder. A vigorous attack was made on 
his army in Kent by the English under Ead- 
mund, who drove him and his men into She]^ 
pey with great loss. The total failure of his 
expedition now seemed certain, but the Eng- 
lish king was hindered from following up his 
success, and the Dane« were thus enabled to 
leave their place of refuge. , The^ruggle, the 
jdetails of which must be reserv^ for the life 
'of Eadmund, ended in the battle of Assandun, 
a spot which may be identified by the hill of 
Astdngton in Essex. There Cnut met an 
army gathered from every part of England. 



Aftirr s Btnliborn battle lasting throughout 
t)i» H«v.flti'l PTun by moonlight, tlie EngliaU 

""•' Mil. retreat soon bet«me a rout, 

' Knwer of the KosUBh race was 
. .(■ iA.-S. ChrmT) 
vt'd the EnKlish Idng into Glou- 
lirani as tie Tictory was, he 
km'v ill lit iHadmimd might once more gallier 
Ativngth, and ha therefore consuntMl to make 
t«mi8 niih him. The two IdngB met on the i 
i«le of Olney in the Severn, near Deerhuret. 
Henry of Huntingdon's etoiy of a combat 1 
between them, nnd that told by William of 
MoltaesbuTT of a challenge sent by Eadmund 
uid rettised by Cnut. may holli be set aside 
an nytliical. At Olney the land was divided. 
CbhI took the norl.bero part ; WessM re- 
mained to Eadmuod (H.} Thia e«ems all 
thtit enn Iv «jud with abeolute certainty about 

''■- — '^-nt. By sxipplyiug a defective 

i t.iri'ncefromRogecof Wendover, 
I Hadmund'fl share hIbo included 
rid Egwfxwith London, and that 
, .r'i^vnofthc kingdom, Cnut being 

an'(iider-WiTiff(I.'t,on.Wi9.i.l78;Roc.WeND. 
1.456). On the other hand, Henrv of Hunt- 
ingdati (7t>6), though be is probably wrong, 
assigns Londonand thelteadahipof theking- 
domloCnul. TheLondonera'Dought peace' 
of thf Ihineu, and the fleet took up winter 
quan«rathere(^.-&CAr[»«.;LitJumen'sSong, 
Corp. Pott. Bor. a. 108), Eadmund was slain 
30 riov. Tliere is no trustworthy evidence 
thkt Cnnt hod any hand in this opportune 
CTent. No English writer accuses him of it, 
and the sloir in the ' KoytUnga Saga' that 
tit? omployi^d Eadric to elay him ia unworthy 
of btrLef. Saxo (193) speaks of the beli^ 
llmt h(i wnM put tn deaili by Cnut's order, 
■vritbout accepting the story. UenrvofHunt- 
ingdon gives a detailed account of the mur- 
dci of the king Iiy Earl Kadric : he there makes 
Eadric boast of Ilia deed to Cnut, who there- 
upon ha» him slain, even as David didbv him 
whn declureil that he had put Saul to death. 
TlwrD seems no (wwon for doubting that the 
kinff net a violent death ; that he was slain 
by Eadric is certainly probable, and while 
thereia nothing U> prove that Cnut instigated 
■dor, it waa done in his interest by 
jK vbo believed that they had good cause 
~)«et diat he would reward ihem for 
n tho deoth of Eadmund, Cnut imme- 
ItcoUo^ the wit on to London, and, when 
rably had met, bade thoi<e who were 
t Bt the conference at Olney declare 
ji had been settled there about the suc- 
Tliey answered tltat Eadmund had 



false. Onnt was then formally 





; Canute 

chu^n king, and be received the oatlis of the 
witim; nnd when perhaps a fuller assembly 
had been gathered, tiis hingsliip was Renerally 
acknowledged. The great men and the people 
swore to obey him, and he made oath to tbem 
in return (i5. 180). 

Cnut was about twenty-two wlii-n he as- 
cended tlie throne in the tirst days of 1017. 
In spile of the formal election end oaths 
which accompanied his accession, he hod 
reuUy won the kingdom by the sword, and in 
order to render his position secure be indulged 
his naturally stern and revengeful temper by 
putting several of the most powerfiil English- 
men to death. Among these were Kadric^ 
by whose treasons against his natural lord he 
had often profited, and .^thelweard, the eon 
of ^thelmter, the patron offline the Gram- 
marian \t{. v.] An tetheling named Eadwig 
was banisheo and afterwaii^ slain by his or- 
ders, and with him, too, was hanishodanotlier 
Ead wig, called the 'ceorls'king.' It is gene- 
rally asserted on the authority of Florence of 
Worcester that the eons of Eaiynund were sent 
to Olaf of Sweden that he might slay them, 
but that they were saved from death.andsent' 
into Hungary. There is, however, good reason 
for believing that for ' ad regem Suuavorum ' 
should be read ' ad regem Sclavorum,' that 
Cnut sent the children to his brother-in-law 
Bolealas, and that Mieceelas, his nephew, ^ent 
them safely to Russia (Stbeitbtbitf, Nor- 
manwTTW, lii. 305). The two sons of /Ethel- 
red were with their mother at the court of 
Richard, duke of the Normans, who might 
have been disnosed to lake up hia sister's 
cause, r Cnut, however, avoided this danger 
by his marriuee with her.' Emma, or, as the 
English calleJher.vElfgifu, whom /Ethelred 
married ' before August ' in 1002, must have 
been about ten years older than her new hus- 
band. Nevertheless, the marriage need not 
have been one of merepolicy, for.ilie-Jffaa !& 
morkably beautiful. Cnut was already the 
lover of another >EIfEif\i, sometime, it is said, 
the mistress of Olaf of Norway fsee /Elfqifh 
of Northampton]. By her he had two sons, 
Harold and Sweyn. Emma, therefore, before 
she accepted hisofier, stipulated that, should 
she bear the king a son, no other woman's son 
should aucceetl to the kingdom, and to thia 
Cnut agreed {Enr. Emnue, ii.,16). 

In 1018 Cnut levied a heavv danegeld of 
"•2,000 pounds, besides lo,000"T^ch betook 
from London alone. With thid money he 

C'd offbisDaniah forces and sent them away, 
^ing only forty ships with theircrews, who 
formed the nucleus of his body of 'hua-carls.' 
And inthe seme year he held a gemot at Ox- 
fonl, wliere Danes and Engli^ joined to- 
gether in the observance of ' Eadgar's law.' 

B 'i 



Canute 4 Canute 



The phrase denotes a renewal of the good go- 
yemment under which men had lived in the 
reign of Eadgar, when both races dwelt to- 
gether on terms of perfect equality, each being 
judged by its own law, though indeed the 
difference between the systems was scarcely 
more than one of name. From this time 
Cnut appears in England as a wise and just 



fiEither had done the saint, turned out the 
secular clerks, and filled their places with s 
colony of monks brought from the monas- 
tery of Hubn in Norfolk (Will. Malm. Gesta 
Beg, ii. 181, Gesta Pontiff. 161 ; Monasticon, 
iii. 135, 137). The solemn translation of the 
body of Archbishop iElf heah from St. Paul's 
to the metropolitan church in 1023 doubt- 



ruler. He reigned as a native king, and | less had a political as well as a religious 
though he was lord of vast dominions he ever I significance. The English saw that the days 
treated Enjj^land as the chief of all. He con- | oi plimder by the heathen-men were over 
stantly visited his other kingdoms, but he \ for ever, and that the Danish king delighted 
made his home here, and while he ruled else- ! to honour the martyr whose death made him 
where by viceroys he made this country the | a national hero. Another of his acta of de- 
seat of his government, so that in his reign votion has been held to cast a suspicion 
England was, as it Tsere^ the head of a north- ' upon him, for in 1032 he visited Glaston- 
em empire (Adam Bbem. ii. 63). Yet even bury, and after praying before the tomb of 
here he adopted something of an imperial : his rival Eadmund offered on it a pall worked 
system of government ; for, following out the with the various hues of the peacock. He also 
policy alrwwly pursued by Eadgar, he divided gave a charter to the monastery (Will. M alx. 
the kingdom into fourearldoms, and entrusted . li. 184, 185). He appears as a benefactor at 
the administration of each part to a single | Canterbury, Winchester, Ely, Ramsey, and 
earl, Just as each of the four divisions of elsewhere. He held English churchmen in 
the dferman land and race was under its high esteem. He admitted Lyfing, abbot of 
own duke (Stubbs, Const Hist. i. 202, where i Tavistock, and aften^^-ards (1027) bishop of 
the feudal tendency of this arrangement is Crediton, to intimate friendship, and took 
marked). The highest offices in church and him with him on Ids journeys to Denmark 
state were open to Englishmen. yEthelnoth ' and Rome (Will. Malm. Gesta Pontiff. 200). 
was archbishop of Canterbury, Godwine earl | Archbishop /Ethclnoth evidently had con- 
of W^essex. iJuring his later years, indeed, siderable influence over him. He took many 
whenhe saw fit to banish certain Danish earls clergy from England to Denmark, and ap- 
from England, he filled their places with ' pointed some of them to bishoprics there. One 
Englishmen, and so ' Danish names gradually ' or more of these bishops were consecrated by 
disappear from the charters and are succeeded , the English metropolitan. This brought the 
by English names ' {Norman Conquest ^ i. 476) . king into communication with Unwan, arch- 
Having set in order his new kingdom, bishop of Hamburg. Unwan seized Ger- 
Cnut visited Denmark in 1019, usinf^ for : brand, who had been consecrated to the see 
his voyage the forty ships he had retained, i of Roskild by ^thelnoth in 1022, and made 
He took with him Englishmen as well as him profess obedience to him, and wrote to 
Danes, and Godwine is said to have gained Cnut to complain of this ii^ingement of 
his favour by doing him good service in a the rights of his see. Cnut was glad to 
war he made during this visit against the oblige the powerful metropolitan of the 
W^ends (Hen. Hu^n*. 757). On his return : north, and took care that all such matters 
to England in 1020 he was present at the ; should be arranged as he wished for the 
consecration of the church at A ssandun that future. Whatever headship England had 
he and Earl Thurkill had built to commemo- among the dominions of the Danish king, it 



rate the victory over Eadmund. The chro- 
nicler notes that the building was ' of stone 



was not to give the church of Canterbury 
metropolitan rights over them (Adam Bbev. 



and lime,' for in that well-wooded district i ii. 53). Cnut's munificence extended to foroim 
timber would have been the natural and less ! churches, and by the advice of yEthelnoth he 
costly material to use. Wulfstan, arch- ' greatly helped the building of the cathedral 
bishop of York (the lee of Canterbury was of Chart res. His devout liberality took men 
vacant), and many bishops were there, and . by surprise. Both he and his father Sweyn 
the ceremony was one of national impor-^ seem to have been looked on as heathens by 
tance. The foundation must have bceiy- Christendom at large until Cnut exhibited 
small, for the church was served b v a single*! himself as the most zealous of christian kings. 



secular priest. Cnut was a liberal ecclesi- 
astical benefactor, generally favouring the 
monks rather than the secular clergy. He 
rebuilt the church of St. Eadmund at Burv, 
evidently aa an atonement for the wrong Im 



The affairs of the north were little known, and 
Cnut, in spite of his baptism, gave men little 
cause to deem him a christian until after his 
accession. A contemporair writer, Ademar 
of Chabannes, states that he was converted 



•Aerhe c»Die tn the tlironn {BecueU, 1. 156), 
and Folbert, biahoji of OlianrSB, writ.Lag 
in 10S0 or 10-Jl to tiumk him for the giAs 
be bad iDkde to his diurcli, imiilies that up 
to tbot time he Lad behaved that he was a 
pipTin {ih. 4+!'lj. In a li^nd of St. Ead^h, 
•' ■' '■■■ ""■"■■>'n of MBlmesbury, Cnut 18 re- 
I '! hy hia heathen prejudices 
I Jiijheh saints. Ue especially 
-anctity of Eadgyth as the 
Lu.l^ar, whom he nnmounced a 
Jiuli'ul ijniiit. jKtbelnotU rehuJted him, and 
tile aunt heranlf rase up to convince him of 
hit taa (WltL Malm. Gata Pontiff. 190). 
TliD atotv if foolish enough, hot taken in cnn- 
nection wilh the aasertiona tliat Cnut acted 
by tlw advice of .'Ethelnoth in sending giftd 
to Chortres, and that the archbiebop accom- 
paoied him on hi« tisit to Glastonbury, it 
perhaps su^^ests that .iCtlielnoth was the 
BiMUiB of turning the king from a mere 
DDminal Christianity, such as he professed 
irbeii he luulilated the hosta^ in 1013, ^o 
tt mal for tiie faith and a life uot wholly 
unworthy of It. Tlie belief of Fulbert and 
Ademai its to the king's bi'ntbenigni wus of 
course eoimected with the fact that 'pugoni' 
«■« the n-cognised description of the Danes. 
Under the year 10l>2 it is said in the 
Anc'o^o^"" Chronicle that Cnut 'went out 
witli hi« ships to Wiht,' and the next year he 
ift descriliod as returning to England. These 
e&trioe havi^ been satietactorily explained as 
nXesmtig to on expedition to WihtUnd in 
EMhonia (Siebsbibup, Normannfme, iii. 
SSS). Earl Thurkiil was outlawed from 
Ei^land in 1U21. Nevertheless, beforeCuut 
left Denmark to return hither after this ex- 



xru nrobahly Swern, the son of iElfgifu of 
Karthunpton. Tie king brought Thuckill's 
•oa back with him aea hostage lor his father's 
pnw! I)e!iayi"iir. About this time he banished 
T-'..-i i.v.,. I.-,,,., England, and a few years 
' iir'phew Uakon, giving their 
'[■-!. to EnglJahmen. 
iian^e to Rom€, assigned in 
r„ liJsi, took place itil02a-7, 
ff>r lie n-'i-ti'd at the coronation of the em- 
peror Oonnid on 26 March 1037 (Wipo, c. 
16; Si9KVJ,T, Oirp. Fbet. Bor. ii. 136). On 
bi» way he gave rich gifts to the various mo- 
BU[«rieM to which be came. At St. Umer 
the wnt«r of the ' Encomium Emmie ' saw 
Iliin aod mnrvBltsd at his devotion and mu- 
iuflc«ni^. lie sent to England an account 
of his visit to Home in a lettv addressed to 
ibo archbishojM. biahops, and all the English 

Sntle and lunple. He tells bis people how 
I jpigamrtsv, vaved some time Wore, had 



been put ot( by press of business, and bow 

frhid be was that he bad at liLst. seen all the 
loly places at Home ; he describes how 
honourably be bod been^ceived by the pope 
and the emperor, and says that he bad ob- 
tained promises from the emperor and from 
Rudolf of Burgiindy that matibonts and pil- 
grims of England and Dkumark should not 
lie oppressed on tiheir way to Rome, and 
from tne pope that some abatement cbould 
be made in the large sums doraauded from 
his archbishops in return for the pall, and 
that be had made a vow to rei^ woU and 
amend whatever be had done amiss as a ruler 
(FwiH. Wis. i. 186; WiLt, Malb. ii. 18.^). 
The whole letter shows bis warm-bearled- 
ness and his confidence in tbe sympathy of 
his people. While, however, there is much 
that is uoble in it, there is something alsoof 
tbe simplicity of the backward civilisation 
of Scandinavia. By a treaty arranged by 
Archbishop Unwon, Cnut's daughter Qun- 
hlld was Tietrothed to the emperor's son 
Henry, and Conrad gave the Danish king 
the march of Sleswic and accepted the Eider 
as the boundary between Denmark and Ger- 
muiy (ArAK BuBM. ii. 64). 

•When Cnut was firmly established, on the 
EngUsh throne, he sent messengera to Olaf 
HaJvldsson, demanding that he should hold 
Norway as his earl and pay liim tribute, Oa 
Olaf 's refusal be set about creating a party 
for himself in Norway, and spent money 
freely in bribing the Norwe^ansto be thltb- 
lees to their kin^ (SiaHVii, 4). Olaf sought 
to strengthen hunself byfonning an alliance 
ithtbeliingofSweden. About 1026 it seems 



Eatritb, is said to have tried to make one of 
hissonskingof Denmark inbisplace. Besides 
the discontent that Cnut's absence from hia 
paternal kingdom would naturallv occasion, 
It ie probable that his active cnristianity 
was unacceptable to some part of bis Danish 
subjects {Ann. HiUlftheim. 1035). Hewent 
over to Denmark probably in 10-26, and Ulf 
is said to have submitted to him, He then 
sailed to meet tbe allied fleets of Norway 
and Sweden, which were ravaging Scania. 
After a fierce engagement in the Uelgariver 
the Bancs were worsted iA.-S. Chron. 1025 ; 
Saxo, 195 ; Ann. Itl. an. 1027 ; according to 
fithere'fl song they slopped tbe foray, Corp. 
Pnet. Jior. ii. 156). After the battle, in 
which many Englishmen are said to have 
fallen, Cnut, as tbe story goes, picked a, 
quarrel with Ulf and had bim assassinated 
in St. Lucius .Church at Itoskild (I.Allra, 
Hamikringla, ii. c. 163). That he caused 
Ulf to be put to death there is no reason to 



I -«i 



Canute 6 Canute 

doubt, and iv-hilo thort' is ni> eTi<lt*mv tliat not swm. to have been brought into any per- 

ho aoteii unjustly, the killiiij in the church sonal ctDnnection. From tlie contradictoiy 

i> |vrhni>$ almost ti>x> startling to W a mere notices of his reUtions with the Norman 

invention, ami it* it tvx^k place it would of duchy it seems that after he had put Ulf to 

course have btvn an out nice vMi the iVi-lln*:* of death he gave his sister Estrith, the earls 

the ago. Cnut ov^niinu«Nl to intrigue with widow, in marriage to Duke Robert, who 

I he Mibitvis of Olaf, and he did so wirh *uch hatrvl her and put her away ; that Kobert de- 
gi>*vl etfivt thaT. wlu n in li>*JS he again saile-i , manded that the sethelings should be allowed 

to Norway. iMuf was forct d to il«'. In kt>i.l 1 1 return, and that restoration should bemade 

iHaf made an attempt to rt^.n4in h:s throne, t 'thrm; and that on Cnut's refusal the duke 

but he was defeat ixl and slain by Cnu:'s tiiti-d out a fleet for the invasion of England, 

|^r:y at StikelsTt-ad. l»y his diath Cn;iT but that many of his ships were wrecked off 

gainixl sivure jw^scssion of Norway. IWsi :es .Tersi-y. and so the expedition was abandoned 

h:s th:\v king^:on:s of Kng'-and. lV:in::irk. t llriK-LF Giaber. iv. 6: Saxo, 193; Pet. 

and Noni\av, iu- rt^ign^sl o\ir certain S'ivic Oi-M.ap. Laxg. ii. fJi^o; Will. OF JuxikoBB, 

iwi^les on tV.e CvX-ts: of :he IVihio. w::v^^ v:. 10; Will. Malm. ii. 1??0. who says that 

lAuds art^ dos**T:K-.: .ss rv';iv:a sr. : Jvn-V:.^ s^me iv mains of the shattered fleet were to 

iSvxo, UV\ r,r:i\-l*J^. i>:i :V.e s.::'.-r.:vo: be s^-tn at Kouen in his dav: yorman Owi- 

Flort^nvv of W.^rvvsTtr V.e is sa*. : :o :.-iv.- A:^ c:.^-r. i. oi\^^». It was probably in order 

ik-riUv. h-.:v.sol: -n :V.e K.iv.ai: 1-, :::t r.>*k-.r*: : ^ strtiigibm himsrif against any possible 

cf iv^r: o:" the Swtv.os.* lU iVTTAir.'.y \v5.s a::acks fr.^m Normandv that Cnut made 

nt\i7 ;r. .v.:y Mr.se k:::g ct :V.? ^^^ -.■>,>. sr..: aV.:&r..v w::h William \ . duke of Aquitaine 

the iVi>>s^-:!- V.ss Uvii sa::*:^*:: r.'.x ■= xv'.;, :::-.'. ari cr^n: :•! Poiioa iAdexak. 149k ^ 

b> :h:^ >.igj:vs:i.*u :V.s: tV.-.n V..ss ivrr.A c-^n- Cr.:::"* ;aKe 'f laws, 'decreed with the ' 

f;;s.^ni U:^i-.:i "soi" *:v.i *s;." Ar. ; ::.;.: i: c.nf-.n: :f:hrwi:an* a: s<."»me uncertain date, 

rktVrs t.^ V.is Sl.s^ic s;;V;iv*:s .>7V:Ns'.sv?. o r.:ii::s r.> a>«>xu:<^'.y new principles or cos- 

JN, -^v;.?>»%.-'-x.'. :.■ ;\*_^r -:>['\ ILs vvr/..:. .r.* : n:-^ I: is uliviied into ecclesiastical and 

art" tvr.>:.*kr.:'.} s'jVn-. r. v*:" ,ss s.v. i ::::.>. ir..l o:vi". li^s, Tbr command with which it 

r.*"\\ ;;*. ;:v.;> 7..-i'. :,■*>:...''.; ;ii v-.- •.;■.::•.::: -.v. N rT»-^v ;>.-*. :::i: rurn • sh vjld ever love and wor- 

Vat'. H.\xoa. li^.r::-.:: jr..;:. :*:.•: >;r. .:' F,r.i:v.i. 
a'> ^ «,^> r.'.s^li 7.:'.v7 /:' '.\r.:v..^rk. 

n.:" .:::":.'.: .:" tV,; N .— I r v."/: r.v.'.s : v :>.;■ ,-v.r o :-.«:::..::. -^i:: ibis is further illustrated 

SiV.v .'.: r.-.iV.: -.v. .:: '.v ".S , v.'.y ^- r..>7r.s ::.• ry '/:.-: o.rLTiirLs.-^n brtwern breaches of the 

IV r>. v.;,' V..#:.:% o: iV.v.: .v. sS f.sr .ss- :: *i<: li*."^ .- a I'iurch ajid in the king's house. 

I.. -.v. :v. Af::7 >:-.'» Ts : .* '.Vr^v tV.v 5o: : t >>. V.r.^ :>.:r. Uyj 4:\ ;o h: strictly observed. The 

1." :-.,sv..-\*":-'j;v ';. > >..*.> T-. .'7 :y A':r. ..^:. •.tf.yr.t-r.: : :::bt* as i o: other ecclesiastical 

:..; >..Vv...x^. v. . : M^■. '.:v. a>.-.s .-: ::;t v.r;.-, :...:> .s ? r.: . r.-^-o. ar.i all men ar« bidden to 

%.'.^v.. »-. ;,r«,. .;- *.s ;/.:". .7 .v.> . ,\*.i>. * .■:•:■-■.- '..V- IT. ::.t>".:y. a c>r!:s:And which leads one 

r...v...r. . T^, ".«,: .■:■>■;. y ::...> :s:a: *.n:.:v. :.- s.:7":«.>!< :>.*: *b-. kr-ng had then separated 

>:^.-.l ;• ,-:,'"" :V.; <o ::.-..•'.:..-■.:• 1.^ rrr-W-ir.:- :: N:r:Sanp:on. The civil 

• ■■■-"-. ,. :.■..■..::-.;;■ ^:;.; ..>.^ Vv.^..>:. ".A-a-s t:^ :t tiif n.vt par: iv-enactments, 
'.:.v... ..■ ...: N,-. ;■..>';■. ,-7.^^" "n>.> ::.; >.,:■. v. v. r.; ^r .'. .r. s: ~ i .":**-* r.iTilcfmen's, of the legis^ 
.■: A r.:.v.-. ; V.:. ..> .V.^r..:^ r. : : -: .■"r.s-j^^,-::' .: *,i: •- .:" ;.*.rl>.r kin^s^ and especially of 
'. ;:-. '.■.■.-.■.*.-. . \ v\-...: >;'. " > : : fr. -. i.:: ./.'.% Yj. \r*.r. LnL r^ay rif i»kei on as the exi»la- 
4v.;r.'.. S,^ . r .■. ... -». '^.'.",v'." > <. ■;-.*- r.'T .r. ,: ::jr arrttiCTT:: :n "Eadgnr's law* 

* ■^•- -^- ■ .:>.*■.■.'> ,■ . . ^ V - ■ _ ■ ,■* . . 7. J :.. ":^ ;■; . -^..- :* -.xv -^,;^er« at iheOxford 

V* '\ .••■-■ ^^ ■ -^ ^ ' ^ '■■ ? . . ~ ■'.^.•- .'»*s: ~ ': An- c^ : :.-: = >si n j-i^worthy pro- 

»'.«....:-«: ■-. :■ :. .-. > ;■ ^ :- .:;■-> \ >'.T^i «.7v :*.- '..s: ri"'^f:i o: cases which the 

>. *;>..:...-. -.. . s, ". •• . - '. : < ;... > >. 7,;>.?cr»::'.i:.'T :..?:wr.VLr:.ihelateri)leas 

••"*■ "i *^;*'; ^ -i ^->'A V / - : : t^-i c^**T-. f^.i :i.'5 r-.-sr. virtually nominal, 

..•,.:.: ..•;•.. :. . :':;\ .■»:-■.%. > 'v-t -:..■; .". ^i-^T.-.^js :^o.>^::3ft;•i ^tt-wrrn Danish and 

V; " * ' ■■'" ■ K-' : v. "..^^ >.r ' • . . - 'ir-.^-. >'. ,-.is: ::tr.>^ ioci. t* *r.r tne paid bv the 

•'• ■■ •■''•'^.•■"t *• '^ " : ' ' V^..:" ^-r.TLLr. -r»itr li* same r-f'wite and 

^^. ?.- •» ;.i ..: !•.: ".- O *.: ".-<".■ r...-^ ; -. !.;V»j.7: .-r.vvT-.'ra: .-•f'lah-slite" i Thorpe, 

• ■ -. ■ 



St.. 5 :--.- O V. and : ve King Cnut with right 
:r.::"ri.:l-t***' tTvathrs the spirit of the king i 
r-T:n.=:t:;: and puts f.-rward the reli^oos 
?..::v :: l.vtiTv.still a somewhat new i^in 



« • 



*.."■:■ ..."*-. \o .Mi-i.'f* r.'-T'^ ".?i .. xhi- f-rest const itu- 

*^*' • *■ ■ '^ .'■* S''\ : . .7.> ■» :. J.-.! '>fxarC'r«:t'ssassr are^ai least aa 

*:• »*.':.sT.... .V. « * •..>;.-.-. • ". ' .. t ,;.■ . rv .^ :.f > . ,vi7i?i .^:wii 1 .-• US., a Utercompila- 



V.i. .:..* :■ t^sr.:- N k.-. iT :..T. ; ..t. \". :>.*; is ta:wt tec ceitain ab*:tut 
*> .lu.t lu^:. ^^ .;i; :iu ^^«-.s:. ^>r..: ,^a> 2. .s k>rfi^i.'tt .*& :iis siuser is contained in 



Canute 



Canute 



ws, cap. 81 : ' And I will that every 
le entitled to his hunting in wood and 
1 on his own possessions ; and let every 
>rego my hunting. Beware where I 
lave it untrespassed 04^. under penalty 
1 wite.' The payment of henots en- 
. by caps. 71, 72, and said to have 
ntroduced by Cnut, has been shown to 
t>een exacted before his time, and the 
sntment of Englishry/ attributed to 
y the so-called ' Laws of Eadward the 
Bsor/ belongs to the Norman period 
L Hist, i. 196, 200, 206). The crews of 
>rty Danish ships retained by Cnut 
le the origin of the permanent band of 
guards, named ' hus-carls,' which was 
up until the Conquest. This force is 
y Saxo (196) to have consisted of as 
as 6,000 men, but this is probably an 
eration. Cnut drew up regulations 
3 discipline, which are described by 
and are given in detail by Sweyn Ag- 

(Leges Castrensiumj YtLsQ, iii. 139; 
PE). The hus-carls have been fre- 
ly compared with the comitatiLs ; their 
ctly stipendiary character, however, 
1 to make the comparison invalid (caps. 

While some of the regulations have 
piciously modem tone Te.g. cap. 14), 
18 no reason to doubt that they sub- 
ally represent the king's work. The 
received many foreign recruits, and 
ff them the famous Wendish prince Go- 
Ic, who stayed with Cnut until the king's 
Godescalc is said to have married 
la, the daughter of Sweyn, the son of 
th, Cnut's sister (Saxo, 208, 230). She 
.ed Cnut's daughter by Helmold (Chron, 
c. 19, comp. also Chron, Slav, c. 13, 14, 
ANDENBROO, Rerum Germ, Scriptores), 
dmply the daughter of the king of the 
s by Adam of Bremen (iii. 18). Al- 
jrh Siritlia must have been a young 
for Godescalc if she was Cnut's great 
, Saxo is probably right. She certainly 
QOt the daughter eitner of Emma or of 
;ifu of Northampton. The assertion 
rnan Conquest y i. 649) that she is called 
omyn ' arises from a misreading of the 
onicon Slavorum'in Landenbrog s *Scrip- 
' quoted above. Cnut's reign gave Eng- 
eighteen years of peace ; it was a period 
w and oraer, during which national life 
bom again after it had been crushed by 
lisasters and jealousies of the reign of 
elred and by the terrible slaughter of 
ndun. The distinctly English character 
nut's reign isclosely connected with the 
of Godwme. After his good service in 
rVendish war, the king gave him to wife 
la, the sister of Ulf, his brother-iu'-law. 



During the whole reign he held the highest 
place in the king's favour, he was the foremost 
man in his court, and his appointment to the 
West-Saxon earldom made him second only 
to the king ( Vita Ead. 392-3). 

Cnut's character is represented in dark 
colours in the *• Northern Kings' Lives.' In 
one important case, his alleged unfair dealings 
with his Norwegian supporter. Calf Amason, 
the editors of the ' Corpus Poeticum Boreale ' 
have shown that the compiler of the lives has 
wronged him. That he was the enemy of 
St. Olaf is sufficient reason for the unfavour- 
able light in which he is represented by 
northern writers. From the more trustworthy 
songs of his contemporaries comes a picture 
of the king as a mighty ruler, wise, politic, 
and crafty^lover of minstrelsy and a patron 
of poets, uliey exhibit a man endowed with 
a remarkable power of judging the characters 
of others, ana of using them to forward his 
own interests.j His craftiness is abundantly 
proved by his intrigues in Norway, and the 
natural cruelty and violence of his temper 
surely need no special proofs. Only indeed 
as the natural bent of nis disposition is ap- 
prehended can the extraordinary restraint 
that he put on himself be duly appreciated. 
As a bountiful patron of the church his praises 
are loudly proclaimed by our chroniclers, and 
even if they had been silent his laws and the 
general character of his reign as an English 
king would tell the same story. Of the two 
most famous stories told of lum, the rebuke 
tliat he is said to have given to the flattery 
of his courtiers is preserved by Henry of 
Huntingdon (758), who adds that thence- 
forward he would never wear his crown, but 
hung it on the head of the crucified Lord. 
The other tale, which represents him goingj 
in his barge to keep the feast of the Purifica- 
tion with the monks of Ely, and bidding his 
men listen to chanting which as he came 
near was heard rising from the church, is 
from the Ely historian (Gale, iii. 441), who 
gives the words of the song Cnut is said to 
have made at the time : — 

Morio sungen t5e muncches binnen Ely, 
Da Cnut ching rou "Sor by ; 
RowetS cnichtes noer "5a land, 
And here we |>cs muneches sieng. 

The story is in strict accord with his love of • 
minstrelsy as well as with his ecclesiastical 
feelings. An incident recorded by the same 
monastic historian, who tells how Cnut largely 
rewarded a stout peasant who walked over the 
ice to find out whether it would bear the 
king's sledge, is in keeping with the gifts 
he gave to the bards wlio sang his praises 
(Corpus Poet, Bor ii. 158). ij[iother story 



Canute 

repreaentvbim &b tbe firet to break iik 
litary regnlntions by ulnylng one of tis hiis- 
carla in a flC of pasaioQ, and t^lla hovr he 
Bummoned tlio court of the company, ap- 
peared before it to take tia trial and demnnded 
Bent«nce, and how, when the members refused 
to condemn him, he sentenced himself to pr 
nine times the Bum appointed as the v)Ji 
of the man's life (Sam, 199). Cnut died . 
Shaftesbury on !3Noy. 1036, and they carried 
him thenee to Winchester and there buried 
him with great honour in the Old Minsti 
(A.-S. Chrm.; 1'lob. Wig,) Swejn and 
JIarold,lu8HonBbyjElfgifu of Northampton, 
and bis two children by Emma, Hanhacnut 
and Qunhild, and both Emma and vElfffifii 
themselves, aurvived him. Conscious Uii 
fais dominions could not remain united afti 
his death, he ordered that Ilarthacnut should 
reign in England, and as it seems in Denmark 
also, and that Norway should go to Sweyn; 
for Iforold no proTision seems to hnTe been 
msde, Gunhildorj^lhelthryth, betrothed by 
her father to Henry, the son/of the emperor 
Conrad, did not marry him unj^flOSO; she 
died before her husband wavmado emperor. 
[Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; FloroucBof WoK^tor, 
Eng. HJHt, Soe, ; Williumof Malmosbury. Gosta 
Begum, Eug. Hiit. Soc.nnd Geetu Pontiff. Rolls 
Set.; Henry of HontingJoa. Mod. Hist. Brit.; 
Symeon of Durham, De obsossione Dunolmi. ap. 
'Tvyaden, col. 79; Hisn^mtnai, Miraeula S. Ead- 
inuniii, cd. Liebcnnnnn ; Lives of Edward the 
Cunfessor. Bolls Ser. ; HistoHa EliensisacdHiat. 
KiimB., Qoltt.iii.; Kcmble^B Codei Ilipl. iv. 1-56, 
and Diplomalarium ; Thorpe's Ancient Laws 
and iBBtUutPs ; Kucomium EmmiE ; Adnmi Seats 
Usmmabuig. eool. pontiff.; "Wiponis Vila Chaon- 
radi Imp. ; Uelmoldi Chron. tilavurum (Lboiie 
four are published sepurately ' in DKum scliola- 
runi ex Mon. Germ. HiaC Portz) ; Aunalcs Hil- 
detiheim. p. lOD.andTbictmaH ChrOD. vii.p.e36, 
up. Scriptores rerum Germ, iii., Pertz; Sven 
AKtMSon's CSiroD. p. 64; Chron. Erici, p. 15B; 
Annales EErom. p. 236; Ann. Koakild. p. 37S 
(t)icaefanr are eoutainodin .Scriptores reniin Ua- 
niearum i., LingBbek) ; Petri Olai Eicerpla. 
p. 205 [ibid, ii.); Ann. Iiilandorum regii, p. 40, 
nndLt^csCnslroniriiun, p. 139,ibid.iii.; S^onis 
Grammatici HiaC. Donicii, ed. 1614; Vigfusson 
and Powell, CorpoB Poelicum Bocoale; laing'a 
Heimsluringiaor Sea Kings of Norway — the Wt 
■edilion ia Ongar'a 'Fris-bok;' Glabri Rodolphi 
Sist. p. I ; Ademori Cabao. Uisl. p. Hi; £pp. 
Pulberti Comot, Kp. 443 (tbese thcco are m 
liecueil den HiBtoriens i., Bouquet); William 
of Jumiigcs ap. Hist. Normann. Scripturas 
Xhichesno. Freeman's Nanuan Conquest, i. 399- 
£33, gives a full and critical account, with valn- 
nblc ri'ferenCGB to original autboritien, which has 
been i-qually nscfiil ss a history of Gnat's Eng- 
lish doings and aa a guide to (he sources of in- 
formation. Itthonldbo DOtcdthatDr.Fieeman'B 



Canynges 



work appeared befure ihe editors of the Corpus 
Poet. Bor. threw sonio new and luiuable liglit 
on Gnat's life, especially as regards its chrono- 
logy. Dr. Freemiin'e work on Cnut has been 



Bttributsd 

England, 418-77, gives a pictureaque account o( 
England under Cuut'srule. Bishop Stuljba's Cou- 
stitntional History, i. c. 7, contains some adnii- 
rable notices of points which bear on his subjecL 
For Cnut's rekiUons with the Scots see Skeao's 
Celtic Scotlanil, i., and Robertson's Scotland 
under her Early Kinga.] W. H. 



CANVANE, PETER (1720-1786). phy- 
sicifin, an Americsn by birth, entered as a 
medical student at Leyden on 4 March 1743. 
After graduating M.I), at Rheims he became 
a licentiate of the London College of PLyM- 
ciana in 1744. He practised for many yean 
at St. Kitts in the West Indies, and aftei- 
warda settled at Qalh, Later he retired to 



the 



1 178a 



t, dying nt H 
Canvane was u fellow of the Hoyal Society, 
and shares with Fraser, an army surgeon, tha 
creditof introducing castor oil into this coun- 
try, havitu; had large experience of its bene- 
ficial emmoyment in medicine in tbe ^Ve8t 
Indies. He published a pamphlet on tbA 
subject in 1766. 

[Monk's Coll, of Phjs. 1878, ii. IfiS.] 

G. T. B. 

CANTNOBS, WILLIAM {1399 P-1474), 

merchant of Bristol, third son of John Cft- 
nynges, burgess and raercliant of that city,ond 
Joan Wottonhia wife, com*.' of a family that 
stood high among the mtrchants of Bristol, 
for tbe elder AVilliam Canynges, his grand- 
father, a wcoltby cloth manufacturer, wu 
si.T times mayor, and thrice a representativo 
of the city in parliament. Besides making 
cloth be exported hi.4 merchandise in his own 
ships ; for, by b, writ of Richard II, Jolm 
Hesilden, Andrew Hrowntoft, and others ore 
summoned \o appear at Westminster on tlie 
complaint of William and John Canynges 
of Bristol, to answer for seizing and carrying 
into Hartlepool one of their ships sailing to 
Calais and Planders (Subtegs, J}urham, iii, 
101). William Canynges the younger waa 
probably bom in bis fnther's house in Touker 
Street, in the parish of St. Thomas, in 1S99 
or 1400, for he was but five years old when 
his father died in 1405. After her husband's 
death Joan married Thomas Young, merchant, 



IB puriah of St. JInry Redcliffe, Somiireel, 
" nnd u membi'r for tlin borougli, 
„_,_P_j appears to have been broiight 
IB EUptktbFr. Haviiigservedtheomc« 
■", lie waa elected sheriff Lu 14S8, and 
>riLe first ttmein 1441. Hissecond 
T was in 1449, and in that year 
!l wrote to the niHster-gtneral of the 
: knight«, ashing bis orotection for 
o fRctors of ' bia belovea and faithful 



n PniB8ta (Ryueb; Fadera, xi 226). 

'\a tenure of office certain ordinonces 

ide concemiuc t he watches kept by the 

nSt Joha'a lugbt aud St. Peter's, and 

wtributions of wine t« be made to them 

e mayor and eheriff. Although trade 

f Iceland, Halgaland, and Finmark for 

id other goods had been forbidden, yet 

lOChristian of Denmark having made an 

ji &TOur of Canynges in considera- 

la debts due to him &om hie subjects 

d and Finmark, license waa granted 

rada with tlieee hwda for two years 

ahips of any eiae (Fetdera, Jti. 

i HaCFHBBSOK, i, 166-7). Canyng^s 

eturned for Bristol to the parliament of 
: faia colleague in the representation of 
'" was bis half brother, Thomas Young, 
a oommittnd to the Tower for pro- 
g th>t the Duke of York should be de- 
JheirtothBthrone(WiLL. WoRO, 770; 
•btcb, ia3; StPBUB, iimtt. Hill. iii. 171). 
Both Cnnyngcs and i'oiing were returned 
~ ~ 'nt« tbeparliamentof 1465. Localhistn- 
tttiat Onoynges was n Lancastrian, 
« was forced to change bis nolitica 
CcesB of Edward IV. AU trust- 
ly eridence ebows that, like the greater 
'' e inerchants of Bristol, he was al- 
Igly attached to the Duke of York, 
ibly during his third mayoralty 
7 that he was able to do York signal 
J selling a large quantity of ammu- 
■t bad been consi^ed to a merchant 
Wa wbo was an Irishman and one of 
My of tbe YAt\ of Wiltshire (James 
ri of Ormonde), York was pleased 
nd wrote bidding the mayor and 
J) couadl take charge of the castle and 
irset out. This tbey did, and put 
in a sUte of defence. In 1460 
is said to have lost his wife Joanna. 
:t year, whtfn he wa« mayor for the 
in obedience to an order received 
i IV, he prepared an expedition 
% Bgoiiut the Lancastrians in Wales to 
- *T against the king's coming. When 
1 enortly oiterworda visited Bristol, 
' le was most royallj received ' (Stow, I 



416). Cnitynges is snid to have entertained 
biminliis'hniisc in ItiflclilTe Street; the hall 
and parlour of this house may s!ill lie seen, 
though the building, now occupied Vty Messrs. 
C. T. Jefferies & So bb, prin ters and booksellers, 
has been much damaged by fire. C'anynges 
and Young had lately sat on a cnramis^ion up- 

Sinted to try Sir Baldwin Fuiford and John 
eysant, who were pii( to death while the 
king was in Bristol. Before Edward left 
Canynges paid him 3,000 marks ' pro pace 
habendk' (Will. WoRc.); this must have 
been in discharge of what he owed for money 
received bv him as escbeator during tlie year 
of his mayoralty (Sbybr, ii. 191). In 1406 
Canynges whs mayor for the titth and last 
time. ^V^JUehewaa mayor on this occasion 
be and the council made certain rules for 
the government of the society of merchants 
(Petce, 135). 

Canynges' wealth was great. The list of 
his ships IS given by William Worcester; they 
were nine in number, a tenth having lately 
been lost on the coast of Iceland. Among 
them were the Mary and John of 900 tons, 
the Mary Radclyf of oOO tons, and the Mary 
Canyngya of 400 tons, in all 2.853 tons of 
shipping manned by eight hundred seamen. 
Even allowing for the difference between our 
mode of computing a ship's burden and that In 
use in the fifteeutli century, it is difficult \a 
believe that Canynges'e ships can have been 
of the size stated by Worcester. Besides his 
sMmen he paid day by day a hundred car- 
penters, masons, aod other workmen. These 



rebujldiiigof the old church had been hegua 
by William Canynges the elder, who carried 
the work ' from the cross aisles downwards' 
in ]il76; it was taken up by bis grandson, 
and the Call of the steeple in 1446 and the 
consequent destruction of much of the four- 
teenth-century work probably determined 
Canynges to rebuild nearly the whole of \ba 
church, which he did with the advice of Noi^ 
ton, bis master mason. In 1467 Canynges 
retired from the world, receiving acolvt«'s 
orderson 19 Sept. in thi^ chapel of the coile((e 
of West bury, on tlie title or the rectory of 
St. Allan's, Worcester. A atory told by 
Robert Ricaut in his ' Majror's Calendar oif 
Bristol ' that he took this course to avoid a 
marriage the king tried to force on him is 
probabiymereidlegosBip. Onl2Marehl48r- 
1468 he was admilled subdeacon; on 2 April 
1468 he was admitted deacon, and on the 
16th of thesame month priest, being collated 
tfl a ennonrrin thecollegeof Westburv. On 
3 Juno 1469 be was collated to the oilicii of 
dean of the college, and was Inductod nnd 



Cape 



Capel 



installed od the same day. He died 17 Nov. 
1474. Besides his great work in rebuilding 
St. Mary Kedclifie, ha was a benefactor to the 
colle^ of Weatbury, and is said to liave re- 
built it (DoeDALE, Monagficon,\i. 1439). At 
Westburybe BlsofaundedanahDebouse,and . 
by the payment of 44/. to the sheriff of Bristol I 
freed this house and the college from tolls 
oa provisiona coming from the city (Atxtkb, i 
Glotferthire, p. 80^). He was buried in 
Kedcliffechurchwitbhiswife Joanna. Their I 
tombs were discovered and identifiedinl862. ' 
Uuch debate has been held over certain 
effigies in the church sup[iosed to represent ! 
Canynges ; the question is carefully dis- \ 
cussed in Pryce's 'Memorials,' pp. 179-93. | 
Canynges's two sons died before nim. His 
elder aurviving brother, Thomas, lord mayor 
of London in 14S6, is the ancestor of the Can- 
nings of Koxcote, Warwickshire, and of the 
Cannings of Oarv^h in Ireland, a &mily from 
which have come George Canning, the states- 
manfq.v.l, and StratfordCanning, Lord Strat- 
ford de Redcliffe [q. v,] {Pbycb, 146-56). , 

[Pryce's Memorials of the Canynf;oB Family j 
The Great Bed Bonk, SIS. in tlie council-hoiuie, 
Bristol ; Wadley'a Notes oa Wills in the G reat 
OrphsD Book at Bristol ; Bicant'a AUyor's Ca- I 
lendar of Bristol, ed. L. T. Smith (Camden Soc.); I 
Dallaway's Antiquities of BriBtuw; Seyer's Uiii- | 
lory of Bristol, vol. ii.; Barrett's History and ■ 
AotiqaitieB of Bristol; Stow'a Annales, ed. 161S: ' 
Ilj-mer'a Ftedera, li. ed. 1710; William Wor- 
cester's Itinerary ; Uogdalo's Monasticon ; Sur- 
tees's Uurham; Alkyns's State of Gloatoishire; 
Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, i. 663-7.] 
W.H. 

CAPE, ^VILLIAM TIMOTHY (180&- 
1863), Australian colonist, bom at Walworth, 
Surrey, 25 Oct. 1806, was eldest son of Wil- 
liam Cape of Ireby, Cumberland. He was 
educated at Merchant Taylora' School under 
Dr. Bellamy, with a view to entering- tho 
church, and showed great proficiency m hia 
studies. The elder Cape was resident mana- 
ger of the bank of Brovrn, Cobb, & Co., 
Lombard Street, but on the breaking up of 
Brown'sbankhedecided t^emigrate. Having 
obtained letters from Lord Bathurst to Sir 
Thomas Brisbane, tli e goTern or, W illiam Cape, 
accompanied by his son, sailed for Van Die- 
men's Land in 1821, and after a nine months' 
voyage reached Hobart Town. In 1822 they 
removed to Sydney, where the father esta- 
blished a private school, the ' Sydney Aca- 
demy.' In course of time he became principal 
of the Sydney public school, with his son as 
assistant-master, and on tho resignation of the 
father, in 1829, the son became head-maet«r 
— Arc^deacoD Scott, a Mend of the famiW, 
being king's viutor. In 1830, however, be 



reopened the private school in Sydney, but 
when the high school called ' Sydney Col- 
lege' was founded in 1836, he truisfeiredhia 

private pupils to it, and was elected head- 
master. He held this office up to 1842, when 
he founded a new private school at Padding- 
ton, Sydney. In 1866 he decided to give np 
scholastic Hfe. In 1869 he became member 
for the constituency of Wollombi. His ex- 
perience advanced him to the poution of 
commissioner of national education, and abont 
the same time he became a magiatrate. He 
was also elected fellow of St. Baul'a Coll^ 
within the university of Sydney, and helped 
on the Sydney School of Arts. 

In 1866 he made a visit to England, and 
the next year returned to New South Wales. 
In 1860 ho again visited hia native country 
with the younger branches of hia family, in 
order to collect educational information, and 
died of smaU-poi at Warwick Street, Hmlico, 
14 June 1863. Hia funeralat Brompton was 
attended by almost all the coloniats then in 
London. His old pupils erected a taUet to hia 
memory in St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. 

[Heaton'a Australian Dictionary, p. 33; Bar- 
ton's Lit. of New South Wales, p. SO ; Oaat. 
Mag. 1863, i. lU.] J. W.-G. 

CAPEL, ARTHUR, Lord Capel oi 
Hadh&m (1610 M649), royalist leader, was 
the onlv son of Sir Henry Capel of Raines 
Hall, Essei, by Theodosia, daughter of Sit 
Edward Montagu of Broughton, Northamp- 
tonshire, and sister of Hem?, first earl <A 
Manchester. He was bom about 1610, and 
appears to have lived the life of a countnr 
gentleman until called upon to take hu 
part in political life by being elected knight 
of the shire for the county of Hertforain 
the Short parliament, which met at Weat- 
minater on 13 April and was dissolved on 
5 May 1640. When the Long parliament 
was summoned, in the following November, 
Capel was againelected for Hertfordshire, and 
tooli his seat accordingly. In the debate on 
grievances, in which I^m made his celebrated 
speech, 'the first member that stood up . . . 
was Arthur Capel, esq., who presented a pe- 
tition in the name of the freeholders [of the 
county ofHertford] setting forth the burdens 
and oppressions oi the people during the 
long intermission of parliament in their con- 
sciences, liberties, and properties, and part icu- 
larly in the heavy tax of ship-money.' Ready 
as he was to join the popular party, if only 
real abuses could be got nd of, he was not the 
Tn wi to side with those who aimed at a d^ 
mocratic revolution, and he soon broke with 
I the party, whose views went far beyond any- 
thing that he bad contemplated at faia fint 



Btait. Shocked by the violence of language 
of the leaders, who had sel themselves in 
furious sntacoDi^m to the court pun^.C'apfl 
toon threw himself into the opposite camp, 
uid henceforth, durin^thelone struggle, the 
kiog hod oi) adherent more faithful and de- 
voted to the Ta;fftl cause, nor an; who made 
more splendid sacrifices, ending ut lost in hie 
de«lh upon the scaffold. On 6 Aug. 1611 
Oawl wan raised to the upper house hy the 
tit& of Lord Cspel of Hadham. Dnrinirthe 
Knuinder of that memorable jeor we lose 
Bight of bim, but when the kinf left London 
forYorkin Jaouarr 1042, Capel accompanied 
his majoat)-. and was one of the peers who 
signed the declaration and profession dift- 
kvowing ' all desiena of making war upon the 
parliament,' In the straits to which the kine 
w&a driven for want of money, Cspel showed 
great energr in making coutributions from 
•11 who could be prevailed on to subscribe. 
And in 1&I3 he waa sent to Shrewshur; 
with thtt commission of lieutenont-^neral 
of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales. 
Here he found himself opposed by Sir Wil' 
tism Brerc too, whom he held in check so 
effectually that, for the time, Chester was 
celicred, and if he hod been left alone to 
ponue his own plans, he would in all proba- 
tiUty have rendered more important service 
durinD the war; but when Charles deter- 
Buoen thai a council should he appointed 'to 
be about ' the Prince of Wales, ' to meet fre- 
quently Bt the prince's lodgings to confer 
'witli lu3 highness,' Capel was appointed one 
of the conuniasi oners, and from tnat time he 
took small part in active hostilities. AAer 
the uipculiun of Archbishop Lnud, when the 
nt^tiatious for the treaty of Uxbridge were 
mngon (February 1645), Capel was one of 
the commissioners for the kin^, and when 
the negotiatiozis came to nothing, he was 
ordertil torni^e a regiment of foot and another 
of kori>e at hiii ami charge to attend upon 
the prince at Bristol. While Goring was 
besieging Taunton and Fairfax was making 
gnat exertions to raise the siege, Capel was 
MaulOg7Teh)scounsei. Whatever that coun- 
mI may liave been, it was tendered in vain. 
and when Oxford surrendered to Fairfax on 
^J April 1EEJ6, and the contest between the 
king and the parliament was virtually at an 
vaa, Capel accompanied the queen to Paris, 
where hu remained but a very short time. 
He was strongly opposed to the Prince of 
Wales escaping to France, and, refusing to 



aecompany uia hiehneBs on tie journey, 
tired to Jersey, where he remained till 



bwach between the army and the pnrli 

revived ui'w hopes in tin more sanguine of 
tim royalist party. Ue succeeded in obtain- 



ing a pass and permission to retire to his own 
house at lladham after compounding for lus 
estates. These estates had already (30 AprU 
1843) been bestowed, by a vote of the House 
of Commons, upon the Earl of Essex, and & 
considerable portion of tliem were actually 
in the earl's hands. W^hile the king was at 
Hampton Court, Capel was in frequent com- 
munication with his majesty, and was privy 
to the luckless flight to the Isle of Wight. 
For the disastrous renewal of the civil war 
Capel was in great measure responsible. Not 
a gleam of success cheered the king's portv, 
and in June 1648 Goring, Capel, and Sir 
Charles Lucas found themselves with the 
forces at their command abut up in Colches- 
ter by Fairfax, and were summoned to sur- 
render on the Idth of the month. The siege 
was prosecuted with vigour, but the town 
was defended with desperation. It was all 
in vain. On '27 Aug. the garrison surren- 
dered at discretion, and the second civil war 

The uc-xt two months were crowded with 
eventswhichhitrriedon the final catastrophe, 
and in Octolwr Capel, with his old coiupanioii 
in arms. Goring, earl of Norwich (Sir Charles 
Lucojii was shot in cold blood when Colchester 
surrendered), were impeached on a charge of 
high treason and rebellion. They pleaded 
that Fairfax had pledged his word to give 
fair quarter to all prisoners who surrendered 
themselves into his hands, and ' upon great 
debate," both houses called upon i airfax to 
explain his meaning. Fairfax was absent, 
and was in no hurry to take upon himself 
a re3[)onsibility which the parliament were 
anxious t<j relieve themselves of ; he returned 
no answer to the letter for months. When 
the answer came it was so ambigTious that 
in effect the explanation of his promise wns 
left, to the civil power. 

In January tJie king was beheaded, and 
the House of Lords was aboliabed in due 
course. Meanwhile Capel was committed to 
the Tower, having been brought thither from 
Windsor Castle, his first place of confinement. 
By some means, which were never eiplaiurd, 
he managed to provide himself with a cotd 
and other necessary appliances, and a plan 
of escape was arranged lor him by his friends 
outside. It succeeded, though attended by 
great difficulty, and Capel was kept in 
concealment in the Temple for some days. 
Then it was thought that he would be in 
greater safety if he were removed to. a pri- 
vate house in Lambeth, and taking a boat at 
the Temple stairs he wna rowed up the river 
attendee! by a single gentleman, who aeecns 
to have inadvertently addressed him as 'my 
lord.' The waterman thereupon followed the 



Capel 



12 



Capel 



two to their place of bidinsr, and betrayed 
them to the government. Tne man received 
a reward of 201, with a recommendation to 
the admiralty for employment, but he had 
to wait many months for his ' blood money/ 
which was not paid till the November after 
the execution. Capel was again arrested, 
and on Thursday, 8 March 1G4S-9, * in a thin 
house, hardly above sixty there,' the giiestion 
w^as put to the vot« whether the I)uke of 
Hamuton, the Pearls of Holland and Norwich 
(Goring), Capel, and Sir John Owen were to 
live or die. Owen was spared. Goring es- 
caped by the casting vote of Speaker Cent- 
hall, the other three were condemned, and all 
were beheaded next morning. To the last 
Capel behaved with that magnanimity and 
heroism which had marked his whole career. 
He received the last consolations of religion 
at tlie hands of Dr. George Morley, alter- 
wards bishop of Winchester, who wrote an 
account of his last hours in a letter which 
was published in 1654 ; but inasmuch as there 
was reason to fear that Dr. Morley 's well- 
known opinion might expose him to insult if 
he showed himselt before the people at the 
last, Capel would not allow him to be present 
on the scaiTold. There, says Bulstrode, * he 
behaved much after the manner of a stout 
K/)man. He had no minister with him, nor 
showed any sense of death approaching, but 
carried himself all the time . . . witli that 
boldness and resolution as was to be admired. 
He wore a sad-coloured suit, his hat cocked 
up, and his cloak thrown imder one arm ; he 
looked towards the people at his first coming 
up, and put off his hat m manner of a salute ; 
he had a little discourse with some gentle- 
men, and passed up and down in a careless 
posture.' Jolin, sou of Francis Quarles the 
poet, seems to have been present at the exe- 
cution, and wrote *An Elegy or Epitaph' 
upon the occasion, which was printed shortly 
afterwards. 

Capel was buried at Hadham, where may 
still be read the inscription on his monument: 
* Hereunder lieth interred the body of Arthur, 
Lord Capel, Baron of Hadham, who was mur^ 
dered for his loyalty to KingCliarles the First, 
March 9tli, 1648.' Capel married P]lizabeth, 
daughter and heiress of Sir Charles Morrison 
of Cashiobury, Hertfordshire, and by her had 
five sons and four daughters. At the Resto- 
ration Arthur [q. v.], his eldest son, was cre- 
ated Earl of Essex, a title which had become 
extinct by the death of llobert Devereux, the 
last earl, 14 Sept. 1646. By one of those 
strange instances of retributive justice which 
are not rare in history, the son of the mur- 
dered man succeeded to the honours of him 
who had benefited most by the spoliation of 



his father's lands, and from him the present 
Earl of Essex is lineally descended. 

[Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion ; Wood^s Athene 
Oxon. iii. 260, 698; Carlyle*s Cromwell; Bnl- 
strode's Memoirs ; Devereux's Lives and Letters 
of the Devereux, Earls of Essex, ii. 366, 462 ; 
Sanderson's Hist, of the Eeign of Charles I ; 
CoUins's Peerage of England, iii. 474; Rash- 
worth's Historical Collections, pt. iiL voL u 
p. 21, and vol. viii. p. 1272.] A J. 

CAPEL, ARTHUR, Eabl of E89Bi(ie31- 
1683), was bom in January 1631 (information 
kindly given by the present Lord Essex), and 
was the eldest son of Arthur, lord Capel 
[a. v.] of Hadham, who was executed in 
1649. His mother was Elizabeth Morrison. 
Of his early years nothing appears to be 
known, though from a letter of 13 June 1643 
(Hist, MSS, Comm, 5th Rep. 143) he appears 
to have then been at Shrewsbury fightmg for 
the king. It is stated by Burnet (i. 3d6) that 
his education was neglected by reason of the 
civil wars, but that when he reached man- 
hood he made himself master of the Latin 
tongue, and learned mathematics and all the 
other parts of learning. From a letter in 1681 
{Hist. MSS, Comm, 4th Rep. 451) he appears 
to have had some connection with &illiol 
College, for he then subscribed to the pur- 
chase of a large silver bowl for the conunon- 
room. His correspondence during his resi- 
dence in Ireland, preserved in tne 'Essex 
Papers' {Stow Collection, Brit. Mus.),i8that 
of a man of considerable literary cultivation. 
The language is simple but scholarly, and the 
style is singularly clear, dignified, and unaf- 
fected. His letters also display an intimate 
knowledge of law and of constitutional ques- 
tions. Chaimcey (Antiquities of Hertford' 
shire) describes him as handsome, courteous, 
and temperate, a strong opponent of arbitrary 
power, temperate in diet, and a lover of his 
library. Evelyn says that 'he is a sober, 
wise, judicious, and pondering person, not il- 
literate beyond the rate of most noblemen in 
this age, very well versed in English historie 
and afiaires, industrious, frugal, methodical, 
and every way accomplished' (18 April 1680). 
Essex was never a wealthy man ; nis estate 
had been sequestrated under the Common- 
wealth, and was compounded for at 4,706^ 
7s. lid. ^Collins, Peerage), While lord-lieu- 
tenant of Ireland he more than once mentions 
the pay of his ofiice as being of importance 
to his private interests (Essex Papers), And 
Evelyn tells us that while there he * consider- 
ably augmented his estate, without reproach' 
(18 April 1680). At the Restoration he was 
made Viscount Maiden and Earl of Essex 
(20 April 1661\ with remainder fiirst to his 
brother Henry [q. v.] and his male heirs, and 



Capel 



13 



Capel 



afterwards to his younger brother Edward. 
The writ was issued 29 April (Hist. MSS, 
Comm, 7th Rep. 142 a). Capel had previously 
(7 July 1660) oeen created custos rotulorum 
and lord-lieutenant of Hertfordshire, and 
^April 1668) was made lord-lieutenant of 
Wiltshire also. He married Elizabeth Percy, 
dauffhter of Algernon, earl of Northumber- 
land (d. 1717), mentioned as petitioning for the 
death of Col.Titchboume in 1660 (*6. v.l69), by 
whom he had six sons and two daughters ; but 
only one son and one daughter, Algernon and 
Anne, lived to maturity (Collins, Peerage), 
Scarcely any facts are forthcoming regarding 
Essex's life horn 1660 to 1669. On 7 Aug. 
1660 he named, according to the iniauitous 
vote of the House of Loras, Sir E. Wareing 
as an expiatory victim for his father's death 
(Hist. MSS. Qrnim. 5th Kep. 155). He was in 
London in September 1666 (t^. 7th Rep. 485 
b)y and in 1667 was in Paris, on his way home 
from the waters of Bourbon. He was at that 
time a member of the privy council. While in 
Paris he was consulted by the queen mother 
regarding the intentions of the Irish papists 
to put Ireland into the hands of the French 
when opportunity should arise, and he gave 
a most unflattering opinion of her political 
judgment (BinurET, i. 250). In 1669, when 
Charles was endeavouring by personal solici- 
tation to gsin the votes of tne members of 
the House of Lords, he, with Lord Hollis, 
had gained the reputation of being * stiff and 
sullen men * (i/j. i. 272), and Charles always 
treated him with respect. Burnet states 
(i. 396) that he appeared early against the 
court. His political opinions may be in part 
gathered from those of his brother Henry, 
member for Tewkesbury, with whom he 
lived in entire sympathy. Henrv Capel prided 
himself upon being descended from one who 
lost both life and fortune for the crown and 
nation; but, on the other hand, his speeches 
are invariably directed against every a Duse of 
the royal power, and against all tampering 
with popery. 

Essex s first public emplojrment was in 
1670, when Charles, desirous of making use 
of one whose opposition he wished to avoid 
(ib. i. 396), sent him as ambassador to the 
court of Christian V of Denmark. The go- 
vernor of Croonenburg had orders to make 
all the ships that passed strike to him. Essex 
replied that the kings of England made others 
strike to them, but their ships struck to none. 
He himself regarded this as a cheap defiance, 
saying that he was sure the governor would 
not endeavour to sink a ship which brought 
over an ambassador. His first business on 
Iftfitling was to justify this behaviour to the 
Danes, which he did by producing, from some 



books upon Danish affairs lent him* by Sir J. 
Cotton, evidence that by former treaties it 
had in past time been expressly stipulated 
that English ships of war should not strike 
in the Danish seas. Burnet adds to his ac- 
count of this matter that his conduct was so 
highly rated that he was informed from court 
that he might expecteverythinghe should pre- 
tend to on his return. In April 167 1 we read 
of him as * of the cabinet council, and seemeth 
to be in very good grace ' {Hist. MSS. Comm.) 
Actually he was, upon the removal of the 
Duke of Ormonde from the lord-lieutenancy 
of Ireland, appointed to the post, February 
1672, to his own great surprise, being sworn 
of the privy council of Ireland in that year. 
He left Holyhead on 28 June in the Norwich, 
but does not appear to have arrived in Dublin 
until 6 Aug. {issex Papers). He continued 
in this emplojrment until his recall in 1677, 
with but one short journey to London. Of 
his government Burnet speaks thus : *• He 
exceeded all that had gone before him, and is 
still considered as a pattern to all that come 
after him. He studied to understand exactly 
well the constitution and interest of the na- 
tion. He read over all their council books, 
and made large abstracts out of them to guide 
him, so as to advance everything that had 
been at any time set on foot for the good of 
the kingdom. He made several volumes of 
tables of the state, and persons that were in 
every county and town, and got true charac- 
ters of all that were capable to serve the pub- 
lic ; and he preferred men always upon merit 
without any application from themselves, and 
watched over all about him, that there should 
be no bribes going among his servants ' (i. 
396). This is but one among many illustra- 
tions of Burnetts most remarkable accuracy. 
The full, detailed, and continuous correspon- 
dence, both private and official, which can 
now be consulted in the * Essex Papers,' bears 
ample testimony to the truth of every word 
in this quotation, which is further established 
by the fact that Ormonde bore honourable tes- 
timony to the integrity and ability of his go- 
vernment (Carte, iv. 529). He set himself 
vigorously to work against misgovemment, 
withstanding the opposition and the preten- 
sions of Orrery, Ranelagh, and others. He 
managed very successfully to keep the Ulster 
presbj-terians from following the example of 
their Scotch brethren, and this without vio- 
lence. Indeed, he several times moderates 
the desires of the bishops for strong measures. 
And he appears to have protected the papists 
also, as far as English opinion woxild allow, 
though he is informed from London that he 
will be torn in pieces if he permits the secular 
priests to say mass openly. His rule over the 



Capel 14 Capel 

natives was firm and mild, though the light ' ahno.<«t equally strong. His official corre- 
in which the wilder portion of them were re- I spondence is chiefly directed to Arlington, the 
garded is vividly shown by the following ex- i secretarr (in whose behalf on his impeachment 
trtict from this letter, dated 16 Aug. 1673: j in 1674 Le moved all his relatives and firiends 
' And in cast* any should happen to be killed, in the house), and, on the retirement of this 
if it b«» made appan»nt that he is a tory, it : minister, to Henry Coventry, a personal 
would Ik» n^asonable to pardon/ He forcibly , friend, who succeeded him. Ilis private let- 
n'minds Arlington of the danger that may " ters are chiefly from his brother Henry, Fran- 
arist* from sutfering the common jHHiple to ; cis Godolphin, Lord Conway, Sir William 
know their own force. One of the main j Temple, Southwell, and William Harbord. 

Sointa with which he was conceme<l was, by i Thiring his administration, February 1674-6, 
rawing up new rules for the corporation, to ! he received a grant from the king of Essex 
check tlie turbulence of the city of Dublin, f House in the Strand, but preat delay took 
He sought to apply to Dublin the methoil of place before the grant actually took effect, if 
'quo warrant OS employed by Charles in Eng- mi 



land at the end of his reign. Througliout 
his administration he had to struggle against 



mdeed it did so at all. In 1674 it was inti- 
mated to him that he was to have the Garter, 
but this, too, apparently fell through. In 



the whole influence of l^nelagh, who had the July 1676 he made a visit to London, visited 
nH*t»ipt8 of the Irish revenue, on condition of ■. the king at Newmarket in April {Hist, M8S. 
paying the civil and military cliargi»s of the ^ Comm. 7th Rep. 493), and returned to Ire- 
crown, and who, fortifying hims^^lf by the land in May of the next year, reaching Dublhi 
friendship of Danby and the Duchess of Ports- on the 6th. During his stay in England his 
mouth, and by his promises to Charles to pro- I whole desire appears to be to get b»^k to his 
"\'ide him with monev out of Irisli funds, • post. His letters while in London show 
presentedaccounts which Essex resolutely ri^ him fully alive to the intrigues which were 
fustnl to pass. Of the intrigues ct>ntinually being carried on to oust so incorruptible 
carried on agfainst him in London he had full an otiicer from his place. The king himself 
and timely warning from friends at court. ; always held him in great respect. These in- 
He rt^fiu^ed, however, in dignifled language to trigues, based upon Charles's incessant need 
alter his course of action on this account, and : of money, which Ranelagh promised to sup- 
especially declined to put his depi»ndence upon i ply, proved successful during the course of 
* little people,' such as Chilfinch, Elliot, and | the next year, and on 28 April 1677 Essex 
the Duchess of Portsmouth, although we find , acknowledgers the king's letter of recall. His 
him expressing pleasure that his agent, Wil- 
liam Harbord, has, through the meiliation of 
the Duke of Hamilton, made the latter his 
friend. The only request he makes for him- 
self is that no complaints shall be permitted 
to be heard in England unless they have pre- 
viously been notified to himself, a request im- 
mediately granted by the king. He did his 
utmost to stop the reckless grants of forfeited 
estates by the king to his courtiers and mis- 
tresses, and refused to injure his successors 
interests by granting reversions. So careful 



last few months of oflice were embittered by a 
scandalous insult to his wife from a certain 
Captain Brabazon, who declared her guilty of 
an intrigue with him. The belief is several 
times expressed that this was an annoyance 
deliberately set on foot by Danby, Kanelagh, 
and the Duchess of Portsmouth". Essex, by 
his position, was precluded from seeking per- 
sonal satisfaction, but before he left was able 
to prove that the charge was a malicious 
falsehood. Upon his return to England Essex 
speedily identified himself with the country 
was he about the purity of the administration party, Danby s opponents, of which, along 
that he was able to sav, on handing over the with Russell, Halifax. Shaftesbury, Bucking- 



n 



ovemment to Ormoncle after five years, tliat ham, and Hollis, he became a leader in the 

is secretary, Allworth, was the only man, | lords, this * cabal ' being kept at Lord Hollis s 

not that hehad gratified, but that he requested J house. He probably, however, did not take 



might be gratified by his successor. His go- j an active part in the opposition at once, for 
vemment of Ireland was in striking contrast in a letter of 11 April 1678 the French am- 
to the general corruption of Charles's reign, j bassador omits his name from the list of the 
which is the more remarkable as his circum- chief members of the country party (Dalktm- 
stances were always straitened. The most plb. Memoirs, i. 189). The leading objects 
memorable example of his fearlessness was , of this party were the ruin of Danby, the ex- 
when he successfully opposed the grant of the ' elusion of jTames, the persecution of popexy, 
Phoenix Park to the Duchess of Cleveland, I and the dissolution of the pensionary parlia- 
about which he wrote to Arlington : * I do I ment. To what extent he believed m the 
desire there ma^ not be the least ^in of my pretended plot 'viiiich raised the popish terror 
concurrence in it/ and to Charles in language | it is not easy to ascertain; it is, howerer, 



Capel 



IS 



Capel 



e never cxprtesei bis dUbellef in ! 
it. Imt. on ilip conimiy, ncled in full nccord ; 
•Kith ltd iu'wl TJoU'nt tusaUeTB, whi?n he jcjined 
tbem in prvwinc tlie king to diemiBB Jumes 
(roBi the court (CoLUiie, Pferage). 

On the ffttl of Dttohy in lfi79 the treaemr 
vnt put in rommifiGion, and Enaei was placed 
«t il« hnul {ii.) Along witli Simderliind 
and Monmouth he now ur^ the liing to 
tiT lie eiperimpnt of an entire chance of 
policy by introducing the leaders of the 
country mrtj into the council. By thus 
acting inrtependently of hifl party he appears 
to hsTo inimrred their jealousy- Bis own 
«i^«iant to Itumet was that be hoped, by dc- 
«eptinf; ofllce, to work the change that was 
now nHV-cted. The dismissal of the old 
council and the creation of a new one eom- 
poBt^(] of the principal wbigs from both houses, 
uniler t.ha presidency of Shafteshurv, were, 
howeTer, undoubtetUy the results of Tempte'a 
advice. Eisex was sworn a member of that 
«wimcil on 31 April ; he declared that ita 
creation would conciUate the pari iamenl in 
ite relations with the king. The whig ]iart;p 
Ofiw was uplit up into two Beclions on the 
«xcli3i>ionqiifiBl.inn. Tliat led by Shaftesbury 
a.ffinni'd that (o save England from the danger 
of a popiah king the absolute exclusion of 
Junius was necessary; and it put forward 
Monmouth as iia candidate for the throne. 
EssHz, acting under the leademhip of Halifax 
and Sunderland, proposed the scheme of limi- 
tations, wherebvi when thecrown should faU 
(o him, .Tame4 snoiild bo disabled from doing 
harmeitherinchurch or state, and these three, 
who formed the triumvirate, regarded the 
I'rinoi' of (Jrange, rather than Monmouth, as 
the natural repreBentative of the protestant 
int^cvst. Essex appears to liave confined 
himself to treasury business, where ' his clear, 
lliongh Blow sense, made him very acceptable 
lo ibe king,' and to the endeavours to regu- 
late the eijicnae of the court (Bitbmbt, i.466, 
4&S). In tlie great, debate which arose on 
llii; occasion of Danby's prosecution, he spoke 
B{;*in8t the right of the bishops to vole in 
%ay pftrl of a trial for treason. Un the ques- 
tion of Ihe proposed dissolution of the pen- 
sionary parliament he joined Halifax in atjiu- 
~~g that since no agreement seemed possible 
1 tha king upon the questions of the 
tuioD and Danby's pardon, it would be 
Jl to try whether a new parliament might 
I ba dimmed to let those matters drop. 
V ^is a^Ticn, according to Burnet (i. 469), 
-- ,in incurred the anger of Shaftesbury 
:« party, which, however, 'as he was 
Mapt to be much heated,' he bore mildly. 
^Tra» evidently much trusted by Charles, 
r had in tlie previous year named bim 



nlong with Halifax to discuss th? gH«iv- 
oncea of the Scotch lords against Lauderdale 
(jA. 469). Upon the discovery of the Meal 
Tub plot, in which the forgers had repre- 
sented Essex and Halifax as being impli- 
cated, tbey u^;ed the king to summon 
C"ament at once. Upon his refiisal iib.) 
X, with his brother, left the treasury on 
19 Nov. 1679. In order, however, that this 
resignation might not strengthen Shaftes- 
bury's party, a gloss was put upon his action 
by tlie statement that he> had the king's leave ' 
to resisn (IUlfh, 489). It is, indeed, pro- 
bable that the grounds of his leaving were 
very different. In a letter from court of 
27 Nov. 1679 (Hist. MSS. Camm. 7th Rep, 
477 b) it is said, ' some eav the E. of Ewiex went 
out on this score. The king had given Cleve- 
land 25,000{., and slio sending to him for it 
he denied the payment, and told the king he 
(the king) had often promised them not to 
pay monev on those accounts while he was so 
much indebted to such as daily clamoared 
ot their table for money ; but if his Msj. 
would have it paid he wish't somebody el»e 
to do i(, for he would not, but willingly sur- 
render his place, at which the king replied, 
" I will take you at your word.'' ' Another 
account, equally honourable to Essex, is, 
that Charles beinganxious to gain a sut^idv 
fromliouis, 'thenicenessof touchingFrench 
money is the reason tluit makes my Lord 
Eksez s squeoiy stomach that it can no longer 
digest his employment of IsC commissioner 
of the treasury "^(li. 6th Rep. 741 6), He 
continued to sit in the council, but in spite 
of Charles's earnest request refused to return 
to the treasury (Bpbitbt, 476). His chief 
desire appears to have been to return to Ira- 

The candour and good sense with which 
Essex advised Charles are well shown in a 
letter to the king of 21 July 1679, in which 
he urges him to disband the guards he had 
just raised (Dalbtmpie. Memoirs, i. 314). 

In the debates in 1680 on the Exclusion 
Bill, Essex, whose views had undergone a 
great alteration, ascribed bv Lingard, though 
without authority, to his disappointment in 
gaining neither the lord-treasurerahip nor the 
government of Ireland, now appeared as a 
strong opponent of the court, and vehemently 
supported Shaftesbury's action. I'ossibly 
the cause is to be found in the fact that his 
urgent advice to James in October to retina 
to Scotland had been disregarded (tfi. i. 346). 
When the Exclusion Bill was thrown out, 
and Halifax again brought in the scheme 
of expedients, he made a motion, agreed to 
in B tliia house, that an association should 
be entered into to maintiunthos« expedients, 



Capel 



i6 



Capel 



and that some cautionary towns should be 
put into the hands of the associators during 
the king's life to make them good after his 
death. In March 1680-1 he is spoken of by 
•Ormonde as furthering, with Howard, the 
belief in a ' sham plot,' in order to throw 
odium upon the queen and the Roman catho- 
lics generally {Hist, MSS. Comm, 7th Rep. 
744 by On 25 Jan. 1680-1 he took the de- 
cided step of presenting a petition, in which 
he was joinea by fifteen other peers, praying 
that the choice of Oxford for the meeting of 
parliament might be given up. The language 
of the petition was unwarrantably violent, 
declaring, along with much that was true, 
that they were deprived of freedom of debate, 
and were exposed to the swords of papists in 
the king's guards. The petition, which was 
printed and published, was answered by Hali- 
fax in a * Seasonable Address ' (State Tracts, 
ii. 129}. 

In tne trial of StaflTord, Essex appears to 
have thrown aside Ids usual fairness of judg- 
ment, and to have voted for the condemna- 
tion. He spoke vehemently against the 
popish lords, saying they were worse than 
Hanby {Hist MSS, Comm. 6th Rep. 740). He 
is represented, too, as eager in the prosecution 
of Lady Powys, who found money for the im- 
prisoned catholics (North, JEi'amtfw, 269). On 
the other hand, he honourably distinguished 
himself in urging upon Charles the pardon of 
Plunket, the archbishop of Armagh, illegally 
condemned on account of the pretended Irish 
plot (which, however, he is represented as dili- 
gent in discovering, see Hist, MSS, Comm, | 
7th Rep. 739 6), declaring from his own 
knowledge that the charge could not be true. 
It was now that Essex received a just rebuke 
in the king's indignant reply, * Then, my lord, 
be his blood on your own conscience. You 
might have saved him, if you would. I can- 
not pardon him because I dare not.' On the 
occasion when, in defiance of court influence, 
the Middlesex grand jury refused to return 
a true bill against Shaftesbury, a book was 
published to justify their action, of which 
Essex was the reputed author. It probably, 
however, was by Somers. 

In 1682 Shaftesbury suggested to his 
friends the advisability of taking advantage 
of the ferment in the city on the occasion of 
the contest about the sherifis, and of making 
themselves masters of the Tower during the 
confusion. Against this wild scheme Russell 
and Essex protested, and Shaftesbury left 
the country. Essex now took his ^lacc as 
Monmouth's principal adviser, but insisted 
upon Russell and Algernon Sidney being 
joined with him. He appears to have fallen 
much under the influence of the latter, at 



whose suggestion it was that he consented 
to take Howard, who afterwards betrayed 
them, into their confidence in the meetings 
frequently held with Monmouth for consiu- 
tation as to the course to be pursued; he 
also almost forced Russell to admit Howard 
(Btjknet's Journal; App. to Lord Johv 
Russell's Life of Hussein, At these meet- 
ings much wild talk no aoubt took place as 
to a possible rising ; but in all such designs 
we have the authority of Burnet (i. 540) 
and all probability for saying that Essex 
took no part. He felt things were not yet 
ripe, and that an ill-managed rising would 
be ruin to the whig cause. 

Upon the discovery of the Rye House plot, 
Russell and others were immediately im- 

?risoned. It was not, however, until Lord 
[oward had been captured that upon his in- 
formation a party of horse was sent to Essex*s 
country house at Cashiobury to arrest him. 
Upon his arrest he appeared dejected, and said 
little, but that he did not imagine any one 
would swear falsely against him, and made 
no manner of profession of duty. Sir Philip 
Lloyd said * he was in some confusion at his 
own house, and changed his mind three or 
four times, one while saying he would go 
on horseback, and another while that he 
would go in his coach ' (North, Eramen, 
382). He appears also to have shown much 
mental distress when brought before the coun- 
cil. He sent from the Tower a very melan- 
choly message to his wife, and he wrot« also 
to the Earl of Bedford to express his regret 
at having helped to bring danger upon his 
son. Shortly after the beginning of Lord 
Russell's trial on 13 July 1683 it was 
whispered in court — and the news was made 
use of to injure Russell — that Essex had 
cut his throat in the Tower (Ralph, 769; 
North, JExameny 400). It is impossible here 
to enter into the controversy as to whether 
this tragedy was suicide or murder. It will be 
foimd exhaustively treated in Burnet (560), 
in the last edition of the ' Biographia Britan- 
nica,' in Ralph's * History ' (i, 769), and in 
North's * Examen.' The court was, of course, 
roundly accused of murder ; the charge, how- 
ever, is utterly without antecedent proba- 
bility, and is unsupported by trustworthy evi- 
dence. It was dimcult for those who knew 
Essex's 'sober and religious deportment' 
(Evelyn, 28 June 1683) to believe in the 
suicide theory. But the occasional melancholy 
of his disposition ; the sleeplessness with which 
he was troubled in the Tower ; the danger of 
his friends; the fact that he found himself in 
the yery rooms from which his father had 
been taken to execution ; the recollection of 
his last interview with that lather ; his com- 



Capel 



Capel 



m^ndation of ibe action of tlis Earl of Nocih- 
umberlanrl, who iirevfulcd nn uttaJnder by 
killing hiniEelf in tlia Towit, to s&ve bis 
honour iluJ Itunily Mtute« (^NoBm, MiraneTi, 
385): liisecudlngforarMor — these andotber 
oucb coUiiternl cnnsidnrationsBreto be borne 
in mind. Flippant nud cruel as Charles bad 
become, kia nmuirk, 'Mv lard Eesex might 
liBTS tried my mercy ; I owe a life toliia 
fiunily,' is, if genuine, a voLtiuble additional 
piecw of evidence that he at least was utterly 
without complicity in the crime imputed to 
him, Essex was buried at "Watford in Hert- 



his Rente [Cashiobury], ai 
|(oniIii, and ulher rural e 



tlui day. ' No man has been moru indus- 
*~' na than this noble loril in planting about 
"" ' ' ' }, adorned with walks, 
! esicellenciea ; while 
the library is laiye, and very nobly fumisiied, 
anci all the boolcB richly bound and gilded ; 
but there arc no manuscripts except the par- 
liament rolls and joumaU, the transcribing 
and Mndingofwhichcoatliim500f,'(lfl April 
1680). The reader should refer also to the 
description given by Evelvn of the house 
iteelt 

[The KiurCBB of infonnatioQ ara soflicieiitly io- 
dieMed in the teiU Tho Kn*a. I'apors ore acces- 
inUeia theBri tiab Huaeum. and aru novarrangod 
dmmologicAlly. The Jetcurs tn EIbbei are all 
oapnals; thoae finm hiai nro drafts of copies. 
appatwnlJy in his own hand. They fQrmar«K>rd 
1^ duly and incHsssat toil.] 0. A. 

CAPEL, StR HENRY, Lord Cafel op 
Tkwxbsbitst (d. 1690), lord-lieutenant of 
Iielaud, was the eecond son of Arthur, lord 
Capel of Hodbam [q.v.], by Elizabeth, daugh- 
I«r and heiresM of Sir Chulee Aforrison of 
Csahiobury, llertfordshire. He waa created 
a knight of the Bath at the coronation of 
Charim H, and appointed first commissioner 
of tie ndmimlty 25 April 1679, When the 
kinff resolved to pass the winter of 1680 
'without a purliomenl, Capel and three Other 
oonncillon desired to be excused &om fur- 
ther attendance iTemple, ile^noir*, ii. 69). 
In November following Capel waa oite of 
tbp stmngest sumiorterE in the commons of 
the Exclusion Bill (BuKsm, Oica Tijiiet, 
ed. 1886, P._319V Having after the acces- 
sion of William oeen appointed a lord of the 
tifaaMty, h» waa among the moat zealoua of 
those who endeavoored to compa^ the over- 
thfow of Hatifiu (Ci.4KBmw», Letters on 
tHe Affain of the Time, li. 200), He was 
left out of th» new treasury foUowing the 
nmeral idection in 1600, but succeeded Sir 
JnbnLowthurtn the treasury 27reb. 1891-2. 
On 1 March 1091-2 he was created Lord 
Capel orTewkMhuiy. When bis kinsman. 



/XJ 



the Earl of Clarendcm, was named in the 
privy council as suspwted of treason, he 
endeavoured to prevent bis arrest, but finally 
signed the warrant along with tbeotbur mem- 
bers of the couucU. On account of the pre- 
vailing disorders in Ireland in 1693, Lord 
Sydney, the lord deputy, who was supposed 
to favour the Irish too much, was recalled, 
and the government placed in the hands of 
three lords justices, of whom Cape! hud the 
chief influence with the government. As a 
strong enemy of Kiintan Catholicism it was 
not to he auppoaed that he would show much 
favour to the native Irish, while the other 
two lords justices were more disposed to a 
mild and compromising policy. The English 
thereupon maile representations that be should 
be installed lord deputy, be undertaking lo 
manage a parliament, so as t« obtain the 
passing of the measures the king desired. 
He was accordingly declared lord depii' 
in May 1695, and by the parliament wn' 
be then called the supplies asked for w 

Knted, the proceedings of the parliamen 
aes II were annulled, and the great ac' 
settlement was confirmed. At the ins 
of Capel a motion was made to impeach the 
lord chancellor, Port.er, for having aoused his 
position to thrust catholics into commissions 
of the peace, and to favour them in their 
suits with proteetauts, but the motion was 
lost by a majority of two to one. Capel 
died at DubUn U May 1696. By his wife, 
Dorothy, daughter of Sir Richard Benaet 
of Kew, Surrey, he left no issue. Capel, 
before he went to Ireland, resided in ■ an old 
timber house ' at Kew, where he was fre- 
quently visited by Evelyn, who states that 
m his garden house be had 'the choicest 
fruit of any plantation in England.' 

[CoUias's Peerage (ed. 1812), iii. ISO; Lnt- 
trell'B Diary, i. 266, filfl. fi28, ii. 22. 369, 373, 
iii. 26, 30, 87. 101, 119, 279, 319, 339, 467, 463, 
482. 48e, 461. 497. 503. iv. 57, 61, 63 ; Sir Wil- 
liam Temple's Memoim. ii. 38. 59, 93 ; Burnet's 
Own Times (ed. 1833), pp. 317, 319. 596. 618- 
619; Evelyn's Diatr; OldmiiDn's History of 
England; Ralph's History of Englandi Frundu's 
Eugliih io Ireland, i. 236-8, 263, 267 ; Macau- 
laj's History of England] T. F. H. 

CAPEL, RICHARD (168&- 1666), puri- 
tan divine, descended from an ancient Here- 
fordshire family, was bom at Gloucester in 
1586, being the son of Christopher Capel, 
alderman of that city, and his wife Grace, 
daughter of iUchurd Hands. His father 
was a good friend to those ministers who 
hod suffered for nonconformity. The son, 
who was first educated in his native city, be- 
came a commonerof St. Alhan HoU, Oxford, 
in 1601, was afterwards elected a demy of 



Capel I 

Magdalen College, and in 1.609 was made per- 

Ktual fellow of that house, being then M.A, 
iring' his residence at the university he wa.^ 
much consulted by noted members of tbt' 
Calviiiistic party, and he had many pupils 
entrueted to his care, including Accepted 
Frewen, auhsequently archhishop of York, 
and William Peoiber. In the reign of James I 
he attended at court on the Earl of Somer- 
set, and continued there till the death of hiij 
triend Sir Thomas Overbury. In 1613 he 
was instituted to the rectory of Eostington, 
in hie native county, 'where he became emi- 
nent amongthe puritanical par^. In 1633, 
when the 'Book of Sports' of James I was 
published the second time b^ royal autho- 
rity, he declined to read it in Me church, 
and voluntarily resigning his rectory ho ob- . 
tained a license to practise physic from the 
bishop of Gloucester. He now settled at 
Fitchcombe, near Stroud, where he had an 
estate. In 1641 ho eepouBod the cause of 
the parliament and renewed his ministerial 
functions at Pitchcombe. ' In the exerciser 
of the pulpit he was sometimes a Hoanerf^s, 
the son of thunder i but more commonly e I 
Barnabas, the son of consolation ' (Bbook, j 
Purita?u, iii. '260). He died at Pitchcombe 
on 21 Sept. 1666. 

He married Dorothy,daughterof William 
Plumstead of Plumstead, Norfolk (she died 
14 Sept. 1622, aged 28). His son, Daniel I 
Capel, MA., was successively minister of ' 
Morton, Alderley, and Shjpton Moigne in ,' 
Gloucestershire ; the latter living he parted i 
with In 1663 for nonconformitv, and he prac- ! 
tised medicine at Stroud until his death. 

UichardCapelwas theauthorof: 1. 'God'e 
Valuation of Man's Soul,' in two sermom 
on Mark viii. 36, London, 1632, 4to, 2. 'Ten- 
tations: theirNaturejDangiT, Cure, to which 
is added a Briefe Dispute, as touching Resti- 
tution in the Case of Usury,' I^indon, 1633, 
12mo ; second edition, London, 1635, 12mo ; 
third edition, London, ld3&-7,]2mo; sixth 
edition, consisting of five parts, 1658-55, Bvo. 
The fourth part was published at London, 
1655,8vo. Ae'BriefDispute'wasanBwered 
byT. P., London, 1679. 3. ' Apology in De- 
fence of Bome Eiceptions against some Par- 
ticulars in the Book of Tentations,' London, 
1659, 8vo. 4. 'Capel's llemains, being an 
useful Appendix to his excellent Treatise of 
Tentations, witli a preface prefixed, wherein 
is contained an Abridgment of tho author's 
life, by his friend, Valentine Marshall,' Lon- 
don, 1668, 8vo. 

He likewise edited eome of the theologi- 
cal treatises composed by his favourite pupil 
William Fember, who oied in bis house at 
Eastington in 1623. 



Capel 



[Life of Marshall ; Bigland's Q-Ioncoitatshin, 
1.539-42; Clarka's Livps of Ten Eminent Di- 
vines (1882), 248; Macfiu-lnoe's Ca^ Libronnn 
Impress, Bib). CoU. B. Matin Magd. Oion. Ap- 
pend. 18; Wood's Athens Oion. (BIisi), iii 
421 ; Fuller's Worthies (1B11). i. 3S6 ; Hetfao- 
ingtoa's Hist, of tho Westminster AsMm- 
!>ly of Diviaes, 109 ; Brook's Poritans, iii. IM; 
Palmer's Nonconformist's Memorial (1802), ii 
264; Calamy's Abridgmeat of Baxter (1711X 
ii. 317 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mui.; 
Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; I^nsd, MS, B86, f. 114.1 
T. C. 

CAPEL, Sir THOMAS BLADEN 

(1776-1853), admiral, youngest son ofWil- 
liam, fourth earl of Essex, by hie second 
wife, Harriet, daughter of Colonel liomM 
. Bladen, was bom 25 Aug. 1776, and, accord- 
ing to the fiction then in vogue, entered tlia 
navy on board the Phaeton frigate OS captain^ 
servant on 22 March 17ti2. It was ten yean 
later before he joined in the fiesh, and afta 
serving on the Newfoimdland and homa 
stations and being present as midshipmanof 
the SansPareil in the action offL^Orient, 
I 23 July 1796, he was, on 5 April 1797, pro- 
! moted to a lieutenancy and appointed tt 
the Cambrian frigate, on the home station. 
In April 1798 he was appointed to the Via- 
guard, bearing the flag of Sir Horatio Nel- 
son, and, during the Mediterranean cniin 
which culminated in the battle of the Nils, 
acted as Sir Horatio's signal officer. On 
4 Aug. 1798 he was appointed b^ Nelson to 
the command of the Mutine brig, andunt 
home with duplicate despatches, which, in 
consequence of the capture of the Leander 
[see Ber£i, Sik Edward], brought the firrt 
news of the victory to England, 2 Oct. Hil 
comma nder's commission was at once con- 
Srmed, and on 27 Dec. he was advanced to 
post rank. On 5 Jan. 1799 he was appointed 
to the Arab frigate, for the West India sta- 
tion. In July 1800 he was transferred to 
the Meleager, which on 9 June 1801 wai 
wrecked in the Ouif of Mexico. In Augmt 
1802 he was appointed to the Phoebe cf 
36 guns, in which he served in the Medite^ 
ranean for thethree foUowinK years, and wu 
present at the battle of Trafalgar. ' The ex- 
traordinary exertion of Captain Capel,' wrote 
Collingwood on 4 Nov., ' saved the Pn'nch 
Swiftsure; and his ship, the Phmbe, together 
with tho Donegal, afterwards brought out 
the Bahama' (^ICOIAB, NeUon Detpatdiet, 



On Hisretum to England he sat as a mem- 
ber of the court-martial on Sir Robert 0^ 
der [q. t.], and on 27 Dec. was appointed to 
the Gndymion of 40 guns, in which he again 
proceeded to the Mediterranean, carrying 



Capel 



19 



Capell 



out as a passenger Mr. Arbuthnot, the Eng- 
lish ambassador, to Constantinople, where 
he continued while the negotiations were 
pending, and on their failure brought Mr. 
Arbuthnot back to Malta. The Endjmion 
was afterwards one of the fleet which, under 
Sir John Duckworth, forced the passage of 
the Dardanelles, 19 Feb., 3 March 1807, in 
which last engagement she was struck by 
two of the enormous stone shot, upwards 
of 2 feet in diameter, and weighing nearly 
800 lbs. ; fortunately without sustaining much 
damage. 

In December 1811 Capel was appointed to 
the Hogue, on the Norm American station, 
where he continued during the war with the 
United States. In June 18I6 he was nomi- 
nated a C.B., and in December 1821 was ap- 
pointed to the command of the Koyal Yacht, 
where he remained till advanced to be rear- 
admiral, 27 May 1825. On 20 May 1832 he 
was made a K.C.B., and from May 1834 to 
July 1837 was commander-in-chief in the 
EajBt Indies, with his flag in the Winchester 
of 50 guns. This was ms last service. He 
became a vice-admiral on 10 Jan. 1837; 
he was further advanced to be admiral on 
28 AprU 1847, and on 7 April 1852 to be 
G.C.B. He died on 4 March 1853. He 
married, in 1816, Harriet Catherine, only 
daughter of Mr. Francis George Smyth, but 
had no issue. 

[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog., iii. (vol. ii.) 195; 
O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet.; Gent. Mag. (1853), 
vol. cxl. pt. i. p. 540.] J. K. L. 

CAPEL, WILLIAM, third Earl of 
Essex (1697-1743), eldest son of Algernon 
Capel, second earl of Essex, and Mary, eldest 
daughter of William Bentinck, first earl of 
Portland, was bom in 1697. In 1718 he was 
appointed gentleman of the bedchamber to 
George II when Prince of Wales, an office in 
which he was continued after the prince's ac- 
cession to the throne. In 1725 he was made 
a knight of St. Andrew, and in 1727 he was 
constituted lord-lieutenant of Hertfordshire. 
In 1731 he was appointed ambassador extra- 
ordinary and plenipotentiary to the king of 
Sardinia at Turin, an office which he dis- 
charged till 1736. He was afterwards ap- 
pointed keeper of St. James's and Hyde Parks, 
but resigned this position on 4 Dec. 1739 
on being appointed captain yeoman of the 
guard. On 12 Feb. 1734-5 he was sworn a 
member of the privy coimcil, and on 20 Feb. 
1737-8 he was made a knight companion of 
the Garter. He died on 8 Jan. 1742-3, and 
was buried at Watford. By his first wife, 
Jane, eldest surviving daughter of Henry 
Hyde, earl of Clarendon, he had four daugh- 



ters, and by his second wife, Elizabeth Rus- 
sell, youngest daughter of Wriothesley, se- 
cond duke of Bedford, he had four daughters 
and two sons. Of the sons the elder died 
young, and the second, William Anne (1732- 
1799), succeeded him in the peerage. 

[Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, iii. 484-5 ; 
Clutterbuck's History of Hertford, i. 242-4.1 

T. F. H. 

CAPELL, EDWARD (1713-1781), 
Shakespearean commentator, son of the Rev. 
Gamaliel Capell, rector of Stanton in Suffolk, 
was bom 11 June 1713 at Throston,near Bury 
St. Edmunds. He was educated at Bury 
grammar school and Catharine Hall, Cam- 
bridge. In 1737 he was appointed deputy-in- 
spector of plays by the Duke of Grafton, from 
whom, in 1746, he also received the post of 
groom of the privy chamber. In discharging 
the duties of deputy-inspector he occasionally 
acted with little discretion, as when he re- 
fused to license Madklin's * Man of the World ' 
under its original title, * The True-bom Scotch- 
man' {^Biogr. Dram., ed. Jones, iii. 16-16). 
His official position gave him leisure to devote 
himself to his favourite pursuit — the study 
of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan literature. 
He publisned in 1760 * Prolusions, or Select 
Pieces of Ancient Poetry.* In this collection 
appeared a reprint of the anonymous play, 
* Edward HI,' which Capell tentatively as- 
signed to Shakespeare. Eight years after- 
wards (1768) he published his edition of 
Shakespeare in ten volumes, with a dedi- 
cation to the Duke of Grafton, grandson 
of the patron who had appointed him de- 
puty-inspector. In the dedicatory epistle he 
states that he had devoted twenty years 
to the preparation of the edition. An in- 
troduction, chiefly bibliographical, was pre- 
fixed, but the commentary was reserved for 
separate publication. Capell aimed at sup- 
plying in the first instance an accurate text 
based on a careful collation of the old copies, 
and he did his work very thoroughly. The 
first part of the commentary — notes to nine 
plays, together with the glossary — appeared 
m 1774. As it met with little success, he 
recalled the impression and determined to 
publish the entire commentary, in three 
quarto volumes, by subscription. The print- 
ing of the first volume was finished in March 
1779, and the second volume was ready in 
the following February ; but subscribers' 
names were difficult to procure, and Capell 
did not live to see the publication of his 
labours. He died 24 Jan. 1781. In 1783 
the complete work was issued in three vo- 
lumes, imder the title of ' Notes and Various 
Readings to Shakespeare.' As a textual 
critic Capell was singularly acute, and his 



Capell 



20 



Capgrave 



commentary is a valuable contribution to 
scholarship. The third volume is entitled 
' The School of Shakespeare/ and consists of 
' authentic extracts from divers English books 
that were in print in that authors time/ to 
which is appended ' Notitia Dramatica ; or 
Tables of Ancient Plays (from their begin- 
ning to the licstoration of Charles the Se- 
cond)/ In the dedicatory epistle it is alleged 
by the editor, Jolm Collins, that St^evens ap- 
propriated Capell's notes while disclaiming 
all acquaintance with them. There was a 
report that when Capell's Shakespeare was 
bemg printed Steevens bribed the printer's 
8er\'ant to let him have the first sheets 
(Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, viii. 540). 
Cai)ell hud many enemies among contempo- 
rary commentators. Farmer, in his letter to 
Steevens, speaks of him contemptuously, and 
Dr. Johnson observed that his abilities * were 
just sufficient to select the black hairs from 
the white for the use of the periwig makers.' 
Capell was a friend of Garrick, but became 
estranged from him in later life. He used 
to say tliat Garrick ^ spoke many speeches 
in Shakespeare without understanding them.' 
During the last twenty years of his life lie 
spent the whole of each summer at Hastings, 
where he had built himself a house close to 
the sea. His rooms in London were at 
Brick Court, Temple, where in later life he 
lived in such seclusion that only the most 
urgent business could draw him out of doors. 
He died at Brick Court on 24 Feb. 1781, 
and was buried at Fomham All Saints, 
Suffolk. He had collected a very valuable 
library, the choicest portion of which he 
presented to Trinity College, Cambridge, 
bteevens printed privately a catalogue of 
this collection in 1779; it is reprinted in 
Hartshorne's *Book llarities in the Uni- 
versity of Cambridge.' Capell is described 
by Samuel Pe^ge as * a personable well-made 
man of the middle stature,' and it is added 
that he ' had much of the carriage, manners, 
and sentiments of a gentleman.* His in- 
dustry was astonishing ; and it is reported 
that he transcribed the whole of Shakespeare 
ten times. It is admitted that he was pos- 
sessed of no little vanity, and that he was 
somewhat unsociable; but his temper had 
been soured by neglect. In addition to the 
works already mentioned, Capell published, 
1. *Two Tables elucidating the Sounds of 
Letters/ 1749, fol. 2. < lieflections on Ori- 
ginality in Authors: being Remarks on a 
Letter to Mr. Mason on the Marks of Imita- 
tion/ 1706, 8vo. With the assistance of 
Garrick he published in 1758 an edition of 
' Antony ana Cleopatra,' ' fitted for the stage 
by abridging only. 



[Nichols's Literary Illustrations, i. 465-76, 
iii. 203, y. 421; Nichols's Literary Aneolotait 
viii. 540; Davy's Athens SnffohnenBes, Add. 
MS. 19166 ; Halliwell's Defence of Edwaid Ck- 
pell, 1861 ; a letter to George Hardinge, eiq., 
1777 ; Monthly Renew, liii. 394-403, Inz. 484. 
488, Ixx. 15-23; Biographia Dramatica, ed, 
Jones, i. 82, iii. 15-16.] A H. E 

CAPELL, KATHERINE (nie Stb- 
PHEXs), CoFsnEss OF EssEX (1796-188^). 
[See Stephens, Kathebine.] 

CAPELLANUS, JOHN O^. U\0}\ 
translated the ' De Consolatione Philoaophis' 
of Boethius into English verse. Copies of 
this translation are still preserved, according 
to Tanner, in the library of Lincoln Cathe- 
dral (i. 53) and in the British Museam 
(Harl, MS. xxxiy. A 5). Another copy, im- 
perfect towards the beginning, is to be ionai 
among the Sloane MSS. This writer, who 
seems to haye been unknown to Leland, Bale, 
and Pits, flourished, if we may trust the 
statement of Tanner, about 1410. 

[Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib. p. 161.] T. A A 

CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1893-1464), Au- 
gustiniau friar, theologian, and historian, 
was bom, as he has himself noted in hii 
chronicle (p. 259), on 21 April 1393. He vu 
a native of Lynn in Norfolk — ^*iny cuntreii 
Northfolk, of the toun of Lynne (Prokgwt 
to the Life of St, Katharine) — ^where he 
passed nearly all his days. Bale and othen 
wrongly name Kent as hb county. Studiou 
in youth, and ' sticking to his books like a 
limpet to its rocks,' he was sent to one of the 
universities, but to which one is uncertain; 
Leland names Cambridge, but only on con- 
jecture. Tanner, however, adduces evidenoe 
for this university from Capgraye*8 own words 
in a manuscript now destroyed (Cotton. M8. 
Vitellius D. xv, Life of St. Gilbert), On the 
other hand. Bale and others state that he took 
the degree of doctor of divinity at Oxford ; and 
Pamphilus (f. 139) adds that he lectured there. 
It has been suggested (introd. to Caporate's 
ChromcUy p. x) tliat he may have received hii 
early education at Cambric^, that place being 
more conveniently near to Lynn, and a^er- 
wards mi^^ted to the sister university. He 
was ordamed priest in 1417 or 1418, four or 
live years, he tells us {De Ulustr. Henriat, 
p. 127\ before the birth of Henry VI. At 
an early age he had elected to enter the order 
of Augustine Friars ; but we do not know 
when he first became an inmate of the hoiu* 
of the friars at Lynn. It may not, however, 
be too much to infer that he was connected 
with it from youth, and that he may have 
received a port of his education within its 
walls. 



SonnafterUkiug bis doctor E degree he wa5 
nroitiioied to be jproTiacial of his order in 
En^buid. An olfii^ial docimieiit dated 1456 
IB quolpd by White Kennet (Pai-ockial An- 
H^tiet, IHIS, ii. S99) in which Capgrave, 
Wt provincial, recogniseesclaim to thepatroo- 

Xof theconveDt of AuatinFriaraat Oxlbrd, 
n existing near the Bite uf Wudbam 
CoUewe. 

A lew wore facts relating to hia life win 
be pitbered from his work ' De illustribus 
Honricis.' In 1406, when a boT, he sawthe 
VfaxMfJt Philippa, daughter of deniy IV, em- 
bark at Lynn, on her way to marry Eric XLU, 
kinf of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark 
fji, 1091. In 14^2 he was studying in Lon- 
doQ at tlie timi' of the birth of Henry \T 
(p. 127). In I446herBCeivedthBluDgwhen 
ho visited the Austin Friary at Lynn, and 
nre him nn account of its foundation (p. 1 37). 
It may bepresumed that be was then bead of 
the bouse. In the dedicatory epistle pre- 
fixed to his ' Commentary on the Acta of the 
ApMtlM ' he refers to a vieit. to Rome, where ' 
hw WB* taken ill ; but he doeg not specify the 
Aa\« [De iUvstr. HenricU, app. p. 221). i 

C^pgrave's biographerB eulogise his cha- I 
ncterin Uiehigbestterms. Tlie moat leamt^d 
<if English Augustinians whom the soil of 
Brittun ever produced, he was distinguished 
aaaphilnsopher and theologian, practically re- 
jecUDg in hie writings the dreams of sophists, 
which lead only to strife and useless dis- 
Cuwions. Fulfilling the mission of his order, 
* it was his wont to thunder against the 
wanton and arbitraiT- acts of prelates, who 
enlarge the bordersoftheirgnrments beyond 
measun?, catching at the favour of the igno- 
rant herd ; not shenherds.but hirelings, who 
learn the shem to the wolvea, caring only for 
the mil k and fleece ; robbers of theu- country 
and evil workers, to whom truth is a burden, 
ji««iceft thing of scorn, and cruelly a delight ' 
(Bale). 

Ilia chief patron wna Humphrey, duke of 
Olouceater, whose life he wrote, and to whom 
he. dnJicnted ct'rtain of hif< works. He died 
ftt Lyim on 12 Aug. 1464 (not 1484, as Pam- 



S.'AdPofiil.ianeaerroneas.' 7. 'Orotlonesad 
Clerum.' S.'SertnnnesperAnnum.' 9.'Leo- 
turss Scholssticie.' 10. ' Ordinnrim Disputa- 
liones.' 11. 'Epistolasoddiversos.' 12.'Nov« 
Legeada Angliffi,' 13. ' Vita S. Augustini.' 
14. ' De sequacibus S. Augustini,' and (the 
same work ora continuation) 15. 'Deillu»- 
tribiis viris Ordinls S. Augustini.' And the 
hiatorieal works: l.'DeilluatrihuisHenricis.' 
2. ' Vita Ilumfredi Ducts Gloccstrioi.' Hia 
works in English were: 1. 'The Life of St. 
Gilbert of Sempringbsm.' 2. A metrical 
' Life of St. Katharine,' 3. ' A Ohronicle of 
England from the Creation to A.D, I4I7.' 
' A Ouido to the Antiquities of Rome,' in 
English, a work which he is supposed to 
hsvemritten during hia detention there from 
illness, has also been ascribed to him (Ckro- 
niele, p. 355). 

The commentaries on Genesia and the 
Pauline Epistles (and probably some others 
of the bibUcal commentaries) were dedicated 
to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester; the com- 
mentary on tne books of Kings to John Lowe, 
bishop of St. Asaph (1433-44) ; and the c 



nd I^ts B 



1 hia seventy-first 



'"■■'■■■-■■ ■■ wns a most industrious writer; 
■■ -irks are given by Bale, Tanner, 
I n Latin he viTote : I. Commeu' 
■f vend books of the Pentateuch, 
iiuigea, and Ruth, the four books 
ilme.BjCclesiastes, Isainh, Daniel, 
\linor Prophets, Acts, Pauline 
111 Epistles, and the Apocalypse, 

^Doctriute Christianie.' 3, 'Da 

ridri Svinbolia.' 4. 'Super Sententias Petri 
Xombordi.' 6. 'DetenmnatioDesTbeDlogicic.' 



The' 

to Henry VU, the ' Ohronicle " to Edward IV. 

The 'Life of St. Gilbert' was dediMted to 

Nicholas liesby, muster of the order of Sem- 

pringhom. 

Very many of Oapgrave's works are lost. 
Tiiose which have appeared in print or are 
still extant in manuscript are as follows; — 
The autograph mamiscript of the ' Commen- 
tary on Genesis' (a work written in 1437-8), 
which W8S presented to Duke Humphrey, is 
preserved in Oriel College, Qxford, MS. No. 32. 
Itwasgivenby thednketo the university, aa 
one among 135 volumes, in February 1443-4; 
Other works of Capgrave, included in the some 
gift, being the commentaries on Exodus and 
on 1 and 3 Kings. Amanuscriptof the com- 
mentary on the Acts, also said to be autograph, 
was given by Bishop Orev, of Ely, to BaUiol 
Col]ege,andi8now marked No. 189, Another 
raanuacript in the same college, No. 190, 
conlaina Oapgrave's work on the Creeds, the 
autograph manuscript being that in the 
library of All Souls' College, No, 17. It is 
in this latter work that he latinises hisname 
as ' Johannes de Monumento Pileato.' The 
prologues to the commentaries on Genesis, 
the Acts, and the Creeds are printed in the 
Rolls edition of the ' De illustribus Henricis.' 
The ' Nova Legenda Anglite,' compiled from 
the work of John of Tynemouth, exists in a 
manuscript in the York Minster Library; 
another copy in the Cottonian Library (Ti- 
beiius E. i) has been greatly injured by fire ; 



Capon 22 Capon 

a third U in the Bodleian Lihraiy. Tunnor became B.D. in 1512, and D.D. in 1515. Ii 

MS. 15. An abridtr^ T^an^lation was pub- the 'Kind's Book of Payments* {Cal. (if 

lished by Pynsc^n in lold. and in the $amt? Ift-n, IT//, ii. 1441) he is named a» rece'iTinff 

year Wvnkyn d»' Worde print t-d the trntire AV. in February 1516 and again in MarcS 

work. iTif prt^l'.viit' is aLm print t-d in the 1517 for preaching at court. On 16 Feb. 

*Peillust. Ht-nrici?,' The 'LixV of St. Gil- 1516-17, being then prior of St. John's^ 

beri of Semprinirham ' exi>Ted in the Cotton. Colchester, he was made abbot of St. Benet'» 

MS. VittUius b XV. which, with thf trx- Hulme in Norfolk ( Pn^ i?*>//, 8 Hen. VIH, 




enjoved 

^ISS. iH:», UiS. :y:K\ In ili- British Muse.im: There is extant (Oil of Hen. VIJI, iv.App. 
and in the &Kllrian, l»awlin>on M.S. 116, 3*»t a letter from Capon to Wolsey, 10 Apnl 




B«^K£y ham's Lu-y* %>/ Stynfy*, Koxli.irjhe your ser\-ant.' to explain that the writer is 

Club, 1 S>> V Thi- prx.«l.'iriU" i ? prir.tt%i in * !:v ill and cannot come up as commanded. * Thii 

Roll? edit iou of Capj.TtiVt *s * Chr.'uiolv.' p. ■%>>. bringer " was afterwards lord privy seal and 

Fra*:rmfn!> of thf 'Guiilt- to the Ani:4u:T:vs earl of Essex. As part of a scheme forre- 

of Rome ' an? found in :hf dv-h-aves of the deeming first-fruits in Norwich diocese, St 




iribus Honricis * was written durin*: :!iv rtijn xer, yotitia Mona*t. p. 333). made directly 
of Henry VI, and its obifOt was iht- j raise subject to the bishops of Norwich who were 
and glory of : ha: kinc. It irivt >:hv livvs of to be t.r *--fficio abbi'>ts there : but Capon con- 
six empi^rors of Germany, six kin^:^ o: Kr.j- tinuevl ablK>t and was succeeded bv Kepps^ 
land, and iwilve illustrious mrii who hid afterwards bishop of Norwich. In ("ebruur 
lv>me the name of llenrv. Tlw auroji^ph l">iV-oO he was at Cambridge to assist in 
manuscript is in Corpus rKristiCollt-co. Cam- oV:.Mning a declaration from the university 






Uside Winchester « Pat Hoi/, i?rHen. \1ll, 
p. 1. m. l^t. In July following he signed, 
VrpusChristilolUiTi'.MS. hC. This's^h.r: as one of the spiritual lords, the letter to 
remembni-.ms of oKif s:oriis* Sivn:s :o L:ive the jv^pe praying him to consent to tbe 

divorct'. In August 1533 he was nominated 

to :hv bish."»pric of Bancor. but the pope 

wouM not grant the bull of consecration. 

change of dynasty, rlnd.iiu' Kd^^ jird IVs :;:lo Howrver. on 11 April 1534 he had the Poyil 

to Iv gvvd 'by li^'vidis ilispo>iTi.'n,* and r.!> as>tnt. and on the 19th was consecrated 

handsoiiit-'y r^t'.rcv.nj on tha: of his 'a:e bis-hop of B.sn»?'»r by Archbishop Cranmer— 

patron Ilt".'.r>- VI as d^rivt d 'by ir.:r-.:-;.ni.' 'hi' se^vnd bishv">p made in Ensrland after 

wth thtso l:is:orio;il w^-rks \veri» t\li:«\l bv Ilfnr%-Vlll assumed papal authority. Hecon- 

F. C. Hingis:. Ml t>r the U.^lls Striis in lSo>. tir.utV. ablvt of Hyde, noldinir the bishopric 

[lUii's So:-:;:, Br::. Ci:. : I^:.vd'. T ---o"- '*• '" •':";•■ ':^^'-?'- until the suppression, when, 

t.\rii d?' S».t: J :.'rii us Trii. ^ 1 ^■5i^ ; jvi>. IV.nr:;::: ^■' " ^''^ Ci'^nveni. he surrendered the abbey 

Chiv^u i ca Or. : i c • •« init n: v.i Kn :: ; . S . A -.-Iru!.: i :: i ^'^ ^ • '^^ ki nc in April 1 539 1 r' 3C» H enry Vlll ' 

iloSU; Ta=r;tr's V-W:. l^r::.: K. INiCli-T.^-s" :" -^"^ ' "'> /;*■.> -fW H^j^rt, viii. App. 'ii. 24). 

Caj^r.ive"> v':;r<^:.io:» .v::i L.\r: d. i.:.:>T. ilt:.- * ^Vha: wondt^r." exclaims Stevens (^Supph L 

rioiN ^^ISoSV] H M. T. -W^'. -that in a depraved ape »urrt»nders 

1 iiv •■ ^ sV.^'i'd b-,* s"» universal, when the bt-t ravers 

C A rON . J OH N . n.V.: f S\T lOi i f . 1 . v 7^. of t hvir trust, t he sacri Wious Judases, wen? 

bishop ot ^a^.^b;:ry, was a 1 Vn, d.i. : in- :v..-.;k mavio bish- w : * Latimer of Worcester and 

J-hon m USS he r:\H\xsled H.A. a: Ca::> >hax:onofSalisburvPLsii.Tied their bL?hoprics 

>V ^ *" ** *"''"^ ''* ^'- ''^'""'^ AlKv ill in the summer of "LV^^ in consequence of 

\ :'iv*'*l*.'^ ^^'''*'" onlaimsl di-aoMi on U? May the • Six Articles.' and Capon was translated 

liHV. ihs name pix^bably implus ihat he t.i the see of Salisburv on 31 July 1539 

was a nat ive ot Sakvt, m>ar Colchester. He {^I\mL Xoii, 31 Hen. VIll, p. 3^ m. 28)," which 



lie lijcld till his death. He reverted to the 
Roman faith uo th<> accession of Quvea Marj', 
at which time (SI Au^. 1658) he had License 
becauM of hia great age to be sbsent front 
1h« qoeen's comuation and from future par- 
Uamente (Hjlthbh, Burs/Ury Paptfii,'p.\il); 
b« was, however, at the trial of Bishop 
Hooper at Southwark in Jnnuarj 1665. Ho 
dit^ on 6 Oct, 1557, and was buried in 
Saliaburv Cathedral ou the south aide of the 
choir. CapoD was a preacher of some note 
and a nan of learning. Menry Vllt wrote 
to Benct, his umbnasudor at Home, on 10 July 
1581, to urgo the pope to refer judgment of 
tbu divorce ciwe to the Archbishop of Can- 
t«rbu(T, a;i9iBted by the abbot of Weatminster 
and * the abbot of Hyda, a great clerk '( Qi'. r/ 
Sm. nil. V. 827). Convocation iu 1542, 
directing certaiu bLshope U) revise a traosla- 
tinn of the New Testament, assigned the 
Eputlea to the Coriuthiana to Capon, and 
tM emmn convocation appointed Lim and the 
Btahop o( El]? esaminers of eliurch books. 
Prot«atant writers inveigh against him as a 
liioe-Berveraud a papist — ' a false dissembling 
bishop,' a* lie is called byFoxe(v. 464), who 
Creqaently names liim a« a 'persecutor' of 
martTra under Henry VllIandMarj. Fuller 
■nd StTTpe say Le des]H>iled his bishopric to 
aniidi kiinseU'. Hirt will, dated 16 July 
1G&7, directs that all his goods be divided 



Khi» 






. la his esecutora 're- 

nounceil.' the prerogative court of Canter- 
bury appointed an administrator on 29 Oct. 
1667. .\rma; ' S, a chevron between 3 
t perhaps 'A, on a chevron S 
& 3 trefcula of the second, 3 escallops 




•rls Alhenee Cantab, i. 171, fiSO; Aniinla 
)ridp>, i. aSS-B -. CaL of Henry Vlil ; 
'■Suppl.toDugdiile.i.GnS; Doihiwonb's 
aaliab. CiiUi- II. 51: Fullers Churvh Hist.; 
Feoe'i Aets aa J Atun. ; Dudd's Churc!) Hist. p. 
W9 1 Wnod'B Atbenie Oun. ed. Bliie, i. 247, 
it. 741. 7fl7, 779, SOB ; Strjpa ; Li/larJ's QiUect. 
ri. S20, 234; Lemon's Caleadar; Richardson's 
Godwin: Milnar'BWiDehwtec, ii. 223; LeNive's 
VumX: 8t>to Papers Henry TUI; Browne Willis's 
Sol, Furl. i. 128; Enmet'a Hist, of Botorrou- 
tiOB i Andorsoa's Annals of Engl. Bible, ii. loO; 
Haynw's Burifhley Papers, p. 177; Britton's 
Salubv Catb. 4 1 . 05 ; Orey Fnaie' Chronicle, p. S7 ; 
Wriothiwlfiv'" ChruniclB. i. 36, 103; Cliva'sXad- 

■ Va : Bedford's Bluion of Epiwopiwj. 14.] 
I Co! 



. ON, WILLIAM (rf.ir.50),inMter of 
) CoUegv, Cambridge, the brother of 
John CajH.'n, aiiim Sulcol [q. v.], was bnm nt 
Salcot, EHsex. He was educated at Cam- 



bndgB, wlierche pi 



1609. He was fellow of Catharine HaU, held 
the living of Qreat Shelford, Cambridgeshire, 
and on '2\ July 1516 became master w Jesus 
CoUe^, Cambridge. He acted as chaplain 
to Wolaey, and was nominated iu 1526 the 
first dean of Wolse/s short-lived coUe^ at 
Ipawich. A long letter from Capon to Wol- 
aey, touching the organisation of the coU^, 
is printed in Ellis's ' Original Letters ' (fat 
ser, i. 185, from ' MS. Cotton,' Titns B i, 
f. 176). In 1634 he resigned the vicarage of 
Barkway, Hertfordshire, which be had held 
for several years ; in 1537 became prebendary 
of Wells ; from 2(i Sept. 1537 was for a few 
weeks archdeacon of Anglesey ; in 1543 was 
institul^l rector of Duxford St. Peter, Cam- 
bridgeshire, and prebondary of Bangor. He 
reaigneil the majtership of Jesus College in 
November 164fj, and died in 1550. 

[Cooper's Athenie Cantab, i. 100; Wood's 
Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 94 ». (whnro the data of Capon's 
rraigoation of Barkway ia miaprinled li>14)j 
Ellis's Letters, Ist ser. i. 185, 3rd sar. ii. 331 ; 
Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, l, llfi, 120, 204,1 
S. L. L. 
CAPON, WILLIAM {1757-1827), scene- 
painter, decorative artist, and architect, 
the son of an artist, was boru nt Norwich 
6 Oct. 1757. Under his father he com- 
miniced to paint portraits, but preferring 
architecture was placed under NoTOzielski, 
whom he assisted in the buildings and deco- 
rations of tlie Italian Opera House (reopened 
1791) and Ranelagh Gardens. Iu 1794 he 
erected a theatre for Lord Aldborough at 
Belon House, Kildare, and in the aame year 
was engaged by John Kemble as scene-pain t«r 
for the new Drury Lane Theatre. An en- 
thusiastic si udent of old English archirficiuie, 
he greatly assisted Eemfalc in his efforts to 
represent plays with hiatorical accuracy, and 
the scenes at Driiiy Lane (and at Oovent 
Garden alter 1602) in -which he endeavoured 
to reconstruct ancient buildings were greatly 
celebrated. Amoug these were a view of the 
palace of WeBlminster (fifteenth een- 
wings' representing English streets, 
wer of London ( for the play of ' Ri- 
chard III'), the council chamber at Crosby 
House (for 'Jane Shore'), a stale chamber 
temp. Edward Ill,u baronial hall fcwyj. Ed- 
ward IV, andaTudorhalKfflnp. Henry \TI. 
lection with Bru^ Lane (l>umt 
1609) resulted in a loss of 500^ He made 
dfuwings of the interiors of Druiy Lane and 
CoventliMden,wliich were exhibited in 1600 
and 1802. He was alsoemployed for the IloyaJ 
id the theatre at Bath (1805). In 
1804 he WBsapjioinledarchileclural draughls- 
m»n to the Duke of York. Hia leisure was 
employed iii ardiileclural ceeearch, and bis 



Cappe 



24 



Cappe 



plans of the old palace of Westminster and 
the substructure of the abbey are said to have 
occupied him thirty years. The former was 
in 1826 purchased by the Society of Anti- 
quaries for 120 guineas, and was engraved by 
Basire. Though his preference was for Gothic 
architecture, his last work of importance was 
a design for a church of the Doric order. He 
was a firequent exhibitor at the Royal Aca- 
demy, and also (between 1788 and 1827^ sent 
drawings to the Society of Artists (one;, the 
British Institution (five), and the Society of 
British Artists (five). His subjects were chiefly 
views of buildings and architectural remains, 
with some landscapes. He died at his house 
in Xorth Street, Westminster, 26 Sept. 1827. 
A portrait of Capon, en^aved by W. Bond, 
after a miniature by W. Bone, was published 
in the * Gentleman's Magazine,' xcviii. 106. 
Some of his original drawings are in the 
British Museum. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878 ; Gent. Mag. 
1827 and 1828 ; Boaden's Life of Kemble.] 

C. M. 

CAPPE, NEWCOME (1733-1800), uni- 
tarian divine, eldest son of the Rev. Joseph 
Cappe, minister of the nonconformist con- 
gregation at Millhill Chapel, Leeds, who 
married the daughter and coheiress of Mr. 
Newcome of Waddington, Lincolnshire, was 
bom at Leeds 21 Feb. 1733. He was an ar- 
dent student when young, and was educated 
with great care for the dissenting ministrv. 
For a year (1748-9) he was with Dr. Aikm 
at Kibworth, Leicestershire ; the succeeding 
three years he studied with Doddridge at 
Northampton, and for another space of three 
years (1762-5) he lived at Glasgow, profiting 
bv the instruction of Dr. William Leechman. 
When he was sufficiently qualified by this 
lengthened course of tuition for his profession, 
he was chosen in November 1766 co-pastor 
with the Rev. John Hotham of the dissenting 
chapel at St. Saviourgate, York, and after re- 
maining in this position until Mr. Hotham's 
death in the following May became on that 
event sole pastor to the congregation, and so 
continued until his own decease in 1800. 
York was at this time the centre of much 
greater literary and political life than it is at 
present, and Cappe took a prominent place 
among its citizens. The large old mansion in 
which he lived is described by Mr. Robert 
Davies, in his 'Walks through York,* as situate 
in Upper Ousegate, and in it he gathered to- 
gether many students of letters. A literary 
club which he founded in 1771 existed witn 
unimpaired life for nearly twenty years. In 
October 1769 he married Sarah, the eldest 
daughter of William Turner, a merchant of 



Hull. She died of consumption in the spring 
of 1 773, leaving six children behind her. His 
second wife, an ardent promoter of education 
and of unitarian principles, was Catharine, 
daughter of the liev. Jeremiah Harrison, vicar 
of (^tterick, and thev were married at Bar- 
wick-in-Elmet on 19 Feb. 1788. Ca]|pewa8 
frequently ill, and in 1791 he was seized by 
a paralytic stroke. This was followed )fr 
several other attacks of the same kind untu 
his strength failed, and he died at York on 
24 Dec. 1800. His eldest son, Joseph C^pe, 
M.D., died in February 1791 ; his younsest 
son, Robert Cappe, M.D., died on 16 Nov. 
1802 while on a voyage to L^hom. 

The writings of Cappe which appeared 
during his lifetime were comparatively un- 
important. Among them were sermons 
preached on the days * of national humilia- 
tion ' in 1776, 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1784. 
An earlier sermon delivered 27 Nov. 1757, 
after the victory of Frederick the Great at 
Rossbach on 6 INov. 1767, was of a very rhe- 
torical character; it passed through numerous 
editions, a copy of the sixth impression being 
in the Britisn Museum. In 1770 he pub- 
lished a sermon in memory of the Rev. Ed- 
ward Sandercock, and in 1786 he edited that 
minister's sermons in two volumes. In 1783 

, he printed a panophlet of * Remarks in Vin- 
dication of Dr. Iriestlev ' in answer to the 
* Monthly Reviewers.* * A Selection of Psalms 
for Social Worship ' and * An Alphabetical 
Explication of some Terms and Phrases in 

I Scnpture,' the first an anonymous publication, 
and the second * by a warm well-wisher to 
the interests of genuine Christianity,' were 
printed at York in 1786, and are known to 
have been compiled by Cappe. The second 
of them, it may be added, was reissued at 
Boston, U.S., in 1818. A work of a more 
elaborate character, entitled * Discourses on 
the Providence and Government of God,' was 
published by him in 1796 ; a second edition 
appeared in 1811, and a third in 1818. After 
his death his widow, in her regard for his me- 
mory, collected and edited many volumes of 
his discourses, consisting of (1) * Critical Re- 
marks on many important Passages of Scrip- 
ture,' 1802, 2 vols. ; (2) * Discourses chiefly 
on Devotional Subjects,' 1806 ; (3) * Con- 
nected History of the Life and Divine Mission 
of Jesus Christ,' 1809; (4) 'Discourses chiefly 
on Practical Subjects,' 1816. To the first and 
second of these publications she prefixed me- 
moirs of his life by herself, ana the second 
contained an appendix of a sermon on his in- 
terment by the Rev. William Wood, and a 
memoir from the ' Monthly Review,' Febru- 
ary 1801, pp. 81-4, by the Rev. C. Wellbe- 
loved. His widow, whose biography of Gappe 



IB fill! of interest, died suddenly 27 July 1B31, 
o^*d78. Sho WM tlienutliorof eevernltracts 
an ch»rity Bcliools {Diet, of Living Authon, 
p. 64). 

[dent. Mng. III. pt. ii. 1299 (1800). Ixii. pt. 
L 181-2 (1801); Butt's Life of PriBstley: Tnj- 
Ittf'i BiDgmphinLoodoBsiB, pp.2ia-12; Duvim's 
Torit Press, pp. 288, 274, 2nfi-8, 303 ; BeUhnm'B 
Theopliilus LiDdecy, pp. 223-37.] W. P. C. 

CAPPER, FRANCIS (1736-1818), di- 
'Tine,bora24 Aiig. 1735,BonafFrauclaCApp^r, 
aLonilo>ib«rri9ter,WBSe<)ucatedat Westmin- 
ater School, anclproceeded thence to Chriet 
ClinrcU, Oxford (17G3). He graduated as 
H.A- in 1760, being then in holy ordera and 
rector of Monk Sofiam (Octobw 1759) and 
EarlSohum (December 1769), Suffolk, bene- 
fices whidi Le retained until liia death. He 
had a local n^putation aa a faithful minialer 
ud an upright maglBtrate. HiA only con- 
tribution to literature was a small tract, en- 
titled 'The Faith and B*lief of every Sincere 
Chrii^tion, proved by reJerencea to Tarioua 
Texts of Holv Scripture,' Ipswich, 13mo, 
C»pi)eT died at Earl Soharo 13 Nov. 1818. 

[Gent. Mag. vol. lxiiriii.pl. ii. p. 476; Wolch's 
Alumni WeBtmonaBt. 3S0 ; familj memomnria.] 
C. J. B. 



CAPPEB. JAMES (1743-1925), meteo- 
rologist, S:c., younger brother of Francis 
Capp«r fq, v,], wBB bom 15 Dec. 1743, and 
ediicnted at Harrow School. He entered 
the Don. Enat India Company's aervice at an 
e»xVr age, and attained tne rank of colonel, 
boldinfrfiir some time the post of comptroller- 
generu of llie army and fbrti&cation accounts 
on tlie coast of Coromsndel. After retiring 
from military service he settled for some 
years in South Wales, taking' much interest 
m meteoimlney and a^culture. Removing 
to Norfolk, he died at Ditchingham Lodge, 
near Bungay, 6 Sept. IS'26. 

James Copper wrote : 1. ' ObBervations on 
the Panage to India through Egypt ; also to 
Vi«iuta though Constanlijiople and Aleppo, 
•lid from thi^jice to Bagdad, and across tlie 
Oreat Dxnert to Bassora, with occasional Re- 
mark* on thn adjacent Countries, and also 
SkiitrJwa of the different Routes,' London, 
17M, 4to, and 1786. 8vo. 2. ' Memorial to 
the Hnn- Court of Directoreof ihe East India 
Company,' 17(*5 (privatelypriiited). 3. 'Ob- 
■ervBtiona on the Winds and Moneoons, illus- 
trated with a chart, and accompanied with 
Kolu, tJivigraphical nod Meteorological,' 
Londcn, 11)01.410. 4. • Observations on the 
Cultivation of ^Vitste Lands, addressed to 
(lie p^nttfimcu and fanners of Olomorgnn- 
^B^'IiOndon, 180C 6. 'Meteorolc^caland 



Miscelloneons Tracts opplieable to Naviga- 
tion, Gardening, and Farming, with Calendars 
of Flora for Greece, France, England, and 
Sweden,' London, 1609, 8vo. 

C*prBB, LoriBA. (1776-1840), was a 
daughter of Colonel Jflines Capper, by his 
wife, Mary Johnson, and was bom 15 Nov. 
1776. She pubUshed in 1811 an 'Abridg- 
ment of Locke's Essay concerning the Human 
Understanding,' and died unmarried 25 Slay 
1840. She was buried at Rickmanaworlh, 
Hertfordshire, 



CAPPEE, JOSEPH (1727-1804), an ec- 
centriceharacter,wa8bominl727inObe8hire 
of parents in humble circumstances. At an 
early age be came up to London, and, after 
serving his apprenticeship to a grocer, set 
up a shop on his own account in the neigh- 
bourhood of Whiteehapel. Owing to the 
recommendations of his old master, Capper 
sooL prospered in his trade, and, having been 
fortunate in various speculations, eventually 
retired from husinese. Having piven up 
work, he spent several days in walking about, 
the vicinity of London, searching for lodg- 
ings. Stopping at the Horns, Kennington, 
one day, he asked for aljed.and, being curtly 
refused, determined to stop in order to plague 
the landlord. Though for many years he 
talked about quitting the place the next day, 
he lived there until the day of hJB death, a 
period of twenty-five years. So methodical 
were hia habits, that he would not drink his 
tea out of any other than hie favourite cup. 
In the parlour of the Horns he had his 
favourite chair. Ho would uot permit any 
one to poke the fire without his permission. 
He called himself the chotnpiim of govern- 
ment, and nothing angered nim more than 
to hear anyone declaiming against the British 
constitution. His favourite amusement was 
killing flies with bis cane, before doing which 
he generally told a story about the rascality 
of all Frenchmen, ' whom,' he said, ' I hate 
and detest, and would knock down juat the 
seme OS these flies.' Capper died at the Horns 
on 6 Sept. 1804, at the age of seventy- 
seven, and was buried in the church of St. 
Botolph, Aldgate. In his will, which was 
made on the back of a sheet of banker'a 
cheques, and dated five years before his death, 
he left the bulk of his property, then up- 
wards of 30,000;., among his poor relations, 
whom he always had refused to see in his life- 
time. To his nephews, whom he appointed 
his executors, he hequealhed 8,000/. threu per 
cents, between them. There appears, how- 
ever, tohave been considerable douht wbethei 



Cappoch 



26 



Caractacus 



this will had been properly witnessed or not. 
A curious portrait of Capper will be found in 
the third volume of Granger. 

[St. James's Chronicle, 13 Sept. 1804; 
Granger's New, Original, and Complete Wonder- 
ful Museum and 3Iiigazino Extraonlinary (1805), 
iii. 1692-6.] G. F. R. B. 

CAPPOCH, THOMAS (1718-1746). 
[See CoppocH.l 

CARACCIOLI, CHARLES (/. 1766), 
topographer, was master of the grammar 
school at Arundel in 1766, and was probably 
an Italian. In 1 758 appeared a work, anony- 
mous, 2 vols. * Chiron, or the Mental Opti- 
cian ' {Monthly Review, 1758, xviii. 276), of 
which Gough says that Caraccioli was the 
author {Bnt. To'pog, ii. 2^, note); and about 
two years later a 6rf. pamphlet, entitled * An 
llistorical Account ot Sturbridge, Bury, and 
the most Famous Fairs,' &c.,also anonymous, 
was published at Cambridge for the author, 
which is attributed in the British Museum 
Library Catalogue to Caraccioli. This is 
doubtful, as CaraccioU's own evidence shows 
that about 1758 and 1760 he did not know 
English. In 1766 Caraccioli published * The 
Antiquities of Arundel ' by subscription, and 
dedicated it to the Duke of Norfolk and to 
the Hon. Edward Howard, the duke's heir- 
apparent. In 1775 a Charles Caraccioli, 
gent., published the first volume of *The Life 
of Robert, Lord Clive,' not dated {Monthly 
lieviewy 1775, liii. 80), foUowing this in 1777 
by vols. ii. iii. and iv. of the same work {ib, 
1777, Iv. 480) ; and Gough identifies this au- 
thor with the subject of this article (supra). 
The * Montlily Review ' says of * Chiron,' * It 
is a poor imitation of " Le Diable Boiteux " ' 
(xviu. 276) ; Gough says of parts of * Arundel,' 
* They are most awkwardly contrived from 
printed books ' {Brit, Topog. li. 288) ; Lowndes 
says of* Clive,' * It is a confused jumble' {^BibL 
Manual, i. 369) ; and the * Montldy Re\'iew' 
says of it, * It is ill-digested, worse connected, 
and similarly printed.' 

[Monthly Review, xviii. 276, liii. 80, Iv. 480 ; 
Gough's Brit. Topog. ii. 288 ; Lowndes's Bibl. 
Man. i. 369.] J. H. 

CARACTACUS {Jl, 50), king of the 
Britons, whose name is the latinised form of 
the English Caradoc and theWelsh Caradawg, 
was one of the sons of Cuuobelin, king of the 
Trinobantes, whoso capital was the fortified 
enclosure known as * Camulodunum ' (Col- 
chester). As chief of the Catuvellauni he 
maintained an energetic resistance to the Ro- 
mans for nearly nine years. Our only au- 
thority for the campaign of Aulus Plautius 



(A.D. 43-7) is a naasaffe of Dio Gaasiofi. 
The Romans landea in tnree divisions in the 
spring of A.D. 43. Plautius met and defeated 
in successive battles Caractacus and hit 
brother Togodumnos, received the submisuon 
of the Dobuni (Gloucestershire), and, having 
established a stronghold in their country, 
pushed up the valley of the Thames, and 
came opposite once more to the enemy, wli» 
were on the north bank of the river. The 
Britons, thinking themselves safe under thB 
protection of the broad stream, took no pre- 
cautions, and were surprised by the Celtic 
troops of Plautius swimming the river to atp 
tack them. This advantage was further ex- 
tended by the exploits of a body of men which 
crossed the river under Vespaaian, the future 
emperor. A desperate engagement was fought 
the next day, in which the Britons made a 
brave stand, but were completely defeated. 
The site of this decisive battle is uncertain. 
Dr. Guest seems to have good reason for 

Placing it at Wallingford, on the Thames. 
Saractacus was doubtless the chief com- 
mander on the British side. The Britons re- 
treated eastward, and put the Lea between 
themselves and the Romans, who, following 
them, crossed the Lea, partly by swimming 
and partly by a bridge, and succeeded in en- 
gaging and inflicting a great slaughter upon 
them once more. In attempting to follow up 
the flying Britons the Roman army became 
entangled in the Essex marshes and sufiered 
severe loss. Plautius recalled his troops, and, 
settling them in some spot on the banks of 
the Thames, sent for the emperor Claudiuii 
in accordance with orders which he had re- 
ceived when starting for Britain. Dr. Guest 
thinks that this spot was the site of London, 
and that the Roman works were the begin- 
ning of our metropolis. Dio, however, seems 
to imply that the Romans were on the south 
bank of the river. When Claudius arrived 
with reinforcements and a troop of elephants, 
the Romans advanced northward, fought a 
successful battle with the Britons, and cap- 
tured Camulodunum. Claudius only remained 
seventeen days in Britain, and then hurried 
home to celebrate liis triumph, leaving Plau- 
tius to complete the conquest of southern 
Britain. Caractacus meanwhile seems to have 
retired with his followers to the neighbour- 
hood of the Silures (South AVales), and from 
his western fastnesses to have made frequent 
sallies to stop the gradually ext-ending Roman 
dominion. For wnen in a.d. 47 Ostorius Sca- 

Eula succeeded Aulus Plautius as pro-pnetor, 
e found Britain in a disturbed and dange- 
rous state. He seems to have taken measures 
at once to fortify the line of the Severn and 
Avon, but to have been recalled eastwird by 



Caractacus 27 Caradoc 

rolt of the Iceiii (Norfolk and Suffolk). I Some have even supposed that the Claudia 
ing put down this revolt, and having for- | of Martial's * Ej^igrams ' (iv. 13, xi. 53) and 
y established a Roman colony at Camu- of St. Paul's Epistle (2 Tim. iv. 21) was his 
num, he advanced once more to the west , daughter. The identity of the person alluded 
, 50). Caractacus had led the British ! to in these passages, and her connection with 
firom the extreme south, and was now in i Caractacus, are, however, entirely conjectural, 
territory of the Ordovices (Shropshire), | "With much more probability she has been 
somewhere in that district the final battle i regarded as the daughter of Cogidumnus. 

place in the summer of a.d. 50. The : [The ancient authorities for the history are 
3f the battle, like most matters connected . Tacitus, Ann. xii. 31, 37, Hist. 3, 46 ; Die Cas- 
i British history, is a subject of consider- sius, 60, 19-22; Eutrop. viii. 8 ; Suetonius, Claud. 
doubt. Discussions on this point will | 17, Vesp.4; Zonaras s XpoviiccJy, p. 186. A full 



)und in the books referred to at the end 
lis article. That which best suits the ac- 



account of the campaign of b.c. 60 will be found 
in Meri vale's History of the Romans under the 

alid in Carte's 
1748. A full 



It given by Tacitus is the hill caUedCaer , gmpire, vi. 224-46, ed. 1866, a 

td<5;, described by Camden. It is near History of Engird i. 100-11, ed. 

meeting of the Clun and Teme, and in discussion of difficult points in topography and 

J , TP x-iV ^ • J X r T> •4.- u history will be found in Dr. Guests Origmes 

den's time still retamed traces of British ^eltici, ii. 342. 394-400 ; see also Gough's Cam- 



fication. Caractacus posted his army on 



den,iii. 3, 13 ; Horsley's Monumenta Britannica, 




the Roman camp ran a river of unknown with choric odes, was published in 1769 by W. 
h. Ostorius was dismayed at the spirit Mason. A frigid poem, Caractacus, a Metrical 
m by the Britons ; but the veterans Sketch, was published anonymously in 1 832. For 
y forded the river. They were received a discussion of the question of Claudia, see Wil- 
liowers of darts; but at length forming a liams's Claudia and Pudens, 1848 ; Guest's Grig. 
tdo. they scaled the hill, tore down the bar- Celt. ii. 1 2 1 ; Conybeare and Howson's Life and 
les of stones, and dislodged the Britons. f.PJ^^l^^^LS^-,^^?^' "• ^^*' ^- ifj?*^ k^*™^'^ 
wife, daughter, and brothers of Carac- ^'^^°^,^°^\?Jf ' ^*"^' "• 669; Quarterly 
8 feU into the hands of the Romans. ^«^«^' ^^^^ ^^^^l ^- S- S* 

y, however, escaped to the mountains, CARADOC, Sir JOHN FRANCIS, 
imong them Caractacus himself, who took Lord Howden (1762-1839), general, who 
je in the country of the Brigantes ; but exchanged the name Cradock for Caradoc in 
• queen, Cartismandua, delivered him 1820,wastheonlysonof Jolm Cradock [q. v.], 
he Romans. He and his family were archbishop of Dublin, and was born at Dublin, 
to Rome, and made to take part in a , when his father was bishop of Kilmore, on 
of triumphal parade, which defiled past I 12 Aug. 1762. His father's political interest 
dius and Aerippina. Crowds came Irom was very great, and he rose quickly in the army, 
•arts of Italy to see the captive chief, i which he entered as a comet in the 4th regi- 
capture was declared in the senate to be ment of horse in 1777. In 1779 he exchanged 
onous as that of Syphax by Scipio, and to an ensigncy in the 2nd or Coldstream 
es by Paulus. The undaunted bearing guards ; in 1781 he was promoted lieutenant 
iractacus roused great admiration. He and captain, and in 1786 to a majority in the 
allowed to address the emperor, whom 12th light dragoons. In 1786 he exchanged 
iminded that * the resistance he had made into the 13th regiment ; in 1789 was promoted 
a large element in his conqueror's glory ; lieutenant-colonel, and in 1790 commanded 
if he were now put to death he would i the regiment, when it was ordered to the 
:lv be forgotten, but that if spared he West Indies at the time of the Nootka Sound 
df be an imperishable monument of the I affair. In 1791 he returned to England on 
rial clemency.* Claudius granted life to ' being appointed acting quartermaster-gene- 
md his family ; and here all that we know ral in Ireland, but in 1793 accompanied Sir 
ractacus ends, except the reflection which Cliarles Grey to the West Indies as aide-de- 
ras records him to have made on seeing camp, and was appointed to command two 
e : * That he wondered the Romans who picked battalions selected for dangerous ser- 
ssed such palaces should envy the poor vices. At their head he served throughout 
of the Britons.' Tradition, reproduced the campaign in which Sir Charles Grey re- 
e untrustworthy Welsh * Triads,' asserts duced the French West Indian islands, and 
he lived some four years after his cap- was wounded at the capture of Martinique, 
and that his children, becoming chris- j and at its conclusion received the thanks of 
, brought the christian faith into Britain, i parliament and was promoted colonel of the 



Caradoc 



28 



Caradoc 



127 th regiment. On 1 Oct. 1795 he was ap- 
pointed assistant-quartermasteivgeneral, and 
in 1797 quartermaster-general in Ireland, and 
on 1 Jan. 1798 was promoted major-general. 
In 1 798 his local knowledge was invaluable 
to Lord Comwallis in the suppression of the 
Irish rebellion ; he was present at the battle 
of Vinegar Hill and the capture of Wexford ; 
he accompanied Lord Comwallis in his rapid 
march against the French general, Humbert, 
and was wounded in the affair at Ballyna- 
hinch. He sat in the Irish House of Commons 
as M.P. for Qogher from 1785 to 1790, for 
Castlebar from 1790 to 1797, for Middleton, 
CO. Cork, from 1798 to 1799, and for Thomas- 
town, CO. Kilkenny, from 1799 to 1800. In 
parliament he always voted as a strenuous 
supporter of the government, and on 17 Feb. 
1800 he acted as second to the Right Hon. 
Isaac Corry, chancellor of the Irish exchequer, 
in his famous duel with Grattan in Phoenix 
Park. At the same time he stren^hened 
his political connections by marrying, on 
17 Nov. 1798, Ladv Theodosia Meade, third 
daughter of John, first earl of Clanwilliam. 

On the completion of the union he lost 
his seat in parhament, but was appointed to 
a command on the staff of Sir RBilph Abeiv 
cromby in the Mediterranean. He joined 
the army at Minorca, and received the com- 
mand of the 2nd brigade. He was engaged 
in the battles of 8, 13, and 21 March in 
Egypt, and after the death of Abercromby 
he accompanied General Hutchinson in the 
advance on Cairo as second in command. 
He was present at the surrender of Cairo, 
but then fell ill of fever, and was imable to 
co-operate in the reduction of Alexandria. 
At the conclusion of the Egyptian campaign 
he was appointed to the command-in-chief of 
a corps 01 seven thousand men, and ordered 
to reduce the island of Corsica. The peace 
of Amiens put an end to the expedition, but 
he was made a knight of the Bath, gazetted 
colonel of the 71st li^ht infantry, and on 
21 Dec. 1803 was appointed commander-in- 
chief of the forces at Madras, and a local 
lieutenant-general. 

His command at Madras was signalised by 
the mutiny at Vellore. Shortly after his ar- 
rival he had determined to reduce the chaotic 
mass of regulations for the army under his 
command into something like a regular code. 
In 1805 the new code was issued imder the 
sanction of the governor. Lord William Ben- 
tinck, and as it was particularly minute on 
questions of uniform it greatly offended the 
sepoys. The family of Tippoo Sahib took ad- 
vantage of the discontent to set on foot a con- 
spiracy among the Mahomedans in the native 
army, and on 10 July 1806 a mutiny broke out 



at Vellore. When the mutiny was suppressed 
there were mutual recriminations among the 
authorities at Fort George as to its cause ; 
Cradock threw the responsibility upon his 
subalterns for advising the changes, and on 
the governor for sanctioning them ; the go- 
vernor declared it was all the commander-in- 
chief's fault, and in the end, in 1807, the 
court of directors recalled both Cradock and 
Lord William Bentinck. 

The ministers at once appointed Cradock to 
the command of a division in Ireland, but his 
mind was * soured by ill-treatment * ( WelUnff^ 
imCB Supplementary DeepatcheSy v. 261), and 
he speedily resigned his division and applied 
for active service. In December 1808 Cra- 
dock (lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1805) ar- 
rived at Lisbon to take command of the troops 
which Moore had left behind him in Portu^raL 
Cradock's position was a difficult one. lie 
had not more than ten thousand men under 
his command, including the sick and the 
stragglers, and could not put more than five 
thousand in the field. His position was soon 
complicated by Sir John Moore's retreat ; the 
Portuguese regency wished him to advance to 
Oporto, and me people became furious and 
insulted and even murdered English soldiers 
in the streets of Lisbon. . Cradock knew that 
it was impossible to protect Oporto against 
Soult's victorious army, and prepared instead 
to defend Lisbon, threatened both by Soult 
and Victor in the east. Instructions arrived 
for him to prepare to evacuate Portugal, but 
the English ministers suddenly resolved to 
defend Lisbon at all hazards, ana Cradock was 
ordered to advance from Lisbon and take np 
a central position. He moved most unwil- 
lingly from Passa d'Arcos to Leiria, and there 
formed his small army in order of battle to 
await the advance of Soult from Oporto. Cra- 
dock had time to reorganise his army, and, 
after receiving reinforcements, had begun an 
advance against Soult, when the news arrived 
that the government had decided to promote 
him to the governorship of Gibraltar, and to 
supersede him in Portugal by Wellesley. Sir 
Arthur Wellesley did all he could to soften 
Cradock's disappointment, but to the end of 
his life he felt that he had been badl v treated. 
In 1809 he was appointed colonel of the 43rd 
regiment, and in 1811 was promoted to the 
governorship of the Cape of Good Hopei 
which, however, he only retained till 1814. 
In 1812 he was promoted general, but he re- 
mained a disappointed man. The Duke of 
Wellington took his only son upon his per- 
sonal staff, and through the duke's influence 
Cradock was created Lord Howden in the 
peenure of Ireland on 19 Oct. 1819. He 
was nurther &youred by the duke, and on 



Caradoc a 

7 Sept. 1831 he was created a peer of the 
United Kingdom as Lord Howden of How- 
den and Grimaton, co. York, on the corona- 
tion of William IV. Ha died at Orimston 
on 6 Julj 1839, in his seventy-ninth year. 



1807, papers preseoUd lo nirUaiiiflnt 1S13, and 
Wilson's oontinnatiDa of Mill's History of BriCiah 
India, vol. i. chap. ii. ; for bis services in Porta- 
gal see Napier's Peninsular War, book vi., 
chapa i. ii. iii., and Appendices 1, 2, 3, i, 5. S, S, 
and 9, which are of special value, as Lord Hot- 



H.M. t 

CABADOC, Sib JOHN HOBART, 
second Lobs Howdes (1799-1873), diplo- 
matist, only child of General Sir J. F. Cara- 
doc, lord Howden [q. v.] and Lady Theodosia 
Meade, third daughter of the nrst earl of 
Clanwilliam, was bom in Dublin on 16 Oct. 
1799. He was gaietted an ensign in the 
Grenadier guards on 13 July 1815, and was 
soon afterwards appointad an ^de-de-camp 
to the Duke of Wellington at Paris, where 
be remained until the disperaion of the army 
of occupation in 1818. On 22 Oct. 1818 [ 
lie was promoted lieutenant and captain in i 
tlie Grenadier guards, and then proceeded to 
Lisbon, as aide-de-camp to Marshal Beree- 
ford [q. v.], and in 1820 he was appointed 
aide-de-camp to Sir Thoman Muitland, the 
governor of Malta. In 1823 he exchanged 
to the 29th regiment, but in 1824 he deter- 
mined to enter the diplomatic service, and 
WBdappointedanattachi at Berlin. In 1825 
be joined the embassy at Paris, and on 9 June 
18^5 was gazetted to an unattached mmority 
inthearmy. In ld27bewa8orderedtoEgypt 
in order to try to prevent ilehemet Ali from 
intervening in the struggle between Turkey 
and Greece. In this he failed, and he was 
then ordered to join Sir Edward Codrington, 
the admiral commanding the Mediterranean 
fleet, as militair commissioner, with instruc- 
tions to force Mehemet Ali to withdraw the 
army with which he had occupied the Mo- 
rcA. At Nararino Caradoc was wounded, 
and he had afterwards no difficulty in secur- 
ing the withdrawal of the Egyptian army. 
In 1830 he was elected M.P. for Dundalk, 
but he did not seek re-election in 1631, and 
in 1832waaappoint«d military commissioner 
with the French army under Marshal 06- 
rard, which was besieging Antwerp. Here 
be was again wouudiS, and was made, foi 
his services, a commander of the Legion of 
Honour, and of the order of Leopold of Bel- 
gium. In August 1834 he was appointed 
militarv commissioner with the Spanish army^ 
which taadait«i«dPortiigal,aiid waapieeent 



Caradoc 



of Evora Monte, and in 
the same year he was attached to the Chris- 
tinist army in the north of Spain. He was 
present at the victories obtained over the 
Carlists at OloEagutia and Gollana, and was 
rewarded for his services with the order of 
San Fernando. In 1339 he succeeded his 
father as second Lord Howden, and returned 
to England. In 1841 he was promoted to be 
colonel in the army, and made an equerry to 
the Duchess of Kent, a post which he held to 
the end of his life. On 25 Jan. 1847 he waa 
appointed miiuster at Rio de Janeiro witb a 
special mission to the Argentine Confedera- 
tion and the republic of Uruguay, He was 
ordered to act in conjunction with Count 
Walewski, the French minister plenipoten- 
tiary, and also not to allow the Britisli fleet 
to do more than blockade Buenoa Ayres 
and Monte Video. When Count Walewski 
showed himself favourably inclined towards 
General Rosas, governor of Buenos Ayres, 
and when Rosas nimself paid no atteution to 
the ultimatum of the two powers, Howden 
decided to leave the questions at issue un- 
settled, and raised the blockade of Buenos 
Ayrea on 2 July 1847, and returned to Riode 
Janeiro. He remained in Brazil till 1860, 
when he was appointed minister plenipoten- 
tiary at Madrid, and in 1851 he was promoted 
major-general, and on L'J! Feb. I8ri2 made a 
K.C.li. At Madrid he was both wfll known 
and popular, and had thus a great advantage 
overhifl predecessor. Sir Ilenr^ Bulwer. In 
March 1858 he retired from ill-health, but 
without a pension, and was made, on hia re- 
tirement, a G.C.B. and a knight grand cross 
of the order of Charles III of Spain. In 
18-59 he was promoted lieutenant-general, 
in 1861 he retired from the army, and after 
the death of the Duchess of Kent in that 
year he lived in retirement until his death 
at Bayonne on 8 Oct. 1873. He married in 
January 1830 Catherine, daughter of Paul, 
I count Skavronsky, and great-niece of Prince 
Potemkin, but had no children, and on bis 
death the English and Irish baronies of 
Howden became extinct. 

I [None of the obituary notices on Lord How- 
I den are very full, but the details of his long and 
varied diplomatic career ant to be found ia the 
Foreign Office List for 1872; for his conduct lo 
the Itivor Plate atfair, see The Anglo-Freacb 
Intarvenlion in the River Plate considorwl, espe- 
I dally with reference to the negotiations of 1B47 
! under tbo conduct of Lord Howilen, b; A. It, 
I Pfail, London, 1847, and Two Letters addressed 
I to the Sight Honourable Lord Howdeu, on the 
I withdrawal of the British iDt«Tveution from the 
River Plate question, MoaU Video, 1847,] 



Caradog 30 Caradori-Allan 

CABADOG (d, laSo), a South Welsh ' remarkable way about 1120. The entries, 

prince, was a son of Khydderch, who had which had since 1100 been vexy copious, 

seized the government of Deheubarth, and suddenly became meagre, and the English 

died in 1031 at the hands of Irish pirates. ' sympathies of the earlier writer are ex- 

Caradog did not, however, manage to succeed changed for a patriotism that warmly favours 

to Rhydderch's power, which fell to Ilowel the Welsh. Buch partiality as that of the 

and Maredudd, sons of Edwin, who are said earlier writer would naturally come from 

to have brought the Irish against Uhvdderch. Caradog, and the dat« of the change of style 

War ensued between the new rulers and the increases the probability of it. 

sons of Rhydderch, and in 1032 the latter Caradop is also said to have written *Com- 

w«»re defeated in an action at Hiraethw\\ mentarii in Merlinum,' * De situ orbis,' and 

IVfore long the death of Maredudd restored * Vita Grildse' (B/iLEf Script. Brit Caf.-p, 196). 

victory to Caradog and his brothers (103o). Of the two former nothing is known. The 

Before the year was out Caradog himself old life of Gildas, published bv Mr. Stevenson 

was slain by the English. The event is not for the English Historical Society, is pro- 

not iced in the English chronicles. i bablv the latter work. Mr. Stevenson denies 

[Annales Cambrife, Rolls Series; Brut v Ty- l^^^' Caradog wrote it, but Mr. T. Wriffht 

wvsc.ffion, Rolls Series; Gwentian Brut (Caiii- (/?' 0.7. ^n^ii^., Anglo-Saxon period, p. 119) 

brian Arehffiolojrical Association).] T. F. T. j^as shown reasons for believing him to be 

. its author. The work is not of very greaX 

CARADOG OF Llancarv.vn (d, 1147 P), value or authenticity. 

Welsh ecclesiastic and chronicler, was, as P»t« ^a.vs that Caradog was an elegant 

his name indicates, probably either bom at P^et, and an eloquent rhetoncian as well as a 

or a monk of t he famous abbey of Llancarvan considerable historian. He says he flourished 

in the vale of Glamorgan. He was apparently «^^"t 1160. Gutyn Owain, a Webh bard 

one ofthe brilliant band of men of letters that a«d herald of the fifteenth century, says that 

gathered round Earl Robert of Gloucester, Caradog died m 1156. As Geoffrey of Mon- 

the bastard son of Henry I. Caradog was a mouth speaks in the past t^nse in his re- 




* The princes who afterwards ruled in Wales ^ is very improbable that he is the same 
I committed to Caradog of Llancarvan, for ^s contemporary Caradog the hermit. 




logical Association); Wright's Biog. Brit. Lit. 
tions from the beginning of really historical Anglo-Saxon period, p. 119, Anglo-Norman 
times do^vn to his own d&j. In its original period, p. 166-7 ; Stevenson's Gildas (Eng. Hist 
form Caradog's chronicle is not now extant. Soc.), Preface, pp. xxvii-xxx.] T. F. T. 

There exist, however, several Welsh chroni- 
cles going dowTi to much lator times than CARADORI-ALLAN, MARIA CA- 
Caradog's which profess to be derived from TERINA ROSALBINA (1800-1865), voca- 
tluit author's work. Tlie English compila- list, was bom at the Casa Palatina, Milan, 
tion kno^vn asPowel's * History of Cambria,' in 1800. Her father. Baron de Munck, was 
first published in 1584, also claims in its an Alsatian, who held a post in the French 
earlier part to be based on Caradog. That army. Her mother, whose maiden name was 
Caradog wrote a chronicle is clearly proved, Caradori, was a native of St. Petersburg, 
and there is therefore every probability that Owing to her father's death she was forced to 
the later chroniclers used his as their basis, adopt music as a profession, though the only 
It is, however, more likely that Caradog training she received was from her mother. 
wrote his work in Latin than in Welsh. After a tour in France and part of G^rmanyi 
The relation of Caradog to the early part of by the exertions of Count St. Antonio she 
the * Bruts ' must, however, be determined was engaged for the King's Theatre, where 
purely on internal evidence ; and for such she made her first appearance as Cherubino 
minute investigations a better editing of , in the * Nozze di Figaro,' 12 Jan. 1822. Her 
them is needed than has been given by Mr. ' salary for this season was 300/. In 1828 she was 
Williams ab Ithel in the Rolls edition of re-en^^aged, at a salary of 400/., and appeared 
the * Brut y Tywysogion.' Mr. Aneurin I as Viteuia in Mozart's ' Clemenza ai Tito,' 
Owen has pointed out, however, that the and as Carlotta in Mercadante's * Elisa e Clau- 
* Brut ' changes its style and tone in a very \ dio.' In 1824 she was married to Mr. £. T. 



Carantacus 



3^ 



Carantacus 



an, the secretary of the King^s Theatre, 
ere she was affain engaged at a salary of 
I/., singing with Oatalani in Mayr's * Nuovo 
latico per la Musica/ and (for her own 
efit) as Zerlina in ' Don Giovanni/ In 
following year her chief parts were Car- 
:a in Generali's 'L'Adelina/ Fatima in 
$sini's * Pietro TEremita/ and Palmida in 
yerbeer's * Orociato ; ' in the latter opera 

was associated with the sopranist Vel- 
[. In 1826 her salary, whicn had been 
ered to 400/., was raised to 700/., and she 
g with Pasta in Zingarelli's 'Homeo e 
dietta,' and as Hosina in ' II Barbiere di 
'iglia.' In the following year her salary 
3 1,200/., but this was the last season of 
Lian opera for some time, and Mdme. Cara- 
i- Allan went abroad. She sang in Venice 
830, but in 1834 reappeared in Italian opera 
London, and after 1835 remained in Eng- 
d until her death. She sang the soprano solo 
sic at the first performance of Beethoven's 
th symphony in England, 21 March 1826, 
I in the same year took part in the York 
ival. In 1826 she was at Gloucester, and 
1827 at the Leicester and Worcester fes- 
ils. In 1834 she sang in the Handel fes- 
il in Westminster Abbey, in 1836 at the 
nchester festival with Malibran, and in 
t6 took part in Mendelssohn's ' Elijah ' at 
production at the Birmingham festival. In 

latter years of her career she abandoned 

stage for oratorio and concert singing, 
nrhich she achieved great success. She re- 
d about 1845, and died at Elm Lodge, 
'biton, on Sunday, 15 Oct. 1865. Mme. 
•adori- Allan all her life enjoyed great popu- 
ty ; personally she was very accomplished, 
[ at the same time most amiable and un- 
cted. Her singing was more remarkable 
finish than for force ; her voice was sweet, 

deficient in tone, and it was said of her 
t * she always delighted, but never sur- 
fed,' her audiences. As an actress she 
J charming. There are portraits of her as 
usa in * Medea,* by Hullmandel after Hay- 

and in Ebers's * Seven Years of the King's 
jatre.' 

drove's Diet, of Music, i. 307 ; Lord Mounts 
^umbe's Musical Rominiscences of an Old 
ateur (ed. 1827), p. 165 ; Ebers's Seven Yecirs 
ho King's Theatre, pp. 143, 154, &c. ; Somer- 
House, i. 380, ii. 88 ; Orchestra for 21 Oct. 
5; Qnarterly Musical Magazine, 1825, p. 347 ; 
les, 19 Oct. 1865.] W. B. S. 

JARANTACUS, in modem Welsh 
RANNOG, Saiiit i^ft. 450), was, ac- 
iing to the life contained in Cotton. MS. 
pasian A. xiv. (printed by the Bollandists 
by Rees, * Camhro-Brit. Saints,' pp. 97- 
), the son of Cereticus (Ceredig), Jang of 



the region which has received from him the 
name of Cardigan. A Welsh document 
printed by Rees under the title * Pedigrees 
of Welsh Saints ' makes him not the son but 
the grandson of Ceredig, his father's name 
being given as Corwn. It is impossible to 
place any confidence in either of these state- 
ments, smce, although the name of Ceredig 
is doubtless historical, the traditions relating 
to him are for the most part obviously fabu- 
lous. Eight of the most celebrated of the 
Welsh saints are stated to have been his 
sons or grandsons, while the genealogy of 
many others is traced up to his eight brothers. 
Equally worthless is the assertion quoted by 
Colgan from the * Opuscula ' of St. Oengus, 
lib. 4, c. 6, that Carantacus was one of the 
fifteen sons (all bishops !) of St. Patrick's 
sister Darerca. The life above referred to 
(which the Bollandists remark is suspected 
of being largely fabulous) savs that the king- 
dom of Ceredig being invaded by the Irish, 
and the king being advanced in years and 
infirm, the nobles counselled him to abdicate 
in favour of his eldest son, Carantacus. The 
young prince, 'loving the heavenly king 
more than an earthly Kingdom,' took flight 
in order to escape the honour that was to be 
thrust upon him, and lived for some time as 
a hermit in a place which was afterwards 
known as Guerit Carantauc (possibly Llan- 
grannog in Cardiganshire). According to 
another version of this part of his story, the 
place of his retirement was a cave called 
Edilu. Here he gave himself to prayer and 
to the study of the scriptures. He after- 
wards passed over into Ireland, and became 
associated with St. Patrick in the evange- 
lisation of that country, having changed nis 
name to Cemnch or Cemath. In Ireland he 
was regarded with great reverence, and there 
were * many churches and cities ' named 
after him in the province of Leinster. 

It appears from this that the author of 
the * Life ' regarded Carantacus as the same 
person with St. Caimech, a bishop who is 
mentioned by the Irish hagiologists as a 
companion of St. Patrick, and as having as- 
sisted him in the work of editing the Brehon 
laws. The correctness of this identification 
derives some support from the fact that the^ 
festival of Caimech is placed in the Irish 
calendars under 16 May ; there being reason 
to believe that this was the date assigned 
by the British church to Carantacus. At 
Llangrannog, the church of which is dedi- 
cated to this saint, there is an annual fair 
on 27 May (i.e. 16 May old style) ; and at 
Crantock in Cornwall, where there is the 
same dedication, the village feast is on the 
Sunday nearest to 16 May. The Irish writers 



Carausius 



32 



Carausius 



themselves speak of Caimech as a Briton, but 
they make him a native not of Wales but of 
Cornwall. It appears likely, however, that 
this is merely a conjecture, founded on an 
etymological interpretation of the name 
Caimech, which MacFirbis regarded as mean- 
ing ' Comishman/ There seems on the whole 
to be no reason for disputing the identity 
of Carantacus and Caimech, or the correct- 
ness of the statement that he was bom in 
Wales. 

The ' Life * goes on to sajr that Carantacus 
returned to Wales, and again occupied for a 
time the cave which had formerly been his 
hermitage. The account of his miracles, 
and of ms intercoiurse with King Arthur, it 
is not worth while to reproduce here ; but 
there may possibly be some historical founda- 
tion for the statement that he founded a church 
at a place called ' Carrum,' and at another 
called ' Carrou ' (Caerau, Glamorganshire), 
near the mouth of the 'Guellit.^ After- 
wards, the biographer says, he went back to 
Ireland, and was buried at a place called, 
after his own name, * the city of Cemach.' 
The Irish writers call him Caimech of Tuilen 
(Dulane in Meath), and say that he is buried 
at Inis-Baithen in Leinster. MacFirbis says 
that he was Hhe son of Luithech, son of 
Luighidh, son of Talum/ &c. This pedigree 
may possibly be authentic, as the story of 
the aescent of Carantacus from Ceredig is 
obviously mere legend. 

A trace of a dedication to St. Carantacus 
seems to exist in the name of Carhampton 

i Domesday * Carentone ') in Somersetshire, 
jeland states that he saw there a ruined 
chapel of this saint, which had formerly 
been the parish church. Although Anglo- 
Saxon place-names derived fix)m names of 
saints are extremely rare, a few instances of 
them seem to exist in the west, near the 
borders of the native British territory, and 
there seems to be no ground for questioning 
the correctness of Leliand's derivation of the 
name. 

Carantacus or Caimech must be distin- 
guished from another Caimech [a. v.], whose 
festival is 28 March, and who died about 639. 

[Act. Sanctt. May, iii. 648 ff. ; Colgan, Acta 
Sanctorum Hibemise, i. 263. 473, 717-18 ; Rees's 
Cambro-Brit. Saints, 97-101, 396-401 ; Todd's 
Irish Nennius, ex, cxi ; Senchus Mor, i. xix, 16, 
17, ii. v-viii ; Martyrology of Donegal, p. 133 ; 
Stokes on the Calendar of Oengus, p. Ixzxvii ; 
Diet. Christian Biography, i. 383.] H. B. 

CARAUSIUS (245 P-293), Roman em- 
peror in Britain in the time of Diocletian and 
Maximianus Herculius, was a man of very 
humble origin, and is described by Aurelius 



Victor {De CeesaribuSf c. 39) as ' Menapis 
civis,' an expression which indicates the 
district about the mouths of the Scheldt and 
the Meuse as his native country (cf. Bu5- 
BITKT, Hist of Anc. Geog, ii. 135 ; G. Lokg 
in Smith*s Diet of Anc. Geog, s.v. *Me- 
na{>ii *). The portrait of himself on his coins, 
which were probably first issued in a.d. 287, 
is apparently that of a man of about forty. 
In his youth Carausius earned his livelihood 
as a pilot. In 286 he is mentioned as greatly 
distinguishing himself in the campaign of the 
Emperor Maximian against the Bagaudte — 
the revolted peasants and banditti of GauL 
About this period Maximian found it neces- 
sary to take active measures for suppressing 
the Frank and Saxon pirates who preyed upon 
the coasts of Britain and Gaul. Carausius 
was entrusted with the formation and com- 
mand of a fleet which was stationed at Ges- 
soriacum (Boulc^rne). But * the integrity of 
the new admirar (as Gibbon says), ' corre- 
sponded not with his abilities.' He allowed 
the pirates to sail out and ravage as usual, 
but when they returned he fell upon them 
and seized the spoil, reserving a portion — ap- 
parently a very considerable portion — ^forhis 
own purposes. Maximian at last gave orders 
that iiis admiral should be put to death. But 
Carausius was strong in the possession of the 
fleet, and had ample resources for corruption, 
and on becoming aware of Maximian's mten- 
tion, he promptly crossed the Channel with 
his ships, took possession of Britain, and 

* assumed the purple * (* purpuram siunpsit,' 
EiTTKOPius), A.D. 287. It nas been sometmies 
said that Carausius was ' the first count (^ 
the Saxon shore' ('comes littoris Saxonici'), 
a title only first made known to us in the 

* Notitia,' i.e. about the end of the fourth 
century A.D. If we assume with Guest 
{On'ffines Celtica, ii. 154), Freeman (Abr- 
man Conquest , ed. 1867, i. 11), Stubbs 
{Constitutional Hist of Eng, Library ed. 
1880, i. 67 note), and other writers (see 
BocKiNG^s commentary on cap. xxv. of his 
edition of the Notitia), that the duties of the 
J Comes ' were to protect * the Saxon shore,' 
i.e. the shore on either side of the Chann^ 
from the ravages of the Saxon pirates, we 
may, at any rate, safely affirm that Carau- 
sius was practically the first who was ap- 
pointed to perform the duties of the (Domes, 
liappenberg {Hist of Eng. under the AngUh 
Saxon Kings, 1845, i. 44 fl".; cf. Kbmblb, 
Saxons in England^ i. 12), who thinks that 
the ' comes littoris Saxonici ' was the com- 
mander of the Saxon colonists settled along 
the coasts of Britain and Gaul before 460^ 
considers that Carausius was practically the 
first ' comes ' in this sensei remarkiiig that 



if Gonnsius, ' himwU' a Germnn by 
lion, ft Menapinn bv birth . . . did not 
auue liu- BetuinK oi Lti« Saxons ulon^ thu 
Sttxon short-, iu Gaul ns well aa in Bnlsin, 
be U letat promoted it by bis alliance with 
them.' A Bubstanliall^ Blmilar view &s to 
Uie nUtions of Cnrausius mid the Saiona is 
t&keo hy SchniiDUUtn {SSur Oaehichte der 
Ervbenoig Ensland"* durrtt germanisrhe 
Srinmr, OiHtingen,18ib\mT\a( Let Anglo- 
Saxntu et Imirs petitt dfniert ditt Seeattru, 
BniaaelH, 1870, pp, 15 ff.), and Howorth 
{Joum. of Antknipaliigieat IiulihiU, Febru- 

MT, 1878). 

Msximiiui, deprired of his fleet, was unable 
topunae Carausius inuaedintely, but during; 
pwt of 2S8 and 289 confinw! hiniBelf to 
m&kiug nlaliorBte naval preparations. Carau- 
■ins meanwhile was suppoBed to be trem- 
bling for his Mfety. ■ Qtud nunc animi habet 
Ule ptnto P ' asks the courtly panegyriat of 
ftlkxunian in nu oration delive^ at Trdves 
on 21 April 289 : ' jEdificatie sunt ornatie- 
qlie pulcQerrimffi classes cunctissimul amni- 
ons oceanntn petiturEB'(!iLAUBBTnri Paitey. 
Max. JSerr. diet. c. 12). The new fleet was 
bronehtinto action— probably shortly after 
this date — but its half-tramed seamen proved 
to b« no mnlch for the sailors of Carausius, 
who had built a number of additional ships 
after the Roman model. Caraitsiuawns,more- 
OTer, an experienced soldier (ECTKOP. ix.23). 
On landing in Britain in 287 he hod won 
over to hia aide (probably by bribery) the 
Bonun legion stationed in the island, and he 
proceeded to organise an army by adding to 
the l^on some companies of foreign mei^ 
cenalies and even mercliBnts from Oaul : the 
prospect of spoil made his service attractive, 
ttad 'barboriaris' alsojoined theranks. Part 
oFhis fieetheld possession of Boulogne, The 
eoDtest between the rivals seems lo have 
lasted eome time, the advantage being alwaya, 
a^arently, on the side of Carausius, and at 
lut in :K<I Msximian was ^ad to come 
to terms with the usurper. £utropiiis (iz. 
23) only records the bare fact that peace was 
brooght oboul ; but from certain cotus issued 
by ftiBuaius, evidently at this period, it 
would appear tlist hv was actually acknoW' 
Iedg«d by Maximian and Diocletian as a 
"r> Ihe empire. Carausius, probably 



pftrtnpnr 
nom thei 



tnit on the coins which he issued, and had 
atyted himself 'Imperator,' 'Cassur,' 'Au- 
gustus,' adding the usual imperial epith"ts 
of ' KuH " and ' Felix ; ' but he now Issued a 
r«m«rkablc cupper coin (a specimen is in the 
British Muspum), on the obverse of which 
lie placed the three heads of Diocletian, 



MuximisD, luid himself, accompanied by ths 
inscription oauatsus et fuvtrbs sti. Tho 
reTersi« bore the inscription P*3 avgco (Le. 
' trium Augustorum ') and a fcroala per- 
Boolfication of peace, holding olive-branch 
and sceptre. On a fowothercoins of Carau- 
sius, which must also belong to this period, 
the legends have reference to three AugustI, 
and not merely— as at first — lo a single Au- 
gustus (Carausius himself). But tho union 
of the imperial ' brethren ' was soon to be 
dissolved. In 292 Diocletian and Maxi- 
mian invited Oalerius and Constantius Clilo- 
rus to share in the growing cares of empire, 
as CfBsara. The defence of Gaul and Bri- 
tain was entrusted to Constantius ; and he 
proceeded to strike a blow at the power of 
Carausius by an attack on Boulogne. He 
besieged the town both by land and sea, 
obstructing tho mouth of the harbour by a 
mole. The garrison surrendered, and Con- 
stantius was making other preparations for 
the recovery of Britain, when he received 
the welcome news that Carausius had been 
assassinated by his chief minister, Altectus, 

293. [The exact date and sequence of 
the events in the life of Carausius are not 
absolutely certain ; the chronology that has 
here been adopt«d is that of Clinton {thstt 
Jfont.) According to other modem critics 
(see PjitJLY, Meat-Encydop.) the reign of 
Carausius lasted from 286 to 293, and the 
peace with Maximian and Diocletian wea 
made, not in 290 but in 292. The date, 

294, adopted by Gibbon (also in Manitm. 
Hilt. Bntan. and elsewhere) for the death 
of Carausius is erroneous (se« W. SMim'a 
note in the Decline and Fall, ii. 71).] 

The brief notices of Aurelius Victor and 
Eutropiu5,8Dd the necessarily unsatisfactoiy 
statements of the Panegyrists, throw little 
light upon tho charnclor and motives of Ca- 
rausius. He is contemptuously epoken of as 
the ' pirate ' or tho ' pirate chief (' archl- 
pirata ), and bis avarice and faithlessness are 
not unjustly stigmatised. All the ancient 
wrltera, however, recotmise his abib'ty in 
nautical and military a^rs. His motive in 
seizing Brit&in and his position as ' impera- 
tor ' have been discussed by several modem 
writers. ' Under his command," says Gib- 
bon, ' Britain, destined in a future age to 
obtain the empire of the sea, already aa- 
surnvd its natural and respectable station of 
a maritime power.' Carausius certainly re- 
lied upon bis fleet, and ho may possibly, in 
the first instance, have Hed to Britain merely 
R.S to aharbour of refuge, without havingany 
ultimate designs upon the empire, but, in 
any cose, it Is evident that he did not rest 
content with being a mere 'king' of Britain. 



Carausius 



34 



Carausius 



Mr. Freeman {Norman Conquest y 1867, i. '■ 
153 ; 1877, i. 139) well points out that Ca- ' 
rausiiis, Maximus, and the other so-called 
tyrants or provincial emperors, did not claim 
any independent existence for any part of ; 
the empire of which they might have gained 
possession. 'They were pretenders to the 
whole empire if thev could g^t it, and they 
not uncommonly di^ get it in the end.' * Ca- 
rausius, the first British emperor, according 
to this theory, held not only Britain but part 
of Gaul.' * Britain and part of Gaul were 
simply those parts of the empire of which 
Carausius, a candidate for the whole empire, 
had been able actually to possess himself. 
At last Carausius was accepted as a colleague 
by Diocletian and Maximian, and so became 
a lawful Caesar and Augustus.! * Allectus 
was less fortunate; he never got beyond 
Britain, and, instead of being acknowledged 
as a colleague, he was defeated and slain by 
Constantius.' 

Although Carausius ruled in Britain from 
287 to 293, no lapidary inscriptions or other 
monuments of his reign have at present 
been discovered, with the exception of the 
ffold, silver, and copper coins which he issued 
m large numbers. The testimony of these 
coins confirms, and in some points supple- 
ments, the scanty information derived from 
the literary sources. Gibbon, in a note in the 
' Decline and Fall,' observes that ' as a g^reat 
number of medals (i.e. coins) of Carausius are 
still preserved, he is become a very favourite 
object of antiquarian curiosity, and every cir- 
cumstance of his life and actions has been 
investigated with sagacious accuracy.' How- 
ever, until the latter part of the present 
century the coins of Carausius were always 
considered by numismatists as rarities, and 
Gibbon had only before him the learned but 
fanciful work of Dr. Stukeley — ^possibly also 
that of Genebrier — who made Carausius a 
Welshman and gave him for a wife a lady 
named Oriuna — a name which he arrived 
at by misreading the word Fortuna on one 
of the emperor's coins. Even now, no com- 

Slete list of the coins of Carausius brought 
own to the present date is in existence, 
though a very large number may be found 
engraved in the ' Monumenta Ilistorica Bri- 
tannica ' and in Roach Smith's ' Collectanea 
Antiqua.' Cohen, in his * M6dailles imp6ri- 
ales' (first edition), gives a description of six 
varieties in gold, forty-six in silver, and 242 
in copper; but since this list was compiled, 
about 1861, numerous additional specimens 
have been discovered, especially in copper. 
In particular, the very large hoard of coins 
unearthed by Lord Selbome in 1873 at 
Blackmoor in Hampshire contained 645 coins 



of Carausius, which included 117 varieties 
not described by Cohen. Among the nume- 
rous localities where coins of Carausius have 
been discovered may be mentioned London 
(some of the coins were found in the bed of 
the Thames) ; Richborough ; Rouen (where 
a hoard of late third-century coins, disco- 
vered in 1846, contained 210 of Carausius); 
St. Albans, Silchester, Strood, Wroxeter, 
and different parts of Gloucestershire. Car 
rausius struck his money at London, and at 
a mint indicated by the letter ' C,' probably 
Camulodunum (Colchester) ; a number oif 
his coins give no indication of their place 
of mintage. Rutupiie and Clausentum nave 
by some been suggested as mints ; but this 
is doubtful. De Salis {Num., Chron. n. 8. 
vii. 57) would assign to 287-90 P those coins 
of Carausius which are ' without mint-marics 
and mostly of inferior workmanship ; ' and to 
the years 290 ?-3 the j?old and copper coins 
with the mint-mark of London, and the cop- 
per with the mint-mark of Camulodunum : the 
' silver coins with the exergual mark BSS pro- 
bably belong to this period and to the mint of 
London.' It is not improbable that Caransiiii 
struck coins with his name and titles even 
before setting out from Boulogne for Britain. 
There are two sets of coins which some wri- 
ters have proposed to attribute to this period : 

(1) a series (from the Rouen find) bearing a 
portrait of Carausius differing from that on 
the coins undoubtedly struck in Britain, and 

(2) a number of specimens ('from the Bliek- 
moor and Silchester hoards) which are le- 
struck on money of previous emperors (Gal- 
lienus, Victorinus, Tetricus, &c.) Not having 
a supply of metal ' blanks ' reaay to hand at 
Boulogne, Carausius mav very well have 
adopted the expedient of using the oojiiper 
coins which he found already in circulation, 
stamping them over a^in from dies e&* 
graved with his own devices and inscriptioDB. 
The coins of Carausius as a whole are &iily 
well executed for the period, though some 
of the legends are blundered ; they hardly, 
however, warrant the assertion of GKblxni 
that their issuer ^ invited from the continent 
a mreat number of skilful artists.' The legend 
of the obverse is almost invariably imp. [or 
IMP. c] CARA.VSIV8. P. F. Avo. In rare instanoei 
I or TS — ^probably for ' Invictus ' — is added. 
' Carausius ' may, from the evidence of the 
coins, be considered as the true form of ths 
emperor's name ; the author of the Epitome 
of the ' De Cfesaribus ' of Victor calls him 
'Charausio,' and in mediseval and other 
writers he is given such curious names as 
' Carat ius,' ' Crausius,' &c. (see a list of thaw 
in Genebbibb, pp. 5, 6). Nearlyall modeni 
writers — StukeL^ ; Pauly, ^ RealHBnejrclop. ;' 



Smith, ' T>ict. CIiMs Biog-!' Miuldcn, 'Hand- 
book lif Koman Coiua ' — liavii stated that be 
OMUinefl the niunes of MorrMiB Aiuelius Va- 
lerius, nuntia alrtody borne br the Emperor 
KliuitniAn ; but. the only autoority for tliia 
appmrB (o be the inscription — very possibly 
BliuvB() — on a coin K&rrwl (o bj Eekhel 
{Doft-Nun. IW. viii. 47). Two specimens in 
thn Hiint*ir cnllection at Glasgow (Cohes, 
Mfd.m^. vol. v.,-Carausius,'No9. 192,199} 
■ire.bciweTer,tuti(l to retid H[arcu8j caravsits. 
The obversf types of the coina of Curausius 
conniBt of n j>ortrait of himself which does 
not apjtvar lo he much con vent ionuUaed j it 
is that of a sturdy Boldior with a slight touch 
of brnl«Lty. The head is in proflo and is 
wlJiernidiBt« or wreathed with laurel. Some 
■pecinienB with the lej^end vtstth CAitAVBi[i] 
dUplojr * nearly bttlf-lenpih figureof the em- 
peror in armour, helmeted and radiate, and 
witil a ahietd on the left ann, and in the right 
a javplin. A unique copper coin found at 
W toi..ter, and now in tie British Museum 
(It Smith, OilUcl. Antigua, ii. 153, 154, 
wilJi cHfrn ving), sbowa Ibe head of Corausius 
fnll-faw and bare 1 the wirkmanahip ismor 
carvful and the face bos a look of grvati 
bimLniity than in the profile represent ationa. 
ICiitoriCAl deductions from the reverse 
^yV«s of Camiisiusmiui be made with caution, 
lor the Ttuuxm thai many of tliese types are 
aion> or less commonplace, and are not pecu- 
liar In the British potentate. But a certain 
nnmbiiTof types were undoubtedly orig-inated 
Igr Caraiisiua himself, and others seem to be 
hiTforicnlly ftieniflcant. On one important 
— - ■■:,■ r,irausiiis represents himself as 

' 't for ' deliverer welcomed by 
■■ "tands holding a trident and 

, ,jiiL lo the new emperor; the 

..... -.awTATB ran.' On another 

iiccimtQ, null the type of tie Wolf and 

Twina, tlie ' Romnnorum Renovatio ' is pro- 

eUinicit: or, again, tJie 'SiocuU Felicitos' 

•nd \h» ' LibenilitBs Augusli.' Some of the 

typM and legimdB are of a warlike nature, 

«.g. Iliit ' Mars Ultor,' the ' Concordia MiU- 

huBi'tbc 'Fides Mililum,' and on varioua 

paces Ihn namua of Itoman legions are re- 

cardcd. Tyjies relating \/0 nautical matters 

w« fame what rart'; Neptune occurs on several 

ooina, wad one of tlie types is n galley with 

Itirfi'i*. .TiipiiiLT. and more eepecially the 

' I I'j be (he divinities usually 

:ri>u«ius. There are also a 

f or less hackneyed types, 

■rill,' ' rnx,' 'Moneta,' 'For- 

....... ' ,'. l.-aiia.' It has been supposed 

ibbi iLv (n^ueut OLrurrcnce of the 'Victoria' 
«»d eh* ' Pux ' (eipociBlly of the latter) is 
<luK la >ctaAl HTUiU in Iheiuign of Carftusiiu, 



such as a victory over or a peace concluded 
with liie Caledonians; but these conjectures 
seem somewhat haiardous. 

Of the early life of Allbctus {SSOF-SOe), 
the successor of Corausins, nothing what- 
ever is recorded, though the portmit on hts 
coins enables us to select 360 as the ap- 
proximate date of his birti. He is first in- 
troduo^ to us HI the light^hand roan of 
Caraiisius, but, bovine committed certain un- 
{Nirdonuble uRunces, tie assassinated Carau- 
siiis and seixed the government. His reign 
!fiflt*J for about three years only (399- 
296). liurbg its progress he isBued a good 
many coins, minting, hke his predecessor, at 
London and Coicbesler. According to Cohen 
(whose esliroate, however, does not take itc- 
count of coins discovered since IfiBl), there are 
ten varieties in gold and fifty-«ix in copper: 
the so-called silver coins appear \o be only 
copperwashedwithsilver. The obverses dis- 
play the head of Allectus in profile, laureate, 
AUectiiB takes the imperial style IMP. 0. 
ALLKOTVB. P. F. ATG. ITia reverse types are 
for the most part similar to those of lifB pr^ 
decessor ; it is noticeable, however, that the 
I type of the galley with rowers now becomes 
extremely common, as if Altectus wished to 
direct attention to his maritime resources. 
His enemies, however, were maturing tbeip 
plana, and by 396 Constantius had his fleet 
ready for action. To distract the attention 
of Allectiis, Constantius divided it into two 
squadrons, one under his own command, 
stationed at Boulogne, the other, at the 
mouth of the Seine, under tJie command of 
the prMlorion pmifect, Asclepiodotus. As- 
clepiodotus sailed out first, and under cover 
of a fog passed unobserved by the British 
fleet, ■n'hich lay off the Isle of Wight, and 
effected a landing. Allectus immediately 
hastened westwaid, Witi men wearied by 
forced marches he encountered Asclepiodotus, 
and was defeated and slain a.d. 396. I^nrd 
Selbome conjectures that the engagement 
took place in or near Woolmer Forest in 
Hampshire, and be supposes that it was just 
before the fight that. AUectue or some of his 
officers hurriedly buried for safety the enor- 
mous ' Blockmoor hoard,' consisting of more 
than 29,788 coins, among which were ninety 
of AUectus. 

Shortly Bft«r the battle Constantius him- 
self arrived, and Britain was restored lo the 
empire in the tenth year of the usurpation of 
Camusius and Allectus. 

[The ancient nulhoritiosaro: A nreliua Victor, 
De CKsarihuB, c. 39, and the Epitome «f tbe 
Do C'lEs, c. 40 : Eutropins. Hislor. lioni. Brov. 
lib, ii. capp. II. 23 1 the Paneg^i?U9 Maii- 
niiuioHen:. dietiu,BBpp. II, 12, and UiePaneg. 



Carbery 36 Cardale 

Genethliacos Maxim. Aug. diet, c 19, of the Brother-in-Law, a comedy/ Lee Priory Pri- 
M>-€alled Mamertinos ; Eumenius, Fianegyr. Con- yate Frees, 1817. 9. * A Dissertation on the 
Btantio Cesari, capp. 6, 7, 12 ; Paneg. Constan- Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or the Re- 
tino, c. 6 ; Oroeius, Histor. lib. vii. c 26 « futation of the Hoadlyan Scheme of it,' 4th 
Beds Hist. Eccl. lib. i. ©ip. 6. Among mo- ^ igoi. iq. ' The Uses of the Athanasian 
dem writers see specially : Clinton. Fasti Ro- q^^^ expkined and vindicated, a sermon/ 
mani. i. 330-6; Gibbon, l)eclme .and 1^ all (ed. j^^^ ^ \f orcest^r, 1825. 11. ' A Letter to 
W. Smith) 11. 70-3 ; J. Roulc« in Bio^phie ^ ^^^ ^ Well ngton on the Reasonable- 
Nat, do Belgique ; Monumonta Hirtonca Bntiin- ^ r r«u --1. to^*'^ > IQQA lo «i 

nica (Chronologii^al Abstract and Excerpta do '^^ ^ ^. ^^^J H' 'V' l^il^.^n^t 
Britannia) ; Pauly. Roal-Encvclo|vadic.s.y. * Ca- Dissertation on the i^tiquities of the Pnory 
rausius ;* Ihiruy.Hist. des liomains, vi. 635-6, <>* ^«^at Malvern, 1834. 
640, 649, 660 ; the monograpb* of W. Stukeley \ [Gent. Mag. 1844, xxii. 661-2 ; Brit. Mm. 
(Medallic History of Caniusi us. London. 1767-9, ' Cat.] F. W-t. 

4to), andGenobnor (Uistoiro de Caransius, Paris, 

1740, 4to) are of verjr littlo value. For the coins, I CARDALE, JOHN BATE (1802-1877)* 
see: Monumenta Hist. Brit, plates v-xiv. (Ca- first apostle of the Catholic Apostolic church, 
rausius), xv-xvii. (Allectus) ; C. Ronch Smith, ,,^g ijom at 28 Lamb's Conduit Street, Lon- 
Collectiinoa Antiqua, ii. 163, iv. 125.216, v. 152. ^jj^^ ^^ 7 Nov. 1802. His father, William 
184. 241, yi. 130. vii. 223 ; Cohen. MMaillos Cardale, a solicitor, of 2 Bedford Row, Lon- 
impenales(1861).T. 601-39, and vu 360-2; don, possessed considerable property ; he was 
Akerman.Coin8ofthoR«mmiisrt»latinptoBntain i__.v:^ i- t«i«. T7-7 ^r.A A^ .4^ TTa«i*n. 
(1836). pp. 47-69. and his Doscriptivo Catal. of ^™ .^", iio-^v^^- ■^" ^' ^^^^f^, ^L v^ 
Rom, Colli (1834). ii. 163-76; Numismatic Chro- fj^^e m 1823 having mamed, in 1^, Ma^ 
niclo (old series), reff. in Index ii. in vol. xx. ; Anne Bennett. The son, who entered Rugby 
(now series) i. 86. 161. 163. ii. 41, v. 108. vii. J^hool on 9 ^ov. 1816, was articled to his 
67, xiv. 87, xvii. 139, xix. 44. and p. 18 (Pro- father in 1818, and admitted a sobcitor m 
ceedings) ; Journal of the Archaeol. Ass«>c. reff. Hilary term in 1824. For many years he 
in Index to vols, i-xxx. ; Archnol. Journal, i. was the head of the firm of Caraale, Ilifie, 
183, ix. 194; various reff. in Arohieologia of & Russell, of 2 Bedford Row, the solicitors 
Soc. of Antiq.; British Museum Collection. Most to Grays Inn and Rugby School; but in 
of the above sources also give infonmition al>out 1^;^ he retired with a competence to devote 
Allectus.] W. W. jiia energies to other purposes. In 1880 the 

minds oi many people were much exercised 

CARBERT, Earl of. [See Vaughax.] regarding a religious movement known is 

I ' speaking in the spirit in the unknown 

CARD, HENRY ^1779-1844), miscella- tongues,' which first manifested itself at Fer- 
neous writer, bom at I'^ham, Surrey, in 1779, nicarrv, Roseneath, Scotland. In September 
was educated at Westminster School and Cardale, with other persons, went to Soot- 
Pembroke Collegi*, Oxford, where he entered land to examine for himself into the truth of 
in 1797. lIeprocoode<lB.A.18(X),M.A.18a">, the ri»ports. He returned to London fiilly 
B. and D.l). 1823 {Cat.qf Oxford Graduates), ' convinced as to the reality of the 'spiritual 
In 1816 he was presented to the vicarage of ffifts,' and in October 1830 opened his own 
Great Malvern, Worcestershire, and in 1832 house for weekly prayer meetings for the* out- 
to that of Dormington, Herefordshire. He pouring of the spirit.^ At length, on 30 Anril 
was elected a fellow of the IU>yal Society I 1831, the first case occurred in London. Mrs. 
2 March 1820 (i?oya/&>«>/vXi>^*o/'0>MMct7, ' Cardale * spoke with great solemnity in a 
&c.), and was also fellow of the Society of , tongue and prophesied,'^and others soon after 
Antiquaries and of the Roval Historical ' not only spoke out also ' sang in the spirit.' 



Society. He died at Great Malvern 4 Aug. 
1844. 

He wrote: 1. 'The Historv of the Revo- 
lutions of Russia,' 2nd ed. 1804. 2. < His- 
torical Outlines of the Rise and Establish- 
ment of the Papal Power,' Margate, 18(U. 
3. ' Thoughts on Domestic or Private Edu- 
cation,' 1807. 4. * The Reign of Charle- 
magne, considered chiefly with reference to 



These events were notified to Baptist Koel, 
the minister of St. John's, Bedford Row, with 
a request for his sanction to the proceedings. 
This he not only refused to give, but aba 
preached publicly against the gifts. Cardale 
and his family soon after commenced attend- 
ing the ministration of Edward Irving [q. v.] 
in the Caledonian chapel ; special services wers 
held in this chapel, where soon after Edward 



Religion, Laws, Literature, and Manners,' i Oliver Taplin began 'speaking in the spirit in 
1807. 5. ' Literary Recreations,' Liverpool, I an unknown tongue.' Irving at first doubted 
2nd ed. 1811. 6. ' Beauford, or a Picture ' about permitting these utterances, but found 
of High Life, a novel,' 2 vols. 181 1. 7. ' An j it useless to offer any opposition. On Sunday, 
Essay on the Holy EuchariBt/ 1814. 8. 'The 16 Oct. 1831, at the morning service, in the 



ptewnce of upwards of fiAeen hundred people, 
Miss QrUJ ' spoke in an imknonn lonEue,' and 
CBiUii^d a violent exci ttmeut. Gardale defended 
Irvine befa»^ the London presbytpry of the 
Scotch church, and aAer the verdict against 
mm iirduiupd him in Newnjsn Street, 6 April 
18S.1, to be the ■ angel' or mini8t«r of that 
^kp^l. At Hrst the sect called themselves 
the Chiirch or the Catholic Church, but the 
nune was afterwards changed to tbe Catholic 
Apo«tolic Church ; the general public, how- 
ever, called it tbe Irrincite Ohurch, and in 
Bome books it is called the Millennium Church. 
Edward Irving neither had nor claimed to 
have anj band in its foundation. Cardale 
cnt«red on his office of apostle at Christmas 
1632, and for nearly a year was th^ sole rp- 
liresentattve of tbe twelve apostles. After 
Mr. H. Vmnunond'a appointment as an 
woelle, the seat of the central nmni^ement 
01 thechnrch was fixed at .\lbury in Surrey, 
where he built a cathedral with a chaptt't- 
house annexed. On 14 July 1835 the twelve 
■pnstlee, accompanied by seven prophets, re- 
tired tn AJbnry, and spent two years and a 
Iiair in conauliation. In 1^*38 the parts of 
the world over which the church proposed to 
itinemtu were divided into sections named 
ait«r tba tribes of Israel, England was 
calleid the tribe of Judah, the seat of apo- 
■tolic government, and was assigned to Car- 
dale, 'the pillar of the apostles.' Each of the 
UHMtles then entered on hia special jonmey, 
Cardole remaiuine in England to overlook 
his tribe, and to be a centre of communica- 
tion between the dispersed labourers. In 
8eptt>mber 1 843 a liturgy was adopted which 
wan in great part the work of Cardale, and 
WW compiled from ' the law of Moses,' 
■jtd from thti liturgies of tbe Greek, Latin, 
and AngUcon churches. Cardale continued 
Jbr many years vrorking hard for the benefit 
ef ibo rbnreb, and visiting the congrejirations 
thronghoutthe United Kingdom. On 14 July 
1877, on attending the forty-second comme- 
moration of the 'Separation of tbe Twelve ' 
in Onrdon Sq iiare, he was taken ill, and after 
tmji^ removed to his bouse, Cooke's Place, 
AJbnry, died on Wednesday, 13 July 18T7, 
and wa« biirimt in Albury churchyard. Tbe 
loss to bis cburcb can hardly be estimated. 
His etitngth of will, calmness and clearness 
•T Judgment, and kindness of heart and 
Banner, added to the prestige of his long rule, 
made hitn a tower of strength. He was in- 
de&tiffnhle in labour, of which be nccom- 
plishw R \iat amount ; besides Latin and 
tirmk. liP WHS a good French and German 
kchnUr, nod Ute in life learnt Danish. He 

Bi to have been quite sincere in his 
and confident in the fulfilment of his 



expectations. Besides being an apostle, be 
was, like Henry Dnimmnnd, also a prophet. 
He married on 9 Sept, 1824 Emma, second 
daughter of Thomas William Plummer of 
Clapham. She died at Albury 31 March 
]873. 

He was the author of the following works, 
all of which are BnonymouB,and tbe majority 
of which were printed for private circulation 
only; 1. 'A Manual or Summary of Special 
Objects of Faith and Hope,' 1843. 2. ' The 
Confeasion of the Church,' 1848. 3. ' Read- 
ingsonthe Liturgy ,'vol.i. 1849-61, and vol. ii. 
1863-78. 4. ' A Discourse dBliven«d in the 
Catholic Apostolic Church, Gordon Sqnsr^ 
on tbe occasion of consecratiiur tbe Altar and 
opening the Church for Public Worship,' 1 8S3. 
6. ' Letters on certain Statements contained 
in some late Articles in the "Old Church 
Porch," entitled Irvingism,' 186C ; reprinted, 
1867. 6. ' The Doctrine of the Eucharist aa 
revealed to St. Paul, 1856 ; ' second ed. 1878, 
7. ' Three Discourses on Miraoles and Miracu- 
lous Power,' 1866. a'ADiscouraeonTithes,' 
1S58. 9, 'TbeUnlawfulnessofMarriagewith 
aDeceasedWife'sSiBter,'la69. 10. '^finistry 
on AH Saints,' 1859. 11. ' Notes on Reve- 
lations,' 1860. 12. ' Two Discourses at AI- 
buiy on certain Errors,' 1860. 13. ' The Duty 
of a. Christian in tbe Disposal of his Income,' 
1863. U. 'The Certainty of Final Judg- 
;,' 1864; second ed.l8tf4. 15.'TheCha- 



jter of onr present Testimony and Work,' 
86. IS. ' Notes and Ministiy oi "'" 
Coadjutor,' 1865. 17. ' Remarks t 



1866. 



Office of 
the Re- 
publication of Articles from tbe " Old Church 
Porch," ' 1867. 18. 'ADiscourseon theReoI 
Presence,' 1867; seconded. 1868. 19, 'Re- 
macka on the Lambeth Conference,' 1868. 
20. 'TheChurchinthiBDispensation,anEleo- 
tion,'186a 21. 'ADiscourseon Holy Water, 
and on the Removal of the Sacrament on the 
Lord's Day,' 1868. 22. ' A Discourae on Pro- 
phesying,'^ 1868. 23. ' Christ's Disciples must 
suffer Tribulation,' 1869. 24. ' Tbe Fourfold 
Ministry,' 1871. 26. ' An Address to the 
Seven Churches,' 1873. 26. ' The Doctrine of 
tbe Incarnation,' 1673. 37. ' A Short Sermon 
on War,' 1876. 28. 'Four Discourses to 
Young Men.' According to tbe census of 
1861 the Catholic Apostiilic church bad 
thirty congregations in England, and about 
6,000 communicants. A calculation was 
made in 1877 that the membersoftliechupcb 
in all c^iuntries amounted to 10,600, but 
there are no means of checking tbe accuracy 
of this statement. Miss Emily Cardale, sister 
of Cardale, and a prophetess of the Catholic 
.Apostolic church, married Mr. James Here, 
and diod at Western Lodge, Albury, on 
IB April 1B79, aged 71. 



Cardale 31 

[Mrs. Olipbant's lifs of Irviug. Jth eJ. pp. 356, I 
396, 398 ; Mill«r'» IiriDgism (1878), i. SI &i;., 
ii. 418; Baiter's IrvingiBin, its HUe and Pro- 
grras (1836) ; The Old Church Porch (18d4), i. 
87, 209; The Morning Wm oh (1830), n. 869- 
873 1 Law Times (1877), biiii, 372. 397 ; Sntiir- 
dByRariew, 38 July 1877, pp. lM-5; Clement 
Boaae'i Caluloguri of Bookd rcLiting to Catholic 
Apostolic Church (1885), pp. 9-12 ; private in- 
forniatioD,] O. C. B. 

CARDALE, PAUL (1706-1776), dis- 
ienting iniiuBter,wa8 bom m 1705, Aspland 
conjiictures that he was thu son of Sunuel 
Gara&le of Dudky, appointed in liUl an 
original trustee of the presbyterian meeting- 
house. He was educated at the dissenting 
academy of Ebenezer Latham, M.D., held nt 
Findem, Derbyshire, from 1720. Very early 
in life lie hecamt> on aeeiaUint mtuister among 
the presbyterians at Kidderminster. Hia 
manuscripts eliow that he preached there aa 
earl; as 29 Mav 1726. At this time his 
Tiews, in accordance with his education, 
wore Calvinistic. He was invited in 1733 



who Lttd removed in 1730to Coventry. The 
congregation was email, but atVer Cardale's 
■ettlemeDt it became stroug enough to build 
& new meeting-house, of no great propor- 
tiona, in Oat Street (licensed 11 Oct. 1737). 
Cardale's first series of sermons after the 
Opening was circulated in manuscript, end 
lutimatelf published. It is clear that be had 
now got rid of his Calvinism. Cardale's name 
does not figure in the religious history of his 
time. Most of bis publications were anony' 
moua, and be was intimately known only to 
ft yen few literary divines. One of thef 
was JohnlUwliiifl,M.A.,an orthodojt divin 
of catholic sympatliies, us bis writiugs provi 
who among other preferments held the per- 
petual curacy of Bedsey, two miles from. 
Evesham. Hia closest friend, away from his 
own neigh bo urliood, was Caleb Fleming, 
D.D., who shared bis opinions, and fi^ijuently 
went down from London Ui visit him. Priest- 
ley, to whom Cardale sent two pieces for the 
' 'fbeologinal llepository,' did not know him. 
peraonafly. Yet the influence of Cardali' 
writings on the theology of the midland pre 
byterians was decisive. To bim, more than 
to any other, is due the early prevaleui 
Socinian as distinct from Arian views among 
the latitudinurian dissenters of that district. 
The manuscript of his moat important pub- 
lication, 'True Doctrine,' was revised by 
Lardner (see his Memoirg, 1769, p. 114). 
He was not a popular preacher, imd probably 
did not covet that distlnolion. His elocution 
was bad, aad Job Orton affirms that his 



Cardale 

' learned, critical, and dty discourses' reduced 
hia hearers at the last to about twenty people, 
and that he pursued Ilia studies to the neglect 
of pastoral duties. But even Orton praises his 
'good sense' and 'good temper,' whde Priest- 
ley writes to Lbdsev that ' he is, by all ac- 
counts, a most excellent man.' Latterly, btl 
sedentary babits impaired his health, but his 
mind was keen. On 28 Feb. 1775 he put the 
finishing touch to a work which he had been 
elaboratmg foracouple of years, and, retiring 
to rest, passed away in sleep before dawn on 
Wednesday, 1 March. He was buried in tha 
north aisle of All Saints', Evesham, where is 
a remarkable epiuph written by hia friend 
Rawlins, which describes him ' as a chris- 
tian, pious and sincere; as a minister of tbs 
gospel, learned and indefatigable;* and adds 
that the virtue of charity " gave a lustre of 

frace and goodness to all bis actions.' Car- 
ole married Sarah Suffield, a lady of soma 
property, three years hia senior, who died 
without issue about 1767. Aspland remai^ 
that it was not till after ber death that he 
began to publish his heresies. Portraits of 
Cardale and his wife were long preserved at 
Dudley by the Hughes family, and are now 
the property of the Evesham congregation- 
Judging by the portrait, Cardale had a good 
presence; his physiognomy expresses great 
tenacity of purpose. He published : L'!^ 
Gospel Sanctuary,' 1740, ifvo (eevensermons 
from Ex. xx. 24). 2. 'A New Office of De- 
votion,' &c., 1758, 8vo (anon.) 3. 'The 
Distinctive Character and Honour of the 
Righteous Man,'&c., 1761, 8vo (funeral sei^ 
mon from Matt. xiii. 43, for Rev. Francis 
Blackmore). 4. ' The True Doctrine of the 
New Testament concerning Jesus Christ,' &c., 
1767, 8vo, 2nd ed. 1771, 8vo (anon. ; has pre- 
fatory essay on j^ivate judgment, and appen- 
dix da Jo. i. The main argument ia in the 
form of a letter, and signed ' Pbileleuthenis 
Vigomieusia '). 5. ' A Comment upon . . , 
Christ's Prayer at the close of his Public 
Ministry,' 1772, 8vo (anon.) 6. 'A Trea- 
tise on the Application of certun Teimi 
... to Jesua Christ,' kc, 1774, 8vo (anon.) 
Posthumous was 7. 'An Enquiiv whether 
we have any Scripture-warrant for a direct 
Address ... to the Son or tn the Holy Ghost f 
&c., 1776, 8vo (edited by Fleming ; prefixed 
is a short notice of Cardale, and appended is 
aletter(1762) from Lardner to Fleming on the 

Eeraonality of the Holy Ghost). His contri- 
n I ions to the 'Theological Repository' ue 
' The Christian Creed ' in vol. i. 1769, p. 136, 
and ' A Critical Inquiry ' into Phil. ii. 6, 
in vol. ii. 1771, pp. 14], 219. Cardale be- 
queathed his manuscripts to Fleming. Ex- 
cept the ' Enquiry,' which whs ready for 



pnss, the; iVdce cUieflj (levotional. Flemiiie< 
who died ID 1779, agtd 80, finding that his 
nitiuH would pruvunl liim from makiug 
^«al«cUoa for tbe pvtu«, formed the inten- 
I of retiimiug the papers to Curdale's 
eutors, one of whom was the Rev. James 
ttle of Warwick, a nntira of ETeahom 
I Mbmt 1805). Priestley on V2 May 1789 
t to Toulnuii : ' I received tront Mr. 
,e time ago a small volume, 12rao, 
f Mr. Cardole'g devotional composiUoun,' 
AspUud treats this as a posthumous jiubli- 
t^tion, hut there is no other trace of it. It 
wnuid «eem that Toulmin was engaged on a 
numoir of Cardale, but it uerer appeurtid. 
, 1831 Timothy Davis, minister of Oat 
et ebapel, Evesham, had a diary and 
Kpapera of Cardale, all in shorthand. 
■ P?lwning'l Fetr Strictures, prefixed to the 
'Sqrfry, 1779; AapUnd's Briof Menmir of Car- 
'~i 1&S2. reprinted from the Christiaa He- 
ibt; Monthly BepoB. 18Zi, p. S27; Christiaa 
Kolerolur, 1827,211; Salt's Mem, of Priestley, 
1831, i. 133, ](l32,ii. 19, 23; 8ibre« and Coaton's 
IndopendeneyinWarwickshirp, 1865, 131; manu- 
•cript notp-s liy Sergi-nnt Haywood, in his copj of 
the Tme Doctrine (nftenfiuda in the possession 
of Biihop Tanon).] A. O. 

CARDER, PETER (/. 1677-lfi86), 
iHBriner, of St. Veriun in Cornwall, wm, nc- 
cirding to liis own story, a seaman of the 
Putican with Drake when she sailed from 
England on her vmage round the world in 
KovMnber 1677. In October 1578, the ship 
bving then in the Straits of Mu^an, Carder 
wns one of eight men in the pinnace who in 
a nle lint sight of the ship, and, not beinff 
«Ue to lind her again, made the mainland 
and followed alone the shore to St. Julian, 
' s on shell-liBh and such fish as they 
J cUcL From St. Julian tbey made 
to the rirer Plata, and crossing to 
L aide wandered into the woods, 
po men in the boat. They fell in 
natives, who otlacked them, eap- 
d four of tlie party, and chased the others 
16 bCMt, in whieh ihey managed to escape, 
li all badly woimded. Tbe^ got to a 
isluid some three leagues distant from 
I ahom, where two of the wounded men 
',, Onrder and another, William Pitcher 
i, being Itft the sole survivors. A 
le on und smashed their boat on the 
ind for some two months they sup- 
uurtvd lifp on sand wis, little crabs, and a 
rniit rewmbling an ornnge, but for want of 
water t!i<iy wen> mlur^ed to the mosi direful 
Hiniite. .\t length some driftwood came 
whom, rhey mannged to make a raft, and, 
ppovisioning il w thuy best coidd, put to 
>aai> It was thnM days aixd two nights be- 




fore they reached ibe land, when, coming 
to 'a little rivtr of very ewei't and plenannt 
water,' Pitcher drank to such excess that lie 
died within half an hour. Carder after this 
met with a tribe of savages who received him 
as a friend, lit- stayed wiih them for some 
lime, learned their language, taught them to 
make and use stdelds and clubs — for before 
they were armed only with bows and arrowa 
— and led them ttgninst a neighbouring tribe, 
which they completely defeated, and took 
many prisoners, most of whom they roastM 
and devoured. Afterwards he was permitted 
to leave this tribe, and made his way north- 
wards to fiahia and Pemambuco, whence 
after some delay he embarked for Europe ; 
and so, uf^r some further adrenturee, he 
arrived in England in November 1586. 

The whole story is related at length in 
' Purchas, his Pilgrimes,' as though in 
Carder's own words. The presumption is 
that it was written by Carder and supplied 
by him to Purchas. It is therefore necessary 
t« point out that the ven- remarkable narra- 
tive rests entirely on Carder's owo testi- 
mony, is not corroborated by any other, and 
is virtually contradicted by very high autho- 
rity on the one important point on which 
contradiction was possible. In the narrative 
of the Pelican's voyage {TAe World enmm- 
patnd by Sir Frartcii Drake, Hakluyt Soc.), 
while many trifling things are carefully re- 
corded, there is no mention of the loss of 
the pinnace with ei^bt men. It is barely 
possible that the omission is an oversight; 
it is much more probable that there was no 
such loss to recoid, and that, from beginning 
to end, the story is a Action. Of the narrator 
we have no other knowledge. The narrative 
speaks of him as still alive in 1618, and ap- 
parently in 1826, when the 'Pilgrimes' was 
published. 

[Purchas, his Pilgrimes. iv. 1187.] J. K. L, 

CARDIGAN, V.iHh op (1797-18(18). 
[See URtrBEMEL, Jambs Thomas.] 

CAEDMAKER (alias Tatlob), JOHN 
{d. 1.555), martyr, was originally an Obser- 
vant friar, who, after the dissolutJoD of his 
o rder under the persecu tion which H enry\ ill 
specially directed against it, la^ised into the 
world, and became a married minister. His 
name is found in the list of licensed preachers 
of Edward VI (Dijon, C7t. of Engl. n. 486), 
He was vicar of St. Bridget's in Fleet Street, 
and one of the readers or lecturers at St, 
Paul's, where he read three timea a week. 
Some of his sayings against Onrdiner and 
Bonner, and concerning the sacramenl, are 

S-eserved (Grm Friara' CAron. 50, 67, 63), 
n Somerset's first fall, when a religious n^ 



Cardon x^ Cardonnel 

actiou wup Tuinlv fx}»*'ci-ed. Lt «•.»£? -cr.mr-"^ "-.aiT-"-^. liiJL il jS'JT r«>t;ived the gold medil 

ill Li*' Itftiurr hp:iIi^-; liir vi£^.»n.iu> ii*rT.i.a. x. "n* > %:\yfrj :^ .\n* fcv his engimTing of 

ol' Warwick. • ('B-rdimik-r siud it JL;* i?*:- ;it- • IttrLit tf Ajex&ndzia,' after De Loo- 

turt thai. iL(»urli ii* liui l •?*'" b? ^TLf ii.r :ijsr:i.tiirr Er ikiso exxcraved the 'Battle 



undone, and liit: mt'C felij^iQf: n.»": iit^r. iLf_T i: \lu»iu. lTt^ "ibtr sust^ artist; plates of 




M.-Lo'jbnas-T-er. pr».'afiifd uni jt^ur-i :»r:-.r mi*! taji-ti. j. Aiuliirr/ after Rubens; *The 
and bliared ilit TrLmlu^-^ :"^ ili-: n-. v apTi:i.i.--i T.-jar i: X^^tt^-L. • Lca-xwit Captivation,* and 
dfhu, Tunur » Tttixi;. Edtr. I'J cvrf .Vc-j . ■ Tut St .en. ju: i: f^erlnrapaiani,' after Sinrie> 
i. '37 .J I. AVlien :b* ^K-^epuTi.tr "tir.iL: .''^: *:it.. lzjL "iijirrrL."' i-f (Tt*."*rge III, Mr. Rtt, 
undvr Man-, CardmLLtT uii L:* ':-:>i.»].. '^..- Mantzii: S-i-ntn-jtr. zhi- Ihichess of Beaufort, 
liam liarlow 'q. a." ol IVJi ani Wellr. tlzl: "i^ii: r:aT»f^:ir _Vi:iti:arr. Xapoleon, &c^ after 
to Lond(»n di-'ruisrd a*- mfrrLLr.:?i. hiii"^ i^t..t vlt- .u* i.Tr-;>:s Er rriH^ved in stipple and 
ati empted \ o t'?*tth}»r ^xer -^i. N ?"« rZL>..T 1 '•-''« Ui i f * uiuei r:»s<i.' Srrible reputat ion when 
< M A c H TK . Ijh ry. 7 *M . TLr T xr iT-. CLS". .z.' '. '.'iii br i ■ ?•£ ir : d. : T , jN-fcT '1 ■": J C4:i on on 1 7 Feb. 1818^ 
Fl-fT. where iLry Ilt Till jar-trr. irbr* -.Lt .:. 1. 'r;:"j.i Sttvt-:. J*.:zr:'y Squaiv. His eon, 
chant*l]or Gardinrr. ani ;:hrrf .:: ^^-.-r-^ i» i*"*..:.!! i^.iwi^t.y. "n-as educated as an en- 
won, liefinn t ■:■ harf iLr acc-^n-Jj-Tei ; r.-^cir rs ^^'^' r. £> -w :»:a .;: if .il:y in Indian work, and 
for rt-liirion. wh-.- anir'UiiTvi r: £*♦:•>•. rLi*.:T. i.-vi !.":• ■..■: 1^1T. 

Biyan'i 




Kunstle^ 

^..^ .-..-. --. -^-- _ 1816J 

a^ Jl'X'per and Cr 'TSt. "wa* -r.-iTrsT.'t.'i a.?*: C. 3L 

to hav- TvcaTiTei . M \rHT5 : St^y^. -> Ix > CAFJ^XXZL APA>I >e" {d. 1719), 
t-er to Ca]vin, 1*3 Ft >^ iH:. !#<...:-.... ^^-^^j^ -: -y. l»Ji:- :f Marlborough, wu 
ftnd wa? rvmiixii-i : « :bt i :■-::: rr .r. P>.vs.:. ^ ^.,. / x^^-^ ^, OaricTinrl. a Fivnchpro- 
Str^-*^^- """^*^^-^ J r.»?^»»r*:: :: ^jter-.T :.._\tT- ;.*:i^:. tt;.. iiA "• err. rewarded for his ser- 

x-.»:: r.yi.l:T >t -ht luorative patents of 
:.>". ■— rT i.z.r. i':\'.'.\':'T vif cusToms at the 
Ti r: .: > .itiasi-.* n i (*<7i". State Paperif 

Iv— . I'.-fi:^:. |. i:.^. i^^i-2, pp. oow). 





ai:rCT-« uid:J hKrSclS: . iZ^o^ru. the f^lo^ng October (F^ 



Cardonnel 



41 



Cardonnef 



rat* (hrretpondmrt of SaraA, Duckea of 
Marlborough, ItiKW, i. 4ttl, 407, ii, 126,169). 
Al ihe general election of NoTember 1701 
CHTdontiel hod bwn relumed member for 
Sontluunplon, and lio t^ontinued to represent 
Iltut borough nitljout intMTuption in four 
eucvesaife patliaajvnls (LuiU of Mem^rs of 
Pariiatnrnt, Official Hetuni). Wlien, how- 
ever, Mnrlborough's overtLrow w«s resolved 
on, as B preliiiiiiid)7 step a committee was 
apwiiuted to examine and report on ttie 
Bilblic Bccciiuits. Tlieir report was demanded 
u) SL-pt«mlKr ITIl, and appeared in the 
eiuuing month of Jsiiuhtt. Sir Solomon de 
HKlina, a (contractor for bread to the armv, 
m) in biaeridence that from 1707 to 1711 
in sealing each contract a grattiity of 
■Dffold ducBtfi to the duke's eecretary. On 
frfeb. 1712 the bouse met to consider this 

ne and to hear the ex-secretarj's defence, 

rliicli, however, no report now exist*. 

a a loiif; debate it was resolved that the 
ig of a eratuitv was ' imwnrrantable and 
ipt,' and on the question being put, Cor- 

lel was expelled the house by a majority 

of twenty-six ( Cvmmoju' Joumale, xvii. 97 ; 
CUBBBTT, Parliamfntaty Suton/, vi. 1049- 
■~"), 1094). After his fall Cardonnel did not 

tt klt«mpt to eeek office, but lived in re- 
al hifl hou»e in Westminster or at 
Ue died in St. Margaret's, Weft- 

, in22Feb.l719,and wasburieUon 

S Uatcb following at the parish cburcb of 
Chiawiek (Probate Act Book, 1719; Hift. 
Ji^, 1719, p. 10; hYBOsa, Envinmi,ii.2l-J). 
Hia will, as of St. Maigaret's, Weatminstfir, 
*lni«l 211 (Jet., with a codicil, 17 Nov. 1718. 
■w»f pnivt'd on 5 March 1719 (Reg. in P. C. C. 
4:?, ifr. wiling)- He married, after ApriliriO, 
Eliin>">tii, widow of Isaac Teale, iipotbe- 
cary. of St. Margaret's, "Westminster (Will 
fw. in P. C. C. 09, Srail h ), bnt by this ladv, 
wEo dicfd in 1714, he bad no issue (Letters 
of AdminiBtration in P, C, C. September 
1714). Ue married secondly Efaabeth, 
widow of Willisra, the second son of Sir 
Thoma« Fraakland, hart., and daueUler of 
B^nA Qawdowin, a. mercHant of London. 
The rJiiidrMJ of this marriage were Adam, 
who diwl ttl Cliiswicb on 22 Sept. 172fi 



October 1725), and 
Uuy, wbi) became in Februan 1734, at the 
^ of flftsen, the wife of William, first 
"Talbot, bringing him, it is said, a for- 
of 80,000i. (Gent. Mag. iv. 107; Coi,- 
Ptemge,\9Vi.\.2^7). Mrs. Cardonnel 

, a third alliancH with Frederick Frank- 

iHud, M.P.. lier first husband's younger bro- 
iber. aiul died on 27 Jan. 1737 (UBnUM, 
Jivron*Uige, ii. 1^-7). Cardonnel'a official 



eorrespondencB with Stepney, John Ellis, 
and others, is preserved in the 'Additional 
MS8.' at the British Museum, but contains 
few details of interest. 

Cardonnel's uncle, Phillf de Cabdonhel, 
was also an enthusiastic adherent to the royal 
(Muse, &nd upon iJie marriage of Charles II 
to Catherine of Bragansa gave expression 
to his feelings in a series of extraordinary 
poems, published with the title of 'Tociib, 
sire Epithalamium Caroli II Ma^ffi Bri- 
tanniee H^^^, et Cathoiinsa In&ntis Portu- 
gallim; (!allicoprimum carmine decantatum, 
deind^ Latino donatum. Autbore P, D, C 
Unit cum Poemate Fortunatanun TDSuIariun, 
antehk: Gallic^ pro Inauguratione Caroli II 
conscripto,' 8vo, London, 1663. From tJia 
description given W Lowndes (Bibl. Manual, 
Bohn,vol. i. art. 'Cardonnel' jit would seem 
that another and enlarged edition containing 
translations of pieces by Dryden and Waller 
appeared at London tne same year. Botk 
editions are of the rarest occurrence. The 
earlier issue is adorned with a frontispiece 
representing Catherine being drawn to shore 
by Neptune and attendant nymphs, while 
Charles, ankle deep, is rapturously siureying 
her charms with the aid of a telesL'ope. 
Philip de Cardonnel was dead before August 
1667, for on the 15th of that month his 
relict Catherine administered to the estate 
of hie brother, Peter de Cardonnel, of St. 
Margaret's, Westminster (Chebibb, Wm*- 
mimter Abbey RegUtfra, Harl. Soc, p. 167). 

[CbL Plate Papers, Dom. and Trena. ; Addit. 
M.S.'*. 22221, 22fi61, 28887, 28917-18, 29*50, 
295.^3-7.] G. G. 

CARDONNEL, afterwards CARDON- 
NEL-LAWSON, AUAM [MAK8FELDT] 
DB {d. 1820), antiquary, was a grandncphew 
of Adam de Cardonnel [q. v.], secretary t-o the 
Duke of Marlborough, and tlie sole surviving 
son of Monsfeldt de Cardonnel of Mussel- 
bu;gh,a commissioner of the customs andsalt 
duties in Scotland, bv hia wife Anne, the 
daughter and bctr of luomas Hilton of Low 
For3inthecountyofDurhai)i{StriiTBBa,J5ur- 
Aom,ii.27; Autobiography of Rev. A. Carlyle, 
pp. 218-19). Educat^ for the medical pro- 
fession be practised for a while as n surgeon, 
hut liis easy circumstances left him leisure to 
indulge his taste for the study of antiquities 
and numismatics, with which he was especi- 
ally conversant. Upon the institution of tho 
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, under the 

{residency of the Earl of Bute, in December 
7S0, Cardonnel was elected a fellow ; he also 
served as curator from 1782 to 1784, and 
contributed to the second volume of the ' Ar- 
olut«logia Scotica,' 1. 159-67, a ■ Description of 



Cardonnel 42 Cardwell 



».-rHiii i^.>mjin U.iins ii«rov-rfil ir. fn'.vr*^jik.' CABDROSS. LiiBlW. \'5ee EflfiSIXE/ 

InniiKi. -vrii.-iif-n r.-*.i«if'l ir Kiliiiiinrilu iiii CARDWELL, EI* WARD. D.D. ilT^T- 

ill .!>• '.iMld '.I ttii*i:*t iim hr.'.TliHr Jinriijuary I'*^;! >. cluLrnli histiirian. .^m ■■>? Rii»hn p r| «"'-ir^- 

•.v.fh ni.»'-» :V im :>:h -xr.-n.-i-* '''il«t':*i'n.-. h»r- ;\>il ut Huii:kbiim. Lanraaiiiiv. wua b«)m in 

-hIk.- *<».■■. »nr>iinv!nj/ iuni mi vir.i.'in i:vi.:PO- IT*"?. [!»* -nrt^r*^! in LHHi .liS a ci)nmi«.iier 

Inir.rjti •v.iHfi.T.i.n.-«. i:*^-nri«.n.- :v!i:i*h 'irn-t* ar. rjf.is.-no.'it* C«jue-^e, Uxibni. wlier» htr ^n- 

jrarr-riii ■'i«'Kn«.'v!»-tli(.Mi n -;;.■ inr.-Miiii»T..,Ti .liuirfil B.A. in iHM H»? t.Mik liia M.A". in 

^^ .11-* ■ A.iJin iiTii-"H -.t' .'^i;f.fian<r < p. xx). l^lJ. Tliir .letsTPt* .jf B.D. was conierr^ on 

.^.r,m»' '.iiir .n -In* liiTiimn 'it' \7<i fJam.-* iui- him in I'* ID and rhat ot D.D. in ISU. For 

Hr"M'*»'M I ifffr-p ''J * h'j"**. rinci nor ht^imi ot-.r- '^♦-'.vrai v^rars he acred a^ ruror and LecCiir»rr, 

^inn .\ 'hr -iipt-iins .nl«:.-''j*M. hi* »TH".iii'*^ril rhw and from l?l-t to l'?:il woa one -jt the ani- 

li'ffr ln(l^■r■^■lV■•r '•» ' nr i'".nn»*l .ir P,<::ni>iiP:rli. vt-r-iry -xamint»rs. :ind'iiirinif pure iitrhe time 

\\ :i;».' .n 'i\t' :ii^r ..f rViliJiiiii- !: iip riie 'jujiin' hiwl J-jhn Keblr as a collea^fne. In ISl^ he 

r.|i{ ^i.n./ 't'- .SirJifin M.i.i-i.lm " mn riiriiiirh wjw apjioiii"t^l Whitehall prvac'h»?r br Bi»b:p 

h;-» .ii;n«:. in<: ru- .n?«i'r:i»*^«l wi'liin rhn '.vrripp»rr Hrjwli v. iuiii in l>L';i -ieiticr pr»?ai:iiier to "he 

h;- v--li-kn«.'vn Iniprimpt.i. • K-n ^'^ •t*i7\'.T university .if^xt'oni. He wa^ e Wtr^i Cam Jen 

r," t iiptain ftvr.Mt-r' . iii kn-". I'f^fira/ ll'oi'kji. prtiies.-Mjr of antiient history in I •?:*»•. and «ttc- 

K.isTiJimork •=!':.:.. Iiv U . >. I)«iiiL'ia.-!. i. ^A'A), ot-erlinl An.'hbi.-shop TVhately in lS3Ia^ prin- 

ii. i !-■.♦>. Sr,rin afT.-r Tiii.<t rnnionni-l ijuirrefi cipui '<f ^st. .\iban Hall. r»xiorii. Soon attrf 

HrMUml. hinino" by the failure of fourteen tlii." appfnnrment he resigned the living rf 

famil.eM. ''•n •.vhnni, it l* -aiii. the pro|jerTy Stokr-Bruem. Northamptijn^hin*. to which 

had h#f*en »-nrrtilei|. ^ur^needei! to tlie ej-r.-ir^s of he haii been presenct-d by Hrasenofse l.'oUetfv in 

hi.4 ^er.rinil coM-iin. Mr. Hilton r-aw-.jii, at l**!'-. He .^ubsetj^uently declintrd theofftrof 

f'hipti.nan-if'p.irnlington inN'»rrhumFi*'rIanl. the rectory uf W irhyham. and in l^vW re^ 

Hft '»»'rv»'fl a^ -heritf for the county in IT'-^i fa-e«l the d^-anery of Carlisle otferedti* him bv 

( O^f.. Mftff. Ixvi. i. UU >. anrl a-numed the nur- Sir Itulierr Peel. He wa* delegate of e»tate^, 

namft of fjiw^on in aildirion toandaffer tLit delejr;ire of the pre*!?, and curator of imi- 

of r'ardonnel. In l*?! 1 lie ^l♦■c■an topull down ver^-ity galleries. He was consider^i one 

f ."hirt/iTj Hoii^e, wiiere lie had hitherto n-^ided, of the b>->t men of busine^ in the xiniversirv, 

and w^>nt to live in a -tmall farmhouse at and for many years had a leading share in its 

rramlinjftrifi iM\f:KKy7AK, Xorthum/jeriand, covemment. The mana^ment of the bible 

'Jnd 't'iit. ii. 1! 1. 4.>h. Fli- latter days were department of the university press was left 

rhi»'flv sf»*rnt at Bath, fiyinff in June I'^iiO, mainly in his hands, and by his advice the 

fttfed t:J, h»; WH- hurieflat f.'ramlin^ononthe P|M*r mill «it Wolveroit was established. 

] Ith (Cramlincton Burial iteua-t^-r). By the This wa* ilone in «»rder that the authorities 

death of liiM »-lde<tt. "on of rh»' -ame names on mi^ht be certain as to the materials us«fd in 

ti\ .\ov. l-.J^ at Acton Hou.-e, Acklin^on, makimr the paper supplied to the university 

North II mJ;«rp]anfl, witlirmt i.-j-ue, the family press. Lonl Grenville, the Duke of Welling 

U'came extinct, in the male line ( Latihek, ton, and Lord LV.'rbv, as they successively be- 

/y^ai /*Worfhj p. UM)). came chancellors ot the university, appointed 

f.'arrlonnel wji.-* the author of : 1. * Numis- him to act as their private secretary. He 

mata Hrntiff; ; or a S^-ries of the Scottish was a |M-rsi.)nal friend of Sir Uobt^rt Peel and 

('ofnaj^'r, from the I l»'i^Ti of William th^ Lion Mr. CTlad7itr)ne, and was a member of the 

to tht: Cnion. By Adam de (.'anlonnel.' iS:c., Society uf Antiquaries and other learned 

with twenty plate-i drawn by the author, b^xlies. 

4to, Kdinbiir^di, 17'*<J. This work, although His literarj^ works were: 1. An edition 

tak*;n in a preat measure from .Snellinpr's of Aristotle's* Ethica/ Oxford, 18:?8-S0,6vo, 

' \'i*rw,' which harl l^een puhlishe«l in 1774, '2 vols. 'J. * A Sermon preache<l at Xorth- 

rontain.H somft curious historical matter, and ampton/ Oxfonl, lK32,8vo. 3. * Lectures on 

th^; appropriations ar^j generally cnm*ct. t he Coinage of the Greeks and ltomans,M 833, 

*2. * Pirttun-Mjiie Antiquities of .Scotland, Svo( delivered by him as Camden professor), 

♦■trlied by A Jam de Cardonnj-l,* four parts, 4. An * Knchiridion Thecdof^cum ^Vnti-Ko- 



a 



vo nnd 4to, I»nrion, 17>?H-1KJ, which forms manum,' in 3 vols., 8vo, being reprints of 

u-efiil Hupplement to Pennant's * Tour.' tracts <in points at issue between the churches 

[Not#rs and Queries. 2nd .cr. is. 24. 187.x. of England and Rome, lJS:J(i-7. 6. A use- 

2:'/.f,iofi, xi. 3:i5-r,, 37H; Gtnt. MaL^ Ixxii. ii. ^^ students edition of the * New Testa- 

6St. Ixxxiii. ii. 394, (1837) viii. 325. 41fi ; Biith ^ent in Greek and English,' with notes, 

hirfctoryfor 1812and 1819; Cochnn- Patrick's l^^'^"- <5. ' Josephus de Bello Judaico,' in 

Jtftpfinl« of the Coinage of Scotland, Introd. p. Greek and Latin, 1837, 8vo, 2 vola., a cor- 
viii.] G. G. I rected text with various readings and notes. 



Cardwell 



43 



Cardwell 



7. ' The suppoeed Visit of St. Paul to Eng- 
landy a LecUire delivered in the University 
of Oxford/ 1837. Cardwell subsequently 
turned his attention more especially to the 
annals of the English church, and formed 
the plan of a synodical history grounded 
upon Wilkins's ' Ck)ncilia Magnse Britan- 
nuB.' He carried out the project in part 
in the publication of several of tlie following 
works : 8. ' Documentary Annals of the Re- 
formed Church of England ; being a Collec- 
tion of Injunctions, Declarations, Orders, 
Articles of Inquiry, &c., from 1546 to 1716, 
with notes,' Oxford, 1839, 2 vols. 8vo. 
9. * A Relation of the Conference between 
William Laud and Fisher the Jesuit,' 1839, 
8vo, with preface. 10. * The Two Books of 
Common Prayer set forth in the Reign of 
Edward the Sixth compared with each other,' 
1839, 8vo. 11. * A History of the Confer- 
ences and other Proceedings connected with 
the Revision of the Book of Common Prayer 
from 1668 to 1690,' 1840, 8vo. 12. ' Syno- 
dalia : a Collection of Articles of Religion, 
Canons, and Proceedings of Convocation in 
the Province of Canterbury from 1547 to 
1717, with notes, &c.,' 1842, 8vo, 2 vols. 

13. 'Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum, 
or the Reformation of the Ecclesiastical 
Laws for the Church of England as attempted 
in the reigns of King Henry VHI, King Ed- 
ward VI, and Queen Elizabeth,' 1850, Svo. 

14. An edition of Bishop Gibson's * Syno- 
dus Anglicana,' which he brought out in 
1864. 

Cardwell died at the principal's lodge, 
St. Alban Hall, Oxford, on 23 May 1861. 
He married in May 1829 Cecilia, youngest 
daughter of Henry Feilden of Witton Park, 
Blackburn, and leu several children. He was 
uncle to Edward, lord Cardwell [q. v.] 

[Ghent. Mag. August 1861, p. 208; Foster's 
Lancashire Pedigrees ; Cat. of Oxford Graduates 
(1851); Oxford Honours Register (1883); in- 
formation given by Mr. E. H. Cardwell.] 

C. W. S. 

CARDWELL, EDWARD, Viscount 
(1813-1886), statesman, bom 24 July 1813, 
was the son of John Cardwell, a Liverpool 
merchant. He was educated at Winchester 
and at Balliol College, Oxford, of which he be- 
came scholar and fellow. At Oxford he took 
a first class, both in classics and mathematics, 
in 1835, and was made an honorary D.C.L. in 
1863. Among his contemporaries, or those 
who were nearly his contemporaries, at the 
university were several members of the special 
group of statesmen to which he afterwards 
belonged — ^Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Robert Lowe, 
Mr. Sdney Herbert, Mr. Roundell Palmeri 



and the Duke of Newcastle. He was called 
to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1838 ; but he 
soon turned from the law to public life, and 
entered the House of Commons as member for 
Clitheroe in 1842, He attached himself, per- 
sonally as well as politically, to Sir Robert 
Peel, whom he somewhat resembled in cha- 
racter as well as in conscientious industry, 
in devotion to the public service, and in the 
mastery which he acquired of commercial and 
financial questions. By Peel he was treated 
with marked esteem and confidence. He was 
one of the trustees to whom Peel afterwards 
left his papers. In 1845 he was made secre- 
tary to tne treasury. In the next year came 
the repeal of the com laws and the rupture 
between Peel and the protectionists. Card- 
well remained true to his chief, and thence- 
forth formed one of the small party, or rather 
group, of Peelites, still conser\'ative in general 
politics, but liberal with regard to commercial 
questions. Of free trade he became a staimch 
and prominent champion ; but with most of 
his political friends he voted against the ballot 
in 1853. In 1847 he was elected for Liver- 
pool, but lost his seat in 1852, in consequence 
of his having voted for the repeal of the navi- 
gation laws, and was afterwards elected for 
the city of Oxford. The Peelites having 
gradually gravitated towards the whigs, in 
1852 the coalition government of Lord Aber- 
deen was formed, and Cardwell became pre- 
sident of the board of trade. K he did not 
become a member of the cabinet, it was only 
because the whig leaders objected to an 
undue proportion of Peelites. The chief 
fruit of his presidency of the board of trade 
was the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, which, 
collecting all the laws relating to shipping, 
with important amendments and additions, 
has from that time formed, in essential re- 
spects, the code of the British mercantile 
marine. The act, consisting of 548 sections, 
passed through committee at a single sitting. 
* What great public interest have you been 
abandoning, Cardwell, that your bill passed 
so easily ? ' was Lord John Russell's sarcastic 
question. No interest had been abandoned, 
and those of the common seaman and tlie 
ballast-heaver had been as well provided 
for as those of the shipowner; but the bill 
had been prepared with the carefulness cha- 
racteristic of its framer's work. Further im- 
provements were made by Cardwell in the 
laws relating to the shipping interest, which 
owes to him, among other things, its relief 
from the impost of town dues. By his hand 
form was given to the department of the 
board of trade which deals with the mer- 
cantile marine, the foundation was laid of a 
meteorological department, and much was 



Cardwell 



44 



Cardwell 



flonff for tlie department of science and art. 
To railway le^iHlation also Card well's contri- 
bution was important. In the opinion of 
thr>«9 most cr)mpetent to iudjfe, the work of 
many years was accomplished in two. From 
the ministry of I-iord Aberdeen Cardwell 
wisftfjd, aft4'r the reconstniction, into that of 
Jyird Pftlmerston; and wh«'n the other lead- 
ing Pticlitcs resij^ned, he was pressed by the 
pHfmier to accept the chancellorship of the 
exr-lief|uer, but he chose not to separate him- 
nt-H (mm his friends. Two years later, with 
th#j dislike of violence and injustice which 
was stronjc in him, he vot^d against Lord 
pHlmerHt/)n*8 government on the question of 
thij (;hinese war, and, uwm the appeal to the 
oiintry which followed, lost his seat for Ox- 
ford, but sliortlv afterwards regained it on 
jxitition. In \HoH ho was the most active 
m«!mb<;r of a commission appointed to inquire 
into the manning of the navy, resnecting 
whicli great anxiety was th«!n felt. Here his 
knowlwlge of the mercantile marine stood 
him in good stead. The reiport- was adopted, 
and the system, principal features of which 
are the training of boys and tlu» maint^jnance 
of a strong navy reserve, remains in force, and 
cont inues to Ix? successful to this day. When, 
ui»on t h«j defeat of the 1 )orby ministry in 1 859, 
l*almerston again became minister, Cardwell 
become secretary for Ireland with a seat in 
the cabinet. Iii that office he showed his 
usual industry,«iuity,patience,andcourte8y; 

but the spheric was uncongt»nial, and in 1801 
he exchanged it for the chancellorship of 
the duchy of I^ncastor. An Irish land act, 
framed by him, and the object of which was 
to base the relation of landlord and tenant 
solely <m contract, lias had no practical effect. 
In 1804 he was transferred to the secretary- 
ship for the colonies. In that office he in- 
augurated the new policy of withdrawing 
from the colonies in time of peace all im- 
piTial troops for which the colonies would 
not undertake to pay, thereby promoting 
colonial st»lf-defence and self-go veniment, as 
well as economising the forces of the empire 
and relieving the British taxpayer of an ex- 
pense which in tht^ case of the wars with the 
Maori had amounted to a million a year. 
Canadian confederation was set on foot, and 
its outline was determined during his secre- 
taryship, though the act was the work of his 
successor. To him fell the difficult duty of 
dealing, amidst a storm of public excitement, 
with the case of the disturbances in Jamaica 
and of Governor Eyre, which he did by 
promptly sending out a commission of in- 
fluirv', and, when the legislative assembly of 
Jamaica had been abolished with its own con- 
sent, appointing Sir Peter Qnxit asgo\'emor 



to arbitrate between the conflicting neei. 
He also put an end to transportation. Under 
Mr. Gladstone, in 1868, Cardwell becune 
secretary for war, and in that capacity was 
called upon to undertake the reorganisation 
of the British army, to the necessity for which 
the nation had bmi awakened by the great 
European wars, at the same time redeeminj^ 
the pledge given for largely reduced esti- 
mates. For this, which was his most impor* 
tant and difficult work, the foundation nad 
been laid by the concentration of the trooM 
which as colonial secretarv he had effeoteo. 
The principal feature of Ids reorsanisation 
was t ne abolition of purchase, for wnich were 
substituted admission by tests of fitness and 
promotion by selection. This reform, to- 
gether with tne provision made for the retire- 
ment of officers, rendered the British array 
professional and scientific, relieved it of in- 
capacity and ingratitude, animated it with • 
hope of advancement by merit, and made it 
fit to cope with the highly trained armies of 
the continent. Other parts of the new sys- 
tem were the introduction of a short term of 
service, the formation of a veteran reserve, 
and the localisation of the regiments, which 
was adopted with a double purpose of taking 
advantage of local attachment in recruiting 
and of linking the militia and volunteers to 
the regular forces. The department of the 
commander-in-chief was brought under the 
more effective control of the war office. Pro- 
vision was also made for the improvement of - 
the military education of officers and soldiers. 
In carrying these changes into effect the secre- 
tary for war had to encounter the most obsti- 
nate resistance on the part of military men of 
the old school, and his coadjutors have home 
their testimony to the unfailing patience, 
command of temper, and courtesy, by which, 
combined with firmness, their resistance was 
overcome, as well as to the thoroughness 
with which a civilian mastered all tne de- 
tails of the department of war. The labour 
and anxiety, however, imdermined Cardwell*8 
health. On the resignation of the Gladstone 
ministry in 1874 he was called to the House 
of Lords as Viscount Cardwell of Ellerbeck. 
After this he continued for some time to take 
part in public affairs ; he presided ably over 
the commission on vivisection, and on one 
important occasion stood forth sis the friend 
of the slave ; but he never again became a 
minister of state. He died, after a yeiy 
lingering illness, at Villa Como, Torquay, cm 
15 Feb. 1880, and was buried in the cemetery 
of Highgate. He married, in 1888, Annie, 
youngest daughter of Charles Stuart Paricer 
of Fairlie, Ayrshire, but he left no children 
and his peerage became extinct, Ckzdwell 



w«S not D political leader or a director of 
popular movements, ihouKh in council he 
WAS firm and powerful. The measures of 
conalitutional change brought forward by 
tjie gDvemiDeiils of which he was a member 
in I&ter years did not originate with him ; 
nor was he a papular orator. He -was a clear, 
good, terse, and fluent speaker; to l)emorehe 
did not pretend or desire, and he never mado 
ha uiuiece«sai7' speech. But it waa as an ad- 
ministrator and public servant that, though 
leas noted than others by the crowd, he 
really stood high among the statesmen of 
tbe time. * Thoroughly patriotic and public- 
B^rited, utterly free from jobbery of any 
sort, laborious, discreet, courteous, Kind, and 
OOntiderate to subordinatee, conciliatory, yet 
tenacious of his opinion when he had satisfied 
bimselfthat he was right' — such he appeared 
to llie parlners of his work. They also teatify 
tohispoaeeaaionofa singularly quick and keen { 
inteUigancc, though in hia j^ublic ntterauces I 
hia mind seemed to move with excessive cir- 
mmspectioa. The country was served more 
brilliantly by other men of his generation, but I 
by none more faithfully, more tealousir, more 
■trenuonsly, or with more lasting frmt, 

[PenonAl knowledge; memorsuda from per- 
•on* who iteted with bim -, apeechei (some of 
lAich have been repriated) from Hansard ; 
Motehant Shinpioe Act ; Report of CommiBHian 
oa Hajininit tne }^vy ; Rayal Wiimuit abolish- 
tng potcbaiK- (1871). and ref^latioiu in pnrsaaDce 
til ibat meAsnrc. A short life is anderstood to 
be in praptinitioa.] O, 8. 

CABE, nENRY (1646-1888), poUticol 
writer and journalist, affected to be a royalist 
in 1670, when he published a book entitled 
'Fem&le Pre-eminence,' with a fulsome dedi- 
utjon to Queen Catherine. He is probably 
the Henry Care, 'student in phyaick and as- 
trology,' who brought out a translation of a 
BUdicSil work in 1679. Care edited a paper 
Cftlled the ' Weekly Racquet of Advice from 
Home,' when, according to Wood, ' he was 
deeply engaged bv the fanatical party, ai^r 
the popiah plot broke out in 167S, to write 
■gainst the Church of England and the mem- 
beea thereof, then by him and his party sup- 
posed to be deeply enclined towards popery, 
Ac.' U" was trUd at Ouildhall. 2 July 1680, 
on on information agoinel. him as the author 
of this Journal, and more particularly for a 
4^iuv against the lord chief justice, Bcrn^, 
who bimAetf sat as judge at the tria). The 
jni7 found him ^uilty,&nd Care wasprohibited 
(nnapriuttnghisjoumal. Buttheseproceed- 
fnga coDBlituI'^ one of the charges brought 
■gaum Scroggi., who was removed &om tbe 
^^encbfoaamtailhd later (LBnBSLL,£e^ Aon 



of Stat^ Affairt, i. 75), and Care continued 
to publish his journal. Core's last numlier 
ofthe' Weekly Pacquet,'whicheiteud8 to five 
volumes, isdatedlS July 1683,at which time 
he fell ill. In 168'2 a difference had taken 
place between Care and Langley Curtis, the 
original publisher, when Care, who resided at 
the time in the Great Old Bailey, continued 
the work on his own account till he was 
seized with illness. But at tbe commence- 
ment of the quarrel, Curtis, not willing to 
give up a profitable spectdation, employed 
William Salmon, a well-known and midti- 
feriouB writer, to publish a continuation of 
the ' Pacquets,' and he did so from 25 Aug. 
1683, on which day Care's fifth volume also 
began, till 4 May 1683. Langlev Curtis, 
probably having the stock-in-trade in his 
own hands, added the fifth volume, by Sal- 
mon, to all tbe remaining copies, and conse- 
quently Care's fifth volume is rarely met 
with. 

Wood thus sums up the little that is 
known of the eubsequcntcareerof Care: hia 
' breeding,' he contemptuously remarks, ' was 
in the nature of a petty fogger, a little des- 
picable wretch, and one that was afterwards 
much reflected upon for a poor snivelling 
fellow in the " Observators,* published b_y 
Roger I'Estrange, which Care, after all his 
scribbles against the papists and the men of 
the church of England, was, after King 
James 11 came to the crown, drawn over so 
far by the Roman catholic party, for bread 
and money sake and notliing else, to write 
on their behalf, and to vindicate their pro- 
ceedings against the men of the church of 
England ill his " Mercuries," which weekly 
came out, entitled "PubUo Occurrences truly 
stated." The first of which come out 21 Feb. 
1687-8, and were by him continued to the 
time of his death, which happening 8 Aug. 
1668, aged 43, he was buried in the yard 
belonging to the Bkcldryers church, in 
London, with this inscription nwled to his 
coffin, " Here lies the ingenious Mr. Henry 
Care, who died, 4c.'" 

Hia works are : 1. ' Female Pre-emi- 
nence,' translated from the Latin of Henry 
Cornelius Agrippa, London, 1670. 2. 'Spe- 
culum Oalbfe ; or, a New Survey of the 
French Court and Cump,' l^ndon, 1673, 8vo. 
3. ' The Jewish Calendar eiplained,' London, 
1674, 8vo. 4. 'Practical Physick,' by Dr. 
Daniel Sennert, professor at WittenbetiCi 
translated by ' H. Care, student in phyaick 
and astrology,' London, 1676, 8vo. 5. ' A 
Pacquet of Advice from Rome,' London, 
167&-9, 4to; continued as 'The Weekly 
Pacquet of Advice from Rome,' 1679-83. 
'An Abfltract, with improvemetits,' of the 



Careless 46 Carew 

* Weekly Pacquet of Adrice from Rome * first baronet of that house, by his first- wife, 

was published ' by several gentlemen/ said Bridget, daughter of John Chudleigh of 

to be dissenting teachers (Wood, AthentB Devon. He was bom on 30 Aug. 16(W, and 

Oxon., ed. Bliss, ii. 469 it.>, under the title baptised at Antony on 4 Sept. Lord Cla- 

of 'The History of Popery,' 2 vols.. London, rendon asserts that Carew had received a 

1735-6, 4to;'a German translation was good education, but it does not appear that 

fublished under the title of ' Unpartheiische he ever matriculated at an English univer- 

listorie des Papstthums, herausge^ben von sity. In the Long parliament he was returned 

F. E. liambach,* 1766. 6. * Histor>* of the as the colleague of Sir Bevil Grenville in 

Papists' Plots,' London, 1681 , 8vo. 7. * Utrum the representation of the county of Cornwall, 

horum ; or, the Articles of the Church of and threw in his lot with the opponents of 

England recited and compared with the the court. When the bill of attainder of 

doctrines of those called I*resbvterians and Lord Strafford was beingpushed through the 

the tenets of the Church of Rome.' London, House of Commons, Sir Bevil Gren\iUe be- 

1682, 8vo. 8. * The Darkness of Atheism sought his fellow-member to oppose it, but 
expelled by the Light of Nature/ London, Carew vehemently replied, * If 1 were sure 

1683, 8vo. 9. * A Modest Enquiry whether to be the next man that should suffer upon 
St. Peter were ever at Rome and Bishop of the same scaffold with the same axe, I woidd 
that Church/ Lond. 1687, 4to. 10. * Anim- give my consent to the passing of it.' On 
adversions on a late paper entituled, A the breaking out of civu war he was en- 
letter to a Dissenter, upon occasion of his trusted by the parliament with the command 
Majesties late Gracious Declaration of Indul- of the island ot St. Nicholas, at the entrance 
gence/ London, 1687, 4to. 11. 'The Tutor of Ph-mouth harbour, on which wus situate 
to true English. With an introduction to a fort of considerable strength, while the 
Arithmetic, London, 1687, 8vo. 12. • l>ra- mayor of Plvmouth ruled over the castle and 
conica : or, an Abstract of all the Penal Laws the town. ^Vhen the parliamentary forces 
touching matters of Religion and the several in the west of Englana met with serioos 
Oaths and Tests thereby enjoined, with brief reverses, Carew began to think that both his 
obser\*ations thereupon,' 3rd edit., London, person and his property were insecure, and 
1688, 4to. 13. *■ English Liberties ; or, the ; opened a correspondence, chiefly through the 
Freeborn Subject's inheritance, containing agency of his neighbour, Mr. Edgecumbe, 
Magna Charta, &c. Compiled first by Henry with Sir John Berkeley, then commanding 




Addit. MS. 5960, ff. 62-87. ■ although Berkeley gave an ample assurance 

He also edited *The King's Right of Indul- ! of safety, Carew would not proceed any fup- 
gence in Spiritual Matters with the Equity ; ther without a pardon under the great seal, 
thereof asserted by a Person of Honour and and that before this could be obtained his 
Eminent Minister of State, lately deceased ' design was discovered through the treacheiy 
(i.e. Arthur Aniiesley, earl of Anglesea), of a servant. He was suddenly seized while 
London, 1688, 4to. ' in the fort and carried prisoner into the town, 

[WooiVs Athena Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 469; Mac- I whence he was despatched by sea to London 
aulav's Hi^t. of England (1858). ii. 218 n., 221 ; and disabled from sittmg inparbament. Ob 
Luttrells Hist. Relation of State Aflkirs, i. 50, Tuesday, 19 Nov. 1644, he was condemned 
75, 453 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Jones's Popery ' to death for treacheiy by a council of war 

Tracts, 25, 68, 76, 90, 92. 265, 266 ; Lowndes's held at Guildhall. His ^e, Jane, daughter 
Bibl." '^^ ^ -' - ,^ . ^ ^ ,. , 




CARELESS, WTLLIAM(^. 1089). [See obtained a r^pite of the sentence for a month 
^^^^-j ' ^ ' *- m order that he mierht settle his worldly 

affairs and prepare Ibr death. About tot 



CARL08.1 

CARENCROSS, ALEXANDER. [See 
Cairxcross.] 

CAREW. [See also Caret and Cart.] 

CAREW, Sir ALEXANDER (1609- 
1644), governor of the island of St. Nicholas, 
Plymouth, was the only surviving son of 



o clock in the morning of 23 Dec. 1644 he 
was brought to the scaffold on Tower £011 
His speech contained a reference to the ' last 
words and writing ' of his father and grand- 
&ther, and the signal for the executioner to 
do his duty were ' the last words that ever 
my mother spoke when she died.' He wts 



Richard Carew of Antony in Cornwall, the buried on the same day in the ehuich of 



St. AuKUBtine, Hocknej. His widow died 
i?5 April 1179 in her sBventy-fouith year. A 

■" ■....■.> (.ihwrmeinorj, Willi su wlaborale 

I T'cnrdinghMTirtueB, WHS erected 

:\i!ig speech wns printed aepB- 

:<:U, nod la included m a collection 

o^iilid ■ Kiiglnnd's Bbick Tribuuftll set fortU 

in tiie Trial of King Cliailea 1/ Sc, 16(50, 

pp. 9U-IW. 

[ClorMldon's Hi(it4>i7(1849), iii. 240-7 ; BuRh- 
worlli'a Ilistoricol Oiltfcljon, pt. iii. bk. n. pp. 
~M~T; Umth's Brisf CliroDielti (1663), pp. 33, 
IID: Vlcon'a FaiiiBmentHry Chrooicle, pC. iii. 
(1846), p. 29, pt. It. p. 8fl ; W. Robinaoo's 
fisckniijr, ii. GS ; Boase and Ciiurtauv'H Bibl. 
OontaU i 6S, tii. 1109: Ponxhinl History of 
CorDw.ll. i. 17.] W. P. C. 

_CAKEW, BAitr^nJJE MOORE (1693- 
1 1 / ?). king of the glpeie«>, belonged to tlie 
Ueironchire bmily, und was born in July 
1003, at Bicbl«7, near Tiverton, of whicli 
hi« fMlivr wu rector for many years. At 
lti8 SAV of twelve he wm sent to Tiverton 
achooX wbere for some time be worked hard, 
but the schoolboys posseaged amon^ them a 
pack of lioiuids, ana one day be, with three 
companions, followed n deer so far, that the 
neignboiiring fanners came to complain of 
Uin domBgc done. To avoid punishment the 
youths ran away and joined some gipsies. 
AAer a yrNir and a half Caren returned for 
a lime, but soon rejoined the gipsies. His 
csreer Wfu a long series of swindling and 
'tDWwtiire, very ingeniously carried ' " 



drove him to embark for Newfoundland, 
tehen* he stopped but a short time, and on 
his retrim he pretended to be the mate of 
u Ttn>i.>l, Slid eloped with the daughter of 
n rv-jwctjible apothecary of Newcaatle-on- 
Ti o". whnm he afterwards married. 

il*i o/intiniied his course of vagabond 

mgiwry for soiae time, and when Clause 

l*Blch, a king, or chief of the gipsies, died, 

Ootew wan ulwt^ his succsssor. He wss 

ronviL'fi i| nF l«iiig an idle vagrant, and sen- 

■ !.'■ ii-annported to Maryland, On 

' ■■ i>tl.i?mpted to escape, was cap- 

iiiiide to wear a heavy iron collar, 

. iin, andfell into the hands of some 

ifi'iiillv Indian!?, who relieved him of his 

rolltr. He took an early opportunity of 

imving bin new friends, and got into Penn- 

xylvaniB. ll<'re he pretended to be a quaker, 

and ai noch made his way to Philadelphia, 

throTO to Nnw York, and afterwards to New 

Loailon, when: ha embarked for England. 






wnrb^' pricking his hands and fecn, and nib- 
bing tn liny iwlt and gunpowder, so as lo 
simulate small-po-Y. 

After hia landing he continued his im- 
postures, found out his wife and daughter, 
ond seems to have wandered into ScotUnd 
about 1745, and is said to have accompanit^ 
the Pretender to Carlisle and Derby, The 
record of his life &om this lime is but aesriea 
of frauds and deceptions, and but little is ab- 
solutely known of hia career, except Ihnt tt 
relative. Sir Thorn sa Carew of Hackem, olFered 
to provide for him if he would give up luB 
wandering life. This he refused lo do, but 
it is believed that he eventually did so after 
he had gained some prizes in the lottery. 
The date of hia death is uncertain. It 18 
generally pven, but on no authority, as 
being inl7(0,but'T. P.,' writing IVom'nver- 
ton, in ' Notes and Queries,' 2nd series, rol.iv. 
p. 623, aaya that he died in 1758. 

[The authority tor Carew is u book which boa 
appeared in man; furmB. The llrst is apparoctly 
Tbe Life and Adveatnres of B. U. C, the Noted 
UevDashire Stroller and Dog«tealrT, aa nat«d by 
himself daring his passagu To America .... 
EioD,: prinl«dby thaFarloysforJ. Dpbw, 1745. 
Lowndes mentjona another title, The Accom- 
plished Vngsbond or complent Mumper, oxem- 
plify'd in tht bold and artful enterprises and 
tnerry prttoka of Bum p^lda Carew, Omn (Exon.7), 
)74fl. An Apology for the Life of Bamfylde- 
Moors Cnrew. London, 1749, is dsscnbed aa 
printed for B. Ooadby ; a third edition (no data), 
with prefsea dat«d 10 Feb. I7S0, coatains addi- 
Iloual matter Btlaeking Fielding and Tom Jones. 
An edition of I7S8 pvea a large folding portrait 
of Carew. Other editions hare been published 
in variooB places. Oue of 176B is desuribed as 
by Thomas Price. Timperloy's Dictionary of 
Printers states that the life was writtea fay 
Robert Goadlij ; T. P. in Notes aud Queries (as 
above) gives a report that Mrs. Goudby wrote it 
from Carew's dictation. See Notes and Quariea 
(2Dd set.), iii. 4. IT. 330. 440, 622.] J. A. 

CAREW, Sir BENJAMIN HALLO- 
WELL (1760-1834), admiral, son of Beiya. 
minHnllowelljCommisaionerof the American 
board of customs, was bom in Canada in 1760, 
and entered the navy at an early oge. On 
31 Aug, 1781 hewaa appointed by" Sir Samuel 
Hood as acting lieutenant of the Alcide, and 
served in herin the action off the Cbe«apeake 
five days later. He was shortly afterwards 
moved into the Alfred, and was in her in 
the engagements at St. Christopher's and off 
Dominica [»ee Hatsb, William]. He was, 
however, not con firmed in his rank till 25 April 
1763, and after seven years of uneventful 
service he was made commander on 22 Nov. 
.tai)ioiuia.B)ia-i4- fl^SQ. Duiing the two Mlowing tbus he 



Carew 



48 



Carew 



commanded the Scorpion sloop on the coast 
of Africa, and in 1793 went to the Mediter- 
ranean in the Camel storeship, out of which 
he was posted on 30 Aug., and appointed to 
the temporary command of the Kobust of . 
74 guns. He afterwards for a short time ; 
commanded the Courageux during the ab- ; 
sence of Captain Waldeg^ve, sent home ^ 
with despatches; and on being superseded ' 
from her, ser\'ed as a volunteer, * wherever . 
he could be useful,* in the sieges of Bastia 
and Calvi. * Hallowell and myself^* wrote ; 
Nelson on 9 July 1794, 'each take twenty- 
four hours at the advanced battery ; ' and 
acknowledged Hallowell*s zeal in terms re- ; 
peated more formally on 8 Aug., and em- 
Dodied in Hood*s despatch of 5 Aug. Hal- j 
lowell was then appointed to the Lowestoft 
frigate, and a few months later to the Coura- 
geuXf which he commandfnl in the action off 
the HySres Islands on 13 July 1795. He con- 
tinued in her, attached to the fleet under Sir 
John Jer\'is, during the trying year 1796. On 
19 Dec., when the fleet was in Gibraltar Bay, 
the Courageux was blown from her anchors in 
a terrific gale of wind, was driven over to the 
African coast, and dashed to pieces at the foot 
of Apes' Hill. Out of her crew of six hundred 
about one hundred and twenty only escaped. 
At the time of the Courageux being driven to 
sea, Hallowell was absent at a court-martial, 
and though he was anxious to return at once 
to his ship, the president refused him permis- 
sion. It nas been said, but quite without 
proof, that the loss of the ship was entirely 
owing to his absence (BREyTON", Life of Lord 
St. Kincent, i. 302), While waiting on board 
the Victory for an opportunity to return to 
England, Hallowell was present in the battle 
off Cape St. Vincent on 14 Feb. 1797. He 
was afterwards sent home with the duplicate 
despatches and a strong recommendation 
from Jervis, which led to his being imme- 
diately appointed to the command of the 
Lively frigate, ordered back to the Mediter- 
ranean, lie was shortly afterwards trans- 
ferred to the Swiftsure of 74 guns, one of 
the inshore squadron off Cadiz under Captain 
Troubridge, which in May 1798 was detached 
to join Rear-admiral Sir Horatio Nelson. The 
Swiftsure was thus one of that small fleet 
which during July scoured the Mediter- 
ranean and crushed the French in Aboukir 
Bay on the night of 1-2 Aug. The Swift- 
sure, with the Alexander [see Ball, Sib 
Alexander John], had been detached on 
the evening of 31 July to look into Alexan- 
dria, and was thus somewhat later than ther 
other ships in getting into action. It was 
already dark, and as she was standing in 
under a press of sail she met a ship leaving 



the battle, and Hallowell was on the point 
of firing into her. He had happily given 
strict orders that not a shot was to be fired 
till the anchor was down and the sails clewed 
up ; this strange ship was the English Bel- 
lerophon, whicn had neen compelled to haul 
off for a time. The Swiftsure took her place, 
but with better judgment, and, tosether with 
the Alexander, devoted herself to tne destruc- 
tion of L'Orient, which blew up about two 
hours later. 

AVhen Nelson returned to Naples Bay, the 
Swiftsure was one of the ships left on the 
coast of Egypt under the command of Cap> 
tain Samuel Hood, and she remained there 
for the next eighteen months. She rejoined 
Nelson at Palermo on 20 March 1799, and a 
couple of months later Hallowell astonished 
the whole fleet by sending him a coffin, cer- 
tified to be entirely made of wood and iron 
from the wreck of L'Orient, together with 
the following note, 23 May 1799 : * My lord, 
herewith I send you a coffin made of part of 
L'Orient*s mainmast, that when you are tired 
of this life you may be buried in one of your 
own trophies; but may that period be far 
distant is the sincere wish of your obedient 
and much obliged servant, Ben. HallowelL* 
It is stated, on the authority of his brother- 
in-law, that, fearing the effect of all the 
flattery lavished on his chief, he determined 
to remind him that he was mortal {Neltm 
Despatches, iii. 88) ; but the grim humour 
of the gift seems also to remind us of HaUo- 
welFs American education. 

For the next three months the Swiftsnre 
remained on the coa^t of Italy, where Hallo- 
well was actively employed, under Trou- 
bridge, in the reduction of ^int Ellmo, Capua, 
and Civita Vecchia ; in acknowledgment of 
which services he received from the king of 
Naples the order of St. Ferdinand and ^ 
Merit, and a snuffbox bearing the royal 
cipher in diamonds. Towards the end ai 
the year the Swiftsure joined Reai^-adminl 
Duckworth at Minorca, and accompanied 
him to Lisbon, on which station and off 
Cadiz she remained. In May 1800 Rear- 
admiral Sir Richard Bickerton hoisted hit 
flag on board her, and in November went in 
her to the coast of Egypt. He then trans- 
ferred his flag to the Kent, and the Swift- 
sure was in the following June sent in charge 
of a convoy to Malta. On the way thither 
Hallowell, having learnt the proximity of a 
powerful French squadron, wnich had been 
endeavouring to land troops near Tripoli, 
resolved to make the best othis way to rein- 
force Sir John Borlase Warren, and accord- 
ingly left the convoy to shifb for itselt He 
was thus alone when, on 24 June 1801| he 



&U in with the French squadraD, waa sur- 
roand^, aud caplured after an obecinatis 
reaistAnce (JiMsa. 2iasal Hixfory, 1860, iiL 
77). Hallowell was very shortly afterwards 
reloAeed on parok, and on 18 Aiig. was tried 
at Port Mahun hy a court-martial, which 
approvi^ of his conduct in evety respect, 

Snmoonced that his leaving the convoy waa 
ictal«d br sound judKinent and zeal lor the 
e of nia king and country, that the de- 



li»well had displayed great judgment in his 
endearours to avoid so superior a force. He 
■waa thereforu honourably acquitted of alt 

In 1802 HaUowell commanded the Argo 
of 44 guns on ihe coa«t of Afnco, with a 
broad pennant, and toucLins Qt Barbadoes 
on hia return to Europe, and learning there 
tbat war bod again broken out, he placed his 
Brrricce at thn dieposal of Commodore Sir 
Samuel Hood, then commanding-in-chief on 
tii« Leeward Island station. He was thus 
«Dffaged in the reduction of St. Lucia and 
Tob^O in June 1603, and was warmly 
thanked by Uood in his despatches. On his 
Tetom to England he was sent out, still in 
tile Argo, on a special mission to Aboukir. 
Hi' was afterwacds appointed to the Tigre, 
in which he joineii the fleet 00" Toulon under 
Lord NcIbou, and under his command took 
part in t]i» chase of the French fleet to the 
Wect Indies in May and June 1805, In 
Sem«mber the Tigre was with the fleet off 
Oadii, but was one of the ships detached to 
Otbndt*r under Itear-odmiral Louis onSOct., 
and had thus no share in the battle of Tra- 
bi^x. Continuing in tlie Tigre, Hallowell 
had in 1807 the command of the naval part 
of the expedition to Alexondiia ; he after- 
wards was with the fleet off Toulon and on 
the coast of Spun till his advancement to 
flagnnkon 1 Aug. 1811. In January 1813 
be hoisted hi» flag on board the Malta of 
80 guns, again in the Mediterranean, where 
he remained till the peace. lu June 1615 he 
-WM made a KC.B. During 1816-18 be was 
ooDUDonder-in-chief on the coast of Ireland, 
and became vice-admiral on 12 Aug. 1819. 
From 1821 to 1834 he was commander-in- 
dued at the Nore, with hia flag id the Prince 
liegent. On the death of his coiiain, Mrs. 
Anne Pastun Oen (^8 March 1826), he suc- 
cwded to the estates of the Oarews of Bed- 
dloffton, and pursuant to her will aseumed 
tlus name and arms of Corew, to which family, 
bowvrer, he was not in any degree related. 
The estate's had come to Mrs. Oee by the 
will of her husband's brother, and now came 
to HallDw«ll very much in the nature of a 



windfall ; but to a friend who cougrntulated 
him on it he answered, 'Half as much twenty 
years ago had indeed been a blessing : hut I 
am now old and crank.' Un 22 July 1B30 
he attained the rank of admiral, and on 
6 June 1831 was made O.C.D. He died at 
Beddington Park on 2 Sept. 1834. 

Hallowell is traditionally described as 
having been a man of gigantic frunie and 
vast personal strength, and several stories 
are told of the summary manner in which ho, 
by arm aud fist, quelled some symptoms of 
mulinv which appeared on board the Swift- 
sure wiile off Osdii;, He married in February 
1600 a daughter of Captain John Nicholson 
Iiiglc&eld, for many years commissioner of 
the navy at Gibraltar, and left issue. 

pHoTHhall'B Boy. Nay. Bio*;, ii. (voL i, pt. ii.) 
4flS : Cretit. Mug. (1S34). voi; civ, pt, ii. p. 53T : 
United Service Journal, 1S34, pt. iii. 374, and 
!e35,pt.i.S6.] J.K.I- 

CAREW, Sib EDMUNl) (1464-1513), 
soldier, was the son of 8ir Nii^holas Carew, 
baron Carew, of Mohuns Ottery, Devonshire, 
who died on 16 Nov. 1470, and grandson of 
Sir John Csrew fq. v.] The inquisition on 
his father's death stales that Edmund was 
six ^ears old at the time. According to old 
pedigrees the family was descended from one 
Adam de Montgomurie, whose son Edmund 
married the daughter of Kees ap Tudor, princ« 
of South Wales. Her sister Nesta, after 
having a natural son by Henry I, married a 
Norman named Stephen, whose son, llobert 
FitzStephen, was one of the first English 
invaders of Ireland, and obtained a grant 
of half the kingdom of Cork from Henry II 
Adam's great-great-grandson, William, baron 
of Carew, married Elizabeth, daughter and 
heiress of Robert Fitz-Stuphen. It has, how- 
ever, been shown by Sir John Maclean that 
liobert Fitz-Stephen died without issue, end 
that William, baron of Corew or do Carrio, 
was descended from Gerald Fiti-Walt*r de 
Windsor, firet husband of Nesta. Tliis Ge- 
rald was grandson of one Otho de Windsor 
in the time of the Conqueror. 

The barony and castle of Carew or Caer 
Yw in Norberth, Porobrokeahire, came to 
the family bv this marriage with the Welsh 
princess, and remained m their possession 
until Sir Edmund mortgii«cd it to Sir Rhya 
ap Thomas. His eon, Griffith ap Rhys, being 
attainted of treason in the reign of Henry VIII, 
the barony came into the possession of the 
crown, and was leased to Sir John Ferrot and 
others. In the reign of Charles I the re- 
mainder of the lease was purchased by Sir 
John Carew, and the fee-simple was there- 
upoQ granted to liim by the king. The family 



Carew 50 Carew 

rif Carew was also allit^ hv marriaz^ to the unexpected accidents, he underwent extnr 

Counenaya, and Sir John Xiaclean narrate? ordinaiy perils, but God freed him firom them, 

(but grives no authontT > that Carew ot&cia'ed and he performed his duty in acceptable 

at the biinal of William Court enay. earl of manner/ On 21 Dec. 1599 he was appointed 

Devon, in 1511. ridiiur up the nave of Exeter a master in chancers and held that prefer- 

Cathedral in armour, and oiferinj the d'i'ad ment until his death m 1612. Astheyouncer 

earl's battle-axe to the bi«hop in the choir. son of an influential CoiYiish family and a 

Carew wa> an adherent of Henry VTI, leading courtier he had little difficulty in 
and was kni>:hTed at the battle of B^^s worth obtainmg a seat in parliament for one of the 
Field for his val'iur. In 1497 he marched numerous boroughs in Cornwall. He sat 
to the relief of Exeter whon that city was for St. Germans m 1584, for Sal tash in 1586, 
btsieped by the pretender Perkin AVarbeok, 15S>, 1593. and for St. Germans a?ain in 
and he lost his life in the service of Einf 1597 and 1601. The honour of kni^thood 
Henry's son and !iiioces?or, beine killed by a was conferred upon him at Whitehall 23 Jidy 
shot in Lord Ht-rbert's tent at the sieffe of 16Ct3. on the eve of the coronation of James I, 
Th^rouanne on 22 June 1513. The only other and in the followinfr year he was nominated 
public service in which he is known to have to a place in the commission to arrange the 
been engaged was going to meet the com- affair? of the union of the two countries of 
missioners from France who came to treat England and Scotland. At the close of 16(^ 
for peace in 1492. He married Katherine. Caivw was sent as ambassador to the court 
dnuehter of Sir William Uuddlestield of of France, where he remained until July 
Shillingford. solicit or-genoral and :iTtomey- 1609. when the French ministers, who re- 
general to Edward TV. Tl^Mr issue was four garded himasa friend to the Spanish interests, 
sons and four daughters. The former were : were not displeased at his return to England. 
William, father of Sir Peter Cart^w "o. v.~: After considerable competition from other 
Thomas, of Bickleigh; Geoige. dean of Exeter seekers after office he secured in June 1613 
and Windsor, father of George, earl of Totnes the high and lucrative place of master of the 
[q. Y." : and Gawen, ob. i5^3, s. p. The court of wards, which was vacant by the 
daughters wer*?: D^^rothy, married to John death of Lord Salisbury. The reason for 
Stowell; Kathmne, marrie<l to Sir Philip this creat promotion was assigned by some 
Champemoun : Isabel and Ann. to his wife's influence with the queen, by 

[Macleans Life of Sir P^ter Carew : Princes ^^^^^ ^^ ^^f ^^^^ ^^ ^ord Rochester, and 

Worthies of I^.-von. p. 204 : PolwheleV Devon- ^^ '^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ''^^ Currently reported to 

shiro, i. 2o4 : Cirli^le's Top. Dici. of W.iles: ^«^^ P«*«^^ d^" ^"^^ ^^^ place. Amonir the 

Lewis's Top. Diet, of W.ilos ; Tnckett*s Devon- Latin epigrams of John Owen is one (bk. vi 

shire Peiligrois. p. 123: Gairdners Henry VII. No. '20) to the effect that while the king 

ii.291 : HerV-ert's Hist, of Enirland.p. 15: Inqr.is. committed to Carew the care of the wards, 

post Mortem, 11 FAw. IV. No. 38. 2 Kic. III. he showed himself to have a care for Caiew's 

^'o- -**•] C. T. M. merits. In August 1612 he was a member 

CAREW, ELIZABETH, Lidt. ^See of the commission for raising money for our 
Carey, Elizabeth, Lady." ' soldiers m Benmark. and with that appomt- 
' ment his official bfe was over. On Iridav, 

CAREW, Sir GEORGE (d. 1012\ law- 13 Nov. 1612, he died, * in reasonable caw, 



his brother, * he gathered such fruit as the Casaubon. styled Carew * vir amplissimiu et 

university, the inns of court, and foreicm sapientia et eruditione, et pietate pnestan- 

travel could yield him.' After his return tissimus.' De Thou or Thuanus esteemed 

from abroad he was called to the Iwr. obtain- him highlv and made use in book cxxi. of the 

ing the post of secretary to Lord-chancellor history oi his own times of Cat^w^s nana* 

Ilatton, and on Hatton's decease lield the tive of events in Poland. Car^w's intimacy 

same office, * by ^pecial recommendation from with Casaubon is further shown in the ftot 

Queen Elizabeth/ under Sir John Pucker- that in November 1612 his wife was god- 

mg and Sir Thomas Efferton, keepers of mother to Casaubon's child. On Carew's 

the great seaL Through the same royal return from the French embassy in 1609 he 

favour Carew was made a prothonotary in drew up and addi^ssed to James I * a idi- 

chMicery, and in lo93 was despatched on an tion of the state of France/ which has bees 

embassy to Brunswick, Sweden, Poland, and much commended for its simple and ua- 

Danzig. While on this mission, 'through affected stvle. This tract zemained inmaAO- 



■B of Ilory Ope O'Mure iii ibe following 
I year, when LeigUlin Ca«Ue waa gerioualy 
1741). j menaced, was rewnrded with a small pi 



Ipctcd by t'art-w a volmnt" of 'IteportB 

Cb'io-'s in f^iancery,' whlcli was printed 

1.i,-.n n;iL.-,,„,i,UB20. Many of Ilia letters 

<< >l pilit.ici&ns of h>» time an- p 

i ■ public and nrirat* Vilraries of 

: trticularaof Uiem will be foiind 

.1 Poiirlney'a 'BibliothecaComu- 

Ijii-n-i.-;,' v'J. Lit Two of them are printed 

in Brewer's edition of Bishop Goodman' 

* Court of Kinjr James I,' ii. 97-103. Carew' 

jinr,>L'-;ipli ifrncludrd in J. G. Nichola's'Col- 

I . AutographB' (1829), sheet 8 D. 

1 1 QflUKilDgiat, Tii. 93, 575-S; 

ind Times of James I, i. 174-S, 

.\ L'lU; Viaitition of Cornwall (Harl. 

(>«. .. IP- -B, SI ; R.Carew's Survey of ComwiOl 

i«X. 1«11). p. 17*; Notes uDd Queries, 2DdMr., 

Ti. 438(1868).] W, P. C. 

CAKBW, nEORGE, Bibok CiBEw op 

Ctorros and Eajil of Totkbs (1G55-1639), 

BtMtcsman, liie son of Gborhb Casew, dean 

of Windsor, by hta wife Anne, daughter of 

Sir Nirh'ildB Harvey, wna horn on 29 May 

1.i."i \t, Mder brotlier waa named Peter. 

' ' 'III' IhirdsonofSirEdmundCarew 

■i:iiedB.A. at Broadgat^a Hall, 

I "■i'"2 ; was archdeacon of Totnes, 

J 1 hendary of Bath and Wells, 

!itorofEifiter.l649: preb«adary 

. 1 565 ; archdeacon of Exeter, 

■ ' ; dean of Bristol, 5 Nov. 1Q62, 
' .i^ejectt^ in 1653, Tesumine the 
M L'aasionof Eliabeth, and filing 

precentor of Salisbury, 1558; 

ritLTfa and WpIIs, 1560 and 1665; 

tchurch, Oxford, 1559-ei ; dean 

.1 Windsor, 1500-77; dean of 

' ITe died in Jane 1663, and wa« 

. hiurh of 8t. Giles-in-the-Fielda 

■'■■ OroTi, ed. Bliss; Lb Nhte, 

" I'—fii Wfthiumati, p. 7). 

' 1-^ educated, like the 

' IifII (afterwards Pem- 

, wlierfhestayedfroni 

-.■a'atedM.A.ata1ater 

. l.'bSii. From an ejirly ago he 

■ lI'lomilitafypurBiiita. In 1674 

■ ■' iiBTvioo of W Urat cousin. Sir 

). V. . ill Ireland. In 1675 he 

III I be army in Ireland 

' , ?md after lillinv the 

I rri»on in Leighmi for 

' in the absence of his 

■,vi,.a jippointnd lieulenant-go- 

,,■ caunty of Cariow and vice- 

l.-.>ii{UUn Coatle in 1ST6. His 

L-II1 ni 'i-iii.^ iimijfMiiltfMlatfcink twi tihantihnl 



("BsowELL, IritiA unAr thf Tutors, ii. 343), 
In 1578 he held a captaincy in the royal 
nnry, and made a Toyn^ in the ship of Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert. In 1579 and 1580 he 
was at the bead first of a regiment of Iriah 
infantry and afterwards of a regiment of 
cavalry in Ireland. He was made constable 
of Leighlin-brid^ Castle in 1580, on the 
death (in a skirmish, ^5 Aug., with the Irish) 
of hia brother Peter ^State Paper/, Ireland, 
lutv. 83). Shortly afterwards Carew killed 
with bis own hand several Irishmen suspected 
of slaying his brother, and was seven-ly cen- 
sured by the home government for hia impe- 
tuosity. The queen, however, showed much 
liking for him, and the Cecils were bis friends. 
He became gentlenian-pessioner to Queen 
Elieabeth in 1683; aberifl ofCarlowinl583; 
and was knighted bv hia firiend the lord deputy 
of Ireknd.Sir John Perrott, on 24 Feb. 1685- 
1686. In 1586 Carew was at the Englisli 
court trying to indicate to the queen's ad- 
visers the terrible dilEoulties alttinding; Eng- 
lish rule in Ireland. He returned in the 
following year to assume Che office of miLSteF 
of the ordnance in Ireland, to which he woa 
appointed (1 Feb. 1687-8) on bis declining 
the offer of the French embassy. On 25 Aug. 
1690 Oarewwas promoted to the post of Irah 
privy councillor, hut on 23 Aug. 1593 he 
resigned the mastership of the ordnance in 
Ireland, on becoming lieutenant-^neral of 
the ordnance in England. In this capacity 
he took part in Essex's expedition to Cadix in 
May 1598, and in that to the Azores in the 
following year, and went for a short time to 
France as ambassador in May 1698, when hia 
companion waa Sir Robert Cecil. At the bo- 
?innmg of 1599 his presence in Ireland was 
indispensable. Un 1 March 1 596-9 he was 
appointed treasurer at war on the death of 
Sir Henry Wallop, and on 27 Jan. 1699-1000 
he became president of Munater. At the 
time the whole of Ireland waa convulsed by 
the great rebellion of CNeU, earl of Tyrone. 
Essex's attempt to crush it failed miserably, 
and Oarew's relations with the Cecils did not 
make his advice congenial to Essex ; but on 
Essex's recall in September 1699 Carew, who 
had already been suggested as a competent 
lord-deputy, took hia iilac* m lord-justice, 
and held the post till the following January, 
when Lord Mountjoy was nominated Essex's 



lent Moun^oy [see Bloitnt, Ciubleb, 1663- 
-j (.[ijgjy enabled the latter to suppreae 
evolt. At Kinsale he did aapecialser- 

Ww, led tim Bueeeiaf 111 uida ha ibmIo tm 



Carew 



52 



Carew 



neighbouring castles effectuaUy prevented 
the SpaniardB from landing in the country 
after their ejection. Like all contemporary 
English officials in Ireland, he ruthlessly 
drove his victory home, and the Irish pea- 
santry of Munster were handled with the 
utmost rigour. As soon as Ireland was paci- 
fied, Carew sought to return to England. His 
health was failing, and the anxieties of his 
office were endless, but while Elizabeth lived 
his request was overlooked. On Lord Mount- 
joy's resignation of the lord-deputyship in 
May 1603, Carew was allowed to retire, and 
Sir Henry Brounckor was promoted to the 
presidency of ^lunster. James I on his ac- 
cession treated him with marked attention. 
Early in October 1603 he became Queen 
Anne's vice-chamberlain, and a few days later 
( 10 Oct.) the receiver-general of her revenues. 
He was M.P. for Hastings in the parliament 
w^hich met in 1604, and appointed councillor 
to the queen on 9 Aug. 1004. On 4 June of 
the year following he was created Baron 
Carew of Clopton House, near Stratford-on- 
Avon, the property of his wife Anne, daughter 
of William Clopton, whom he married in 1680. 
On 26 June 1608 he was nominated master 
of the ordnance, and held the post till 5 May 
1617. He was keeper of Nonsuch House 
and Park in 1609, of which he was reap- 
pointed keeper for life 22 May 1019, coun- 
cillor of the colony of Virginia (23 May 
1609), governor of Guernsey (February 
1609-10), commissioner to reform the army 
and revenue of Ireland (1611), a privy coun- 
cillor (19 Jul^ 1616), member of the im- 
portant council of war to consider the ques- 
tion of recovering the Palatinate (21 April 
1624), and treasurer-general to Queen Iien- 
rietta Maria (1626). Carew visited Ireland 
in 1610 to report on the condition of the 
country, with a view to a resettlement of 
Ulster, and described Ireland as improving 
rapidly and recovering from the disasters of 
the previous century. In 1618 he pleaded 
with James I in behalf of Sir Walter Kaleigh, 
with whom he had lived for more than thirty 
years on terms of ^:reat intimacy, and Lady 
Carew proved a kmd friend to Raleigh's fa- 
mily after the execution. In 1621 Carew 
received, jointly with Buckingham and Cran- 
field, a monopoly for the manufacture of gun- 
powder. At the funeral of James I in 1626 he 
was attacked with palsy, which nearly proved 
fatal. But he recovered sufficiently to re- 
ceive a few marks of favour from Charles I, 
to whose friend Buckingham he had attached 
himself. Carew was created earl of Totnes 
on 5 Feb. 1626-0. In the following month 
the House of Commons, resenting the action 
of the council of war in levying money for the 



support of Mansfeld's disastrous expedition, 
threatened to examine each of its members 
individually. Totnes expressed his readiness 
to undergo the indignity and even to suffer 
imprisonment in older to shelter the king, 
who was really aimed at by the commons, 
but Charles proudly rejected Totnes's offer 
and prohibited any of the council from ac- 
ceding to the commons' orders. The earl 
died on 27 March 1629 at his house in the 
Savoy, London, and was buried in the church 
of Stratford-on-Avon, near Clopton House. 
An elaborate monument was erected above his 
grave by his widow, with a long inscription 
detailing his military successes (Dugdale, 
I Warwickshire, 1730, li. 68^-7). He left no 
children. Anne Carew, whose second hus- 
band was Sir Allen Apsley, lieutenant of the 
Tower [q. v.], was daughter of his brother, 
Peter. Tne £arl of Totnes, whose name was 
often written Carey, must not be confounded 
with Sib Qeobge Cabey (or CABT)of Cock- 
ington, treasurer at war in Ireland in 1586^ 
lord justice on Mountjoy*8 departure in 1003, 
and lord deputy of Ireland from 30 May lOOS 
to 3 Feb. 1603-4, who died in February 1617. 

Carew had antiquarian tastes, and was the 
friend of Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, and 
Sir Thomas Bodley. Camden thanked Carew 
in his * Britannia ' for the aid he had given 
him in Irish matters (ed. Gibson, 1772, iL 
338). In Irish history Carew took a vivid 
interest. His papers inspired the detailed ac- 
count of the Irish revolt (169d-1602), which 
was published after his death, in 1633, under 
the title of ' Pacata Hibemia, or the History 
of the late Wars in Ireland.' The virtnu 
author of this book, which has often been 
ascribed to Carew himself^ is undoubtedlv 
Sir Thomas Stafford, reputed to be Cazews 
illegitimate son, who had served under Carew 
in Munster. Wood states that Carew also 
wrote the history of the reign of Heniy V 
which is incorporated in Spec's ' Chronick,' 
and in a volume entitled * Hibemica,' pub- 
lished by W^alter Harris in 1747, are two 
translations by Carew, one of a French vei^ 
sion of an old Irish poem of the fourteenth 
century, ' The History of Ireland by Manrioe 
Began, servant and interpreter to Dennod 
MacMurrough, king of Leinster,' and the 
other of a French contemporary account of 
Richard II's visit to Irelaoid in 1389. 

Carew carefully preserved and annotated 
all letters and papers relating to Ireland of 
his own day, and purchaser numbers of 
ancient documents. He spent much of hii 
leisure in constructing pedifrees of IriA 
families, many of which in nis own haad 
are still extant. He bequeathed his maun- 
scripts and books to Staffitrdy fiom idun 



thej parsed to -irrhbisliop Laud. Forty-two 
Tolumos of Carew's manuscripts relat ing to 
Iri«h nAkirs wen; placed b; Laud in the Lam- 
betb Iiibniy, and four ore in the Laudian 
eollL-ctian at the Bodleian ; aeveral of the 
volwnes are now lost. Others of Carew's 
^pere &ro among the Hajleian MSS. at the 
British Muwum, at the Slate Paper Office, 
and at nalfiuld. Calendars of the Lambetli 
documents, dating from 1 51 5, hare been issned 
ia the official series of Stat« Paper Calendars, 
under the editorship of J. S. Brewer and 
WiUiwn Boilen. A number of Sir Robert 
Cedl's letters to Carew, during the tirae that 
C&ww was president of MunsCer, have been 

K'nl«d fmra the originals at Lambeth by the 
mdpn Society (1864_, edited by John Mac- 
lean), The same aociety has also printed 
Cmcw's letters to Sir Thomas Hoe, 1615-17. 
These Toliuncs, although very valuable for 
general historical purposes, contribute little 
to CareVfl biojrraphy. A portrait of Carew 
is pTofixed to 'Pacata Uiberma.' 

ilkifle's Official Baronago, iii. 637-9 ; Burko^s 
Esunct Pwrnge; Grangerj Biog. Hiat. ii. 133; 
■Woods Ath«nae Oion. ed. Blisa, ii. 446-62; 
Arcluc'ilugin. liL 401 Bt>q.; Introduction to the 
Qir«wM88.Caleridan;Mndeaa'BUtteniofCaro» 
IaRm (IHeO. Camd. Soc.); Notes and QuerieB, 
Snd mr. ri. 436; Hendd aiui Oeijealogiiit , Tti. 
19^26, 67fi-fl: Cal.of State Papers, Dom. 1690- 
1830; Cal. of State Paper*, Irish, 16BD-1629; 
Gardioer'B Hiiit. of England ; Bi og. Bri t. ( K i ppis).] 

CAREW, Sib JOHN (A 1362), justiciar 
^ Irvlaad, appears to have been the grandson 
of Sir Nicholas Carew, lord of Mule^ord in 
Bcrkshife (Pari. Writ*, i. 103, 104), and son 
ofSirJobn Carew, who married, first, Eleanor, 
daughter of Sir William Mohun (d. 1296PI, 
in whom right her husband became lord of 
Uohims Ottt-ry, Stoke Flemiuit, and other 
manura in Dc^vouBhire ; secondlr, Johanna 
or Joan, Mcordiog to Prince the daughter of 
Gilbert, hjr.l Talbot (see also Cal. Geneal. ii. 
MS, &17; Cal. big. pott Wort. i. 1-%, 308 ; 
AUrw. Sot. Orv/. ii. 38, 140). The elder 
KrJchnCarew seems to have died in 1323-4 
(C /. P. At. i. 308), leaving a son bearing the 
aame namif.nnd probably the ofepring of his 
Aral in»rris,ei- iPrimce; but cf. the genealo- 
gim in PatLtJi^ and Macleaitb, which make 
the younger Sir J, Oarow son of Joan, and 
only heir to the Mohnn estates on the death 
af his elder brother Nicholas in 13241. His 
■widow, Joan, in later rears one of Queen Phi- 
l^pn'iludieNjWasstilllivinginJunelaSS. On 
hiafalher'adetilli the younger John Carew was 
Still a minor, us appears from the fine levied 
npoD him two years later (1326-7) ' 
■■ 'fof ill 




.ulesford 



Mjmor(.^Mref.2('o(,iL38,300). He perhaps 
comeor a4;e in 1332, when he was summoned 
to Ireland to defend his estAtee, and D[iven tlie 
custody of three ' villffi' in Devonshire (Lib. 
Man. Bib. iv. 82; Abbrev. Eat. Ong. ii. 64). 
The name of Sir Jwm Carow docs not, however, 
appear prominently till 13-1&-134H, when hu 
was appointed one of the three < custodes pacis' 
for the county of Carlfiw, and about the same 
time entrusted to negotiate with the Irish 
rebels. In ISlShewasking'seacbeator inlr»- 
land, and during the course of the same vear 
was chosen to succeed Walter de Binoingham 
as justiciar, an office which, however, he hi'ld 
barely a. year (Z, M. H. ii. 197; Gilbert, 
Ficeroj^«,205), aswefiud Sir Thomas Kokeby 
occupying the post in December, In 1352, 
L^S, and 1356 be reappears with the title of 
' Eaeheator Hibemite.^ Shortly after {1359) 
he WAS summoned to attend a great council 
at Wnterford (/mA Clote RalU, 11), and in 
1361 was called to Westminster to consult 
on the projected Irish expedition of Lionel, 
anerwards duke of Clarence, who bad mar- 
ried the heiress of the Earla of Ulster (Ki- 
KEB, vi. 319). He appears to have accom- 
panied the prince on this occasion, and to 
have died a year lat«r, in 1362 {Cat. Ing. 
post Mart. 247), or, according to Princes 
account, on 16 May 1363. He married, if 
we may trust the last authority, Margaret, 
daughter of John, lord Mohun of DunaCar, 
by whom he had two sons: John, who is vari- 
ously reported to have died before Calais 
(? 1347) and in 1363 (Macleans and Phil- 
lips), and Leonard, who perhaps died in 1370 
(C I. P. M. ii. 303), and was succeeded by 
his son, Thouas Cabew, a noted warrior in 
the early years of the ueit century. This 
Thomas, baron Carew, must have been a 
minor at the time of his fathers death (Irith 
Rollf, 866), and it h not till the rei^ of 
Henry IV and Henry V that ho begins to 
figure prominently as a statesman and a sol- 
dier. His mother is said to have been Alice, 
daughter of Sir Edmond Fitzalon (pMiitiPS 
and MACLEA9S). According to Prince he was 
present at the battle of .A.gincourt, but his name 
IB not tJi be found in the 'RoU'published by 
Sir Harris Nicolas. The same authority tells 

that he was made captain of Harfleur,Bnd 
appointed to defend a poseoge over the Seine 

enenryV, Heisprobably to be identified 
it h the Baron Carew who was commissioned 

guard the Channel at the lime of the Em- 
peror Sigismund's visit to England (Wil- 
-JAiia, Gata Henrid V, 93 n.), and with the 
Thomas Carew, Chevalier,' who is found 
It the head of a large number of men-at-arms 
in 1417, 1418, and 1423 {Privy CmincilAcU, 
ii. and iii.; Norman Polle). He married 



Carew S4 Carew 




left a son Nicholas, baron Carow, &thor of! followinj^ jear was summoned to the restored 
Sir Mmund Ciirew [q. v.], whose younger house of parliament, but on 30 Sept. I60& 
sons founded the families of Carew at llac- , he was subjected to a fine of 100/., presum- 
comb<?and Antony (Phi LLii»s). IWsides thoir , ably for non-attendance during its deliben- 
English estates, the Carews lield largo landed tions. At the l^t oration he left Cornwall 
possi^ssioiis ill In>laiid, esiK'cially the barony for London in obedience to the orderof pap- 
of Idrono in Carlow; but those apiH'ar to have liament that all the king's judges should 
boon lost for the most part in the course of surrender within fourteen days, ajnd was u- 
the fourteenth coiitur}-. j rested on his way, though the officer reiiued 

[Prince's Worthies of Devon, ed. 1701, 149, *^ detain him in consequence of an error in 
160; GillHjrtK Viccn>y8 of Ireland, 20.5, 217; the description. In his progress to London 
Liber Munerum Publ. HiberniiD (L. M. H.), ed. Carew was often insulted by the mob, some 
LoHcolleH, i-iv; Close and Patent Itolls of Ire- of whom cried out, 'This is the rogue wba 
land ; Caleudariuni Inquisitioiium post Mortem will have no king but Jesus,' and as he wu 
(C. I. P. M.), i-iv. ; Abbreviationea Kotulonim equally obnoxious to parliament on account 
Originalium, i. ii. ; Parliamentary AVrits, i. ii. ; ot the fer\-our with which he held the reli- 
Culondarium Genoalojricuni, al Itoberts, ii. 639, gious opinion of the fifth monarchists, he 
647; Proceedings and Orilinancos of the Privy ^^s, by eighty votes to seventy, excluded 
Counol. ed. Nicolas, 1. 11. 111. ; Collins si ei'mge. f^^ ^^^ Indemnity BilL While in London 
ed. Krydgcs 111. 3; Life of Sir Peter Om»w,e.l. ^^ ^.^^ ^^.^^^ ^ opportunities of €^ 
Madeano ; Nonnan Rolls ap. Ketx>nl Re^Hirts, , , rpfuRAd to nvail him«»lf of 

xli. 7.6. 717. 720; PUUlip»s IVUgn..] S. ^fo t aft^l^ 't^e S SJ 

• • * on 12 Oct. 1660. Wlien asked, * Are you 

CAREW, JOHN (d. 1600), n-gicide, was guilty or not guilty P ' he answered, « Saving 
the oldest son of Kichard (""arew of Antony . to our Lord Jesus Christ his right to the 
in Cornwall, by liis stH.H)nd wife, of tlie family ! government of these kingdoms.' He end«- 
of Kolle of Ileanton in Devonshins and was voured to prove that his acta were done under 
consequently the half-brother of Sir Alex- the authority of parliament, and asserted 
ander Carew [q. v.] Ho is said to have that he did his part * in the fear of the holy 
been educated at one of the universities, and and righteous Lord, the judge of the earth.' 
to have bi»en a student at the inns of court. The jury of course found nim guilty, and on 
When the loyalist members for the Cornish , 15 C)ct. he was drawn on a hurdle from New- 




plent iful est at e * i n t he et)unty , was eUnjIked fered deat h with great 
into one of the vacant seats, and he was one After he had been quartere<I and his bowels 
of the commissioners who receivini Charles I burnt, his head and quarters were drawn 
at lloldenby in 1G46. He was appointed naked and bare through the streets back to 
one of the king's jiulgt\s, sat every day in : Newgate. His quarters should have been 
the court, and signed the warrant for the exposed on the city gates, but they were *by 
execution of Charles. His name is found a great favour ' granted to his brother l«r 
amon^ the meml)ers of the third council of the king, and in * the same night obscurely 
state in December 1651; he was reapiwinted buried.* Carew was a republican without 
in the succeedinfj council, and was one of guile and reproach. 

the civilians serxing in the larger body in . [Cobbetts State Trials, v. 1004, 104M8. 
1653. In the parliament of Um he a^m 1237-57; Nobles Regicides, i. 124-35; 6» 
had a place, but as his opinions were agamst ifetes Lives of Actors of Murder of Charlef I: 
a temporal monarchy and he disapproved of Masson's Milton, vols. iv. v. vi. ; Ludlow's Me- 
CromwelVs seizing the throne, Carew was, moirs (1771), pp. 207, 238, 394, 402-6; Bone 
early in 1655, summoned lH.»fort» the council and Courtney's BibLComub. ii. 470-2, iii. 1110.] 
of state and imprisoned in St. Mawes Castle W. P. C. 

on the ground that he would not pledge him- CAREW, JOHN EDWARD (1785?- 
self to abstain from taking part against Crom- | 1S68), sculptor, was bom at Waterford about 
well and his government. After a short stay 1 1785. He received some instruction in art 
in confinement he was released, but he re- . at Dublin, and afterwards came to London, 
mained in retirement on his estates, and even . In 1809 he became an assistant to Sir Richtid 
his slanderers after the Restoration acknow- 1 Westmacott, the sculptor, remaining with 
ledged that he made no attempt at any period ■ him till 1823. During the lait ten or twelva 



b that he was with Westmucott be was 
IWeiTing from 800t to 1,000/. a year u 
aataiy, and hud also & studio of tus own. In 
1823 Carew was introduced to Lord Egre- 
moat, who invited bim to devote his talents 
ftlnuMt excluEiviily to his service. From that 
ytu until 1631 Corew, who continued to live 
m London, was employed on various works 
for his new patron. Itk 1831 he eEtabliehed 
hinself in Brighton, and waa freqnentlf at 
Lord Egremont'a house at Pelworth. In 
18S& ho went to live at Grove House, near 
Petwoith, a residrnce granted him bj Egre- 
mODt at ft nominal Knt.and there he remained 
until hifl pftlron's death in November 1837. 
Between lS-23 and 1837 Carew was occu- 
pied in producing varioua groups, statues, 
linst«, &c., in marble, many of which were 
nude espressly for Lord Egremont for Pet- 
woith. The most important of these works 
v«i« a statue of Huskisson, erected in Chi- 
cbMt«r Csl.bedral; an altajvpiece (the 'Bap- 
tum of our Saviour ') for the Homan catho- 
lic chapel at Brighton ; a statue called 
'Aretbum,' and another caUed 'The Fal- 
coner;' a statue of Adonis; a group of Vul- 
cut and Venus ; a group of Prometheus, and 
boeu of various private persons. He first 
appoartxl as an exhibitor at the Royal Aca- 
demy in ltl30, when he sent 'Model of a 
Gladiator,''Bear in the Arena,' and 'Theseus 
and Minotaur.' In each of the years 1832, 
1834, and 1835 ha also sect two busts to 



tlwt will, made a claim upon the estate of 
HOfiOOL, a sum due to him (according to his 
Oonl«ntion) for i-nrious works supplied to 
E^mont. Thisclaimwaa resisted by Egre- 
mont's executors, and Carew accordingly 
brought an action against them to recover 
his IK>,U0O/. The cause (Carew n. BurreU 
and uiotiit'r) was tried at the Sussex spring 
awiMS held at Lewes on 18 March 1840. 
Comwel for the pbinliif called Sir R. Weal- 
aacott and Sir Francis Chantrej. I»th of 
whom spoke of Carew's Petworth statues as 
worics of the highest talent ; and for these 
Statues, Carew's counsel alWed, no direct 
payments hnd ever been made, though the 
acnlptor hud abandoned a lucrative profes- 
rion in orderto work entirely for Lord Egre- 
mont, In reply to this the defendants as- 
anted tliat Egremont had during his lifetime 
paid-'iijrv si\-|i.iic./ which he ever owed to 
Cb^' ■ '' ' ' ■■; liipy had succeeded 

ill ' ''~2li, 7».M. paid by 

Ei.'' < (he receipt of these 

di'-ii'i 11 Intiquently forced to 

u^'ii'NiiiiMiD also contended that 
u oi' i,7iMi. had been paid; that 



of the works were not ordered by Egre- 
mont but by others; and tliat the plaintilTa 
business as a aculiitor had been ijisignificant, 
Plaintitr's counsel was compelled to agree to 
a nonsuit fur his client. After the trial 
Oarew was declared insolvent, and in De- 
cember 1841, and in Januarv, February, and 
May 1&12, his pecuniary u/tairs had to un- 
dei^ a further searching exatninatlon in the 
bankruptcy court. 

In 1S39 Carew exhibited at the Academy 
a marble bas-relief, 'The Good Samaritan ;* 
in 1842 an ' Angel ' from a monumental 
group; and in 1843, 1849, and 184S some 
busts. In addition to these works, he exe- 
cuted B statue of Kean, a well-known statue 
of ' Whjttingrton listening to the London 
Bells,' and designed 'The Death at Nelson at 
Trafalgar,' one of the four reliefs in bronia 
which decorate the pedestal of Nelson's 
column in Trafalgar Square. During his lat^ 
ter years Carew was living in London, but 
an increasing dimness of eyesight interfered 
with his work as a sculptor. He died on 
30 Nov. 1868. Carew waa married, andwas 
the father of several children. 

[Roport of the Trial of tho Ovoso Carew againat 
BurreU, London, 1840; Rcpiirt ot the Froceed- 
ing» in the Comt tor the llelief of InsolvBut 
Deblors in the matter of John Edward Cori^w, 
London, 1843 (both roporta privately printed 
from tho shorthaad writurs' noteit) ; Man of the 
Time, ISea, I86B, 1BS4; Redgrave's Diet, of 
Artists : Naglar's KiiiiBtler-Loxikoii, 1(135.] 

W.W. 

CAREW, 8iB MATTHEW (d. 1618), 



Wymond Carow of Antony, Cornwall, treo- 
surer of the first-fruits and tenths, by Martha 
Denny, sister of Sir Anthony Denny. He waa 
educated at Westminster School, undt>r Alex- 
ander Nowell, and proceeded to Trinity Col- 
lege, where he became a fellow and remained 
in residence for ten years. On determining lo 
adopt the law as hLs profession in life, Carew 
repaired to Louvaiu, and continued studying 
there and at other universities on the continent 
for twelveyears. Hi a next step was to ac- 
company I^nry, earl of Arundel, into Italy 
OS interpreter, and to return with the earl to 
England. CIsrew than entered upon practice 
in the court of arches, and ultimately be- 
came master in chancery, a position which 
he held so long as to be styled in 1602 one 
of the'ancienteBl' masters, and to justify his 
being knighted on 23 Jidy 160S, before the 
coronation of James I. His wife was Alice, 
eldest daughter of Sir John lUvers, knight, 
lord mayor of London, and widow of one 
Ingpenny ; hy her Carew had numerous 



Carew 



56 



Carew 



children. lie was buried at St. DunstanV 
in-the-AVost on '2 Au^. 1618, the main inci- 
dents in his career being described in a me- 
morial tablet in the church, and his name 
being kept in remembrance by a charitable 
bequest lor the poor of the ]mrish. At the 
close of his life Carew was involved in 
trouble. Tliere was a rumour in January 
1613 that he would be 'cozened' of eight or 
nine thousand ]H>unds thn^ugh the fraud of 
a ])erson in whom he nuwsed great confi- 
dence, and a little later his eldest son was 
engaged in a ouam»l with one Captain Os- 
borne, * and, wliether thro' him or another 
Car}', poor Osl>ome was slain.* 

[Court and Times of James I. i. 220, 330 ; 
Collect. Toix»g. et GoneiiL v. 20e>-8 ; Bibl. Topog. 
Britt. i. 30; Herald jiiul GeneaK^st, vii. 675; 
Visit, of Cornwall (Harl. Soc. 1874), \\ 33.] 

W. P. C. 

CAREW, Sir NICITOL-VS {d. 1539), 
master of the horse to llenr\' VIII, was the 
head of the younger branch of a very ancient 
family which tract^d its descent back to the 
Conquest, though the surname, derived from 
Carew in IVmbn^keshire, dates onlv from the 
days of King John. The vounger branch had 
been established at l^H.\dington in Surrey 
fri>m the time of Kdward III. Sir Richanl 
Carew, father of Sir Nicholas, was cri»ated 
by Henry VII a knight -bannen^t at the battle 
of lUackheath, and was sheriff of Surrev in 
15C)1. Nicholas was probably bom in the 
last decade of the fiftiM*nth century. In 1513 
he was asstxriated with his father in a grant 
fn^m the c^^w^l of tlie olHce of lieutenant 
of Calais Castle, which they wen* to hold in 
sur^-ivorship {Cal. ii^tate i^;)frj», Ilen. VIII, 
vol. i. No. 4570V In the same year he at- 
tended Henry VIII in his invasion of France, 
and rt^ceived a ' coat of rivet ' of the king's 
gilt at Th6n-»uanne {ih. No. 4(Ui*V In De- 
cemlxT 1514 he married Klizalxnh, daughter 
of ITiomas Rryan, victM.*hamberlain to Ca- 
therine of Arragon {^iK ii. No. 1S50. and 
p. 146(>V At this time he was st]uire of the 
king's Ixxly, and is also called one of the 
king's * cA-j^herers,' which a[ji>ears to mean 
cupbearers, in which capacity he had an 
annuity of ;K> marks given hm by patent 
on 6 Nov. 151 5 i ih. No. 1 1 16: siv also p. 874). 
At his marriage lands wen* settU»d up^-^n him 
and his wife in "Wallington, Carshalton, 
Beddington, Woodmansteme.AVoodcote, and 
Mitcham. in Surrey (^/A. Nivs. 1850. :2161). 
In 1517 his name is mentioneii as cupbearer 
at a great banquet given by the king at 
Greenwich on 7 Julv in honour of theam- 
bassadors of young Cliarles of Castile, after- 
wards the Emperor Charles A' (f A. No. S446>. 
This is the fi»t occasion on which we find 



him designated knight; and on 18 Dec. 
following, he being then knight of the roytl 
body, was appointed keeper of the manor 
of t'leasaunce in East Greenwich, and of 
the park there. That he was a favourite with 
Henry VIII both at this time and lonff afte^ 
wards there is no doubt whatever. We learn 
from Hall, the chronicler, that early in the 
eleventh year of the reign (whien means 
about May 1519) he and some other young 
men of the privy chamber who had been in 
France were oanished from court by an order 
of the council for being too familiar witk 
the king. Hall's ' Chronicle ' is so accurate 
throuirhout in respect of dates, that we may 
take It for granted he is right here also; 
and, indeed, what he says is in perfect keep- 
ing with our knowledge from other sources. 
But in that case it must be observed that 
this was not the first occasion on which the 
council had insisted on his removal from the 
king's presence, for on HT March 1518 the 
scholar Pace writes to Wolsev, * Mr. Carev 
and his wife be returned to the king's grace 
— too soon after mine opinion ' (16. No. 4034). 
The king was still voung and loved youoff 
companions, but he ^ew well how to guara 
himself against over-familiarity, and could 
fireelv allow any such cases to be corrected 
bv his council while enjoying to the full the 
pleasures of the moment. On 11 Aug. of 
the same year he and Sir Henry Gail(Sbrd 
' had each of them from the standing ward- 
robe six yards of blue cloth of gold towards 
a base and a trapper, and fifteen yards of white 
cloth of silver damask to perform another 
base and trapper for the king s justs appointed 
to be at Greenwich upon' the arrival of the 
Flinch ambassadors * (Axstis, Order af ilit 
Garter^ i. :?41V Frequent mention is made 
of him even l^efore this time in jousts and 
revels at the court (Cal. ii. 1500-1, 150S-^| 
1507-10; Hall, Cftn>/ifW^, 581). 

In 151t^l9 he was sheriff of Surrey and 
Sussex, his name being found on the com- 
mission of the peace for the former county 
fr^tm this time onward {^CaL ii. Nos. 44^, 
45(W). In Mav 1519, as we have alreadv 
indicated, occurred what must have been 
at least his second expulsion frx>m court, and 
though it was in some degree mitigated by 
his being given an honourable and lucnh 
tive post at Calais, we arv told that it was 
' sore to him displeasant.* It is commonly 
said that his disgrace was owing to his too 
gn^at love of the French court, whose fashions 
lie praist^d in pr^eference to those of England; 
but Hall's words, from which the statement 
is derived, may possibly applv only to the 
gentlemen of the privy cnamiier who were 
removed along with him. So &r as appears 



by th? ' Slate Papers ' of the period he had 
as yet had no opportunity ol making ac- 
qiuunl»nce-wilht.he French court. Howei'er, 
on 18 Uaj 1519 lui anniiitror 109/. ti«, 6d. 
was ^nted to him out oi the revenues of 
Callus, and two daja lat«r he was appointed 
lieutenant of the tower of RuyHbanKe, a fort 
which ^^uanled thci entrance uf Culai« har- 
bour (ii. iii. p. 93, and No. 247). TbJB offioo 
had just been resigned by Sir John Peachey, 
who hod b^en at the aame time appointed 
d«put}> of Calais, and Peachev's letters tell 
us liow Carew immediately after arrived at 
Calais and was sworn in as lieutenant of 
Bllysbanke the same day that he himself 
was sworn in as deputy (ib. Nos. ^59. 365). 
In Ifi^ he was present at tbe Field of the 
Cloth of Oold, and waa one of those who 
bold the lists against all comers (I'A. pp. 341, 
34S, 313). lie was also nt the meetmg of 
Htury Vm and Charles V, which occurred 
immediately afterwards (ifi. p. 326). On 
10 Oct. in that ^ear he surrendered the lieu- 
teusni^y of Calais Castle in favour of Maurice, 
lord Berkeley, but with reservation of a 
[wnsion of 100/. to himself {ib. No. 1037, 
»T. No, 400) ; and on 12 Nov. he surrendered 
his annuity as one of the king'a ' cypherera.' 
At theyery close of 1 520 he was sent with 
unpanant letters to Francis I (■£. iii. No. 
1126), and on bis return lOU/. was paid him 
Jvr bis costs (ill. p. 1544). In 1521 he was 
one of tbe grand jury of Surrey who found tbe 
iDdiclmeni intbatcountyagoinsttheDuheof 
Buchingham ('t'A. p. 493). On lajuneiathat 
year there were granted to bim, in reversion 
■fterSirTbomnaLovel, the offices of constable 
of Walli^ord Castle and steward of the 
haoourofWullingford and St, Walric,8ndthe 
four and a half hundreds of Chillem (I'A. No, 
1&1&), At Christmas following be is named 
as one of the king's carvers (No. 1896). 
On lA July 1522 he was appointed master 
of tiie horse, and also Btewaj^ of the manor I 
nf Bmcled in Eeot, which hod belonged to I 
Buckingham. On the same day be likewise 
mceivcd a grant to himself and bia wif(^, in 
toil nuile, of the manor of Bletohingley in ' 
Surrey (\i". L'396-7), to which grant were : 
s '.ar some other lands in the 
I (ib. p. 1285). In October 
■|.' Earf of Surrey wna in the 
I 1 [orepel a threatened invasion 

111" 1 li.' Iimnilrini by tbe Duke of Albany, the 
Uanjuis of Uoraet. Carew, and olliers were 
IMUit tt> bim to give bim counsel, and Surrey 
rr'frr^ ill llii'ir testimony as to tie extreme 
"f tbt) campsigu (Nos, 8421, 




1332'). Next year be was commisgioned to 
go with Lord Lisle, Dr. Taylor, Sir An- 
thony Brown, and Sir Thomas Wriotbesley, 
Garter Mn^ of arms, to carry the Garter to 
Francis I of France (i4. No. 3508). It was 
duly presented on 10 Nov. (No. 3566), and, 
to judge by the interest afterwards taken in 
him by Francis, his conversation and address 
must have produced a very favourable im- 
pression. He returned, however, with Lord 
Lisle very shortly after tbe presentation, 
leaving Taylor at Paris, who remained as 
resident ambassador (No. 3591). On 29 Jan. 
1628 be received the grant from the crown 
of an annuity of fifty marks (No. 38(i9). In 
tbe course of the following summer, while 
several of tbe court were taken ill of the 
sweating sickness, he appear 
little uneasy, complaining o 
we do not hear that he hod a more serious 
attack (No. 4429). One of those carried off 
by the epidemic was Sir Williom Coropton 
[q-T-l, who held theconstabieship of Warwick 
Castle and other important offices in that 
port of the country. Carew seems to have 
made interest to be appointed his successor, 
as we meet with a draft patent to that effect, 
but tbe grant does not appear to have been 
passed (No. 4683). In 1628-9 he was again 
sheriff for the counties of Surrey and Suasex 
(No. 4914), and at tbe eicpiration of his 

Kai'a service in this office ne was chosen 
ight of the shire for Surrey In the parlia- 
ment of 1529 (ib. iv. p. 2691). But he could 
scarcely have taken his seat in parhoment 
wfaen be was sent, with Dr. Sampson and Dr. 
Benet, to Bologna on embassv to the emperor. 
Their instructions bad already been prepared 
as early oa 21 Sept., and tbey seem to have 
left on or about 7 Oct, (Nos. 6949, 6996) ; 
but additional instructions were sent after 
them on 30 Nov. (No. 6069). Carew con- 
tinued at Bologna till 7 Feb, 1530, and in the 
opinion of goodjudges acquitted himself with 
great dexterity (tb. p. 27s3). 

In February 1631 the king paid him a 
visit at Beddington, and went to bunt in 
his grounds (ib. v. p. 50), In September 
following he and Thomas Cromwell received 
joint authority to swear in commissioners 
for sewers in Surrey (ib. No. 429), Next 
year (against bis will, as he privat*ly inti- 
mated to the imperial ambassador Chapuys) 
be was sent over to France in October lo 
prepare for a meeting between Henry VIII 
and Francis I, which took place at Calais in 
the end of tbe month, As the object of tbe 
interview no doubt was to promote the king's 
marriage to Anne Boloyn and to strengthen 
him against the empnror, it wns exceedingly 
I unpopular. Carew, for bis part, would rather 



Care^v 5 5 Carew 

LiTr i"- ■- ■ ...- :-.* 'LIZ. : --v-Ji.'- : 7 -T : ro- i ?.:. iiT^T^r. was in irs^-lf almost suffi- 

h^r. Lr :. : i.? -.-: ^l- . r-vA^ ■'-'i ' ■ -. '.-■_ ::^-- - crLzi Li= &a a traitor. But it had 

Ir. n:.:. "--r •»--: •-.-.- : i'"!---. -s-j:*- :»-r:i : ir.1. ••rsiir*. since Kxeier's attainder, 

A'--- r^..r-z. -i.i -r..._t.--i ..-^". --i" "riu.* 'I't^TB- i_-i r.-renpri\-y toa numberol'the 

TrA.-. Ji- - -j::---: J" ::-.• : r ^.l'. ^ ' ■^- ' "ru: r i* ii?.>: irsr^* ' of the marquis in 

p. L.'-.r Ir. *i.--r.i- '. T-... Jrui:-= -r:.*-:. li?* j-^irs. ini Li-i kept up a treasonable 

H-nn- '~rir :-. .— - -.- "■- z: ' .■ r-i-r .•• z. :• T?»r^Ti"r.iTi:r.>r "sri-h him. the letters on both 

Ci>:T:_- rir.- :--- -ir:-7.— _. l->.-.-. r.r ?lir:-i-iT:j:^:»rrnb'.imT by mutual apvement 

apT-i?-:::"!; 'rii_^-i :. 1 :~ ^ ~ r :_' _r^ •" i.T .i Li.;l:"5.:rrr. The treason, of course, 

oViii. - '■">' '. •%%;. r.r . "^iir'.T ir:-:- ■x-i* :: rlr ?anr cLaracter as that of the 

wiri.- 1- Ti.--: i jTTi- : .n rTVrr--::^ : '.'l- -zllt^^z:^ ^ Tvb'. :!:■* exprtrssion of a desire 

c:^:r: :: "It i-z^- ? '"-er ImrTr :.T'. :. ■;> . - : s-r^r i c'wz^. Carew was condemned ag 

NriT T-rir -.:.■; TTr-iJ. - -^ xji-i. "ST "t " i z:i"T7 .: C'liTSr. and on 3 March was 

Hri-'T :z. 'l\o7— r iiv ^ 'L-.' i '-ir:.-r - ^'i: CTlTii-ri in Tower Hill. Chi the scaffold, 

b*r •: .TJi-Tz^i - L-ii. iT. :. i:' : z.-rr^-z.'. "i- :: -x^r ^±j l-elieTe the puritanical testimony 

ch-sjiirll 7--..T : :_T .-It.-. Ht-tt r-T".!-! :: Hill * hr nade a ff«»dlv confession, botn 

to :lr rUT y i^..' zT-^z.'ri Tz- '--"VT r":..!: •:' li= :':'-'.y and superstitious faith, giving 

thrr i."-i.n>. 11 ■?-"...: : ''-■: irlr? Ill "•r-r- « t -I n.-"?": irArrv thanks that ever he came 

alr^,ii7 •. r.:-7r-l .t- - :lv i:.r.r : >::■?. ir. :1t prls-rn of the Tower, where he firet 

ba: :'lj.: Lr w J.i >-~-zi -r •." lTt— ::r i siT.>-i •r.-e life and sweetness of CtocI's most 

Gir-.rr r. "ir r.r-" Tijir:;.- :". v..:. :.''■. L It W.ri. meaning the Bible in English, 

Acci:ri:r._:>. n >:. 't-,- t-t'? uv. i:. Air.l wrich :!■£?=• he read bv the mean of one 

l.>oo. a cl.-.:'-T "'-izur "--1: i: Lir-.-irr-^v:.!!. Pr.:=:is I'hrlif-s. then keeper of that pris<5n.' 

vot-rs "ss-v^.- z^jLrT. '■: ±11 1 v^ .<- v .n L^ Hillills that Phelips himself had been a 

the kni^rh:?. ini :1-:- kin* •:- :lir ::ll:T»-ir.z j rls n^r there two years before, and had 

day drclirei :*:..-" :ir rlr«r:;~ Li : :'ill-z :: sjir-rrv^i f-^-rsr-ouiion for his opinions from 

Carew. Xcc.Ti.'z ::■ The Bl.ick B- • k ■:: :l:v Sir Pnomas More and Stokesley, bishop of 

orde-r hr wis-rl-;c::r-i"in7>rrirl :t':ir rr.v rriry I^r-nii'ii — :h&: is to say, he had been prose- 

of votts, til- -nilnrno^ ■:: hi- rXTTLrti r.. hi* cMt-r-i in the bi«hop*s court and under a royal 

own lime, an i ":.r mir.y ir. : r.:i'.-t iovl n* c-^mmission for heresy. 

he had p^r:' r=:-ri; wh::h injlr r»rli"i:r. was A family tradition, mentioned by Fuller, 

unanin: '^^ly i7:li.v.I-.'i >y ^h-r ksi^-L:? c.z:- ir.ves as the cause of his fall an indiscreet 

pani !!?.' Hr w.is ir.?! -111-1 a: S:. G.-tj-t'* answer that he gave to the king when the 

leas:. I'l Mriv : ll:w:-^ iA>"?t:?, CW^t •./ latter, between jest and earnest, at a game 

the G.irTr'. i. -j-t '. ii. :l^^ . a* U-^wls. used opprobrious lanfiruafife towards 




. ^ ^ ^ . top 

he. wi:;i :hr- r .Thr r> ■: hijh ?:an iir.^ a: the the b-Mioni of his displeasure.* It is possible, 

court. • in i-i^* i.? :ir.l : :^w.,l?. t ..y-i ehcirjv of and not altogether inconsistent with the Tu- 

the ion:, ar.i ktp: thr >dn:rr till thvy were dor character, that a game of bowls was the 

disoh:ir*:i-d thfrv-.-i bv the Ird stewarA or occasion made use of to let Carew know he 

treasurer of the kir./s iiv.ise in his abs^ucv* had fallen from favour; but that it was not 

(Stkitk. jKW. Mern-.-nniJi, ii. i. 4 i. But the cause of the kings displeasure we have 

little mori^ than a vrar afti-rwarvls a cloud pret tysutficient evidence. The tradition, how- 

Dassed over his I'ortun-. s. In November l.V^^ ever, may perhaps refer to the temporary dis- 

Lord MontatTv.e and the Manjuis of ExKer grace wliicn Carew, as we have seen, had in- 

were sent to Tin- Towt-r. and next month thev ciirred at an earlier period. It mav at least 




, , ,. , property ^^ 

oi tuo sivcial commission which received bv the crown, and, though his attainder 
^^},^ ^^'p}^;^n'^^'r*f ^^port of Dep, Keeper Was afterwards reversed (2 & 3 Edw. VI, 
qri^blic iZcconfe, App. ii. 256). To have | c 42), there ia stiU pzoaerved an interesting 



Carew 



59 



Carew 



inventory taken at Beddington in the reign 
of Edward VI, describing the tapestries, bed- 
steads, and other furniture which had been 
left there apparently by the unfortunate 
knight. Among other articles mention is 
expressly made of a press with drawers full 
of evidences, court rolls, and other writings 
concerning the lands both of Carew and of 
other persons. At the end is a list of books, 
among which are enumerated the chronicles 
of Monstrelet and Froissart, with other books, 
both written and printed, of divers histories. 
But the work which stands first on the list is 
Gower's 'Confessio Amantis' (the author's 
name is not given in the inventory), which is 
described as ' a great book of parchment lined 
with gold of graver's work.' 

A mie portrait of Carew, painted on board, 
was preserved at Beddington till about twenty 
years ago, when the house was sold and the 

E' ires were disposed of. It is engraved in 
ns's * Environs of London,' firom a copy 
1 for Lord Orford at a time when the 
original, we are told, was in a more perfect 
state than it was even when Lysons wrote. 

[A brief accotmt of Carew is given in Lysons's 
Environs, i. 49, and another in Anstis's Order 
of the QmxteT, i . 249. See also (besides authorities 
above cited) Fuller's Worthies (ed. 1811), ii. 
379 ; Hall's Chronicle (ed. 1809), pp. 581, 598, 
611, 630, 689, 722, 827 ; Harl. MS. 1419, f. 373.1 i 

J. G. 

CAREW, Sib PETER (1514-1575), 
soldier, was the second son of Sir WiUiam 
Carew of Ottery Mohun or Mohuns Ottery, 
Devonshire, who was the son of Sir Edmund 
Carew [q. v.] His brothers were George, who 
served in several military commands in the 
reign of Henry VTII, and Philip, of whom 
nouiing is known but that he was a knight of 
Malta. Sir Peter was bom at Ottery Mohun 
in 1514. He was sent to the grammar school 
at Exeter, but can hardly be said to have 
been educated there ; for a career of frequent 
truancy culminated in his climbing a turret 
on the city wall, and threatening to jump 
down if his master came after him. His 
father, being told of this escapade, had him led 
back to his house in a leash, like a dog, and 
for a punishment ' coupled him to one of his 
hounds, and so continued him for a time.' 
Soon after he was sent to St. Paulas School, 
but did no better there ; and his father, in 
despair of making him a scholar, accepted 
the proposal of a French friend, who wanted 
the young Carew as his page. He was un- 
lucl^ in this new position also, and was de- 
graded to the place of muleteer, from which 
&e was rescuea by a relation, who heard his 
companions call him by name. This rela- 
Oaif a Gftzew of Haocombe, was going with 



Francis I, king of France, to the siege of 
Pavia, but died on the way, and the young 
Carew was taken up by the Marquis of Saluzzo^ 
who was slain at the battle of Pavia in 
February 1526. Being again left masterless, 
he went over to the enemv's camp, and en- 
tered the service of Philibert de Ch&lons, 
prince of Orange, and, after his death at the 
siege of Florence in 1530, continued with his 
sister Claudia, wife of Henry of Nassau. 
He was now about sixteen years of age, and, 
being anxious to revisit his native country, 
was sent by the princess with letters to 
Henry VIII, who, struck by his proficiency 
in riding and other exercises, and by hia 
knowledge of the French language, took him 
into his service, first as a henchman, and 
then as a gentleman of the privy chamber. 
The next lew years of his lire were chiefly 
passed in England at the court, with the 
exception of journeys in the king's service, 
such as attending on his royal master to 
Calais in 1532 ; on Lord WiUiam Howard, 
when he took the Garter to James V in 1535 ; 
and on the lord admiral when he went to 
fetch Anne of Cleves in 1539. About the fol- 
lowing year (1540) he went abroad with his 
cousin, John Champemoun, and visited Con- 
stantinople, Venice, Milan, and Vienna, where 
Champemoun died of dysentery. While in 
the Turk's countries the travellers had dis- 
guised themselves as merchants in alum, 
boon after Carew's return war broke out be- 
tween England and France, and he served 
both by land and sea. In the campaign of 
1544 he joined the king's army with one 
hundred K)ot, apparelled m black at his own 
expense, his elder brother, George, being lieu- 
tenant of the horse till he was taken pri- 
soner at Landrecy. Sir George was not long 
in captivity, and in the following year was 
in command of the Mary Rose when she 
foundered going out of Portsmouth harbour 
to attack the French fleet. Carew crossed 
the Channel with the lord-admiral (Sir John 
Dudley), being one of the leaders of the as- 
sault of Tr6port, for which he was kniglited. 
In the last year of Henry VIII's reign 
Carew was sheriil* of Devonshire ; but marry- 
ing a Lincolnshire lady, Margaret, daugliter 
of Sir William Skipworth, widow of George, 
lord Tailboys de Kyme, he went to reside on 
his wife's estates, till he was recalled by the 
news of the insurrection of 1549, caused by 
the issuing of the reformed Book of Common 
Prayer. Ilis action in this matter was ener- 
getic and in fact severe, and he did not escape 
reprimand for having exceeded his commis- 
sion. On the death of Edward VI he opposed 
the attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the 
throne, and proclaimed Mary as queen in 



Carew 60 Carew 

the west ; but as soon as her marriage with I self, and obtain leave to prosecute his daims 

Philip of Spain was proposed, he conspired in Munster. While in this country the queen 

with some of his neighbours against it. The waa anxious for him to resume the seat in 

plot was discovered, and he only escaped to parliament which he had held in the first 

the continent just in time to avoid arrest. At year of her reign, but he refused. His peti- 

Venice he was nearly murdered bv bravoes tion being at length granted, he returned to 

hired by Peter Vannes, the English ambas- Ireland (1574), and finding that Lord Gourcj, 

sador, and therefore travelled northward. Lord Barry Oge, the O'Mahons, and others 

Passing through Antwerp, Lord Paget had were willing to acknowledge his claims and 

him and his companion, Sir John Cheke, ar- become his tenants, he ordered a house to be 

rested bv the sheriff, and sent blindfolded to prepared at Cork, but was taken ill on his 

England in a fishing-boat. His destination way thither, and died at Ross in Waterford 

was the Tower, where he was confined till De- on 27 Nov. 1576. He was buj-ied on 15 Dec 

cembcr 1556, being released on the payment in the church at Waterford, on the south side 

of some old-standing debt of his srandfEkther to of the chancel, and his faithful servant and 

the crown. The accession of Elizabeth again biographer erected a monument to his memory 

brought him into favour. In the second in Exeter Cathedral There is an engraving 

year of her reign, when the Duke of Norfolk of this in Sir John Maclean's ' Life/ and also 

and Lord Grey de Wilton were commanding of the well-known portrait at Hampton 

an army against the French in Scotland, he Court. Neither he nor his brother left any 

was sent on the delicate mission of settling issue. His will, at Somerset House, is dated 

a difference between the two noblemen which 4 July 1574, and was proved 20 Feb. 1575. 

was detrimental to the public service ; and pYe have a detailed oontemporaiy acoonnt 

when the duke was tried and convict^ of of Carew's romantic life, written by Eichard 

treason, in 1572, Carew acted as constable Hooker, alias Yowell, the uncle of the author of 

of the Tower. But before this latter date the Ecclesiastical Polity, who was in Carew's 

(about 1565 or 1566) he showed a quantity of service for some years. There is an aocoont of 

old records to his biographer. Hooker, who this biography in Archaeologia, vol. xxviii., and it 

on examination was convinced that Carew ^^ }f en print«i by Sir John Maclean, and in 

was entitled to many lands in Ireland which ^^ Calendw of the Carew Papers. Sir John 

had belonged to hii ancestors; and going Macleans edition is illi^trated with copioni 

♦^ T««i««x rv« n««^«r»o i>«i,«i^ !,;« ^«i«;^« notes and appendices of documents and letters, 

to Ireland on Carew s behalf, his opinion g^ ^ ^^J^^ ^^ j^^^ p ^^^ ^^^^ 

was confirmed. Carew thereupon obtamed ^^^g i574_85; Cal. of Carew MSS. 161^74; 

leave frona the queen to prosecute ^^ }'}t* Stiype's Keel. Mem. iii. L 147, 616, m. ii. 7; 

and sailed from Ilfracombe in August 1508. strype's Annals, i. i. 468; Life of Cheke, 106-8; 

The remainder of his life, with short excep- Foxe, vi. 413-14, viii. 257-607 ; Fuller's Church 

tions, was spent in recovering what he believed Hist. iv. 228; Fuller's Worthies, Devon, 272; 

to be his property in Ireland, in which was Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 243, 327, il 

included a large portion of Munster, which 460; Polwhele's Devonshire, ii. 11, 19; Prince's 

had been granted by Henry II to Robert Worthies of Devon, 199, 204; Leland's Itin.iii. 

Fitz-Stephen, whose daughter married a Ca- 40; Tuckett s Devonshire Pedigrees.] 

rew. He began with the lordship of Maston C. T. M. 

in Meath, which was occupied by Sir Chris- CAREW, RICHARD (1565-1620), poet 
topher Chyvers. He then obtained a decree and antiquary, is the best-known memb^ of 
of the deputy and council adjudging to him one of the leading families of Cornwall. His 
the barony of Odrone in Carlow, which was father, Thomas Carew of Antony House, in 
held by the Kavanaghs, and was appointed the parish of East Antony, married Eliia- 
captain of Leighlin Castle, which is in the beth, daughter of Sir Ricnard Edgecumbe, 
centre of the barony (17 Feb. 1568-9). A and their eldest son, Richard, was bom at 
few miles north lay the castle of Cloghgrenan, A ntony House on 17 July 1555. When only 
which was held by Sir Edmund Butler, eleven years old he became a gentleman 
brother of the Earl of Ormonde, having been commoner of Christ Church, Oxford, but his 
taken from the Kavanaghs by their father, rooms were in Broadgates Hall, and he was 
Butler, it is said, expecting to be dispossessed, probably one of the two persons called Carew 
made several attempts to attack Carew, but appearing in a list of the undergraduates re- 
in vain ; and the rebellion known as the But- sident in that hall about 1570. Here, when 
ler's wars breaking out shortly after, Carew a scholar of three years' standing, he WM 
stormed and took the castle. For this he called upon, as he modestly Bays, 'upon a 
incurred some blame from the queen, as being wrong conceived opinion touchiiiff my suffi- 
partly the cause of the insurrection, and was ciency,' to dispute ' extempore (mpetr ooii- 
obliged to return to England to excuse him- grewiu AchUU) with the matchleas Sir Philip 



Siilnejr, in preseuce of the Earls Leicester, 
W»rvriclt, ajid tliviTs otlier greiit pereonnges.' 
Wliat the issue of the conleat wa^ Carew 
boB aim1I«d Id bIhU^, but lat«i historians 
hsTe &dded that the dispute resulted in a 
dr&wn battle. The fanuly estates passed to 
bim earlv iu life, and in the veraea on his 
anjeeatniBUidllis issue which he incorporated 
in his * Survey of Oomwall ' (jip. 246-7, ed. 
1811) it 13 recorded that he wse the fifth of 
tus IBC« to inherit the pstrimony. In 1677 
ht> Durried Juliana, the eldest ^ughter of 
John Anindel of Trerice, by his first wife, 
Catberint, daughter of John Coswarth, and 
through his marriage he inherited a part of 
tie Cos-icarth property. He devoted hiraself 
irith groit leal to the discliaj^ of his duties 
■sacounlryiienUeman, and solaced his leisure 
faoojB with inquiries into the history and an- 
tiquitiM of his native county, and n^tth the 
study of foroign languages, until he had he- 
Gome a nuutcr of &\e tongues— the epitaph 
which he wrote on himselt specifies the lan- 
guages of Oreoce, Italy, Germany, France, 
and Spain — by reading, ' without any other 
teaching.' In 1561 he was appointed a jus- 
tice of the peace, and in 16do ne was called 
upon to act na high sheriff of Cornwall. As 
be wae the owneroflarge estates near sereral 
Cornish boroughs, and his connections em- 
braced the principal gentn' of the county, he 
had Lttle ditSctilty in obtaining a «eat in 

Erliatw-'nt, In 1584 he was returned for 
Itsfh. and in 1597 he sat for Michell. He 
was oni- of the deputy-lieutenants of Corn- 
wall, and lie served under Sir Walter Raleigh, 
the lord-liuutenant of the county, in the posts 
of treasurer of the lieutenancy and colonel of 
the raiment, five hundred strong, which 
bad for its ciiarge the protection of Cawsund 
Bay. Of the Society of Antiquaries first e»- 
tatuiahiMl by Archbishop Parker, Carew bo- 
oamuanactivemember in I589,Bnd about the 
aame time began the task of compiling an his- 
torical Rurvoy of his native county. Among 
the gentry nf Cornwall he took the first plac 
ftad the antitiuari^ of London accepted him : 
tbeiroquaL Spelinan.who addressed to bim 
on ' Epistle onTithcs,' and Camden were bis 
intimate friauds, and in Ben Jonson's ' Exe- 
cration upon Vulcan' be is classed with 
Cotton and Selden. John Dunbar has 
Latin ppigmms to Carew {Centuri/s Sex epi- 

Cammaloii, lith Centur., 61 and 6*2), lauding 
I kiiowlpdge of history, poetry, and the 
law, and ^uimingonbia name; whileCharles 
FitzgiKiDry, in hu) ' Affanis,' book iii., praises 
tiis linguiiitic attatnmeuts. He died on 6 Nov. 
16^. ' aa be was at his private prayers in his 
study (his daily practice) at lower in the 
ftfieraoon,' and was buried in Antony Church. 



Against its north wall stands a plain tablet 
of btuck marble buoring a long inscription to 
his memory. Another epitaph was written 
for him by Camden, which dwella on the 
modesty of his manners, the generositv of 
liis disposition, his varied lesming, and his 
christian leal. Both epitaphs, togetherwith 
some verses written by the historian imme- 
diately before his death, are printed in the 
'Parochial llistorv of Cornwall,' i, 24, The 
earliest work of Carew is the translation of 
the first five cantoa of Taeso's ' Gbdfrey of 
Bvlloigne, or the recouerie of Hiervsalam,' a 
veiy rare volume which appeared in 1594, 
and according to some copies ' imprinted by 
lobtt Windet for Thomas Man,' and in others 
by lohn Windet for Christopher Hunt of 
Exceter,' who served his time to Man. The 
fourth book of the translation was repro- 
duced in S. W. Singer's reprint of Fairfei's 
translation, 1817, vol. i. sxxiii-lvii, and the 
whole work was issued by the Rev. Alex- 
ander B. Orosort in 1681 in an edition limited 
sixty-two copies. Carew was for some 
time unaware that his translation was being 
passed through the press, and when it came 
to his ears the first tve cantos only were is- 
sued because he commanded ' a stAie of the 
rest till the sommer,' a summer vhich never 
arrived. The accuracy of his translation has 
been much commended, but it has generally 
been allowed that its efiect is weakened by 
his endeavour to make the English veruon 
an exact copy, line by line, of the orj^nal. It 
contains several passages of much beauty, and 
great praise is given to many extracts from it 
in an elaborate article in the ' Retrospective 
Review,' iii. 32-50. In the same year (1594) 
there appeared a rendering of ' Eiamen de 
Ingenios. The examination of men's wits by- 
John Huarte. Translated out of the Spanish 
Tongue by M. Camillo CamilU. Englished 
out of his Itaban by R. C[arewl Esquire,' 
which was reprinted in 1596, 1604, and 1616. 
Huarte's work is a dull treatise of little 
value, on the corporeal and mental Qualities 
of men and women. Carew'a translation is 
dedicated to Sir Francis Qodolphin, who 
lent him Comilli's version, a loan recorded 
in the words, ' Good Sir, your booke retum- 
eth vnto you clad in a Comiah gabardine.' 
An anonymous poem, called ' A Herring's 
Tayle,' which was published in 1598, has 
been assigned to Carew on the strength of a 
statement in GuilUm's 'Heraldry' (1611), p. 
154, and as the assertion was made during 
the lifetime of Carew by one of like tastes 
with himself, its accuracy can be accepted. 
This poem, which contins some vigorous 
lines, IS not Iree as a whole from the charge 
of obscurity. The subject is 



Carew 



62 



Carew 



Tho strange adventures of the hardie Snayle 
Who durst (vnlikely match) the weathercock 
assajle. 

When Carew next appeared as an author it 
was in topofpraphical literature. ' The Svrvey 
of Cornwall. Written by Richard Carew of 
Antonie, Esquire/ had been lonff in hand, 
though it was not published until 1602, the 
subscription on the last leaf being *Deo 
gloria, mihi gratia, 1602, April 23.* He 
meditated in 1606 the issuing of a second 
edition, * not so much for the enlarging it as 
the correcting mine and the printer^s over- 
sights,' but it was not republished before 
1723, when there was prefixed to it a ' life 
of the author by II»*^* C'****,' a catch- 
penny device intended to delude the world 
with'tbe belief that it was the composition 
of a member of the family of Carew, but it 
was in reality a dull compilation by Pierre 
des Maizeaux. The 'Survey' and the life 
were reissued in 1769, and another edition of 
the * Survey,' with notes by Thomas Tonkin, 
was printed for Lord De Dunstanville in 
1811. Carew's history of Cornwall still re- 
mains one of the most entertaining works in 
the English language. In its pages may be 
discerned the character of an English gentle- 
man in the brightest age of our national 
history, interesting himself in the pursuits 
of all around him and skilled in the pastimes 
of every class. The industries of the county 
and its topographical peculiarities are de- 
picted with considerable detail, and if there 
IS little genealogical information in its pages 
the characters of its celebrities are described 
with quaintness and with kindliness. CareVs 
' pleasant and faithfull description ' of Corn- 
wall was the phrase of Fuller, and the words 
were well chosen. He was also the author 
of * An Epistle concerning the excellencies 
of the English tongue,' which appeared in 
the second edition of Camden's ' Kemains,' 
1 605, and was reprinted with the 1723 and 
1769 editions of the * Survey of Cornwall.' 
The merits assigned by him to the language 
are significancy, easiness to be learnt, copious- 
ness, and sweetness. This little essay possesses 
the charm which is inherent in all Carew's 
writings, but it would have passed out of 
recollection by this time but for its mention, 
in a comparison of English and foreigfn writers, 
of Shakespeare's name. A manuscnpt volume 
of his poems was formerly in the possession 
of the Kev. John Prince, the commemorator 
of the worthies of Devon. Mr. James Cross- 
ley suggested that Carew might be the R C. 
who translated Henry Stephens's ' World of 
Wonders,' 1607 {Notes and Queries j 6th ser., 
viii. 247, 1877). Several of his letters to 
damden are among the 'Cottonian MSS./ 



(Julius C. V.) A letter to Sir Robert Cotton 
is printed in *• Letters of Eminent Literary 
Men ' (Camden Soc., 1848, pp. 98-100). 

[Fuller's Worthies, 1811, i. 218; Wood's 
Athome Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 284-7 ; Corser's Col- 
lectADea, iii. 242; Boase and Courtney's BibL 
Comub. ; Life in Survey of Cornwall, 1723.1 

W. P. CI. 

CAREW, Sib RICHARD (d. 1643 P), 
writer on education, was the eldest son of 
Richard Carew, the poet and antiquary [q. v.] 
The chief facts in his life are set out m the 
opening sentences of his * True andreadieWay 
to leame the Jjatine Tongue.' He was put to 
school in his 'tender youth, and so contmued 
for nine or ten years.' Three years were spent 
at the university of Oxford — he was probably 
tho Richard Carew who matriculatea at Mer- 
ton College on 10 Oct. 1594 — and three more 
in studying law at the Middle Temple. After 
this course of instruction he was aespatched 
with his uncle on an embassy to the king of 
Poland, and as the king was at the time on 
a visit in Sweden Carew followed him thither. 
On his return he was sent by his father into 
France, with Sir Henry Nevill, ambassador 
to Henry IV, to ' learn the French toiunie,' 
and in the third book of Charles Fitxgeoffiy's 
' Afianise ' is an epigram addressed to him on 
his return from his French travels. In 1614 
he was one of the members for the county of 
Cornwall, and in 1620 he represented Michell, 
a Cornish borough in which the family con- 
nections possessed great influence. He was 
twice married, his first wife being Brid^ 
daughter of John Chudleigh of Devonshire, 
and the second wife being Miss Rolle of Hean- 
ton. He was created a baronet on 9 Auf. 
1642, and his death took place about 1648. 
On 3 Sept. 1640 there was licensed by the 
Company of Stationers * a booke called "The 
Warming Stone." ' This was by Carew, and it 
was a treatise written to prove tliat a ' warming 
stone ' was ' useful and comfortable for the 
colds of aged and sick people ' and for many 
other diseases. The author was himself said 
to have been * cured of several distempers by 
it,' and its virtues were attested by numerous 
cases around his family seat. Editions of 
this tract are known to have been published 
in 1662, 1660, and 1670. Carew was one of 
the persons who examined the attendants at 
Antony Church on the thunderstorm on Whit- 
sunday 1640, and an account of the stonny 
which was written by him, appeared in the 
* Western Antiquary,' i. 4^^. In 1664 
Samuel Hartlib published 'The tme and 
readie way to leame Latine tongue attested 
by three excellently learned and approved 
authours of three nations,* of which Ouew 
was the English author. Hartlib was spp*- 




rentlf niid«r the unpreaaion that it wm the 
compoaiticm of the poetical nntiqimry, but it 
'WBs in reajitj ihe work of bis fan. Cnrew 
vraa oppooed to much grammar (caching, his 
•with Doing for translation backwarda and 
forwards. 

[Bomb and Coiirtncj's Bibl. Comub. i. 0, fiS, 
"111; Arber's Stationers' liegistera, iv. £19.1 
W. P. C. 

GARY, ROBERT, aleo called 

[TlXCg (Jl. 1325), schoolman, is stated 

■h^ye been a doctor of divinity of Oxford, 

to have held an eminent position as a 

find philosopher. Hi a works named 

QiuestioQeit in libros Pasteriorum Aris- 

liV boeides the regular productions of a 

mlastic,— a commentary on the ' Sentences ' 

Pater Lombard, 'Qureationes ordinnrios,' 

eipoeitions ' super -varios socne Scrip- 

[Lolaod'i Comn. de Script. Brit, ccoriii. 

&319; Pits, DBADglisBSeript. p. 417; Tannor'a 
bL Brit. p. 164.] B. L. P. 

OAREW, Sir THOMAS (A 1431). [See 
und^ Cakew, Sir Johr (li 1362).] 

CAHEW, THOMAS (lfi98P-1639P).poet, 
■ younger ton of Sir Matthew Carew [q.T.], 
by Alice, daughter of Sir John Rivers, Jmt., 
-was bcm about 1598, and seems early to have 
fiiUen into dissipated habit«. He entered at 
"Toreas ChrisCi CoUere, Oxford, but left the 

■iTersit}' without takingadegree. Aaearly 

fe]6l3 lus father, who was in straitened eir- 

e time, writing to Sir Dudley 

), complains that one of his sons was 

ig nAcr hounds and hawks, and theother 

.amslBtudvingin the Middle Temple, but 

ig litOe at law.' Oarleton hereupon took 

» youtli into his service as secretary, and 
Chrew appears to have remained with him 
daring his embassy at Venice and Turin, and 
totuiTe returned with him to England about 
thecndof 1615. When Carleton became am- 
bajeadori.jtheStatasin thefoUowingspring, 
(.'ari'w ii^inin accompanied him, but some 
limr in tlip summer he suddenly threw up 
IiiK cmploi ment (in irritation at some oft'ront 
he had received at the hands of his patron) 
and r^tuniod to England. Sir Matthew made 
tafitf ihnu one efibrt to get his son another 

Kt. but in vain, and at the end of October 
mbps him as ' wandering idly about with- 
out itniployment," Lord Arundel and others 
liafing dwlined to take him into their ser- 
vicv in consequence of his misconduct, which 

Iliii4 Instill aggravaled by ' aspersions ' spoken 
. writlMi again.''t &r Dudley and Lady 
]at«a. In 1619 Carew went with his 
txl Lend Herbert of Ch^bury to the French 



court. He af^rwsrds obtained some post 
about the court, for at the creation of Henry, 
prince of Wales, in November, he is men- 
tioned as attending on Lord Beaucbamp aa 
his squire. Very nttle more is known of his 
lifeafterthis. Hebecamesewer inordinaiyto 
Charles I,andgentlemanofbisprivy chamber, 
and was, it is said, high in favour with that 
king, who bestowed upon him tbe royal domain 
of Sunningbill (part of the forest of Wind- 
sor), and had a high opinion of his wit and 
abilities. Carew was associated moreorleu 
closely with almost all the eminent tilemiy 
men of his time, and was cspeciallv intimate 
with Davenant and Sir John SucUing, In 
the collection of Suckling's poems there aro 
more than one among the poems and letters 
addresEwd to Carew by no means creditable 
to either. Carew's longest performance waa 
'Coilum Britannicum' (though Mr. lloltoa 
Comey doubted whether he were really tho 
Buthnr), a mii«qne performed at Whitehall 
on 18 Feb. 1633-4 ; his other poems are 
chiefly songs and ' society verses,' composed^ 
it is said, with great dii&eulty, but melodious 
and highly polished, though eharacterised hy 
the usual conceits and affectation of hia time. 
Fonr e<litions of Carew appeared between 
1640 and 1671, a fifth in 1772, and four have 
been printed during the present century, by 
farthomoiit complete and elaborate being that 
of Mr. W, C, Hoilitt, published in quarto 
in 1870, There is nn uncertainty about the 
time of Cnrew's death. It looks as if his 
life had been shortened I^ his irregular 
habits. When he waa stricken down by 
mortal sickness, he sent for Hales of Eton 
to administer to him the consolations of 
religion. Hales seems to have thought vei^ 
meanly of him, and made no secret of his 
low opinion. Carew has left some wretched 
attempts at versifying a few of the Psalms; 



itry of his burial has been 
found. Tbe illness that led him to a maud- 
lin kind of repentance seems to have come 
upon him when he was in the country. If 
he recovered enough &om it to return to 
London, he probably died at his house in 
King Street, St. James's. 

[Mr. Hazlitt has availed himself of all the 
known sourcex for the biography of Carew in the 
edition of his poems mentianed above, and haa 
given his authorities. The only aJditioDS to ba 
made are from Nichols's Progresspa of Ja,tnm I, 
iii. 22* ; Lord Herbert's Aatobiography (1886), 
iivili. 19U, 198; Coart and Times of James 1, 
i. 433, t3i : Col. of trltate Papers, Dom. 1638-9, 
p. SIS ; Notes and Queries, 4Ch Eeries, ii. 4SD.] 
A. J. 



Carew 64 Carey 

CAREW or CAWE, THOMAS (^loOO- Spencer of Althorpe, and wife of Sir CJeorge 

1672 ?). [See Cawe, Thomas.] Carer ^q. v.], eldest son and heir of Henry 

CAREY. [See alao Carew and Cabt.' Carey "q. v.j, first lord Hunsdon. EdmunS 

^ A •n-r.^T' T^ & TTTk /I -o-^ 1 o.-^ I \ • 1- * Spenser, the poet, was her kinsman, and she 

CAREY, DA\TD(1, 82-1824), journ»bst ,^t . deep W^ert in his litenuy labours. 

and poet, son of a manufacturer in Arbroath, g ,., . S[niopotmo8 ' is dedicated to her, 

waa bom in 1 / 82. After leaving school he ^ the poet ac&owledges in the epistle the 

was pUced in his lather's counting-hou*., .excellentfiiTOUH.'he hid received from her. 

but subsequently he removed to Edinburgh, j^^ j,,^^ -^ ^^ ^^ ^j ^^^ ^^ ^^^ 

where he was for a short time m the pub- g^^, co'mmemorates in an introductory 

Lshing house of Archibald Constable. Thence goWt to the ' Faery Queene.' Nash, thi 

he went to London, and, obtammg a situation satirist . likewise acknowledges her pa^Miage. 

on the periodical press, wrote with such j^ dedicating his ' ChristVTeaw Sver Je^- 

keenness in support of the whig govemmm ^^^. ^^-^^ ^ j-gg ^^ ^^. .j^^^^ 

as to attract tlie notice of )\ yndham, who ^eU^eser^-ing Poets have consecrated their 

oflFered hiiB a foreign amwmtment, which ^ndevours to your praise. Fame's eldest 

he declined After the disso ution of the f^^^^f ^^^^ Spencer, in all his writings 

'"^'^ °L1'}\ *^^ i 'A^l** ^^.rt! .' he Pri«^th you.' Ifohn Dowland, the sonl- 

aat^ entitled 'Ins and Outs; or, the State ^^ dedicating his ' first book of Songis 

of Parties, by Chrononhotonthologos, wluch ,„d a. • (jg^ t^ g;, GeorgeCarey,speat» 

met at once with an extensive sale. In 180/ ^^ ^^/, gingokr graces ' sho^ by < /ouivo^ 

he becwne editor of the Inverness Journal, ^^^^ ^ad? my honourable mistois.^ 
which he 1^ in 1812 to conduct the Boston ^ daughter of Ladv Carey, also named 

Gaiette ' In a few months, however, he EmzABEfH, was simiUrly a patroness of 

renewed his connection with the London j^^^ ^j -^ t^^ dedication toSe ' Terrors 

press, which for the remamder of his life ^f ,^^ y^^^^^, ^^^) ^^ ^f^^ ^^ ^j,^ ^^^^ 

occupied his principal attention. In 1822 in an address to the daughter in these terms: 

he spent some time m Pans, and on his .^ ^^^hv daughter aS. vou to so worthie 

return published Life in Pans, written : , ^^.^j^^, - "f^t^ ^j^^ jj^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 

chiefly ma humorous vein, with apposite ^^ ^^ j^^^j^ j^j^j adopted, and purchast 

coloured illustrations. His visit to Tans ^j^^ Petrarch another monument in Eng- 

having faded to restore his shattered health, j^^ ^ver honoured may she be of tfie 

he returned to hu father 8 house at Arbroath, ^^^^ ^^^^ of wits, whose purse is so 

where he died of consumption after eighteen : ojintoherpoorebeedsmen-sdistrkses. Well 

months illness on 4 Oct. 1824. Bwides Ae ^ j g^^. if^ecause I have tride it, never 

works above mentioned, two noveb— 'The j-^.-j ^ ^^ magnificent Ladie of her degree 

Secrets of the Castle,' 1806, and 'Loclu^l; on this earthT^The reference to Pet^ 

or, the Field of Culloden, 1812--wid ' Pic- j^^^ j^;^ os that Lady Carey had 

turesque Scenes; or, a Guide to the High- translated some of his poems, but there Uno 

lands,^ 1811, Carey was the author of several t^ce of any of them hS^been published, 

volumes of verse displaying some taste and m^^^^ possible, howev^ that sSme of the 

fency, although the sentiment is for the renderingTrf Petrarch, which are commonly 

most part commonpkoe and hackneyed. He ^ttribut^ to Spenser' and printed in his 

edited the 'Poetical Maijaxme; or Temple collectedworks,i5thou^h they are far inferior 

of the Muses, 1804, counting chiefly rfiis j^, ^^^ jo his other prSiuctions, may be from 

own poems, and pubLshed separately 'Plea- Laj/ Careys pen. 

Bures of ^ature; or, the C^ of Rural fteonlypraTted literary work which bean 

Life, and other Poems,' 1803 ;'^e Reig^n ^^^ name o7' Elizabeth Carew or Carey is 

of Fancy, a Poem with NotM, 1803 ; ' Lync , j^^ Tragedie of Marian the fiure Queene 

?o^*' ^n' • ^l J?*™* ?^!«fly Am^or^, ^f iewry7written by that learned, vertuons, 

1807 ; Craig Phadng: \ision8 of Sensi- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^y^ Ladi^ E[li«abe^ CTare*^ 

bdity, with t^ndary -Tales, and occasional London, i613. This tedious poem, ii rhyii 

Piews and Historical Notes, 1810; Mid 'The ■ q^^trains, is prefixed in s^editioni by 

Lord of the Desert : Sketch^ of S^nery ; ^ ^^^^ grom the pen of an anonymous aJ- 

ForeignandDomesticOde8,andotherPoenis, „^, of the authoii^ 'To Diann4 EartUie 

^°^^' Deputesse, and my worthy sister, Mistris Eli- 

[Andorson's Scottish Nation ; Bnt. Mas. Oata- jabeth Carye.' It is difficult to determine pr»- 

logne] T. F. H. ojggjy jo which Elisabeth Carey, whether to 

OAREY or CAKEW, ELIZABETH, motherordaughter,theworki8tobeMcribed. 

Last, the elder (^ 1690), patroness of the The inscription above the sonnet wttmld imply 

noets, was the second daughter of Sir John that the 'Mistris Elisabeth Guts' mt nit- 



Carey 



Carey 



msrnod at the time of writingtheplay. The 
ir^Kht of probahilit J seoms t herefore in fit vour 
of the theoiT that the 'Tn^edie' was the 
vork of haJij Oarey'a daughter before she 
Iwcanie the wife of Sir TEomas Berkeley, 
eldest son oftheelerenlh Lord Berkeley. The 
date of the death of the elder Eliiabeth Carey 
u imeerlAin. The younger, who became the 
gnndmother of the first Earl of Berkeley, 
died in 1635, and was buried in Cranford 
Church, Middlesex. 

nnfonnation kiodly mpplisd by Mr. A. H. 
BiuleDi Not«a and Qoeries. Srd s«r. i-lii. 203; 
SoiUt's HiMorical Auecdolce of the Familiea of 
the Boleynm, CareyB, &c., p. 24 ; CoUins'a Peer- 
age, ed. BiydgM. i. 2ST ; Nash's Woiks, ed. 
Qnwit ; Works of Edninad SpcaEer.] 

CABEY, EUSTACE (1791-1855), mis- 
rionary to India, vaa Iho son of Thomas 
Carey, a non-commisaioned officer in the 
arm^, and the nephew of Dr. William Carey, 
Indiaii missionan' [q. v.] He waa bom □□ 
22 Uarch 1791 at Paulerspury, Northamplon- 
ahire. He beganhis preparatory studies for the 
UptUt ministry under the Rev.Mr.SuWUff at 
Ulney, and in 1812 went to Bristol College; as 



be set ont in the beginning of 1814 as a 
nusaionaxy to India, arriving at Serampore 
on 1 Aug. The qihere of labour to which 
he was designaled was in Calcutta, where 
in 1817 he founded a missionary family 
onion. On account of failing health he was i 
compelled to leave India, and, arriving in 
England in September 1825, he in the fol- 
lowing year began to advocate the claims of 
missions throiaghout the home counties, sub- 
eequently eit.?ndinu his visits to Scotland 
and Ireland. In iS2S be published ' Vindi- 
cation of the Calcutta Baptist Missionaries,' 
and in 1831 'Supplement lo the Vindica^ 
tion.' In the latter year he publiahed the 
' Memoir'of his relative William Carey, D.D. 
He took a prominent part in the agitation 
against slavery in Jamaica, and in 1840 was 
appointed a delegate to the churches there. 
He died on 19 July 1855. 



CARET, FELIX (;1786-1822), oriental- 
ist, eldest son of William Carey m]. t.1, mia- 
nonary to India, was bom in 17SC. He also 
became a missionary to India, and died at 
Serampur 10 Nor. 1822. He pubhahed a 
Boimese granmuT, 1814, and left behind him 
materials for a Bimneee dictionary, which 
vas published in 1826. He also translated 



CAKEY, GEORGE, second Lord Hcns- 

Dos (1547-1603), eldest son of Heniy, first 
lord Hunsdon [q. v.], by Anne, daushter of 
Sir Thomas Morgan, koigbt , was ma tnculated 
as a fellowcommoner of Trinity College,Cam- 
bridge, on 13 May 1560, being then of the 

yof thirteen. He accompanied the Earl 
Bedford on his embassy to Scotland at 
the baptism of the prince, afterwards King 
James Vl, in December 1566. In Septem- 
ber 1569 be was despatched to the £arl of 
Moray, regent of Scotland, lo confer on the 
subject of the contemplated marriage of the 
Diie of Norfolk with Slary ^ueen of Scots. 
He returned to England in October, and in 
December served under bis father in the 
expedition against the northern rebels. On 
their overthrow he was again sent to the 
Earl of Moray in Scotland, returning in a 
few days with the intelligence that the Earl 
of Northumberland and Thomas Jenny, two 
of the leading insurgents, were in the re- 
gent's custody. In May 1570 he serred 
under Sir William Drury in the expedition 
against. Scotland, and he was knighted on 
the 18th of that roontli by the Earl of Susse.t, 
the lord general of the queen's northern 
army, having greatly distinguished himself 
by his intrepidity in thi- tielil, and stiU more 
by a challenge to Lord Fleming, governor of 
liumbartou. On 12 Jan. liiT-]--! he obtained 
from her majesty a lease for f w-enty-one years 
of Herstwood in Great Saxham, Suffolk. 
On 27 Slay 1574 th.> queen granted to him 
and his heirs male (he olGce of steward, con- 
stable, and porter of iLt eustio and lordahip 
of Bamborough, with the fishery of the water 
of the Tweed. He was constituted steward of 
the royal manor of Great Saxham on 22 May 
1575. On 24 Dec. 1580 he was with others 
empowered to examine in the Tower, on in- 
terrogatories, Harte, Bosgrave, and I'ascall, 
arrest^^ within the realm coming from Rome 
and other places beyond the seos with intent 
to pervert and seduce the queen's subjects. 
lie commissioners were instructed lo put 
the prisoners to the torture if thej refused 
to answer plainly and directly. 

Inunediately after the raid of Uutbven, 
Carey, marshal of the queen's house, was sent 
into Scotland with Robert Howes. Carey bad 
an inteniew with James \"I at Stirling on 
12 Sept. 1682, and soon afterwards, having a 

C'nful disease, relumed to England, leaving 
wes in Scotland. 
On the deatli of Sir Edward Horsey, in 



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Tytlers Sootlaad (1864), iii. 315, iT. 60, 62: 

wh'. Jj;i'I ob-Mriatf ly refu«j».-d to confirm*. The Worelev's Me ox Wicht, 96-107. 152. Append. 

a/.-rroiirit*. of the phrish of Lambi^th for that >"o. xvi'ii.; Wright's Elizabeth, ii. 265.] T. C. 

v<:»ir rnak'r m«Tr:Mon of a vi.eit bv the queen to 

' ' CAREY, GEORGE JACKSON (1822- 

1872), major-general, was a son of lliomas 
Carey of Kozel, Guernsey, by his second 
wife' the daughter of Colonel George Jack- 
son, Mayo militia, and 3I.P. county Mayo. 
He was'bom on 5 Oct. 1822, and educated 
at Elizabeth College, Goenisey. In July 
1845 he obtained an cnsigncy in theoldOife 
Mounted Riflemen, with which he served m 
thcKaffirwais of 1846-7 and 1850-2 (medal), 



Car»rv- wfj'jv: njim*r''>ccursinthe commission 
for':aiJ-'rH w:cl»r-.i/i«tical within the diocese of 
W'iiir:h<:«-t<:r, i^-u«-d 7 June 1596 and 10 Oct. 
ir/^7. 

J J" huco^r'^d^'d to the p^v.-rapo as Lord Huns- 
don on thi-deaihofhii father (23 July 1596). 
JJ«! lik^'WJHi: j-uocfffiJed hira as captain of the 
band of pen?ionerH, }>eln^ sworn of the privy 
r;oijnr:il und in vest r^ with the order of the 
Oarter. 



g, lieutrainr in ApnJ 1617, captain 
n October 1S4S. major in January 1853, and 
Toceiring brT?et rank as lieut«nant-colonel 
in Uaj 1853 for serrica in tbo field. He 
bocune breTet-«oloDel in 1854, after I«sa 
than nine joatB' armv serrice. He served 
as militaiy eecrtUry to his uncle, Lieu- 
tenant-general Sir James Jackson, command- 
ing the lorecs at ibe Cape dnrinK the ^ntier 
troubles of 1866-7. Afterwards Lp exchanged 
aa miyor to the '2nd battalion 1 8th Boyal 
Irish, and proceeded with that corps to New 
^aland, where he served in the Maori war 
from Ausiut 1863 to August 1866 (medal), 
^^UMlODel on the stafi and brigadier-general, 
^^B3 OOBunanded the expedition on the east 
^HKit ta the Thames and to Taimnga. He 
^^^fc eeuomanded at the siege and capture of 
^^Jto enemjr's stronghold at Or&kau, which 
SbU mtter three days' continued operations. 
For thia, one of the few successes of the 



*»f, Carey was made C.B. On 27 Ma.v 
18S5 WUliain Thompson, the great Maori 
chiel'Bnd ' king-maker,' surrendered to Carey, 
larinir his ' tAcka' at that officer's feet in token 
o^eufamiseion to Queen Victoria. Carey was 
appcunt^d to command the troops in Aua- 
tnlia in August 1865, and acted as governor 
and administrator of Victoria &om 7 May to 
16 Aug. 1666. In December 1867 he was 
appointed to an infantry brigade at Alder- 
■bot; in 1S6S he became major^eneral ; and 
in October 1871 was transferred to the com- 
mand of the northern district, with head- 
Jnarters at Manchester. Carey married in 
861 the only daughter of W. Gordon Thomp- 
Bon of Clifton Gardens, Hyde Park, London, 
by whom h^ had four children. He died, 
during his t«Dtire <jf the northern command, 
OB 10 June 1872. at his residence, Whaley 
Gnuige, Manchester, and was buried at Hotel. 
[Bitrln'* landed Oentrj, vol. i. : Colonial 
Offlca Lists : Army Lists.] H. M. C. 

CARET, GEORGE SA^TLLE (1743- 
1 807 ), miscellaneons writer, a posth lunous son 
cifneni3rCiirey(rf.l743)[q.v.3, was bora sshort 
tiise afb-rliis father's death, and was brought 

iin r.iili. tnii!eofaprinter(.Sii^.i>ram. i.86). 

■ hi' resolved to go upon the stage. 

t'ibber, and others encouraged 

'i;rse(/nocu^tor, pre&ce, p. vii). 

' 'ovent Garden, where William 

.;< licsL for him, but he failed to 

.iiiJrctired. He then wrote 'The 

comedy, in three acts, and 'The 

1 1 'ipera i these plays weru not 

ro publialied with some poems 

l.-cription. Inl768Carey,under 

..in of Paul Tell-Tfutli, esq., 

{' <.':-i... . i.ib«n; chutuedi or Patriotism 



in Chains, 
and wrote 'The ^ 
lished in his ■ Analecls,' 1770). In 17^ ha 
published 'Shakespeare's Jubitee,B Masque:' 
in 1770 'The Old Women Weatherwiae, an 
Interlude,' presented at Brury Lane; 'The 
Magic Girdle, a Burletta,' acted at the 
Marylebone Gardens : ' The Noble Pedlar,' 
another burlelta: and a collection of trifles 
called 'Analects in Verse and Prose, chiefly 
Bramatical, Satirical, and Pastoral.' Coray 
arranged apparently about this time a serii^ of 

fnblic entertainments at CoTCJit Garden, tho 
layuiarket, Che Great Room in PantOD Street, 
and other places, giving imitations of Koat«, 
Weaton^Ann Caliey,and other popular aetots 
and vocalists: and in 1776 he published a 
'Lecture on Mimicry' with a portrait, fol- 
lowed in 1777 by ' A Rural Ramble, to which 
is annexed a Poetical Togg, or Brighthelm- 
stone Guide' (JfontUy i£«!»ruf,Iviii. 84). In 
1787 he published -Poetical Efforu' {ib. 
lixyiii. 344); and in 1792, ' Dupes of Fancy, 
or Every Man his Hobbv, a Farce, in Two 
Acts,' performed at Pilgrim's benefit. Mean- 
while lie continued his entertainments at 
Bath, Burton, and elsewhere. By 1797 it 
was rumoured that his father was the actual 
author of ' God save the King,' and that he 
himself had received a pension of 200/. a year 
on that ground (his Balnea, pp. 109-23). 
Corey announced that he had not received a 
pension, though his father had written the 
song ; and he applied fruitlessly for an inter- 
view with the king to urge his claims. In 
1799 came out his ' Balnea, or History of all 
the Popular Watering-places of England,' 
with another portnut, which reached a third 
edition in 1801. In 1800 be published 'One 
Thousand Eight Hundred, or I wish you a 
Happy New Year," a collectionof about sixty 
of his songs, some sung by Ineledon. In 1801 
he published ' The Myrtle and Vine, or Com- 
plete VocalLibrary,containlngseveralThDU- 
sonds of . . . Songs . . . with an Essay ou 
Singing and Song-writina' (advertisement on 
cover of ' Balnea,' 3rd ed. ) In the summer of 
1807 be was in London givina a seriesof en- 
tertainments, but he died suddenlv of para- 
lysis, aged 64, and was buried at the cost of 
niends (Gent, jtfay.vol. lxivii.pt. ii.pp. 781- 
782). An edition ofhis' Old Women Weather- 
wise,' in the form of a penny or halfpenny 
chap-book, was printed at lluU, without a 
date, but beliered to be as late as 1825. 

[Reed's Biog. Dram. i. 84. 86, 87. ii. ISU. 32G, 
iii. 6, 98 ; Gent. Mag. vol. lizrii. pt. ii. pp. 781-2, 
ladei, vol. iii. Preface, luiv ; MoDthly Review, 
xliy. 78, Iv. 76. IviiL 84, Ixxriii. 244 ; British 
Critic, xvi. 65. 56* ; Carsy's Balnoa (ed. 1801}, 
pp. lOD-23, 174, and cover; Corey's Annlects. 



Carey 



68 



Carey 



Tol. i. Preface, pp. iii-v; Carey's Inocolator, 
Preface, pp. v-viii.] J. H. 

CAREY, HENRY, first Lobd Hunsdon 
(1524? -1596), governor of Berwick and 
chamberlain of Queen Elizabeth's household, 
bom about 1524, was only son of William 
Carey, esquire of the body to Henry VHI, by 
his wife Alary, sister of Anne Boleyn and 
daughterof SirThomasBoleyn[q.v.] Through 
his mother he was first cousin to Queen Eliza- 
beth. His father died of the sweating sick- 
ness in 1528, and his mother remarried Sir 
William Stafford, who died 19 July 1543. 

Carey first comes into notice as member of 
parliament for Buckingham at the end of 
1547 ; he was re-elected for the same con- 
stituency to the parliaments of April and 
November 1554, and of October 1555. In 
1549 Edward VI granted him the manors 
of Little Brickhill and Burton in Bucking- 
hamshire. He was knighted by his relative 
Queen Elizabeth soon after her accession, and 
w^as created Baron Hunsdonon 13 Jan. 1558- 
1559, receiving on 20 March following a grant 
of the honour of Hunsdon and manor of East- 
wick in Hertfordshire, together with other 
lands in Kent. Hunsdon was prominent in 
all the court tournaments and jousts of 1559 
and 1560. With Leicester he held the lists 
against all comers in a tournament at Green- 
wich 3 Nov. 1559. On 18 May 1561 he was 
installed a knight of the Garter and was sworn 
of the privy council about the same time. He 
also became captain of the gentlemen-pen- 
sioners. On 28 May 1 564 he went to PVance 
to present the order of the Garter to the young 
French king Charles IX, and on 5 Aug., while 
in attendance on Elizabeth at Cambridge, he 
was created M. A The queen lost no oppor- 
tunity of testifying to her affection for her 
cousin. When on what she imagined to be 
her deathbed in 1562, she specially commended 
Hunsdon to the care of the council. 

In August 1568 Hunsdon became warden 
of the east marches towards Scotland, and 
governor of Berwick. In September 1 569 ho 
went to Scotland to discuss the possibility of 
sending Mary Stuart back to her own coun- 
try while excluding her from the throne. 
Lat^r in the same year the outbreak of the 
northern rebellion threw on him a heavy 
responsibility. He was entrusted with the 
duty of protecting not only Berwick but New- 
castle and the rest of Northumberland. He 
moved rapidly first to Doncaster (20 Nov.), 
thence to Hull (23 Nov.), and subsequently 
to York (24 Nov.), where he joined the Earl 
of Sussex, the commander-in-chief of the go- 
vernment forces. Hunsdon resisted an order 
(22 Jan. 1569-70) of the government to reduce 
the garrisona on the Scotch frontiers, which 



was issued while the rebellion in the more 
southerly counties was unsuppressed. On 
20 Feb. 1569-70, with an army of fifteen hun- 
dred men, he defeated, near Carlisle, a rebel 
army of twice the number of men under 
Leonard Dacres. He despatched a spirited ac- 
count of the en^^agement to Sir WUliam Cecil 
on the same night, and received a letter of 
thanks from the queen, part of which, written 
in her own hand, was couched in the most af- 
fectionate terms. Hunsdon was a member of 
the commission appointed to try the rebel 
leaders of the counties of York, Durham, and 
Cumberland, early in 1570. In the following 
year the queenjpaid him many attent ions. She 
visited him at Hunsdon House in September ; 
allowed him new and extensive privileges as 
lord of the manor of Sevenoaks, a portion of 
his property in Kent ; and granted hun further 
lands in Yorkshire and Derbyshire. 

Meanwhile, Scotch afiairs occupied him in 
the north, and he was directed to grant all 
assistance in his power to James against the 
supporters of his dethroned mother. In May 
1572 he prayed Lord Burghley to procure his 
recall from Berwick, on the ground that his 
salary was unpaid, and that his private re- 
sources could not endure the constant calls 
which his office made on them. In the fol- 
lowing month the Scots handed over to him 
Thomas Percv, earl of Northumberland, who 
had escaped from England while charges of 
treason were pending against him. Hunsdon 
was directed to bring the earl to York and 
there to have him executed, but he declined 
to convey him beyond Alnwick, the boundaiy 
of his jurisdiction. He wrote to Burghler 
urging the lord treasurer to' obtain the earls 
pardon, but he was compelled finaUy to sur- 
render the earl to Sir John Forster, who 
hanged him at York on 22 Aug. 1672. 
Hunsdon rigorously suppressed marauding 
on the borders, and according to popular re- 
port he took as much delight m hanging 
Scotch thieves as most men teke in hawking 
or hunting. On 24 May 1580 he was ap- 
pointed a commissioner for the redress of 
grievances on the border; six months later he 
became captain-general of the forces on the 
border, and was at Newcastle in January 
1580-1. He wrote to Walsingham at the 
time that he declined to interfere further in 
Scotch affairs, since his advice was systemi- 
tically neglected. He desired permission to 
visit the queen and to look after his private 
affiiirs. 

Hunsdon, still on good terms with Elin- 
beth, gave her every new year yery valnaUe 
presents. He favoured her projected marriage 
with the Due d'Anjou, and was present at 
the consultations respecting it hem in Octo- 



bet 1679, Ha escorted the diike to Ant- 
■wwpin February 1581-2. About June 1C83 
Elizabeth showed her respect for him by 
mftkuig him lord chamberlain of her houeo- 
hold in succeesion to the Earl of Sussex. 
But hiB neglect of his office in the north and 
froqaent oWnt^ from Berwick angered Eli* 
tabelh in the followinffyeitr. Hia son Robert 
reported to his father iTiat in n torrent of pa»- 
cion ehi- threatened ' to set him by his ^t ' 
and Mnd another in hia place. Hunsdon once 
agrain explained to Lord Burghley (6 June 
1584) that fais salary was in arrear, that his 
Boldiersandservantswcrein wont 01 food and 
clothing, nnd that he haddonehisdutyaa well 
a» taaa could under such disbeartenittg con- 
ditions. This storm tsoon blew over, and on 
14 Aug. ofthesame year Hunsdon received the 
Earl ot Anan at Berwick, with a view to re- 

'ing till: old lea|riie between England and 

"' ' A little later he resisted the order 
exiled Scottish noblemen — who 
recognise Jamea Vl'a authority — 

poMeiMion of the island of Lindisfame. 
flunsdoD argued that the disaffected noble- 
man would proTe dangerous neighbours for 
Entfland, and be likely to imperil Eliza- 
bt^tti'B amicable relations with James VI. 
TW Scottish king made similar repreaenta- 
tions : Walsingham finally acknowledged the 
Janice of Hunsdon'a arguments, and per- 
nilled him to evade the order. Hunsdon 
Utmded the meeting of the Star-chamber 
on S3 June 1586, when the treasons of Henry 
Percy, ear) of Northumberland, who had shot 
^unieu in the Toner, were farmally pub- 
In October 1686 he was at Fotbor- 
M one of the commissioners for the 

'of Mary Queen of Scote. 
_.» execution of Queen Mary nearly pre- 
Cipteted a breach with the king; of Scotland, 
OAil in April 1589 Hunsdon was deputed to 
|irovi!od to Scotland onthe delicate mission of 
placing the relations between James and Eli- 
mboth on a friendly footing. James tallied 
b««ly to the English ambassador of the 
Mnpting olTers made liim by Spain if he 
would declare against the English alliance, 
but be rrodily consented to reject them in 
Elixabeth's favour. Hunsdon was 



S4 Oct. 1587 that the king was quite capable 
of iW^iTiitg her, and that the company about 
him ntSTV ' maliciously bent against your 
iuglimaa.' Full powers were prea Hunsdon 
to maintain ' the good intelligence ' between 
til* two realms, and in December 1587 James 
Mnt Sir John Carmichael to Berwick to renew 

COB of friendship. Eliiabeth rewarded 
idon'a Bucceasfiil diplomacy with the 



office of lord warden -general of the mnrchea 
of England towards Scotland, and keeper of ' 
Tinsdale (31 Aug. 1689). A grant of a part 
of the temporalities of the see of Durham 
followed, and a rumour was abroad that 
Hunsdon was about to be created count pals- 

The need of preparing to resist the Spanish 
Armada brought Hunsdon to the south, and 
a force of 36,000, fomiedtoact as the queen's 
body-guard, was placed under bis command 
at Tilbury Fort. In 1690 he, with Lord 
Burgbley and Lord Howard of Effingham, 
was appointed commissioner for execntinK 
the office of earl marshal, and in 1591, with 
Lord Howard of Effingham and Lord Buck- 
hurst, negotiated an alliance with France. 
Many other duties were placed upon him 
during the last years of his life. He waa 
comnuseioner for the trials of W illiam Parry, 
D.D., 20 Feb. 1684-S ; of Philip, earl of 
Arundel, 14 April 1589 ; of Sir John Perrot 
(for treasonable correspondence with Spain), 
20 March 1591-2; and of Patrick O'Oullen 
(for the like offence), 21 Feb. 1593-4. He 
also held the office of chief justice of the 
forests south of the Trent, and master of the 
game of Hvde Park; he was elected recorder 
of Cambridge 26 April 1590, high steward 
of Ipswich 11 Sept. following, and high 
steward of Doncaster in October. 

Hunsdon died on23 JulTl596BtBomerHet 
House, the use of whlcli the queen had 
granted him. Fuller reports the story thai 
his death was caused by disappointment at 
not being created earl of Wiltsfure, the title 
borne by his maternal grandfather, Sir Tho- 
mas Boleyu [q. v.]. Itissaid that the queen 
visited him during bis last illness and pre- 
sented biro with the patent of the new liUa 
and the robes of an earl, but that Hunsdon 
declined both on the ground that honoursof 
which the queen deemed him unworthy in 
his lifetime were not worthy of his acceptance 
OD his deathbed. He was buried in West- 
minst«r Abbey on 12 Aug. at the queen's ex- 
pense. His wife and heir erected above his 
tomb an elaborate monument to his memory. 

Although Hunsdou's achievements are few, 
and his office in the north did not allow him 
to reside regularly at court, he contrived to 
be present at moat of the state eeremoniea of 
the time, and hispoaition as chamberlain and 
his intimacy with the queen gave him much 
influence when in attendance on his sovereign. 
Straightforward ondrongh in speech and con- 
duct, he held himself aloof from the factions 
which divided the noblemen and statesmen of 
tlie day; professional courtiers feared him, 
but soldiers respected and loved him. He 
lacked most of the literary culture of his clan, 



Carey 70 Carey 

hilt according to (.M-ranl li»; tfKik a <k*«]> inte- he wa.sone of twenty-six personages — undtlit* 
rest in Ijotuny. Tin; British Museum pos- only one of the number whose father wa.* nor 
H«'S.Hi.'S a copy of * Frf>isftart ' CPuris, lolS), a nobleman — who were made knights of the 
which coutuins a fuw nmnnscript notes in Bath in November of that year on the occa- 
('an*v'« handwrit ing tog»'th»'r with tjntries of sion of Charles being crottted*]»rince of AVales. 
the (lutes of most of his children's births. ' He showed no inclination for the lift' (*( a 



HunHdr)n niarritKl Anne, daughter of Sir 
Tlirimns Morgan, knight, of Arkestonr, Ilere- 
fonlshire, hv whom he had seven sons and 
three daughtt^rs. II is eldest son, George [q.v.], 
becamtt sifcond I^ortl Ilunsdon. His second 
son, .lolm [<i.v.], lH.'came third lonl. Of his 
younger sons, two nami'd Thomas, and a fifth, 
NVilliani, di«*d young. Edmund, the sixth 
son, was knight t'd by Leicester in the Xether- 
bmds in l."jS7. The youngest son, Jlobert 
Tq. v.], was created earl of Monmouth. Ilims- 
aon's eldi'St daughter, Catherine, married 
Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham; the 
sivonddaugliler beeame the wife of Thomas, 
lord Serope, and t he t hinl of Sir Edward Hoby . 

A miniatureiH>rtrait ofHunsdon by Nicho- 
las Hillianl was sold at the Strawberry Hill 
sale to the Duke ttf Buckingham. At Knole 
H«nist\ Sevt-noaks, is a painting of a proces- 



courtier, and his parents busied them.-selve-i 
during the next year or two in making fur 
their son some advantageous alliance. Aftnr 
feebly objecting to more than one of the pr-v 
posals, he was at last married in 161*0 to 
Martha, eldest dauc^hter of Sir Lionel Cran- 
field, who eventually became earl of Middle- 
sex and lord treasurer of England. From tluj 
time he seems to have lived in rt^tiremfnt 
amonj^ his books in the country. His fatliera 
death m 1639 and his consequent succession to 
the earldom made little change in his habits. 
Only once does he appear to have come f »r- 
ward to take part in the conflicts of the tur- 
bulent times, when he spoke in the House of 
Lords in Jime 1641 on the bill for depriv- 
ing the bishops of their seats in parliumrnr. 
AN hen Charles I issued the famoiis decliira- 
tion and profession in June KU:?, Mod- 



1 



sitm of the qutvn and her ciuirt going (^LVH)) mouth's name appears among the signatuni^, 
ti> Ilunsdon llou^e. Lord Ilunsdon and his j but from this time he retired from all pjliti- 
wit'e are pniminont figures in the picture, , eal life, and henceforth till his death he was 
which was engraved by Vertue in 17-4:?. ] busily engaged in translating various works 

Many of Ilunsdon s otHcial letters and . from the Italian and French, and letting the 
[Viivrs i\Tv at the Public Ui'oord (.Office, the world go by him as if he had no interest in 
[Witish Museum, and llattield. , its concerns. The truth is that he had in- 

ICvitf* Athoiue C;i:.Mb. ii. 213-19; Cal. ' ^^^'^^^ none of the immense physic4il vigour 
8:ato Tdivi^. umy, Klij. ; Vn^udts Hist, of En«- »"" energy of his father and grandfather, and 
br.d . N;iu:.:on sFr.vcmor.ta E« .-aliii : LloydsWor- if be had any ambition there is no evidence 
t^'M; Fuller* w'r.hio*: Rr.'h* Mt"mo:rs of to show that his abilities were at all more 
K1-. .Mix : h ; N .^v*.:a.'s L::o of Chrisr.^pher Ha: ton ; than respectable. Walpole's j udgment upjn 
l»urkc's K\: :::.♦: r.iva^''; l^io*:. l»r;:.: VTriiiger's him is probably correct : ' Though there art 
lv..\:. H-.s:. '.. !S.\ li'*4. -^-*\1 S. L. L. several lai^e volumes translated by him. we 

have scarce anything of his own composition^ 

C ARKY. IIKN U Y. S'AV'iid F.ari. of Mox- and ane as little acquainted with hischaracier 
Moi vu v^l-VVv hk'l'. :nii>U:. r. oldest son of as with his genius/ His earliest publisht^ 
K.>lvr: Catx y. !lr>i: eurl '.j. \.\ by KIi«aK^th. work was "Romulus and Tarquin, or del*rin- 
dA:ii;::ur . : S.r ll.:*:U T> v a::::;. ^n of Tri*:»: cipe et Trranno,' translated from the Italian 
M:r. 'T. C^~:i\vs**.. dv. : w-..i.^\v v^: Sir Henry ot the Marquis Valezzi (12mo, 1637). Hii 

s t ht 




t.:v.;- :> :.iv,--- vV. ■':■.. *:• -I-. :s ">tn Cvxsy. K:- lo June UXU. 

isvxr. '}.T<: V. vS". . > >t nx v ■. h . r .■.: s:vr tbr He had a family of ten children, two son* 

d;-.^:V. /:\i ■.-,"«:: V..r.\U:V. :.: '.•.-.•.: i:: :r.t *:- and elcht dauirhters. Of the sons, hionA, 

rv.,vV>.-:\' v^t*::.; wv..::. IL ::;-.-.r:«.l i..*i :V."..'w :he e'.ier. was slain at the battle of Ma:- 

vv:v.vj -v.;! a: ^-^^ *- ; V.' .".',:-:;.. \.^\:. r-l. .v.:rLz*: stc^n Moor in lt>44. and was unmarried: the 

I cv.: :;ru:. I:''."., a::. I : • V. :":.. 1* A .l:\;T*:r: i:i y>unp?r. Henry, fell a victim to the small- 

IVVruArv '.O*. V U: *:>::-.: :*:.-. r.: \- tItv^ y-.Ar* ^.\x in 1^49. leaviurone son behind him. vhi> 

: V. : T*^ : iV.r^ *u :>.?• cv r.: .r.- v.: ni .1 .- loi: vi.r.z^ cl:^ in Mav 1^5S. and who was the last heir 

: '.;*: k-.: ,*\* ' xv^" v : :."•■?:• l^n I Ar^-v:- * :' - "» >- a:1 :o :be earl^^m. His laxdship s only brot her. 

h:' Kv.v.v.;- dLf.t'r>»^kr.U k" ,v.*-.L=^ujCv,\i. Re- Tb>Bbafiftbaddiedwichoatm^eis6ue,9 April 



[Memoin of Ilo1»n Core;, Earl of Man- 
moatli, writUn by hiciBelf; Banks's Donnaat 
nod ExUekK. BnroDS^r. Ho, 1809. iii. 619 a<K{. ; 
Biich'* Ooart tuid Times of Junm I. ii. 149, 
Ifi6. &«. ; Wnlpole'B Rof al nnd Noble Anthon ; 
Wood'* AtheoK Oioo, (Bliw), (the last two 
wotfcc cotiUiii long libta of hia lordihip'i printed 
works) : Colonel Chestet'i WesCmiDBler Abbey 
Regisle™. 1 A. J. 

CARET. ItENRY (rf. 1743), poet and 
*ciaa, is said to linrc been an illegitimuts 
tt George Ssvile, tlie tamoua mftrquis of 
*tx, who died in Itldo. Corej, id the 
e to his first volume of poems, in 1713, 
s of himself as still very young. His 
notlwr probably was a scluKumiatreaG, as a 
' Putomliclc^e ' in lliot volume is deacribed 
BE 'performed at Mrs. Carey'sschoolby aevo- 
ral of her scbolaia,' He aftprwarda taught 
muaic in boarding bcIiooIb. Pope told Sponce 
thttt Carey Tras one of Addison's ' little se- 
nate ' aboitt this period. Car^y himself says 
that, 'the divine Addison' had been pleased 
more than onu to praise his best Known 
poem, ■ Sally in our Alley ' iPoemt, 1729). 
Carey tells us la the same place that the 
poem owed its origin to hla having ' dodged ' 
a 'piwntira treating his mistress to vanoua 
London amiisemenlB, Carey became known 
•stheauthorof many vivscioufl poems which 
were banded about in manuscript. He com- 
ploina (STfKre Tyranlt) that 'Sally in onr 
AUey'anil'Nambv-ramby,' composed in ridi- 
cule of Ambrose Philips, were thought too 
rood to be his, and says that Pope vindicated 
hisclaim to the latter. He was also the author 
nf success^ farces and of the songs in the 
'Provoked Husband' and elsewhere, lie 
ooeacionally composed the music himself. 
He deacribM himself as a disciple of Oemi- 
niani and Roseingrave, and says that he 
owed his first knowledge to the friendly in- 
Mtroctione of 0. W. Liunert. Mies Raft«r, 
afterwards Mra. Clive 
at hi» benefit in 1730, 
tats by him, and when, accordi 
twrnpomry account, a procession oi 
with all the instruments inventea since 
kl Cain^ marched from the Haymarket, 
were joined by authors and printers' 
It at Temple Bar, and by painters at 
mt Garden, whence the whole body 

ibid to Drury T jine. He produced other 

VMT saccessfiil burlesques, ridiculing the 
Italian opera, birthday odea burlesquing 
Cibber, and other occasional pieces. He was 
a livelv companion, and often, it 
difficultiris. It is anid that be received a 
wiuioD from the Savilo family until his 
'lealh. Iln died suddenly, Hnwkins says 
kf hia own liutd, on 4 Uct. 1743. Contem- 



porarv records only say tbnt he rose in 
good lieulth and 'wussoon after fonnddead.' 
A benefit performnncH for his widow and four 
small children was givett at Drury Lane on 
17 Nov. 1743. 

Mr. Cummings states (Nules and Queriet, 
6th series, ii. 160) that he possesses over two 
hundred works published by Carey. The fol- 
lowing is a list of his cluef publications: 
l.'PoemBonseveralOccaaiona,'1713, 3.8ame 
title, 1730. 3. Same, called ' third edition, 
much enlarged,' 1729. Each of these differs 
greatly irom its predecessors. The third 
editionincludes'Namby-Pamby ' and 'Sally 
in our Alley,' the last published separately 
about 1716. 4. 'The Contrivances,' 1715; 
actedatDruryLane,BAug.l7I5. 6. 'Hang- 
ing and Marriage,' a farce, 1722 (LincoliTs 
Inn Fields, 15 March 1722). 6. ' Poems oc- 
casioned by Gulliver's Travels,' 17^7. 7. Six 
cantatas, 1733. 8. 'Teraminta,' an opera, 
music by J. C. Smith, 1733 (Lincoln's Inn 
Fields, 20 Oct. 1732). 9. 'Amelia,' an opera, 
music by J. F. Lampe, 1732. 10. Songs in 
' Cephalus and Procris,' Drury Lane, 1733. 

11. ' Chrononhotonthologos," ' Ihe most tra- 
gical traffedy ever yet tragedised;' a veiy 
amusing burlesque, phrases of which are BtiU 
familiar, first performed at the Haymarket 
22 Feb. 1734. Fielding's ' Tom Thumb,' pro- 
duced in 1730, is in some degree its modeL 

12. 'The Wonder; or, an Honest Yorkshire- 
man,' a ballad opera, 1735, performed for 
one night (11 July 1735) at Lincoln's Inn 
Fields, and afterwards for many nights at 
the Haymarket and Goodman's Fields. Pub- 
lished in two editions in 1736. 13. ' Stage 
Tyrants,' an epistle to Lord Chesterfield, 
occasioned by the rejection of the 'Honest 
Yorkshireman'atDruiT Lane, 1736. 14.'ThB 
Dragon of Wantley, a burlesque opera, 
rousic by J. F. Lompe. This vras first pro- 
duced 26 Oct. 1737, suspended fora time by 
the death of Queen Caroline on 29 Nov., and 
had a run of sixty-eeven nights. 15. ' Mar- 
gery ; or, a "Worse Plague than the Dragon,' 
by the same authors, produced 9 Dec. 1(38, 
a sequel and failure. 16. 'Nancy; or, the 
Panlng Lovers,' 1739, an interlude, with 
music Dy Ihe author. Revived in 1755 aa 
'The Pressgang,' and afterwards as 'True 
Blue.' 17. 'AMuaicalCenturj; or, a Hun- 
dred English Ballads,' as a collection of 
separately printed pieces, 1737 ; new edit. 
1740; tliird, 1748, 18. 'Dramatic Works' 
(published by subscription), 1743, includes 
'Teraminta, 'Amelia,' 'Chrononhotontho- 
logos,' 'The Honest York *hi reman,' 'The 
Dragon,' 'The Drogoness' iMargery), iind 
' Nancy.' 

Carey has been credited with the author- 



Carey 



72 



Carey 



ship of 'God save the Queen.' The first 
known publication of this was in the * Har- 
monia Anglicana/ 1742, where it is anony- 
mous. Carey did not include it in his * Cen- 
tury.' It first became popular aft^r his 
death, during the rebellion of 1746. The 
actor Victor describes the performance in a 
contemporary letter to Gamck ( Victor's LeU 
ters, 17/6, i. 118), and says that it was an 
old anthem sung in the cliapel of James II 
when William III was expected. Ame ar-' 
ranged it for Dniry Lane, and Kumey for 
Covent Garden, liumey told Isaac D'Israeli 
that the authorship was unknown, and gives 
the same account of its origin as Victor (&en#. 
Mag, for 1814, pt. ii., p. 100). Fifty years 
later, Carey's son, (Jeorge Saville Carey [q. v.], 
claimed it for his father in order to justify 
a request for a pension. Ilis only authority 
was J. C. Smith, who told Dr. Harington 
of Bath, on 13 June 1705, that Henry Carey 
had brought it to him in order to correct the 
bass. Smith was the friend of Handel, 
and had [see above] been a collaborator 
with Carey (G. S. Carey, Balnea (1801), 
111-15, and Gent, Mag. for 1795, p. 544). 
A Mr. Townshend is said to have told John 
Ashley of Bath, who told W. L. Bowles in 
18:28, that he had heard Carey sing the an- 
them at a tavern on occasion of Vernon's 
capture of Portobello in 1740 (see also Gent, 
Mag. for 1796, pt. ii. 1075). Some internal 
evidence in favour of Carey is suggested in 
Ifewles's * Life of Ken,' but the improbability 
that Carev should have left the authorship 
unclaimed^, that his family should not have 
claimed it when it became so popular, and 
that Arne (to whom he must have been 
well known) and Burney should have been 
unable to discover the authorship at the time, 
siHnus to overbalance? the small probability of 
the much later statements, which, moreover, 
if accepted, do not t'stablisli Carey's author- 
ship. A full discussir)n of the authorship will 
be found in W. (!'ha])peirs ' Collection of Na- 
tional Airs,' pp. 83, 93 ; W. Chappell's ' Popu- 
lar Music of the Olden Time,'ii. 691 ; and in 
a series of articles by W. H. Cummings in the 
* Musical Times 'from March to August 1878. , 

Carey had a gt'nuino vein of playful fancy, 
whicli makes his burlesques stilf amusing, 
though the admirabh* * Sully in our Allev ' is , 
his l>est known p<»rformance. A portrait by 
"SVorsdale was engraved bv Faber (1729). ' 
He was great-grandfather, W his son G. S. 
Cartw, of P]dmund Kean. 

[Rees's CydopaKlia (art. * Carey,' by Bnmey); 
Hawkins s Hitt. of Music (1853), 827 (with por- 
trait by Worsdale); Gent Mag. for 1796, pt. ii. 
544, 907, 091; 1836, pt. i. 594, pt ii. 141, 369; j 
Notes and Queries, let scriei, vii. 95, xii. 103 ; 



2Dd series, ii. 413, vii. 64, ix. 126; 6th series, 
ix. 160. 180; Genest's History of the Stage, ii« 
558, 559, iii. 81, 355, 468, 471, 482, 647, 585, 
X. 258 ; Biog. Dramatica ; Clark's Words of Pieees 
... at the Glee Club (1814); Cox's Anecdotes 
of J. C. Smith; Bowles's Life of Ken, ii. 288; 
Grove's Diet of Music (arts. * Carey ' and ' Ood 
save the King ').] H S. 

CAREY, JAMES (1845-1888), Fenian 
and informer, was son of Francis Carey, a 
bricklayer, who came from C!elbridge, in 
Kildare, to Dublin, where his son was bom 
in James Street in 1845. He also was a 
bricklayer, and for eighteen years continued 
in the employment of Mr. Michael Meade, 
builder, Dublin, lie then commenced busi- 
ness on his own account as a builder at 
DenziUe Street, Dublin. In this venture 
he was successful ; he became the leading 
spokesman of his trade and obtained several 
lar^ building contracts. During all this 
period Carey was engaged in a national- 
ist conspiracy, but to outward appearance 
he was one of the rising men of Dublin. 
It is curious to learn that at the moment 
when Carey was a leading spirit in the con- 
spiracy for the emancipation of Ireland he 
was making money by subletting a large 
number of tenement houses, which he rented 
from his former employer and relet to the 
poor. Every one believed in his piety and 
public spirit; there was hardly a society 
of the popular or religfious kind of which he 
did not become a member, and at one time 
he was spoken of as a possible lord mayor. 
In 1882 he was elected a town councillor of 
Dublin, not on political grounds, but, as he 
himself said, * solely- for the good of the work- 
ing men of the city.' Al^ut 1861 he had 
ioined the Fenian conspiracy, and soon after 
became treasurer of the * Irish republican 
brotherhood.' This band held court-martiab 
and passed sentences, but up to 1879 in- 
formers only were attacked. In 1881 Uie 
conspirators, one of whose sections as- 
sumed the title of the Invincibles, estab- 
lished their headquarters in Dublin, and 
Carey took an oath as one of the leaders. 
The object of the Invincibles was 'to remove 
all t vrants from the country,' and several at- 
tempts, but without success, were made to as- 
sassinate Earl Cow]>er and Mr. W. E. Forster. 
'No. 1 ,' the secret head of the association, then 
gave orders to kill Mr. Thomas Henry Burke 
Lq. v.], the Under-Secretary to the lord-lien- 
tenant, and on 6 May 1882 nine of the cons^ 
rators proceeded to the Phcenix Park, where 
Carev, while sitting on a jaiintingHsar, pointed 
out Mr. Burke to the others, who at once 
attacked and killed him with knives, and at 
the same time also despatched Lord Frederick 



OaTendieh [q. v.], tbo newly appiint^d cliief 
secretsfy, wno hiipppned to be wallfiiig witli 
Mr. Burke. Fnr d long tima no clue could 
b* found to iheperjielratora of the set; but 
on 13 Jnn. 1883 Carpy was arrested in hia 
own bouse, and, ■with sixteen other persons, 
charged with a conspiracy to murder public 
ofEeuls. Whfn arrested hp was erecting a 
inuTtiuuy chapel in the Soath Dublin Union, 
■nd itiH worK WB3 then carried on bj his 

Other, Peter Carey. OniaFeb.CareytumBd 
Mi's e^dence, betrayed the complete de- 
ls of the Fenian organisation and of the 
in the Phffinii Park, and by his evi- 
___, . a the means of causing the public ei- 

ccntion of five of his late aeeociales. His life 
hang in (treat danger, ha was secretly, with 
IiiB wife and family, put on board the Ein- 
fkune Caxlle, bminj for the Cape, and sailed 
on « July under the name of Power. The 
Zatincibles, howi'ver, discovered the secret, 
and »ent on board the sume ship a person 
««lled Patrick O'Donnell, a bricklayer. He 
followed his Tictiui on board the Melrose in 
the ^■oynge (rom Cape Town to Natal, and 
when the ve*ael was twelve miles off Cape 
Vacca*, on 29 Jxdy 1883, shot Carey dead. 
O't^nnell was broucht to England and tried 
for an ordinarymunfprjwithout any reference 
to bb Fpnian connection, and being found 
piilty was executed at Newgate on I" Dec, 
without making any statement as to his as- 
' 1 theplanning-ofthemurder. Carey 
n 1861J Margaret M 'Kenny, who 
llMVerat children surrived him. 

(Fall Hall Gazette. 31 July 1S83. pp. 10-12 ; 
I^M, I arjii 3 Deer. 1883; Annual Bcgister, 
1883, pp. 182-8; Graphic, inrii. 200, 278, witli 
I-.rtniit«, iind ixTlii. 112. with portrait (1883); 
lUiiiirKi'-i! London Nuws, luiii. 103, withjpor- 
imii (18M3).l G, C. B. 

CABEY, JOHN, third Lord IltTNeiioB 

(■/. P«J7i. second son of Henry, first lord 

ii,._..i,,., r.| v.], was depiitv warden of the 

lif," under his fallier.and marshal 

'. Iieru he proclaimed James I king 

I NiiTHOie,jrVc^*iMM,i.60),when 

- 1 r Robert. Cawy [q. v.] rodo north- 

unnU <Mdj The news ilf Queen Elizabeth's 

death. Hew8SRiiJchi>»teemedbyJBinesI,and 

ftp|M*arB to liHve conduct^ some diplomatic 

liu'ini--- ti'twenn thinking and Queen Eliza- 

. His brother 



i.' Mn^itTOt 



ii-ikl memoirs, and always with 

\: lie h.1'1 UitlM to thank "him for 

'liriffi made ftir (he p»s- 

!i . On the deathof his 

■ liird Hunsdnn [q. v.], 

>< succeeded to the title 



of Leonard Hyde of ThrockingiHertford 
, and,dyiag in April 161", left bahindtwo sons, 

Henry find Charles, of whom the elduTiHenry, 
' succeeded to the title, and became sabse- 
I quently Yiscount Rochibrt and Earl uf Dover. 
I [Memoir* of Sir Robert Carey; Nichols^ 

ProBrsBsea of King JsmeB I; Banks's Dormant 

and lilxtinct finranage ; Calendar of State Papan, 
i Scotland. 1800-1603.] A. J. 

! CABEY, JOHN, LL.D. (1756-1828), 
classical schcdnr, brother of Matbew Carey, 
onlhor of the ' Vindicito Hihemicw,' [q. v.], 
and of William Paulet Carey [q.T,], was bom 
inlrelandinl766. At the age of twelve he was 
sent to finish his education in a French uni- 
versity. He spent some time in the United 
States aboutl 789, and afterwards passed many 
rears in London as a teacher of the classics, 
French, and shorthand. Hedied at Prospect 
naee, Lambeth, 8 Dec, 18-26. from calculus, 
the last years of his life baring t>MD em- 
bittered by distressing complaints. 

Carey was editor of the early numbers 
of the 'School Hagaiine,' published by 
Phillips, and a frequent contributor to the 
' Monthlr ' and ' Gentleman's ' magazines. 
In the form^ journal in 1803 he made a 
BUg^tion for enabling persons on ahore to 
f^ve assistance to distressed vessels by means 
of shooting a wooden ball from a mortar, an 
idea snbseqnently conceived and carried out 
independently^ by Captain G. M. Manby, for 
which invention Manby was reward«« by 
government. Careybrought outanewedition 
of Dryden's ' Virpl,' 1803, 3 vols. 8ro, and 
ecain in IBIS; two editions of Ainsworth's 
'Latin Dictionnry' in 4to, and five of the 
abridgment of the same; the 'Gradus ad 
Pamasaum' in 1824; the I^tin 'Common 
Prayer ' in Bagater's polyglot edition ; • Ru- 
perti Commentariua m Liviunt,' and a revi- 
sion of Schleusner's ' New Testament Lexi- 
con ' (1826). He likewise edited more than 
filly volumes of the ' Regent Latin Classics ' 
published by Baldwin. He was the com- 

5iler of the valuable ' General Index to the 
lontbly Review from 1790 to lfiia'(3volB. 
1818), and translated BitAubi^'a ' BatAvians,' 
Mndomn de Stall's ' Young Emigronls,' 
Lebmen'a 'Leiters on Switzerland,' and 
others. In 1810 he published a story for 
children called 'Learmng better tlinnIlou8« 
and Land,' which went through several edi- 
tions, His sdiool-books were popular in 
their day anil fi-enerally praised for accnrncy 
and sebolnrlv qualities. Among them are ; 
1. 'Latin rtosody made E*ey,* 1800,; naw 



Carey 



74 



Carey 



edition 1812. 2. * Practical English Prosody 
and Versification/ 1809. 8. * Alphabetic 
Key to the Propria qu8B maribus/ 1812. 
4. * Introduction to English Composition and 
Elocution/ 1817. 6. ^Clavis Metrico-Vir- 
firiliana/ 1818. 6. * Eton Latin Prosody 
illustrated/ 1818. 7. 'Greek Terminations/ 
1821. 8. * Latin Terminations/ 1821. He 
published also a small volume of poems, 
with a portrait prefixed. 

[Koso's Biog. Diet. ; Biog. Diet, of Living Au- 
thors (1816), p. 64; Webb's Compendium of Irish 
Biography (1878), p. 73; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; 
London Catal. of Books from 1814-46; Boase ' 
and C!ourtney'8 Bibl. Cornubiensis, i. 68 ; private ' 
information.] C. W. S. 

CAREY, MATIIEW (1760-1839), 
bookseller, was bom at Dublin 28 Jan. 17G0, 
the son of a prosperous baker. He was a 
dull boy, but became a voracious reader of 
novels and romances. At about fifteen years 
of age he was apprenticed to a bookseller ; at 
seventeen he produced his first essay, pub- 
lished in the ' Hibernian Journal,' on duel- 
ling. In 1779 he wrote a pamphlet urging 
the repeal of the penal code against catholics. 
A prosecution was threatened, and Carev 
was put on board the Holyhead packet with 
a litue money and a letter of introduction to 
Franklin. Carey remained with^Dr. Franklin 
in Paris for some months, and subsequently 
for a short period with the younger Didot. 
He returned to Dublin, and conducted for 
some time the 'Freeman's Journal.' In 1783 
his father gave him the means of establishing 
a paper of his own, * The Volunteer's Journal/ 
wnich soon acquired a very decided influence 
on public opimon, suiting the heated temper 
of the time. At length (April 1784) pro- 
ceedings were taken against the proprietor, 
who was thrown into prison. He was also 
charged with a libel on the Irish premier, 
John Foster. On being released from prison 
at the end of the parliamentary session, with 
an ex-officio information still hanging over 
his head, he disposed of his newspaper, and 
sailed for Philadelphia. 

From a fellow-passenger who had letters of 
introduction to Lafayette, the latter learned 
that *Carey the persecuted printer' had arrived 
by the same boiat. Lafayette now provided 
him with sufficient means to enable him to 
start in business. Forty years later, when La- 
fayette visited America, Care^' repaid the 400 
dollars. Carey immediately issued proposals 
for establishing the ' Pennsylvania Herald.' 
The first number was issued on 25 Jan. 1785. 
In August he undertook reportinffthe de- 
bates in the House of Assenibly. This was 
80 well done, that it gave an advantage for 



his paper over all competitors. Carey fought 
his only duel with another journalist^ and & 
wound laid him up for more than a year. 
In October 1786 he began, in partnership with 
others, the ' Columbia Magazine.' He soon 
withdrew, and in January 1787 issued the 
first number of the 'American Museum/ 
which became very popular, but did not pay, 
and was discontinued at the end of 1792. 
About this time Carey married Miss Flahavan« 
He now started a bookselling and printing 
business. In 1793 he sat on the committee 
of health appointed in consequence of an out- 
break of yellow fever. About the same time 
he started an association called the Hibernian 
Society for the Relief of Emigrants firom 
Ireland, of which he was secretary for many 
years. In 1796 he helped to form a Sunday 
school society,^ which he alleges to be the 
first started in America. About this time 
William Cobbett was actively employed in 
Philadelphia. He had a paper war with 
Carey, of which specimens wAl be found in 
Peter Porcupine's works ; in * A Plumb- 
Pudding for the Humane, Chaste, Valiant, 
Enlightened Peter Porcupine, by his obliged 
friend, Mathew Carey; ' and in * The Porcu- 

Einiad, a Hudibrastic Poem,' in which Carey 
as versified some of Cobbett's paragraphs 
with very little verbal alteration. In 1798 
Carej repudiated the charge of being a 
* United irishman.' 

Carey published American editions of 
Guthrie's * Geography' and Goldsmith's 'Ani- 
mated Nature/ and in 1801 a quarto Bible. 
From 1802 to 1805 Carey was a director of 
the Bank of Pennsylvania. Among his other 
enterprises was the attempt to establish an 
annual book fair on the plan of that at Leip- 
zig, to be held alternately at New York and 
Philadelphia. It was discontinued after a 
few years' trial. Carey's position now en- 
abled him to influence many public ques- 
tions. In 1814 he published ^The Olive 
Branch, or Faults on both sides, Federal and 
Democratic, &c.' Ten editions were struck 
ofl* in little more than three years. Carev 
had always the wrongs of Ireland on his 
mind. On reading G^win's 'Mandeville/ 
in which the alleged atrocities of 1641 aie 
largely illustrated, he at once sat down to 
prepare a work vindicating the Irish firom 
sucn charges. After much labour and ex- 
pense he published in 1819 * Vindicin Hiber- 
nicae, or Ireland vindicated. An attempt to 
develop and expose a few of the multifEuious 
errors and falsehoods respecting Ireland in the 
histories of May, Temple, Wliitelock, Borlase, 
Rushworth, Clarendon, Cox, Carte, Leland, 
Warner, [Catherine] Macamay, Humeu and 
others/ No sooner was this labcmr off his 



bands than Coivy beguu to appear m a politi 

c»l ecoDomi«t. lie advocated {jfotection for 

Ajnpriciui native Industiy, and produced 

nuin^ tracts in suppcrt of his theonee. U" 

usociBlpd with eome other Philadelphi 

citixens in the formation of a societj for the 

omotionof national industry, which helped 

.circuliit« his pamphlets gratuitousty . 

iOu«y retired from buaineHS in 1824. 

the latter portiiMi of his life he con- 

^o take active part in works of public 

charity nnd utility, in promoting education, 
and the construclion of roada, canals, and 
ot^er public works. In 183d he made the 
liberal offer of endowing a chair of political 
etnnomy in the iinirersity of Maryland, 
which was, however, not accepted. His 
death occurred in September 1839. Besides 
tlie •bove-meotioned, Carey publiahed a se- 
D of pieces in prose and veree, which had 
IjF appeared in the ' Columbia Magaiioe ; ' 
Short Account of the Maliirnant Fever 
lyprevalent in Philadelphia' (1793); 'Es- 
lon Political Economy'(18i2);'ThoughtH 
on Penitentiaries and Prison DiscipQne' 
{1S31) i ' Letters on the Colonization Society' 
(which reached a twelfth edition in 1838): 
' female Wages and Female Oppression ' 
i); and a host of tracts and otheiephe- 
writinKB, the mere titles of which 
fbnr aosely printed pages in Sabin's 
of Books relating to America' 
_. He was father of Henry C. 
r, well known as an American econo- 




Jffaw England Magazine, v. 403, 489, vi. GO 
^S7, aOO 400, vii. 61, 14S, 239, 330, 401 
(sDtubiognLphical) ; Hnnt's Mervhaal't 
-KS«, 1839, f. 429 : Duyckincrs Cyrlo. of 
J, Utstature, i. f. GG7 ; American Alma- 
;, 1B4I, f. 37fi; Niles's Rerrist«r. ix. 345, 
T. 837 : Porcupine's Works, it. 53, x. fi9, 60 ; 
JatiaOD'i The Stis^r in America (ISOT), 418, 
410; 'WLUiamCobbett.abiogTBpbj(lH7B); One 
Handled Yeaa of Fobliahing, ITSS-lSSfi.] 

E. S. 

CARET, PATRICK. [See Cabi.] 

CAKEY, ROBERT, first EiEL 09 MoK- 
HODXB ( l5bOP-1639), seventh and youngest 
ionofneiiryCarey,fir3tbrd-HunBdonrq.T.], 
e bom about 1560, forhe stal«s that he was 
sixty-three years of age ' when he fol- 
Prince Charles to Spain in 1623 {Me- 
t,-pATi7). At the opi of seventeen he ac- 
^imied SirThomai* Layton in hia embassy 
ja Netbtidands, and fo ury ears I ater formed 
Jt of tht^ suite stint by Etitabclh to att«nd 
ESuke of AlvD^on wnen he undertook the 
it of the LowOountrins. In 1586, 
a the pajliaments of 156S and 1593, 



awuy from court with the Earl of Ouroberlaud 
to take part in the att«ropt.H to relieve Sluys, • 
and spent a few mouths iu active military sei^ 
vice. In the next year he served against tha 
Spanish armada as a gentleman volunteer. 
It is stated by Park that Carey's portrait 
was among those of the English commanders 
in the tapestry of the House of Lords. In 
Essex's expedition to Normandy in 1591 
Carey commanded first a troop and then a 
regiment, and took part in the siegeof Rouen. 
But it was rather as a courtier than a soldier 
that be distinguished himself, although Lloyd 
speaks of his ' uncourtly t«;inper,' and asserts 
that hia shore of the family candour pre- 
vented his success (State Worthiet, p. 704). 
' I lived iu court,' says Carey, ' had small 
means of my friends, and yet God go blessed 
me that 1 was ever able to keep company 
with the best. In all triumphs I was one ; 
either at tilt, tourney, or barners, in masque 
or balls ; I kept men and horses far abovs 
my rank, and so continued a long time.' Iu 
short, as his cousin, the Earl of Suffolk, after- 
wards toid James I, ' there was none in the 
queen's court that lived in a better fashion 
tnan he did ' {^Memoin, p. 146). What most 
distinguished him, however, was that ' he 
exceeded in making choice of what he woro 
to be handsome and comely.' These charac- 
teristics recommended him to the notice and 
favour of James I when he attended Wal- 
singham into Scotland (1583). ' It pleased 
the king at that time to take such a liking 
of me,' as he wrote earnestly to the queen 
at our return to give me leave to coma back 
to him again, to attend him at his court, 
assuring her majesty I should not repent 
my attendance ' {ib. p. 7). For tbis reason 
Carey was chosen to explain to James Eliza- 
beth's innocence of Mary's execution, but he 
was not allowed even to cross the border. 
On two subsequent occasions, however, in 
1589 and 1593, he proved a more successful 
negotiator. Essex found Carey's skilful in- 
terce^ion effective with Elizabeth when nil 
his friends in court and all her council could 
not move her trom her resolution to recall 
him from Normandy <I691). For this ser- 
vice ho knighted Carey, and told him that 
' when he hod need of one to plead for him 
he would never use any other orator' (iS. 

E. 28-33). About 1593 Carey married Eliea- 
th, daughter of Sir Hugh Trevanniou ; she 
appears to have been the widow of soma 
member of the family of Widdrington. She 
brought him verv little luimey, and ' the 
queen was mightily olfended ' with him for 
marrying (ib.^. ■'il). He regained her favour 
only after ' a stormy and terrible encountw,' 



Carey 



76 



Carey 



l>j means of an ingenious excuse, a courtly 
device, and an important piece of service (A£<- 
moirs, pp. 51-6). For the last ten years of 
Eliiftbetn's reijjTi Carey was employed in the 
government of the border, of wticn he gives 
in his ' Memoirs ' a very graphic description. 
In the first place he was appointed by Lord 
Scrope deputy-warden of the west marches 
(1593), and after that by bis father. Lord 
Hunfldon, deputy-warden of the east marches 
and captain of Korham Castle (1595). On 
the death of Lord Hunsdon in the summer 
of 1596 he succeeded to his father's post, 
althoug-h it waa not formally granted him 
till -iO Nov. 1597 (tW. 8. 'P. Dom.) In 
""February 1598 he was superseded by Lord 
Willoughhy (Bbktib, Five Generations of a 
' Loyal Kiime, p. 3:J4), but, after a little delay, 
accepted the office of warden of the middle 
march, which he held until the occeaeion of ' 
James I. In the parliaments of 1597-8 and 
1601berepre8onted^rthumberland{29May 
1598, Apiil 1603, Dotle). In March 1603 , 
•Carey made a flying visit to the court, and ■ 
thnsbecame a spectator of Eliiaheth's last ill- I 
ness, which he carefully observed and de- . 
scribed. lie speedily became alarmed for bis ' 
own fortunes, remembering tiat most of his 
livelihood depended on her life. At the same 
time he called to mind the favour with which 
the King of Scots bad treated him, and de- 
termined to inform him at once of the queen's 
.state. ' I did assure myself it was neither ' 
unjust nor unhonest for me to do for myself, ^ 
if Uod at that time should call lier to his 
mercy' {Memtiin, p. 118). Accordingly, on 
19Marchl603amesBengepfrom Carey arrived 
at Edinburgh ' to give King James assurance 
that the queen could not outlive three days 
at most, and that he stayed only at court to 
brine them the first news of her death, and 1 
had horses placed all the way to make him 
speed in his post ' ( CoTTe^onS^wxof Jama VI 
with Sir Robert Cecil, Camden Society, p. 
49). Elizabeth died early on the morning ' 
of the 24th, and Carey, in spite of the pro- 1 
hibition of the council, started about nine, 
and by hard riding reached Holyrood late 
on the 26th. His conduct in thus hastening ' 
to make profit out of the death of his kins- 
woman and benefactress has been deservedly 
censured. 'It hath set so wide a mark of 
ingratitude on him,' writes Weldon, ' that it 
wul remain to posterity a greater blot than 
the honour he obtained afterwards will ever 
wipe out' {^Secret Hifiory of the Court of 
James I, i. 314). James rewarded Carey by 
appointing him one of the ^ntlemen of his | 
bedchamber, hut on the km^'s coming to 
England he was discharged trom that post 
and disappointed in the promises made to 



him. This wag probably canaed by the re- 
presentation addressed to the king by the 
council, in which Carey's conduct wm stig- 
matised as ' contrary to such commandmenta 
as we hod power to lay upon him, and to all 
decency, good manners, and respect ' (Lttter 
^ the Council, 24 March, quoted by Oirery). 
Fortunately, however, Lady Carey obtained 
a post in the queen's household, and soon 
after obtained the charge of Prince Charles. 
Carey succeeded in eefling the life g|OTem- 
ment of Norham for 6,000/., his wife ob- 
tained a suit worth ^,0001., his daughter 
became one of the maids of honour to tlie 
Princess Eliiabeti, and he himself governor 
of the household of Prince Charles (23 Feb. 
1605). \Vhen, in 1611, that prince obtained 
a larger establishment, Carey, after a stmgKla 
with Sir James FuUarton, succeeded in be- 
comin ghiamaeteroftherobes, remarking that, 
if he had skill in anything, he thought he could 
tellhowtoraakegoodclotheB. W^enCharlea 
wascreated Prince of Wales, Carey became his 
chamberlain (8 March 1617, S. P. Dom., xc 
105^, and at length, on 6 Feb. 1622,waBcre- 
ateo llaron of Leppington. In the following 
year he was appointed to follow Prince Charles 
to Spain, in charge of the servants sent after 
him by James. When Charles ascended the 
tbrone,Carey was consoled for the loss of his 
chamberlainship by the grant of fee fanna, 
rents in perpetuity to the value of 600/. a year, 
and by beingereated earl of Monmouth (7'Feb, 
1626). With his attainment of the height of 
a courtier's ambition Carey closes his ' Me- 
moirs.' Hisdeathtookplaceonl2Aprill639 
(certificate of John Byley, Bluemantle, OaL 
S. P. Dom.) Carey's ' Memoirs ' were first 

Suhlished in 1759 by the Earl of Cork and 
irrery. Walpole, in his ' Royal and Noble 
Authors,' had urged their printing, and Birch 
had published in 1749 the portion relating 
to the death of Queen Elizabeth (Hittorieal 
View of the Negotiations from 1592 to 1617). 
' A fourth edition, with notes by Sir Walter 
I Scott, was printed in 1808. 

I [Mamoica. ed. 1808; Walpolo's Koyal and 
I Noble Authors, ed. Park ; CalDadai of Donuslic 
StatePaperBiDoyle'sOflkialBaronagB. Theyst 
uncaloDdered portion of the Cecil Papers contain* 
several of Carey's letters ; there are others in the 
Border Papers in the Record Office. Lloyd pves 
a short notice of Carey in his State Worthies; 
Cnmpion has an epigmm on him ; and some d*- 
taile with respect to his Spaniah Journey may be 
gathered from Wynne's Brief Kelation of tha 
Jouniey of the Pnnce's Servants into Spain.l 
I C. H. F. 

CABET, VALENTINE (d: 1696). [Sm 
Cabt.] 



CARET, WTLLLVJtf, D.U. (1701-1834), 
orieutalist und mi«slotiarT,wiiBl>oni 17 Aug. 
1761a t P&ular^ury.NorthamptoiiBliire.wliere 
his &ther, Edmund Carey, kept a small free 
ftcbool, to the educational benefit of the boy. 
At fourteen be was apprenticed to a ehoe- 
loaher at Hacklelon , and becoming religiously 
affected joined the baptist connexion in ITaS. 
In 1786 be was chosen minister of the baptist 
emij^eation at MoiJton. He bad hiteiy 
mamed, on so slender an income that meat 
was a raritv at bistable. Ilewas now work- 
ing at GrMB, Latin, and Hebrew, chiefly with 
a view lo the interpretation of the ecrip- 
tUTva. After boldins a ministry at Leicester 
Iram 1780 he joined in the movement which 
ciilmiDAtcd in the formation of tUe Baptist 
Missionary Society, and was (with a Mr. 
Slionuui) diosen to be tte first baptist mis- 
tu India. Carey and his family and 
lU atrived in Bengal early in 1794, and 
my discoyered that Calcutta was not the 
jt for a needy missionary to live in. The 
nfundatheyhadbrougbtswiflly vanished, 
S kbBoIutely destitute they set out iu an 
n boat to seek for a refuge. They found 
IT tt forty miles' voyage in tbe house of 
_Ejb. Short, wbo afterwards married Mrs. 
Ckl^S sister. At first the missionary's in- 
tonUon waa to make his living by farming : 
bat on btang ofil^red t!ie aiipenntendence of 
Sir. Udneys indigo factory near Maldah he 
gladly accepl«d tne post. Els letters home 
at this period express his distress at the post' 
ponement of hia evougelisinff mission, owing 
to the diiTiculties pre&enled by tbe various 
languages and dialects spoken in Bengal. 
Cki«y*et himself with determination to over- 
ooiDD ibis obstacle. In 1795 be established 
■ churcb uear tbe factory, and there be 
preached in the vernacular. After five years' 
work at Maldah, varied by journeys to Bhu- 
tan and Dinajpiir, Carey removed to Seram- 
piir, a Danish colony, where tlie Danish go- 
vernor encouraged the misaionaries, as the 
East India Company, for political rea«ous, 
was unabla to do. The baptist miasionary 
taFlablislun(>ut ofSerompuT, afterwards famous 
Ibr ita activi' influence, consisted in 1799 of 
y and three young missionaries, together 
h thnir families. A school and printing- 
« tbe first requiait«s, and a bible in 
ivtiB at oncti put in hand and duly 
"appeari'il, logptber with other veraiona of the 
wTiptim-s. in Mabratta, Tamil ; in altogether 
tW'-niy-eis languages, beaidea numerous phi- 
l.i|i..-u-ril iT.irks. In ISO! Carey was appointed 
' Sanskrit, Bengili, and Mnhratta 
'■jtrndedcoilegeofFort William, 
c the iiursiiit of lingiiiatica and 
da MaJirat " 



fo r it* act 
HQmvand 
■githou 



jLj; theiiui 
ulJithen a 



1805. and opened a mission chapel iu Calcutta 
in the same year. There was, however, a 
strong feeling against over-neaJoua prosely- 
tising as a political danger, and Carey was 
cautioned to abstain from preaching or dia- 
tTibuting tracts for a while, ahbougb the go- 
vernment assured him that they were ' well 
satisfied with the character and deportment ' 
of his missionaries, against whom ' Uiere wer» 
no complaintfi.* In spite of such official curbs 
the mission grew steadily, and in 1814 had 
twenty stations in India. Dr. Carey— he had 
now received the diploma of D.D.— actively 
superintt^nded tbe work of the mission and 
its pre.^. Besides the Indian versions of tho 
scriptures, in which he took a vignroua part, 
be published griimmnrs of Mabratta ('1806), 
Sanskrit (ISOii), Punjabi (1812), Telmga. 
(1814), Bhotanla (182SP); dictionaries of 
Mabratta (1810), Bengali (I^!18,3 vols. : 2ud 
ed. 1826 i 3rd ed. 1827-30), BLoUnta (1826), 
and had prepared materials for one of all 
Sanskrit-tterived languages ; but theee were 
deatroyed in a fire wtiich occurred in 1812 at 
the press at Serampiir. He also edited tbe 
' Ramayana,' in 3 vols., 1809-10, and hia 
friend Dr. Roihurgb's ' Flora Medica,' for he 
was an excellent botanist, &c. After being 
weakened by many attadis of fever he waa 
sttQck with apopleiyJitly 1833, and lingared 
in a feeble state tUl 9 June 1834. He woe 
thrice married, and left three sons, one of 
whom was Feiix Carey [q, y.] 



1836.] S. L,-P. 

CABEY,WHJjIAM(1769-1846),biahop 
of Exeter and St. Asaph, was bom on 18 Nov. 
1769. Hia success in life was due to tha 
kindness of Dr. Vfaicent, through whose aid 
be was admitted into Westminster School, 
where he ultiroat«ly passed through every 
grade imtil ho became its head. In 1784 lie 
was elected a king's scholar, in 1788 he 
became the captain of the school, and in 
tbe following year he was elected to Chriat 
Church, Oxford, which was at that time 
presided over by Cyril Jackson. He took 
the degfoe of M.A. in 1796. and became a 
totor of his house, wh«re he also filled tha 
office of censor fh>m 1798 to 1802. Whila 
connected with Oxford life be held tbe in- 
ciimliency of tbe neighbouring church of 
Oowley, and near the close of hia academical 
career, in 1801. he was nominated one of the 
preachers at Whitehall Chapel. The pre- 
iwudal staU of Enaresborougb-cum-Bickliill 
in York Cathedral was conferred upon him 
in 1804, and his connection with thenorthem 



Carey 



78 



Carey 



province was strengthened by his being in- 
stituted to the vicarage of Sutton-in-the- 
Forest. Through the influential and zealous 
support of his old Oxford friend, Cyril Jack- 
son — a support whicli outweighed the oppo- 
sition of many who desired an older man — 
Carey was appointed to the head-mastership 
of Westminster School in January 1803, and 
discharged its duties with great efficiency 
until his retirement in December 1814. He 
proceeded to the degree of B.D. in 1804, and 
to that of D.D. in 1807. The honourable 
post of sub-almoner to the king was given to 
nim in 1808, and in March 1809 he received 
a piece of preferment equally honourable and 
more lucrative, a prebend at Westminster. 
On resigning his position at his old school 
he withdrew to his country living, residing 
there until 1820, when he was called to 
preside over the diocese of Exeter. His 
consecration took place on 12 Nov. 1820, 
and on the previous day he was installed a 
prebendary of his cathedral. The administra- 
tion of the diocese by the former occupant 
of the see had not been marked by an excess 
of zeal, and the energy with which Carey 
threw himself into his new labours was much 
praised. At Exeter he remained for ten 
years, when he was translated to the wealthier 
bishopric of St. Asaph, being elected to his 
new see on 12 March 1830 and confirmed on 
7 April. He died at his house in Portland 
Place, London, on 13 Sept. 1846, but his 
body was carried into Wales and buried in 
the churchyard of St, Asaph Cathedral on 
2 Oct. 1846. A monument to his memory 
was erected in his cathedral. 

Carey was the author of three sermons 
long since forgotten, but his name is preserved 
in his munificent benefaction of 20,000/. 
Consols for tlie better maintenance of such 
baclielor students of Christ Church, dulv 
elected from Westminster School, as, ' having 
tlieir own way to make in the world,* shall 
attend the divinity lectures and prepare 
themselves for holy orders. A second gift 
to his old school was of a different character. 
This was a new set of scenery for the West- 
minster play modelled on the lines of its 
predecessor, which had been designed by 
Athenian Stuart. Carev's scenery was in use 
for fifty years, from 1808 to 1858. 

[Welch'sWestmi nstor School (Phi 11 i more's ed. ), 
pp. 418, 428, 456, 636 ; Forshall's Westminster 
School, pp. 125, 301-3. 470; Olivers Bishops of 
Exeter, pp. 166-7 ; Career of Admiral John 
Markham, p. 14; Gent. Mag. 1846, pt. ii. pp. 
533-4, 661 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. vii. 205 
(1865).] W. P. C. 

CABEY, WILLIAM PAULET (1759- 
1839), art critic, brother of John and Mathew 



Carey fcj. v.], was bom in Ireland in 1759. He 
began life as a painter and ufterwards became 
an engraver. He did the copperplates in 
Geoffrey Gambado's (H. Bunbury's) * Annals 
of Horsemanship,' Dublin, 1792, and seye- 
ral plates in a collection of ethical maTiTna 

Sublished by E. Grattan in Dublin. He 
iscontinued the practice of his profession 
owing to an accident to his eyes, but he re- 
tained a great love for the arts. For more 
than fifty years his pen was employed in 
advocating the claims of modem and national 
art, most of his writings bein^ distributed 
gratuitously. He was one of t ne first to re- 
cognise the genius of (}hantrey, the sculptor, 
in the < Sheffield Iris' in 1805. He was 
proud of having brought James Montgomery, 
the poet, into prominence, and in later years 
he wrote letters in the Cork and Dublin 
papers which had the effect of attracting at- 
tention to the work of Hogan, the sculptor. 
He is said to have been a United Irishman. 
In 1806 he wrote a pamphlet in defence of 
the Princess of Wales ; in 1820 he pub- 
lished two other pamphlets, 'The Conspi- 
racies of 1806 and 1813 against the Princess 
of Wales linked with the atrocious conspi- 
racies of 1820 against the Queen of Eng- 
land,' and ' The Present Plot showed by the 
Past,' &c. Gn the cover of the latter he 
advertised a work in two volumes on the 
same subject. He was a dealer in pictures, 
prints, and other works of art, and was one 
of the principal persons consulted by Sir 
J. F. Leicester, anerwards Lord De Tabley, 
in the formation of his gallery. For several 
years he had an establishment in Marvle- 
bone Street, London. In the exercise or his 
calling he visited many towns, and finally 
settled in Birmingham about 1834. In that 
year he contributed to the 'Analyst,' a 
quarterlv journal issued in that town. He 
died at Birmingham 21 May 1839, aged 80. 
The list of his separate writings on art is 
as follows : 1. ' Thoughts on the best mode 
of checking the Prejudices against British 
Works of Art,' York, 1801, 8vo. 2. 'A 
Critical Description of the Procession of 
Chaucer's PilgrmM to Canterbury,' painted 
by Stothard, Lond. 1808, 8vo ; second edi- 
tion 1818. 3. 'Letter to J. A. (Colonel 
Anderdon), a C]!onnoisseur in London,' Man- 
chester, 1809, 12mo. 4. 'Cursory Thoughts 
on the Present State of the Fine Arts,' 
Liverpool, 1810, 12mo. 5. ' Recommendar 
tion of the Stained Glass Window of the 
Transfiguration for St. James's Church, 
Westminster,' 1815. 6. ' Memoirs of Barto- 
lozzi,' in the 'European Magaiine,' vols. 
IxviL and IxviiL 1815. This ran thiongh 
six numbers, but was not finished. 7. 'Griti- 



r»l Description and AtittMlcal Kevieivs of 
De&lh upon tha falo Ilorw,' paiuled bj 
Benjamin Wost, 1817, 8to. An edition wna 

KbUstied Kt Philadelphia in 1836. 8. 'A 
scriptive Calaliurue of a Cnllection of 
FaintingB by Britisli Artists in the poBses- 
eiaa at Sir John Fleming Leiceeter,' 1819, 
8ro. 9. ' DMultor; Exposition of nn Anti- 
Britiih System of fncendiary Publication,' 
&C. 1819,Sto. 10. 'AddendnioH.neveley'8 
Kolicw illnstTBtive of ibe Musters,' 1820. 
11. 'Memoirs of B. Weat,R.A.,'in'Colburn'a 
New Monthly MagMire,* 1820. 12. 'Vsris: 
Historical uWrvstions on Anti-Britisliand 
Anti-Contemporanian Pr^udices,' &c, 182ii, 
8vo. 13. ' Patronage of &i«U Geniue,' Dub- 
lin, 1823, 8vo. 14, ' Critical Catalogue of 
the Venrille Collection,' 1823. 15. "The 
JKMional Obsmcle to the National Public 
Style considered,' 182ri, 8vo. 10. 'Some 
MeinMra of ilie Pulronsee and Progress of 
the Fine Arte in England , . . with Anec- 
dotes of Lord De Table;,' 1820. 8vo, pp. 361. 
17. ■ Syllabus of a C^ourse of Six Historical 
L(*tiirea on the Arts of Design,' Glasgow, 
1828. 18. ' Appeal to the Directors of the 
Koyal Irish Institution,' Dublin, 1828, 8ro. 
19. ' Oheervolicms on the Primary Object of 
tile British Inslilution for the Promotion of 
the Fine Arts.' Newcastle, 1829. 20. ' Brief 
Ri^iiurks on the Antt-Briliah Effect of In- 
oonsidente Criticism on Modem Art and 
theBihibitionsofthe Li vingBritieh Artiste,' 
London, 1831, 8to. 21. 'RidolS's Critical 
hetten,' Leeds, 1831. 29. ' Ridolfi'a Criti- 
cal Letters on the Style of William Etty.'&C, 
Nottingbam, 1838. 23. ' Lorenio's (>itieal 
Lvtters on the First Exhibition of the Wor- 
cester Institution,' second series. Worcester, 
1834, 4to. A third series was issued in the 
foUowmg year. 24. ' Syllabus of Tarioue 
Lectures on the Fine Arts.' An unfinished 
work of his was a, ' Life of Alderman John 
Boydell,' which was projected to fill two 
n^ quarto volumes. 

One of his dsughlers, Eliiabetb Sheridon 
Oarey. wrote a volume of poems called ' Ii-y 
Leaves,' privately printed in 1837. She 
joiued the Homao catholic church. 

(W, Bates iu Notes and Qnsries, 4th ser. v. 
IB! ; Oeiit. Mag. Febmorr 1S42, p. 130: Webb's 
Cniop. of Irish Bion. (ISiS). p. 73 ; Allibone's 
Diet, iit Anthnn; Hnilnod and Everett's Mem. 
of Judo Monl^merj, ii. 40, 73. 102. iii. 355; 
I. Holland's Mrmorinls of Chnntrey. p. 192; 
UaJMiMl Caial. of Books oa Art, 1S70, 1 229, 
Sappl. p. 125; private information.] 

C. w. a. 
CAEaiLL,ANN (1748P-1764). actress 
tmi TOCali«t, made as Miss Browji her first 
« in London at Corent Garden in I 



E 



1770, playing Sallv in Qeorpie Colmon'a 
comedy ' Man nnd t\'il'e.' During her stay 
at Covent Garden, which lasted until 1780, 
she was the original Cliirs in the * Duenna ' 
of Sheridan (21 Not, 1776), and toolt some 
primary rale/i in comic opera and burletta, and 
many secondary ruten in Cflmudy, On 2 Sept. 
1780 she played at the Haymarket, as Mrs. 
UargiU, late Miss Brown, the Goddess of 
Heith in the ' Genius of Nonsense ' of her 
manager, George Colman. Conspicuous suc- 
cess attended ner performance at the soma 
theatre, 8 Aug. 178l,of Mocheath, in a repre- 
sentation of the ' Beggar's Opera,' in which 
the male characters were sustained by women, 
and the female characters fay men. Mrs. Car- 
gill also performed Patie in Ramsay's 'Q^ntle 
Shepherd ' (29 Oct. 1781 ), Marinetta in Tiok- 
ell's' Carnival of Venice' (13 Dec. 1781), 
and Damon in 1783 in the ' Chaplet,' Mrs. 
Cargill, who was short and thick in figure, 
acted with singular spirit as Captain Mac- 
heath. It is chronicled that her tremors upon 
hearing the beli sound for execution moved 
the audience to tears. In 1782 she went to 
India, where she not only played her fa- 
vourite operatic characters, ^ut attempted 
tragedy with some success. A single benefit 
is Hai<I to have brought her the tben ' as- 
tonishing Slim of 12,000 rupees.' On her 
relum home in 1781 the Nancy packet in 
which she had taken her passage was lost. 
Her body wiis foimd 'on the rodts of Scilly 
floating in her shift,' with an infant in her 
arms. Numerous portraits of Mrs. Cargill 
were painted and engraved. Two engraving 
were issued in 1776 after a picture by W, 
Peters. Engraved portraits were aftarwards 
published of her in her chief characters, in- 
cluding Clara (1778), Miranda (1777), and 
Polly (1777 and 1782). 

[Genest'a Account oftheEngliah Stage ; Thes- 
pian Dictionary; Doran's Their Majesties' Ser- 
vants; Oibeny's Dranrntic Chronology ; YouD^B 
Memoirs of Mrs. Crouch; information kiadly 
snppliwl by Mr. W. Barclay Squire.] J. K, 

CARQILL, DONALD, or, according to 

some, DiNlEL (10I9?-1681). covenanting 
preacher, was bom at Itattray in Perthshire 
about 1619, studied at Aberdeen and St. 
Andrews, and was ordained in 1655. He 
became minister of the Barony parish in 
Glasgow in the same year. From the first 
he was a man of deep convictions and in- 
tense fidelity to them, but he did not become 
prominent till the time of the king's restora- 
tion, when, on 29 Muy 1660, instead of join- 
ing in public thanksgiving for the king's 
restoration, he pronounced the event a pro- 
found calamity, and denounced woe on the 



Cargill So Carier 

P^yalheadiorrneach^rry.ryraimT.ani Irchrry. Th-m w&a far inferior to that of his spoken 

Carzill wi* deprive*! o: hi* benrdc*? and bi- disc^urs^. 

^^ w£?^ u" J- ^^ 'H ^r"^ ""'^"^ '=^>-«'» Fasti Eccl. Scot ii. 39; Biogmphia 

U Oct. 1«>^1' L H- d:*T^r:i:ried rhe «-n:eaee. iv^gv vwriana. voL ii. ; Howie s Scots Woithi«» ; 

became a n^l i ^t^^Ut, and wa* e on^picM yi* w.>irVs Hist'DTy of the Suflbrings of the Church 

for the earnestness wi:hwh;ch he drn^unc-^l c: Sco:Und; M'Criea Sloiy of the Scottish 

the pre&bvterian m:ni?:ers wh> accep-f-i :he Charch.'i W. G. B. 

Mndiilr^nce' in Iri?-. r»n l^J^ilv In? 4 ar.d 

6 Axis. lr!:5 deor-e:s we:>ir pa^~-: a^-iir.*: him CARGILL, JA^klES (J. 1605), botanist, 

for hoMioz c«**nven:;cle* an i otbrr orfrnc^. was a medical man resident at Aberdeen, who 

In lt)79 htr tiX'k par: in :he barle of B-r-th- siuiied bi^tany and anatomy at Basle while 

well Bridge, and was wri.unie'l. bur msie C*5f»irBauhin was professor of those sciences. 

hi* escape ^xh then and tr:im oTber Jaarer* Bj'.iL:n. for whom a professorship was founded 

i»_i 1-1 a--i _• "i •I*'-.-. . _/">i -11 - 1 1 




drawin«r up a cel»:bra:ed j-aper ajain>: 'he spc-oivs oi fucus, together with his descrip- 
govemmenr, kniivm a* the Qiiren*ferry r> tion* of them, is piven in Bauhin's * Prodro- 
venant. He was also e»?norrRevl. al:n^ wi:h nius.' He aided Gesner in the same way, and 
Cameron, in issiiiuir the Sanqvdiar dr>?lara- al*-.^ L'>bel lor Lobt^lius), who, inhis * Adver- 
tion { '2'2 June lt>*0 1. and a reward was is*u-d saria " { IHOo ». refers to him as a philosopher, 
for his appreht-nsion d-id -^r alive. Afrer- well skilled in bot an v and anatomy. No other 
wards, in Sept*.*mbfr. at Torwo-.xl, brrwwn record is known of CargUl. 
Stirlinirand Falkirk.he pr^nounee^l. wi-h r.- r^;.^^, j^^^i^,-^ Pndromiis Theatri Botanici, 
conct-rt with any one. a s-V.^-mn senrer.c.- ot Fra:ifirt-:.n.Main.l62<).p. 154; Pultenevs His- 
excommunication airamsr the kiruz, :hv I»ak- tnrica. Sketobes uf the Progrt«a of Botany in 
of York, Duke of Monmouth. I>iike of Laii- Eaj'.ar. i. 1790, ii. 2.] G. T. B. 

derdale. Duke of Rothes. Sir Geor;re Mao- 

kenzie, and Sir Thrimai Dalzell. The T.»r- CARIER, BENJAMIN, D.D. (1560- 
wood excommunication was published in 1014». catholic controversialist, bom in Kent 
1741. A larfftT reward was thereuj»on is- in l-Viti. was son of Anthonv Carier, a learned 
sued for his capture, and after many hair- minister of the church of England. Ue was 
breadth escajirs he w:i.-i taken on 1:? S-;pr. by admitted of Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
James In ine of R-^nshaw at Covin jt on Mill, brid^re. :?S Feb. l.>>i\ proceeded B.A. in 1586, 
Brouirht before the hijrh c«>urr of jusrioiary was eU-cted a fellow of his college 8 March 
on 'J(i J u ly he was found iriiil: y of hiirh : reason 1 •>>?. and commenced M . A . in 1590. Soon 
and condemnor! to death. He suffered at the afterwanis he became tutor and studied di- 
cross of Kdinbunrh. '27 July ItiSl . expressinir vinity. especially the works of St. Augustine, 
himself in the most jubilant and triumphant This reading inclined him to the church of 
terms just Wfore his execution. He married Rome. However, he proceeded B.D. in 1597, 
Marjraret Browne, relict of Andrew Betham and was appointed one of the university 
of Blebo, in li555. but his wife dit:d 12 Aug. preachers, and incorporated at Oxford the 
16.*)<'». same year. Soon after this he was presented 

Though Cargill's very stringent views were bv the AVootton familv to the rectorv of Pad- 
not genenillv accepted by his countrymen, dies worth in Kent, which he resigned in 1599. 
both he and liis friend Cameron took a trreat He was presented to the vicarage of Thumham 
holdonthe|)oj)ularsymjiathyandrftrurd. Per- in the same county, with the church of Al- 
8^)nally, Cargdl was an amiable, kind-heart fd dintrton annexed, on 27 March ItXX), and he 
man, verj- self-denying, and thoroughly de- held that benefice till 1613. In 1602 he was 
voted to his duty. "\Vodrow ascril)es s«>me presented, bv Archbishop "\Miitgift,whosedo- 
of his extreme sentiments to the inlluence t)f mestic chaplain he then was, to the valuable 
others. Among the people he seems to have sinecure rectory of "West Tarring in Sussex, 
won admiration for the profoundness of his In the same year he was created D.D. at 
convictions and the fearlessness with which ; Cambridge, and his fellowship was declared 
he acte<l on them, when the n^sult to him- vacant. At this time Carier appears to have 

bet:n considerablv mortified bv his failure to 
obtain the mastership of his college. Soon 



self could not fail to be ruinous. Some ser- 
mon«, lectun.'S, and his last s|H.»ech and tes- 
timony have been printed : but Peter "Walker, afterwards he was appointed one of the chap- 
in the * Remarkable Passages ' in which he lains in ordinary to James I. On :?9 Apnl 
recorrls his life in * Biographia Presbvteriana,' 



indicates that thu impression produced by 



Apnl 

1(X)3 he was collated by the Archbishop of 
Canterbury to the living of Old Romney in 



Kent. ( )u L>9 June 1608 he obtained a pre- 
bentlal Mall at Canterbury; and he was 
nominnlEiJ oue of tLe Iir«t fellows of Chelsea 
CollBge, pmjectod by Pr. Matthew Sutcliffe 
aa a fctQinary for aUe defendera of the pro- 
t^tani reli^^on. 

Al. thi 9 periid ho beli e ved t bat a union might 
be effected between the church of Englaiid 
and the Ikiiiuuieburph,but when he perceived 
that tliis was impoaaible, he obtained the 
king'E leavi- to go to Spa for the benefit of 
BHi fcolth. reaUT intending to study the actual 
^ ' I ot CfttboUcism abroad (.1 Treatise 
'u Mr. JDactour Caritr, p. 13). He 
_ .. . . ofvod to join the Roman communion, 
and proceeded from Spa to Cologne, where 
he placed himself in the hands of Father 
Copperua, rector of the Jesuit 0>llege. King 
JameB ordered Isaac Catiaubon and others to 
write to him (August 1613), with a peremp- 
tory injunction to return toEngland. Cotier 
at tint gaye no positive answer, either lis to 
his returning or to the si^icions concemiiie 
hU religion ; but when his conversion could 
be kept n socret no loajcer. il was highly re- 
BHntcd by the king. In his printed * Missive,* 
addreeaed to the kin^ from Liige, 13 Dec. 
1613, he gays :■ ' I hauo sent you my soule in 
thiaTrealize, and if it may find entertainment, 
and passage, my bpdie shul most gladly follow 

He received several congmtulatory letters 
apon his conversion from Rome, Paris, and 
eeveml ntber places. Cardinal du Perron 
invited him to France, dosiring to have his 
iLasistance In some work wliich be wae pub- 
ll-Iiin^' ii.''iinst King James. Carier accepted 
ilii. liiiiiiiU'iii, and died in Paris before mid- 
-LimDji:r 1 1 U 4 ( .fie/iyujie WottoniaiuE,ed.lG85, 
II. -i-r-ii. tliiiiiL'h another accotml: states that 
Lis dostb ooc Ijrted at Liege {J^arl. MS. 7035, I 
p. 189). I 

His works are: 1. 'Ad Christianam Sa- 
n breris Intmductio,' a treatise writ- 
ir the use of Ftince Henry, and preserved , 
umsciipt in the library of Trmity Col- '' 
^JTunbndge. 3. 'A Treatise written by i 
or Carier, wherein he layetb downe , 
_j learned and pithy considerations, by 
fi ha wu moued, to forsake the Protestant 
ntion, and to betake hym selfe to 
uioUcke Apostollcke Roman church' 
S 1613), 4to 1 reprinted under the title 
pL Ourier to a King ; or, Doctour Carrier 
llayne to E. lames ofhappy memory), his 
"MOfronoucing the Protestant Religion, 
icin(fth«CalK. Roman' (Loud.-') 1633, 
-_ » ; again reprinted with the title of ' A 
Vwire lo His Majesly of Great Britain, King 

sitiL & lon^ 




preface by N. Strange, and a list of university 
men and ministers who were converts to Ca- 
tholicism. An elaborate answer by Dr. Geoi^ 
Hakewill to Oarier's 'Treatise ' was published 
at London in 1616. 3. ' A Letter of the 
miserable Ends of such as impugn the Ca- 
Iholick Faith,' 1615, 4to. 

[Addit. HB. SS6S, f. 37 ; Catboliii MiseeUauy 
(1S2G), r. 1 ; Dodd'a Chm^^ Hiit. ii. 424. SOB- 
SIS: Faolknec'a Chelsea. ii.22Si Foley's Records, 
i. 633; Gnillim's Dieplay of Heralrliy (IT24). 
224 : Husted's Evnt, 8vo edit. v. u32 ; Lniiad. 
MS. 983. r. 132; Masten'B Cotpus Christi Coll., 
with coDtiauation by Lamb, 16 1 ; La Nsve's Fssti 
(Hardy), i. 6* ; Pattiaon'B Life of CasHubon, 3 1 0, 
436 ; lif^stor and Magiuineof Blogispby, i. 19 ; 
Strype'i Whitgifl, 678, 581-3. Append. 240, fiiL ; 
Wbittaker'sLifeofSlrO. Baddifle, 119.1 

T. C. 

CABILKF, WILLIAM db. Sadtt {d. 

1096), bishop of Durham, be^an his ecclesi- 
aflticatcareerBd a secular priest in the church 
of Bayeux, but was moved by tbe example o f 
his father to become a monk m the monastery 
of St. Carilef, now St. Calais, In the county 
of Maine. He showed great diligence in 
dischai^Ing his monastic duties, ana rapidly 
rose to nold office in his monastery till he 
succeeded to the dignity of prior. His fame 
spread, and he was chosen abbot of the 
neighbouring monastery of St. Vincent. Hia 
practical capacity commended liim to the 
notice of William the Conqueror, who in 
1080 appointed him bishop of Durham, to 
wliich office William was consecrated on 
3 Jan. 1081. He succeeded to a troubled 
diocese, where his predecessor Walcher had 
been murdered by bis unruly people. He 
set to work at once to carry out a change 
which Walcher had contemplated, the sub- 
stitution in the church of Durham of TeEuhur 
for secular canons. Monasticism had re< 
vived in Northumberland through tbe influ- 
ence of Aldwin, prior of Winchcombe, who 
with two companions had travelled to the 
north that he might rekindle the fervour of 
monastic life which he read in the pages of 
Bede. Aldwin and his followers settled at 
Jarrow and Wearmonth, where they rebuilt 
the ruined buildings and formed monastic 
settlements. Bishop William wished to 
gather these monks round the church of 
Durham and commit to their care the guar- 
dianship of St. Cuthbert's relics. He con- 
sulted King William and Queen Matilda, 
who advised him to act cautiously and ob- 
tain the sanction of the pope. Gregory VII 
readily assented to a change which favoured 
the spread of monasticism. In 10S3 Bishop 



Carilef 82 Carilef 

revenues of the see wer>? not sufficient to the rebellion was put down, and William 11 

maintain three monasteries, the new founds- proceeded to call the treacherous bishop to 

tions of Jarrow and Wearmout h were merared account. 

in the monastery of the cathedral. Their Bishop William's conduct is condemned 
monks wer^ brought to Durham, and the ex- bv the southern chroniclers ; but the northern 
istinjET body of canons, who lived according historians regard him as in some way an ill- 
to the rule of Chrodesranir. wer»> offertHi the used man, who was himself the object of a 
choice of resigning or becoming monks. With conspiracy. Probably the monks of Durham 
one exception they all prefem^ to go ; the were easily won over by the plausible a©- 
dean was with difficulty persuaded by his counts of one who was a munificent patron 
son, who was himself a monk, to make the and a sagacious ruler (FBEEXAlKf WtUiam 
monastic profession. Aldwin, the reviver of -Rr//i#jr. Appendix C). At all events Bishop 
northern monasticism. was made the first William showed great dexterity in his at- 
prior of Durham. The monks received their tempts to remedy the evil consequences of 
lands as separate from those of the bishop: his political duplicity. William II summoned 
their prior was to have the dignity of an him before the gemot, and the bishop set to 
abbot : they were made perpetual guardians work to devise means of escape. He pleaded 
of St. Cutilbert's Church and St. Cuihbert's the privileges of his order ; he offered to puige 
relics. himself of the char;^ of treason by his per- 
Simeon, the Durham chronicler, describes sonal oath. The king refused all his oners 
Bishop William as learnt^ in secular and and demanded that he should appear and be 
theological literature, industrious in affiiirs, tried as a lavman. Then the bisnop negoti- 
sufficient in the discharge of his episcopal ated about tlie terms on which he should ap- 
duties, subtle in mind, a wise counsellor, and pear and about the possession of his castle 
eloquent in speech. To the monks of Dui^ during his absence. Finally he agreed thst 
hamhe was a kindly, prudent, and firm ruler, his castle should be held Iby three of his 
and they seem to have seen the best side of barons, and that if he were found guilty he 
his character. In public affairs his subtlety should be at liberty to go beyond the sea. 
led him into intrigue. During the reign of C)n 2 Xov. 1088 the gemot met at Salis- 
William I he was a valued counsellor of the bury, and Bishop William put forth aU his 
king, of whom all men stood in awe. Wil- acuteness in raising legal quibbles at every 
liam II at his accession made him his chief turn to prevent anv discussion of the real 
minister, probably justiciar, and committed issue. He was a skilful lawyer and a clever 
the administration of public affairs to his and copious speaker ('oris volubilit ate promp- 
hands(FLOR.WiG.subarinolOS8\ The favour tus,' says 'U ill. Miuc. Ge^ita I\mti/ieum, 
shown to him by the kine was one of the i??!?). He objected that his fellow-sufiragans 
causes of the discontent ofBishopOtloof Bay- were not allowed to give him their coimsel: 
eux, which led him to rebel against his nephew finally he denied the right of laymen to judge 
(Will. Malm. Gesta 7?^i/m,bk. iv. ch. 1). To a bishop : he would onrr answer to the arch- 
the surprise of all men Bishop William was bishop and bishops and would speak with the 
treacherous to his master and joined in the kincr. Lanfiranc was the chief speaker in op- 
revolt, 'doing as Judas did to ourLord*(.'4.-'S. posmg his claims, and it was decided that he 
(?%ro7i. sub anno 10S8). Ilis motive in this is must acknowle<]^ the jurisdiction of the 
difficult to understand; probably he wished to court, or the king was not bound to restore 
stand well with both parties. He took credit his lands. He persisted in declining to admit 
to himself for securing Hastings to the king^s this jurisdiction in the case of a bishop, and 
side: but when war seemed imminent he with- ' appealed to the apostolic see. Hugh of 
drew on pretence of gathering his troops and , Beaumont, on the king's part, accused him of 
sent the king no help. If he hoped to tempo- ' treason, and the bishop answered by again 
lise and hold the balance between the two ' appealing to Rome. The pleadings were still 
mrties, he was mistaken, for the king ordered [ gomg on when William II brought matters 
lis immediate arrest. Bishop William an- to an issue : 'I will have vour castle, as you 



swered from Durham that he would come to 
the king if he had a sufficient safe-conduct, 
but he added that not every man could judge a 
bishop. The sheriff of Yoriishire was loyal to 
the king, and ordered his men to lay waste the 
bishopric, so that Bishop William was almost 
blockaded in Durham. Still he contrived to 
do as much harm as he could to the king's 
cause in the northern parts. In two monuis 



will not follow the justice of my court.* 
Still the bishop raised new points about his 
safe-conduct, the delivery of the castle, the 
ships which were to take him abroad, and 
an allowance of money for his maintenance. 
The castle was taken by the king on 14 Nov., 
and after some delay Bishop William was 
allowed to sail to Normandy. 
There he was wannly weloomed by Dnke 



Robert, -who give him tLe chief [Mst in Il>e 
administnkiion of the dnchv- lie probnbty 
found h imself miim prafitably emplojed than 
In pnieecutin^ his nppeol to Roiae ; at all 
cppiits we hear BO tnnre about it. Ilelonged, 
however, to fvlum to England, (uid took an 
oppnntmitjr of rtguining the fayour of Wil- 
liam II by rescuinif a ^irison of his soldiers 
who wem betit^^ied iu a castle in NormendT. 
Piike Robert, becaiao reconciled to his brother, 
and on 8 S«pt. 1091 Biflhop William TCssn^ 
Htor^ tiO the pogseasiong of the bishopric. 
Bnring his absence he had not forgotten his 
ninnka, and sent them from Normandv a Int^ 
tcr of advice about their conduct, wliieh be 
orden^ them to read aloud once a week 
(SiVEo;! OF DCBKAM. Rolls 8er. i. 126). 
Ue bruuKht back with him Teeseht and vest- 
rT.cii!^ Tir his church, and, what was more 
'I plan for a new cathedral, of 
■iindntion-sWne wnalaidll Aug. 
■' presence of Stalcolm, king of 

lii^LKiji ^Villiam certainlj deserves the 
ciudit ul' being one of the greatest of the 
builders who hafe adorned England. In the 
»^iaiy of two jenrs and a half that remained 
r<i' IlIs • lii m till cat e he built ao much of the 
■ ■ I (■ nurham that he practically de- 
-ritigform. He flnished the choir, 
f the lantem,and began the nave. 
; \ i"l the purest and noblest speci- 
niPii if Itomnneeque architecture in Eng- 
land. Moreover, ho added to the castle whi^ 
William the Conqueror had huitt at Durham, 
and ii^ most striliing part is the chspel, in 
which Bishop William used the skill which 
was displayed on a greater scale in the 
cuthtHlral. 
l!i.Iifi]j William did not content himself 
' ■ ^vcirks and with the huainess of 
Unfortunately for his fame he 
■ . Euvour of William H and helped 
V- out his unworthj' plans. The 
. liaracter of the bishop showed 
! . Ki clearly in hie willingness to 
11 II to rid himself of Archbi^op 
I'jshop William felt no respect for 
imple and noble character. He 
laiii li'^al traps for him anil dL-vised means 
of annoyance which might give a ulaiisible 
rMwni for his deposition, led by the hope that 
if Aiii'^lni were gone he might succeed him 
■■. -Imp. The story of the persecution 
inednot be told again; hut in the 
' Ij" council at Rockingham (March 
!i'>p William was the man who 
'I'^rs maintained theroyaljurisdic- 
'■-liojis. The man who seven years 
It forward nt Salisbury the plea 



showed the same cleverness in arguing agunst 
such n plea. He promised the king that he 
would make Ani>elm renounce the pope or 
would uumpel him to resign his episcopal 
office, When Anselm wufi firm, and refused 
irwer save ' as he ought and wherti he 
ought,' Bishop WHliam was so far [consistent 
as to admit that reason was on the side of 
one who stood on the Word of God and the 
authority of St. Feter. But he had the 
meanness to propose recourse to violence ; 
let Anselm be deprived of his ring and statf 
and be eipelled the kingdom. "When this 
was rejected by the lay lords, William's 
technical ingenuity suggested to his brother 
bishops that they should withdraw their 
obedience from Anselm. William's conduct 
at Rockingham wb.9 in every way base and 
unworthy. He showed himself to be a man 
of great cleverness who pursued his end with 
desperate tenacity, and when once engaged 
in a war of wits forgot everything save the 
desire to win an immediate advantage. To 
promote his own interests he attacked at 
Rockingham the position which, to save 
himself, he had strenuously miuntained at 
Salisbury. He was a man without principles 
in public matters. His versatile mind and 
ready eloquence covered on indifference to 
the real issue and hopeless shallowness of 
thought ('homo linguie voliibUitate fiicetua 
quam sapientia prseditus,' Eadhab, ffitt, 
S-ov.hk.il _ _ 

Bishop William went away from Rock- 
ingham discredited in the eyes of all men. 
His counsel had led the king into diffi- 
culties, and he had again lost the royal 
&vonr. His restless mind chafed under his 
disgrace, and he was suspected of renewed 
treachery. Robert Mowbray, earl of Nortb- 
umbprland,rebelledagain8t the king, and the 
bishop of Durham's attitude was ambiguous. 
The king summoned him to his court, and 
the bishop pleaded Ulness as an excuse. The 
king ri?penled his command, and the bishop, 
who was really ailing, was forced to drag 
himself to Windsor. There his illness in- 
creased, and on Christmas day 1096 he took 
to his bc^d. It is pleasant to know that he 
was visited in his sickness by Archbishop 
Anselm. On Us deathbed it was proposed 
by some of his monks who were present that 
he should be buried in the stately church 
which he had founded; hut William refused 
to allow his corruptible remains to bo laid in 
the same building as the unoomipt body of 
St, Cuthbert. ' Bury me,' he said, ' in the 
chapter-house, where mv tomb will lie always 
before your eyes.' He'died on 2 Jan. lOSKi, 
His body was carried to Durham and wii§ 
baaDi in tlw chaftai^iotiM Kcordins to hia 



ite 



Carkeet 84 Carkett 

wiBhy amid the c«ar£ and lameniatioiis of the i after 1729 ), and died there on 17 June 1746. 

monks. His sermon was pnhlished with the title, 

The character of William de St. Carilef is 'Gospel Worthiness stated: in a Sermon 

pimling. It is hard to reconcile the clever, Tlatt. x. 11" p«ach*d in Exon^ &c., 1719, 

selfish, unscrupulous «tate^man with the wise ^vo. He published also ' An Essay on the 

administrator and sa^cious reformer of his Conversion of St. Paul, as implying a change 

diocese. Hewasprobably amanwh>>scclever- of his Moral Character,* 1741, 8to (against 

ness was supernciaL and did not tro beyond Henry Grove's view that the change was 

the capacity to do what seemed obvious for simply one of opinion), 

the moment. At Durham his duty was tol^ [MMuscript List of Ministers in Records of 

rably dear, and he did it with sacacuy and Exe:*r Assemblv : James's Presbyterian Chapels 

winning sympathy. He was beloved by his aad Chanties. 1867, p. 656 (where he is called 

monks. His architectural plans wenr marked Carkat) ; sermon cited abova.] A. 6. 
bv the finest feeling for the capacities of the 

art of his time. In public matters his path CARKESSE, JAMES 09. 1679), verse 
was not so clear. lie had no principles to writer, was educated at Westminster School, 
guide him, and his actions were swayed by whence in 1652 he was elected to a scholar- 
selfishness. ' ' ship at Christ Church, Oxford. It seems 

[The northern auihoritv t Simeon of Dup- probable that he joined the Roman catholic 
ham. Hist. Bunelm. Ecclk ed. Arnold, Rolls fhurch before 1679, m which year he pub- 
Series, i. 119, &c. ; aUo, with the Hi*:. Rccum. Wished a curious volume of doggerel rhpies, 
fti. Hindc. Snrtees Society; the aov>Jiist of the ent it led 'Lucidalntervalla: containing divers 
trial at Salisbury is a Durham document. 'De miscellaneous Poems writ ten at Finsbuiy and 
injusta venatione WiUelmi primi episcopi.' in Bethlem, bv the I>octor s Patient Extraordi- 
Ihigdaks Monasticon Anglicannm. i. 24-5. aec. ; nary/ London, Ito. The doctors name was 
thesonthem authorities are William of Malmcs- Thomas Allen. It is clear that the writer 
bury'sGestaRepum.bk.iv. eh. 1; and Gerta Ponii- -^i^ns a very fit subject for a lunatic asvlum. 
ficum,bk.i v.; Florence of Worcester's Chronicle, nn- , i .' ., • ^n' ^ ■■««> <vt ! * 
and AuRlo-Saion Chronicle, sub annis; Eadmar. ^ [^-^leh» Alumni W«rtEjon. 139 ; Notes and 

Hist Nov. bk. i. ; of modem writere see Hut- ?^t"f ' If^.'^'T: "'5iL^!?^^v^"^^* ^'^ 

chin8on'sDnrham.i.l33;StubbssConstitntional (?^^?)' 3*3; Cat. of Printed Books in Bnt 

Hist ch. xi. ; the public life of Bishop William -^°*'J ^- ^' 

has been fully examined by Freeman. WiUiam r* A-DiriiVivp T>rfcT>TrT>T /^ T-onx ^ 4. • 

Rufus, i. 119, &c., and the Authorities discussed . CAR™^, ROBERT (rf. 1/80), captain 

in Appendix C] M. C. ^? ^^^ ^y^^J^T^^ «^?^» ^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^^ 

the naw in li^ as able seaman on board 

CABKEET, SAMUEL (d. 1746). ores- the Exeter. In her, and afterwards in the 

byterian minister, was ordained 19 July Grampus and Aldemey sloops, he served in 

1710, the same day as James Strong, after- that capacity for upwards of four years, when 

wards of Uminster. He was settled in the he was appointed to the Plvmouth as mid- 

larjrer of two presbyterian congregations at shipman. In that ship, then belonging to 

Totnes. Accused of Arianism when the the Mediterranean fleet, he remained for 

Exeter controversy broke out, he preached nearly five years, and during the latter part 

a vigorous sermon at Exeter, 7 May 1719, of the time under the command of Captain 

at the young men's lecture, repudiating all G.RRodnev. He passed his examination on 

personal taint of Arianism, but maintaining 18 Julv 1743, sailed forthe East Indies in the 

that christian worth is independent of spocu- Deptford in May 1744, was made lieutenant in 

lative opinions. Few contributions to the the following Pebruarv, and returned to Eng- 

non-subscription side are more blimt and land in September 1746. During the rest of 

trenchant in their language. Arguing against , the war he served in the Surprise frigate, and 

any tmscriptural test, he says : * Either the in March 1755 was appointed to tne Mon- 

Holy Ghost spoke as plain as he could, or as j mouth, a small ship of 64 guns, which, after 

plain as God thought proper for a rule to the ! two years in the Channel, was, early in 1767, 

churches. If he spake as plain as he could, ' sent out to the Mediterranean under the com- 

thej are no plausible contenders for his ' mand of Captain Arthur Gardiner. In the 

Divinity (which, I believe, is gcnerallv ac- early part of 1758 the squadron under Vice- 

knowledg'd amon^ Christians) who fancy admiral Osbom was blockading Cartagena. 

they can speak plainer. If he spake onljr as On the evening of 28 Feb. the Monmouth 

plain as God thought proper, they certainly chased the French 80-gun ship Foudroyant 

mrade his prerogative who pretend to make out of sight of the squadron, and singie- 

the matter plainer, and urge it upon men's handed brought her to action. About nine 

consciences. Carkeet removed to Bodmin | o'clock Qaidiner fell mortally wounded, and 



^^^^ Carkett 

ihi- commaild devolved on Ca-rkett as firat- 
liputenaul, who continued the fight with 
equal spirit. liotb ehips wpre beaten aearl<r 
toastondstUI, whentlitf Swiftsureof TOguns 
came up about one o'clock in tlio morning, 
and th^ Foudroyant Eurrendered. Carkett 
was immedialelr promoted bj the admiral 
to command the prize, and a few dajs lalei 
»upoinI«d to the Revenge, which be look to 
£ne]and. His post rank wasdated 12 March; 
And be continued in command of the Re- 
venge, in the Downs, till the following 
FebruBiy. He vaa then appointed to the 
Pn^iinr uigate, and commanded her at home 
And in the West Indies till 23 Mjr ITS:?. 
■when she stnick on a reef off Cape Franf ais 
of Si- Domingo, and woa lost, her officers 
MtdmenbecomingpriBoneraof WOT. InJune 
C»r)irtt and the other officers were sent to 
£ngliind on narok, but he was not exchanged 
till tbe following December. In Aufust 
1703 he commissioned the Active, which he 
commanded in the Wt»t Indies, and most of 
the time at Peosacola, till 1767, in June of 
vhicb Tear she was paid off at Ohathnni. In 
Jnlv 1 1 60 he commissioned the Lowestoft, 
*iuf again spent the greater jart of the time 
At Pensocolo, where his duties scero to have 
tKcn promoting the wel&ie of the setilement 
«ud cultivating vegelablee. His gardening 
vae iaterrupted foe a short time in 1770 by 
the death of Commodore Forrest, in conse- 

3ueDC« of which he bad to undertake the 
uties of senior officer at Jamaica ; but on 
being superseded by Commodore Mackeniie 
he returned to Pensacola, and remained there 
for tJie next three yenra. The Lowestoft was 
pwduffin May 1773. 

In November 1778 Carkett was appointed to 

command the Stirling Castle of 64 guns, and 

in December sailed fot the West Indies in the 

squadion under Commodore Rowley. He 

tfiua in the following summer had his share of 

tbe citimsilj fought action off Greuada [see 

BTBOsf, JoHS. 1723-1780], and on 17 April 

17^ led the line in the action to leeward of 

M*rtiniqui- [see Roditbt, Gbokoh BRTDQtB, 

Iiubd]. f If Carkett's personal courage there 

ran in' Mil i]ipLilji,bnt his experience with a fleet 

\ -mall, and of naval tactics he 

!ii-yoDd tbe rule for the line of 

n in the fighting instructions. 

■ 11', Rodney, after directing the 

nitiick I'jiiociiiicentnited on the enemy's rear, 

made the sigiul to engage, Carkett in the 

Stirling d'astie HlTetch«l aioDg to engage the 

iii./iiij f viiu. Rodney wrote to the secretary 

^■■y on 20 April 1780 ihnt his 

i'ltal to the success of the aa- 

I -i» of Rodney's letter was not 

I'lir.r- ' iii^'Guottei'butCarkettleanied 



8s 



Carleill 



from England that something of the sort had 
been sent. He accordingly wrote to Rodney 
desiring to see that part of it which related 
to him. ' All the satisfaction I received,' he 
complained to the secretary of the admiralty 
on 23 July 1780, 'was his oeknowledgment 
that he bad informed their lordships that I 
had not properlv obeyed hia signals in attack- 
ing the enemy % rear ' (Beitsov, A'av. and 
mi. Mcmoirt, vi. 222). Rodney's letter did, 
in fact, contain a very severe reprimand, of 
which Carkett made no mention, but requested 
the aecretary of the admiralty to lay nis cx- 

Elanation before their lordships. Whether 
e ever received an answer is doubtful, for 
the Stirling Castle, which bad been sent to 
Jamaica, aud thence ordered home with tbe 
trade, was, in a violent hurricane on 5 Oct., 
totally lost on Silver Keys, eoaie small rocks 
, to the north of Cape Fran^ ajs. All on board 
I perished, with the exception of a midship- 

I [Official hettere and othsf documents in Iho 
Public RBCord Office; Chamock'fl Biog. JJavatis, 
vi. 300.] J. K. L. 

CARLEILL, CHRISTOPHER (1561 ?- 
1593), military and naval commander, bom 
about 1651, was son of Alexander Carleill, 
citizen and vintner of London, by his wife 
Anne, daughter of Sir George Bame, knight, 
lord mayor of London. He is stated, Dut 
without probability, to have been a native 
of Cornwall (HOLUNIi, Heroalogia AngUca, 
94). He was educated in the univeraty of 
Cambridge (Cooper, Athena Cantab, ii. 161). 
In 1572 he went to Flushing, and was present 
at tbe siege of Middelburgh. Boisot, the 
Dutch admiral, held him in such esteem that 
no orders of the senate or the council were 
carried into execution until he hud been con- 
sulted. Afterwards he repaired with one ship 
and a vessel of smaller sue to La Rochelle, 
to serve under the Prince of Cond6, who 
was about to furnish supplies to the town of 
BrouHge, then besieged by Mayeime. Cond6 
had intended to attack the royal fleet in 
person, but on tbe arrival of Carleill the com- 
mand wasgivento him. Having discharged 
this duty he went to serve at Steenwick in 
Overyssel, then beleaguered by the Spaniards. 
In consequence of bis conduct there be was 
placed at tbe head of the English troops at 
the fortressof ZworCe Sluis. When leadin? 
troops thence to the army be was surprised 
by a body of the enemv consisting of two 
tuouaand foot and six hundred horse. He 
vigorously repulsed them, and slew or took 
eight hundred. As inconvenience arose &om 
the great number of foreigners in the camp 
of the Prince of Orange the sole cutmnana 



Carleill S6 Carlell 

was irlvr!: to C±rlril- Arr-rr :1-t *■-*-= :: eT-r= -a-rll ni^he the moete part of fower 
Sr«j*nwii>k wi* rtjr'i L-r •■■■;■::•: * : Ar.-«-erT- Tf-iTr* tyzir. fts also that I hare spentt> my 
and he Wis :e. rL-r p:i=.- :: rrnr^Jjur :•: juTrlnr-r-? and all other meanes in the ser- 
En^iaii'i. wl-r=. 1- tts-t =^:l': ::r :- "ir :r-z.>r ■r:>r :: iry c:-un:reye. which hath not heen 
aci :h-r ciiririirriT^ **a*:t* irs-ii *: i.^^^^.r lr». ^ian fve Thousande pounds, whereof I 
thr 5.?>cc=.=:iz.i :::ir*A=ii --'il ^-T Jr'ui £:t rwe *t this present e the beste parte of 
Norris ?h;.ili arrirr :•: rhirv- *lr .'• *"i ?,»>.". Xler? U no man canne challenge me 
wirh him. AlTr-jr'lrr Ir "S^rr-ri 'z.r Pr_z.>r ■ : tii: I Lav^ spen:*- any pan of all this expense 
Ora::;rr f:r £vr TTiir« Tir'.-i::it r=i>: -rlr^ ^ht. in r::r:r, zajn-r, cr other excessiye, or inordi- 

He <?:■!: ve7<:^i :!■? E;uli*l =iTr:I"i-'? ir.": zll't zzjlzijl^t' 
Ru=£:3 in 15.^1'. -wh-rn :i:r k:-^ :f IVriiniri Cirl-rill died in London on 11 Xot. 1o93, 
was at war w::h :hi: e: -it-Tt. Ti-r I^inirh. -anL as i* 5upp:«ed. for erief of his firends 
fl-eet m-rt Thr=.. t-:. iburrrrri::^ Li* >;jAir:=. dra:h. He was quicke wit ted, and affable^ 
of eleven shij*?. 'iii c:: vezt-.;rr ut«::: a" e-- Tali at: ard fommate in warre, well read in 
gajremenr. The Piussian e-T-rr r:" i- C'*Ari :z.r miThema:ikefr,and of good experience in 
at the pjrt o: ."^r. N:cL:l«. az : wis .^ z.TrT..-i Livirii: -n. whereupp^n some have pecirtred 
to EniTlani. By thr iii:»r>-.*: :f i.i* li'Ler-Ln- him :?r a na victor, out the truth is hismos^t 
law, Sir Francis WalsIn^Lizi. Cirlrlll r*r- inclina:::::. and ppMession. was chiefely for 
ceived lj»j/. by 5.iWr:::::n a: Brif*::! zt laz-ie servioe. he utterly abhorred pyracy* 
an attempt todi?cC'Ver*:!:e o- i?" ■:•: AzLrrlc-^ tSivwr, AMTt^>^^ ed. Howes, p. 805). Sir 

ifierent opinion 
State Ptijtfr«, 
p. 5^>). He married Mary, 
he deemed su£cien: to srrrrle '>ne hmirvi da-j^bter of Sir Francis Walsin^ham, and 
men in their intended plantation. The pr> sisT-rr ■■f Sir Philip Sidney's wife, ilis iv'idow 
ject appears to hare been unsuoceaerul. but was alive in IfkV. 

Carleill wr:«te * a bri'-f and sammary dis- There is a line portrait of him in Holland's 
course' on its advantajes iHAiLrrrt. A • Her:>«I' via." ana there is also a small por- 
letterfirom the Earl of Shrewsbury to Thomas trai: of him en^rraved by Robert Boissard, 
Bawdewyn, :?»> May 15S3, alludes to Car- which Wlon^ to a curious set of English 
leill's schemrr \ Lodge. lUuttratiurit ofEriti*h admirals bv the same enirraver (Graxgeb, 
JETutory, fri. 1S3S. ii. HAl-^ ». ^1-7. HUU ^.f England, ei. 1S24, L 28S>. 

In i->54 Sir John Perrot, lord-lieutenant^ He is the author of: 1. 'A Brief Summary 
of Ireland. app:)inted Carleill commanvler of Pisoourw upon a Voyage intending to the 
the earris«jn of Coleraine and the district of uttermost pans of America.' Written in 





ou'i sail. Carleill wai^ captain of the Tiger, art. 14. 4. 'Account of advantacres to the 

In thL-j expedition the cities of St. I>Dmin^o. realm from a sudden seizure of booKs, letters, 

St. lago, Curthaifinia, and St. Aujiustine were papers. \c. of the L«:*w Count rv people resid- 

taken. The success of this campaign was in mi: and inhabiting under the oi>^ience of the 

great measure owing to the lieutenant -gene- king of Spain, with answers to objections/ 

ral's good c^mJuct' ( Carlisle. OMrctioru Lansd. M^. 113, art. 7. 
for a HtJftory of the Family of C<zr/iV/^. Carleill always \nt)te his name so. Others 

p. '2\ ; Camdex, Annale^f ed. lfeo-9, bDok iv. spell it Carlile, Carlisle, Carliell, and in other 

p. 92), ways. 

On26Julylo6Shewasappointedconstable [Authorities ciU^ alove ; also Boase and 

of Camckfergus, co. Antrim (Las^elles, Courtnevs Bibl. Comubiensis, i. 58, iii. 1112; 

Lifjer BibernicB, n. 120;. In l)t^ he was Bioij. Brit. 2465. note C ; Cal. State Papers, 

governor of Ulster. On 10 June lo90 he Domestic and Irish, and Carew. 1584-90: 

TiTOte to Lord Burghley, requesting a com- Tanners Bibl. Brit. 154 ; notes supplied by Prof, 
mission from the queen to seize for lawful ; J. K. Luughton.] T. C. 



prize any goods i*'hich mi^ht be found in 
England belonging to Spanish subjects. In 
urging his claims upon her majesty he says : 
' I have bene longe tyme a fruiteles suitor, 



CARLELL, LODO\^^CK Of. 1&>1>- 
1664), dramatist, held varioufl positions at 
court under Charles I and IL Aooording to 



Igbaine, ' bo wns uu ancitml courtier, 
frsenUemiiii o( ihe bowa to Klou: Charlea 
tint, groom of tlis liiog uia queen's 
privT chunMr, and served (stc) the queen 
DolDer muny ye»rs.' He u the re])uted 

' The Desen-ing 
^TOuril«,' 4tu, 1621>, 8to, 1659, a tra^- 
M0dy, played at Wbiieball liefoiv Charlw I 
d his queen, and subeequenUy at (he pri- 
'~ liiektre in Blacktriars. 3 and 3. ' Ar- 
utd Philicio,' a tmgi-comedy in twn 
. ISmo, 1639, acted at Bkckfrmrs, nnd 
n preface bv Dryden spoken by Hart, 
' ■ . IBTSty the kinjc's eompony nt 
Inn rielda. 4 and 6. 'The Pos- 
aiooaCe Lover,' a tragl-comedy in two ports, 
4lo, 16a5, nkyed at Somerset House, and 
[Uentlv nt Bluckff iors. 6. ' The Fool 
be Q Favourite, or the Discroiit Lover," 
.1657, 'oct«d with great iipplaU£e'(LA]4a- 
a). 7. 'Osmond, the Great Turk, or 
_ Noble Servant,' a tracedv, 8yo, printed 
&e Mune volume with the loregoing under 
Ike titJe 'Two Now Plaves.' S. ' Heraclius, 
Emperor of the Enst,' 4to, 1664, 9. 'The 
SpATtAD Ladies,' d I'Oiuedv entered on the 
booke of the Stationers' Company, 4 Sept. 
1046, BJid mentioned in HunipErey Moeeley'a 
catftlogue at the end of Middleton'B ' More 
Dissi^niblorE besides Women.' No copy of 



Sir □. Mildmay she 
so early as 1634, Of these plays, all except 
oae seem to have been put on tlie stage. 
Concerning 'Heraclius,' whicli is a tran^- 
lion from Pierre Corneille, Langbaine, fol- 
lowing the author's statement in the dedl- 
cation, sajfB it was never played, another 
vetuioD being prefonratl by the players whom 
Carlell supposed to have accepted his work. 
Ko cither play on the subject is preserved. 
pBpys, in his 'Diary.' 4 Feb. 1666-7, writes 
aa follows : ' Soon ae dined my wife and I 
out to the Duke'a Playhouse, and there saw 
*' Heraclius," an excellent play, to my eitra- 
ordinary content, and the more from the 
llOUMt being very full and great company.' 
The not«> to ttkis escribes the play in question 
to Carlell. The plot§ of most of Ihe remain* 
ing pieces are borrowed. Carlell has some 

of chamclOT {tainting. Ah regards 

•"— and langiuee, bis plays will 
eomparisnn witli those uf tlie minor 
^—tista of his day. Tliey are dedicated 
iS» feUow-cciiTiierB, and contain in oro- 
_jnee snd epilu^uee soma slight autobio- 
graphical indjcaiioits. In the prologue to 
tlu> *Hcand part of the 'Passionate Lover* 
" lieUsiys! 



^uld 



UcHt here know. 
This author hunts, and bawlji, and feeds his dBsr, 
moat fair days tUroughottt the 

' Heraclius " is in rhymed verse, which Car- 
lell manages indifferently well. One or two 
others are in prose, with rhymed tags to cer- 
tain speeches ; the remainder are in blank 
verse of indescribable infelicity. It is diffi- 
cult to resi!it the conviction that the plays 
were intended for prose, and were measured 
into uneoual lengths and supplied with capi- 
tals by the printers. 

[QeDest's Accouiilof IheEoglish I^Uge; Itng- 
baine'E Dramatio Poets ; Diary of Popja ; Halli. 
well's Dictionary of Old Plays; plays of Corlell 
riled,] ' "^ ' J.K. 

CARLETON, Sib DUDLEY, Vibcoumi 
DoscHESTEiR (1573-1632), diplomatist, was 
the son of Antony Carleton of Baldwin Bright- 
well, Oxfordshire, ty Jocosa, his second wife, 
daughter of John Goodwin of WinchingTOQ, 
Buckinshamahire, He was bom at his father's 
seat at Brightwell on 10 March 1573, and was 
early sent to Westminster School, where Dr, 
Edward Grant wus his master, and in the 
latter part of his time the teamed Camden. 
He entered at Christ Church, Oxford, in the 
usual course, and took his B.A. degree on 
2 July 1695. During the noit five years he 
spent his time in foreign travel and in ac- 
quiring a knowledge of the continental lan- 
guages. Li 1600 he returned to Eoglaad, 
and proceeded M.A. on 13 July of that year. 
Shortly after this he became secretary to Sir 
Thomas Parry, and accompanied him on his 
embassy to France in June 1602. Some dia- 

rements are said to have arisen between 
two, and in November 1803 Carleton 
wss bock A^ia in England, and next month 
we find bun at Winchester and an eye- 
witness of tlio ghastly butchery of Watson 
and other victims of the so-called 'Kaloigh 
plot.' In the following March he was elected 
member for St. Mawes in the first parlia- 
ment of King James, and be seems to have 
beeji from the first an active participator in 
the debates. He next became secretary to 
thri unfottunote Heury, earl of Norlhum\ier- 
knd; but when I,rt>rdNorris, in March 1605, 
determined to multe a tour in Spain, he pre- 
vailed upon Carleton to accompany him, who 
thereiipon resigned his secretaryship to the 
earl. While on their wav home Lord Korris 
fell donserously ill in I'aris, and Carh^ton 
remained at his siila till his recovery. Just 
at this time the Uunpowder plot was dis- 
covered, and it appeared in eridt^nof tluit 
Carleton, as Lord Northumberland's secro- 
tory, had actually negotiated for tbe transfer 



Carleton 



88 



Carleton 



of the vault under the parliament house in 
which the powder was laid. Carleton, in 
ignorance that his name had been mentioned 
in the affair, and never thinking that suspi- 
cion could light upon himself, still remained 
in Paris by his friend's side. His prolonged 
absence from England under the circum- 
stances led to rumours much to his prejudice, 
and he was at length peremptorily sum- 
moned home by an order of the lords of the 
council, and on his arrival in London was 
placed in confinement in the bailifl'*s house 
at Westminster. Eventually he succeeded 
in dealing himself of all co^sance of, or 
complicity in, the abominable conspiracy, 
and by the favour of Lord Salisbury he was 
Bet at liberty, but not till he had been under 
arrest for nearly a month. His unfortunate 
connection with the Earl of Northumber- 
land acted seriously to his prejudice for some 
years and interfered with his advancement, 
though he had already made powerful firiends 
and had succeeded in producing a general 
impression of being a man of promise and 
extraordinary ability. 

In November 1607 he married, in the 
Temple Church, Anne, daughter of Sir Henry 
Saville, the editor of Chrysostom's works 
and founder of the Savilliau professorship at 
Oxford. Carleton had already assisted his 
future father-in-law in collating manuscripts 
while he was in Paris in 1603, and he con- 
tinued ' plodding at his Greek letters,* as he 
calls it, while living in Sir Henry's house 
with his young wife during the first year of 
their married life. After this, and when a 
child was bom to him, he took a house at 
Westminster, and became a diligent debater 
in parliament when it assembled. Salisbury 
had an eye upon the young man, and when, 
in May 1610, Sir Thomas Edmundes was re- 
called from the embassy to the Archduke 
Albert, Carleton was appointed to go as am- 
bassador to Brussels. \\ hen all preparations 
were made for his departure, the king's in- 
tention changed, and he was ordered to pro- 
ceed to Venice as successor to Sir Henry 
"W'otton, who was recalled. He received the 
honour of knighthood in September, and, 
arriving at his destination about the middle 
of November, his career as a diplomatist 
began. From tliis time till the end of his 
life Carleton grew to be more and more 
esteemed as the most sagacious and success- 
ful diplomatist in Europe, and a history of 
the negotiations in which he was engaged 
would DC a history of the foreign affairs of 
England during more than half of the reigns 
of James I and his unhappy successor. He 
returned to England from his Venetian em- 
bassy in 1616, shortly after he had carried 



through the very delicate task of getting the 
treaty of Asti concluded, whereby the war 
between Spain and Savoy was brought to an 
end, and something like peace in Europe was 
established. He did not remain long at 
home. In March 1616 he was sent to suc- 
ceed Winwood at the Hague, and during the 
next ^\e years he continued ambassador 
there. His despatches during this period 
contain a masterly summary of Dutch history 
and politics, and a graphic account of the ex- 
treme difficulties of the writer's position, and 
of the imfailing versatility and self-command 
which he displayed in extricating himself 
from these difficulties as they emerged. 

Motley has given a caustic r6sum6 of Car- 
leton's speeches in the Assembly of Estates 
in 1617, which provoked much discussion at 
the time, and one of which at least was an- 
swered by Grotius in print. But when he 
attributes to him a bitter hatred of his hero 
Bameveld, Motley mistakes the man he was 
writing about. Carleton was of too cool and 

I calculating a nature to be capable of strong 
hatred. Life to him, and especiaUv political 

: life, was a game to be played without pas- 
sion ; the men upon the board were out 
pawns or counters ; and in playing with the 
States General at this time, when everybody in 

I Holland was more or less mad with a theologi- 
cal mania, it was idle to speak or act as if they 
were sane. When four vears later Frederic 
the Elector found himself an exile after the 
battle of Prague, and took refuge in Holland, 
he occupied for a time the ambassador's 
house, and brought in the Princess Elizabeth 
and her children with their retinue. Carle- 

I ton was put to ver}- great expense, but he 

, bore it with his usual sangfroid, though he 
did not forget to mention the fact when sub- 
sequently he was seeking for royal favour. 

' Sir HenW Saville died in February 1622. 
Lady Carleton was his only surviving child, 
and, possibly with a view to looking after 
her own interests, and certainly with the 
hope of getting some large sums of money 
which were due to the ambassador, in the 
spring of the following year her ladyship 
went over to England and was received with 

! much favour. Thomas Murray, the prince's 

I tutor, had succeeded Sir Henry as provost of 
Eton, but just as Lady Carleton arrived in 
England Murrajr too died. The provostfihip 
of Eton was again vacant, and Carleton was 
among the candidates for the vacant prefer- 
ment; it fell to Sir Henry Wotton, how- 
ever, and Carleton had to wait some vears 
longer for promotion. In 1625 Bucking- 
ham came over to the Hague to attend the 
congress which was going to do such ffreat 

thi^ and did so little ; and thespeechiniich 



Carleton 



89 



Carleton 



hc' delivered nt hie public audience was writ- 
ten far him by Carleton and delivered toti- 
dem. vrrbu. Wlien the duke returiK^d to 
EcKlBud, Carleton accompanied him, and was 
at unL'e rewarded for lus long services by 
beiiifj made Tice-cliamberlain of the house- 
hold and a member of the priry council ; 
but in a few weeks he was again despatched, 
in cnncert with tlie EnrI of Holland, on on 
cximorditiary embassy to France. The mis- 
nnnnmred abortive; Riclielieu hod a policy, 
Cburled bod none, nnd tlie two embasBadors 
returned in March 10-26. having effected little 
or QolliiniF, When Carleton landed in Eng- 
lan<l, lie laaaA the House of Commous oc- 
cupied with the impeachment of Bucking- 
hun. Ue had been elected in his absence 
member for the borough of Ho^tingB, and 
lost no time in taking his scat and speaking 
in defence of lus patron and friend. He 
qioks aa a diplomatist, and willi Bmall auc- 
OeM ; but it in not improbable that if he hud 
b«*n 1t-fV to follow his own plans he might 
hare been found a useful member in the 
houBG, and have exercised some influence 
in restraining the violence of the more fiery 
enirits on the one band, and in checking 
tno impnidence and rashness of the king and 
hia BUpport<.'rB on the other. By this time, 
bowever, the lords had shown a disposition 
to taka a line of Ihvir own, and Charles de- 
1 lo strengtlien Lis party in the 

■ house. Carleton was accordingly 
i to the peerage as Lord Carleton of 
Tcourt in May 1628. Shortly after- 
is b WM found expedient once more to 

d him on a niisaiou lo the Hagrue. Que 

■ ol^eclB of this foolish mission was to 
l1 upon the States to favour a levy of 

Gorman horse, who were intendea to 
wrve in England, and the other waa lo effect 
a union of the States against Spain. Carleton 
tnnst luiTe known before he started that he 
could only fait in such a project. He was 
kept in UciUand on this occasion for two 
years, and during hia absence Lady Carleton 
died (lU April 1(127). 8h<t was buried in 
Si. Paul'fl tliapol in Westminster Abbey. 
Tli>> (.'hOdn-n she had given birth to had all 
diiv.1 in inlMTicy, and Carleton found himself 
n rliildlr^B widower. He returned in April, 

i.n L',~) July 162S was created Viscount 



ii.i 



' Buckingham's miRerable in- 

(ir the nosilion wbich he now 

Iwen sliowing itself more glai- 

li\,",i-llii.-lniLl.-ii liTigth drifted 

i\n- siege of 

■ Hsapprove 

u ~ liad gone 

■ ■ ■.111. \«ton 



6 Aug. it seemed aa if there might still be a 
way out of the difficulties, and a peace with 
France be concluded. Overtures to this ettect 
were made by Contarini to Dorchesti^r, and it 
was actually while be waa walking to the 
conference which Dorchester had arranged on 
the morning of 23 Aug. 1628 for settling the 
terms of this peace that Buckingham received 
Lis death-wound. Dorchester was on eye- 
witness of the whole dreadful scene, and it 
was only through hia prompt interference 
that Felton was saved from being torn to 

S'eces by the bystanders. In the following 
ecember Dorchester became chief secretary 
of state, and from this time till hie death he 
was the responsible minister for foreign 
affairs, so far as anyminiaterofCharlesIcomd 
be ^l^spoIlsible for tlie mistitkes of a king 
who the less he knew the more he meddled. 
Dorchealer was now in his fifty-fifth year, 
and only a httle post liis prime ; he might 
still hope to leave a son behind him. Paul, 
first Lord Bayning, died in 1639, learii^ a 
young widow and five children all amply 
provided for. In 1630 this lady became 
Dorchester's second wife. Their union waa 
but of brief duration. Dorchester died on 
5 Feb. 1632, and was buried four days 
after in Westminster Abbey, his funeml 
being conducted with little porap or cere- 
mony. He left but a small estate behind 
him, not more than 7001. a year. It is clear 
that, like many other faithful servants of the 
Stuarts, he bad gained nothing but barren 
honour by his lifelong services. Lady Dor- 
chester gave birth to aposthumous daughter, 
Frances, in .Tune 1632, who lived little 
more than six months. Dorchester's titles 
became extinct, and a nephew of the same 
name, and who succeeded him in some of 
his diplomatic employments, was eventually 
liis heir. Dorchester's letters and despatches 
testify to the writer's extraordinary facility 
aa a correspondent. They are immensely 
voluminous. Cecil alone, among his contem~ 
poraries, has left behind him a larger mass 
of manuscript. His style is remarkably 
fluent and clear; few vrriters of English 
have surpassed him in the power of making 
his meanmgobvious without effort and with- 
out unnecessary verbiage. A collection of 
his letters during his embassy in Holland 
was iiubliahed by Lord Hardwicke in 1755, 
which attained a third edition in 1780, and 
his despatches during hia embassy nt the 
Hague m 1677 were priuted by Sir Thomas 
Philipps at Middle IliU in 1841. Some of 
his letters may be found in the 'Cabala' 
and other colleclionB, especially in Dr. 
Birch's ' Court and Times of James I and of 
Charles I;' but these are only a small portion 



Carleton 



90 



Carleton 



of the mass of correspondence which has 
never been printed, and which is to be found 
in the Record Office and other depositories. 1 
[Wood's Athonae Oxon. ii. 519 ; and Fasti 
Oxen. ; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. 1603-32 pas- , 
sim ; Birch's Court and Times of James I and 
Charles I ; Win wood's Memorials of State ; Birch's 
Negotiations between the Courts of England, ' 
France, and Brussels from 1592 to 1617 ; His- 
torical Preface to Carleton's Letters, by Lord 
Hardwicke (1780); Gardiner's Hist, of England 
in the Keigns of James I and Charles I ; Forster's 
Life of Eliot ; Motley's Life and Death of John 
•of Barneveld (1874); Chester's Westminster 
Abbey Registers ; Banks's Dormant and Extinct 
Baronage (1809), iii. 52. Clarendon's account of 
Carleton (Hist, of the Rebellion, bk. i.) is flimsy 
and inaccurate. He is included among Horace 
Walpole's Noble Authors. There is a good account , 
of him and the Carleton family in Manning and 
Bray's Hist, of Surrey (i. 456), though there 
and everywhere else his first wife is said to have , 
been Ann, daughter of George Gerard of Dor- I 
ney, Buckinghamshire. This curious mistake 
has been repeated again and figain, and has been i 
accepted even by so scrupulous and conscientious ' 
a genealogist as Colonel Chester. The origin 
of the blunder is inexplicable.] A. J. 

CARLETON, GEORGE (1659-1628), 
bishop of Chichester, son of Guy Carleton of 
Carleton Hall in Cumberland, was bom in 
1559 at Norham in Northumberland, where 
his father was warder of the castle there. His 
early education was superintended by Bernard 
Gilpin, the * Apostle of the North.' In 1576 
he was sent to St. Edmund Hall, Oxford ; in 
1 579 he took his M. A., and in 1580 was elected 
fellow of Merton. Here he won a high repu- 
tation as a ^ood poet and orator and a skilful 
disputant in theology, being well read in 
the fathers and schoolmen. In 1589 he be- 
came vicar of Mayfield, Sussex, which he 
held tiU 1605, and in 1618 he was made j 
bishop of Llandaff. In the same year he 
was selected by the king (James I), with 
three other divines, to represent the church 
of England at the synod of Dort. Here he 
distinguished liimself by a spirited protest 
against the adoption of the thirty-first article 
. of the Belgic Confession, which ailirmed * that 
the ministers of the Word of God, in what 
place soever settled, have the same advantage 
of character, the same jurisdiction and au- 
thority, in regard they are all equally minis- 
ters 01 Christ, the only universal Bishop and 
Head of the Church.* Carleton maintained 
the doctrine of apostolical succession in op- 
position to this levelling article. His pro- 
test was inefifectual, but his courage and 
ability won the admiration of his opponents. 
When the English deputies returned home 
in the spring ca 1619, the Dutch States, be- 



sides payinf^ the expenses of their voyage 
and presenting each with a gold medal, sent 
a letter to the king in whicn a special com- 
mendation is made of Carleton as t lie foremost 
man of the company and a model of learning 
and piety. He was translated to Chichester 
in the same year, probably in recognition 01 
the ability and spirit with which he had up- 
held the honour of the church of England 
in the synod. He died in May 1628. His 
son, Henry, represented Arundel in the 
parliament of 1640, and afterwards served 
m the parliamentary army. Camden, the 
antiquary, was much attached to Carleton, 
and speaks of him (Brit, in Northumb, 
p. 816) as one * whom I have loved in regard 
of his singular knowledge in divinity and in 
other more delightful literature, and am loved 
again of him.' Anthony k Wood {AthetuB 
Ox.) describes him as * a person of solid judg- 
ment and various reading, a bitter enemy to 
the papists, and a severe Cal vinist.' His views, 
however, upon the subject of election were 
not nearly so rigid as those of the majority 
in the synod of Dort, and his theolo^ does 
not seem to have afiected the amiability of 
his disposition. Fuller (WorthieSj p. 304) 
says that ' his good affections appear in his 
treatise entitled, "A Thankful Remembrance 
of God's Mercy," solid judgment in his " Con- 
futation of Judicial Astrology," and clear in- 
vention in other juvenile exercises.' The 
following is a list of his works : 1. * Heroici 
Characteres,' Oxon. 1603, 4to. 2. * Consensus 
Ecclesia) Catholic® contra Tridentinos . . .' 
1613, 8vo. 3. * Carmen panegyricum ad Elii. 
Angl. Reg.,' in vol. iii. of Nichols's 'Progresses 
of Queen Elizabeth,' p. 180. 4. < VitaBemardi 
Gilpini . . . apud Anglos Aquilonares cele- 
berrimi,' 1628, 4to. 5. * Life of Bernard Gil- 
pin,' with the Sermon preached before Ed- 
ward VI in 1562, London, 1636,8vo. 6. ' Eoi- 
stola ad Jacobum Sextum Brit. Ilegem/ in the 
* Miscellany of the Abbot«ford Qub ' (i. 1 13), 
Edinburgh, 1837. 7. * Tithes examined and 

S roved to be due to the Clergie by a Divine 
Light,' 1606, 4to, second edit. 1611. 8. * Ju- 
risdiction RegaU, Episcopall, papall,' 1610, 
4to. 9. * Directions to know the True Church,' 
1615, 8vo. 10. * An Oration made at the 
Hague before the Prince of Orange and the 
States Generall of the United Provinces,' 
1619, 4to. 11. * A Thankful! Remembrance 
of God's Mercy in an Historicall Collection 
of the . . . Deliverances of the Church and 
State of England . . . from the beginning of 
Q. Elizabeth,' London, 1624, 4to. Several 
editions. 12. * 'AorpoXoyo/ioi^ia, the Madnesse 
of Astrologes ; or, an Examination of Sir Chris- 
topher Hey don's Booke, intit uled, '' A Defence 
of Judidarie Astrologie," ' Londofl, 1624, 4t<>. 



Carleton 



91 



Carleton 



13 . * An Examination of those Thinffs where- 
in the Author of the Iste " Appeale^' holdeth 
the Doctrine of the Church of the Pelaffians 
and Arminians to be the Doctrines of the 
Church of England/ London, 1626, 4to. 

14. * His Testimony concerning the Presby- 
terian Discipline in the Low Countries and 
Episcopall Government here in England,' 
London, 1642, 8vo. 

[Wood's Athenae Oxen. (Bliss), ii. 422 ; Ful- 
le/s Worthies; Collier's Eccles. Hist. vii. 408-16, 
and Records in vol. ix. No. 307 ; Dallaway's 
Sussex ; Stephens s Memorials of South Saxon See, 
pp. 267-0.] W. R. W. S. 

CARLETON, GEORGE ( /?. 1728), cap- 
tain, was author of ' Military Memoirs, 1672- 
1713,' a work which has been repeatedly in- 
cluded in the list of Defoe*8 fictions, and by 
such authorities as J. G. Lockhart, Walter 
Wilson, William Hazlitt, Lowndes, R. Cham- 
bers, Dr. Carruthers, and Professor G. L. 
Craik. The only reason assigned for including 
it is that it appeared in Defoe's lifetime, ana 
in style and structure strongly resembles his 
fictitious narratives. The argument, in short, 
amounts to this, that the booK is so extremely 
like the thing it claims to be that it must 
be one of Defoe's masterly imitations of it. 
No evidence of any kind in support of the 
assertion has ever been produced. Lord Stan- 
hope ( War of the Succesition xji Spain, Ap- 
pendix, 1833) says that the * authenticity of 
the " Memoirs ^ was never questioned until 
the late General Carleton wished to claim the 
capt^n for his kinsman, and failing to dis- 
cover his relationship next proceeded to deny 
his existence ; ' but, however the question may 
have been first raised, it ought to have been 
set at rest by the production of Lord Stan- 
hope's evidence proving Carleton to have 
been a fiesh-and-blood hero, and not a mem- 
ber of the same family as Robinson Crusoe. 
According to the * Memoirs ' the author was 
a member of the garrison of Denia, which 
was compelled to surrender to the forces of 
Philip in 1708. But among the papers of his 
ancestor. Brigadier Stanhope, Lord Stanhope 
discovered a list of the English officers, some 
six or seven in number, made prisoners on 
that occasion, and in it appears * Captain Car- 
letone of the traine of artillery,' the branch 
of the service to which, we are given to un- 
derstand by the * Memoirs,' the author was 
attached from the time of the capture of ]3ar- 
celona. The internal evidence ought to have 
convinced any one who examined the book 
carefully that it ia what it claims to be, 
neither more nor less. Carleton's dedication 
to Lord W^ilmington la followed in the ori- 
ginal editions by on address to the reader, 



no doubt from the publisher, which, after a 
brief summary of Carleton's services in Flan- 
ders and Spain, savs : ' It may not be perhaps 
improper to mention that the author of these 
" Memoirs " was bom at Ewelme in Oxford- 
shire, descended from an ancient and honour- 
able family. The Lord Dudley Carleton who 
died secretary of state to King Charles I was 
his great uncle, and in the same reign his 
father was envoy at the court of Madrid, 
whilst his uncle. Sir Dudlev Carleton, was 
ambassador to the States of flolland.' There 
are one or two trifling inaccuracies here. 
There never was any such person, of course, 
as Lord Dudley Carleton. The statesman of 
Charles I's reign was Sir Dudley Carleton 
[q. v.], created Baron Carleton of Imbercourt 
m 1656, and Viscount Dorchester in 1628 ; and 
it is questionable whether his nephew and 
namesake, knighted shortly after the elder 
Dudley was raised to the peerage, was ever ac- 
tually ambassador in Holland, though he was 
certainly left in charge by his uncle on one or 
two occasions when the latter was summoned 
to England. But as far as the identification 
of the author goes there is no reason to doubt 
that the statement is substantially correct. 
It is incredible that the publisher would have 
gone out of his way to make a false declara- 
tion, the falsehood of which could have been 
so easily detected at the time, and on behalf 
of a book in which, in more than one instance, 
living persons were mentioned in such away 
as to lead inevitably to its l)eing branded as 
a lying production. It explains, too, how it 
was that the general, who, according to Lord 
Stanhope, first started the question, was un- 
able to prove consanguinity with the author, 
for it would have been a very difficult matter 
to trace the connection between the Irish 
Carletons, descendants of the old Northum- 
brian or Cumbrian family, and the Oxford- 
shire Carletons, the stock of which Sir Dudley 
and the captain came. The * Memoirs,' more- 
over, deal largely in incidents, of which a 
writer like Defoe could not possibly have had 
any knowledge without access to documents 
which were then absolutely inaccessible, and 
in incidents also known only to a few persons 
and of such a nature that any inaccuracy or 
untruthfulness in the narrator would have 
been most certainly denounced. For example, 
according to Carleton, just before the brilliant 
coup de main bv which the Monjuich, the 
citadel -of Barcelona, was taken, it was re- 
ported that a body of troops^ from the city 
was advancing. Peterborough hurried away 
to watch their movements. No sooner had 
he turned his back than something very like a 

C'c seized some of the officers, and they all 
succeeded in persuading Lord Charlemont, 



Carleton 



92 



Carleton 



the second in command, a brave but weak 
man, to retire before their retreat was cut off. 
Seeing this, Carleton slipped away and warned 
Peterborough of what was going on. * Good 
God ! is it possible P ' he exclaimed, and hur- 
rying back snatched the half-pike out of Lord 
Charlemont's hands, and with a few vigorous 
words brought his officers to their senses. 
This, it is almost needless to observe, would 
have been an over-audacious flight for a ro- 
mance writer to attempt. Lord Charlemont, 
it is true, was dead wnen the * Memoirs ' ap- 
peared ; but he had left sons behind him who 
surely would have contradicted the story if 
they could. Peterborough survived the pub- 
lication of the book seven years, and he was 
not the man to tolerate such a sta,tement 
from an impostor. This is only one of several 
incidents mentioned by which the genuine 
character of Carleton's narrative may be tested. 
It is, of course, not impossible, as Lord Stan- 
hope admits, that Carleton's manuscript may 
have been placed in Defoe's hands to be re- 
vised and put into shape; but it may be 
asked, what need is there for importing De- 
foe's name into the matter at all r It is not 
so much that Carleton writ^ like Defoe as 
that Defoe could write like Carleton. There 
is this difference, however, as Dr. John Hill 
Burton (Heiffn of Queen Anne) points out, 
that Carleton, as a rule, keeps his own per- 
sonality in the background, which Deioe's 
heroes certainly do not. As the title implies, 
Carleton's narrative embraces the period from 
the Dutch war to the peace of Utrecht. At 
the age of twenty he entered as a volunteer 
on board the London under Sir Edward 
Spragge, and w^as present at the battle of 
Southwold Bay. lie next joined the army 
of the Prince of Orange as a volunteer in the 
prince's own company of guards, in which he 
had for a comrade Graham of Claverhouse. 
After the revolution he served in Scotland, 
and by distinguished ser\'ice gained his com- 
pany. He was afterwards quartered for some 
time in Ireland, but having no mind for the 
West Indies, whither his regiment was or- 
dered in 1705, he effected an exchange, and 
with the recommendation of his old com- 
mander and friend. Lord Cutts, joined the 
army about to sail for Spain under Peter- 
borough. There he did good service at Mon- 
juich and Barcelona, but was unfortunate at 
Denia, and remained a prisoner of war until 
peace came in 1713. The latter part-, and by 
no means the least interesting, of his * Me- 
moirs ' is taken iip with his obser\'ations on 
Spain and the Spaniards made during his 
captivity. From one or two references, e.g. 
to the recent death of Colonel Hales, governor 
of Chelsea Hospital, it is clear that the book 



was written between 1726 and 1728, the year 
in which it was published with the title of 
'The Military Memoirs of Captain George 
Carleton from the Dutch War, 1672, in which 
he ser\'ed to the conclusion of the peace ot 
Utrecht, 1713. Illustrating some of tne most 
remarkable transactions both by sea and land 
during the reigns of King Charles and King 
James II, hitherto unobserved by all the 
writers of those times.' It was reprinted in 
1741 and again in 1743, with ad captandum 
variations of the title, England being then at 
war with Spain ; but after these no edition 
seems to have been published until that of 
1808-9, edited by Sir Walter Scott, and from 
that time to the present it has been included 
in every collective edition of Defoe's works. 
No better proof of its merits could be given 
than that it has been so often and so strenu- 
ously claimed as one of his fictions ; but what 
more particularly entitles its author to a place 
here is its importance as a piece of historical 
evidence bearing on a period for which trust- 
worthy evidence is scarce. Its value in this 
respect has been gratefully acknowledged by 
such competent authorities as Lord Stanhope 
and Dr. John Hill Burton, and this is what 
makes it all the more desirable that Carleton 
should be definitively removed from the cate- 
gory of fictitious cluuracters. 

[Lord Stanhope's History of the War of the 
Succession in Spain, London, 1832 ; Appendix to 
the History of the War of the Succession, Lon- 
don, 1833 ; Burton's History of the Beign of 
Queen Anne, Edinburgh and London, 1880; 
Lee's Daniel Defoe, his Life and recent dis- 
covered Writings, London, 1869 ; Notes and 
Queries, 2nd ser., ii. and iii. Lee, the latest 
biographer of Defoe, says that his investigations 
' admitted no other conclusion than that Captain 
George Carleton was a real personage, and nim- 
self wrote this true and historical account of his 
own adventures ; ' and he prints a letter from 
Mr. James Crossley of Manchester, who says: 
* There cannot be a question that Defoe had no- 
thing whatever to do with it. After carefully 
going into the point thirty vears ago I came to 
the conclusion that he could not possibly have 
written it, and that it is the genuine narrative of 
a real man, who is identified in the list of officers 
given by Lord Stanhope in the second edition of 
his " War of the Succession in Spain." I have 
never seen any reason since to alter my view.'] 

J. 0. 

CARLETON, GUY (1598P-1686), bishop 
of Chiche^tor, said by Anthony k Wood to 
have been a kinsman of G«orge Carleton 
(1669-1628) [q. v.], was a native of Brains- 
ton Foot, in Grilsland, Cumberland. He was 
educated at the free school in Carlisle, and 
was sent as a servitor to Queen's Gollege, 
Oxford, of which he afterwards became nl- 



Carleton 



Carleton 



low. In 1635 lie was niiule a proctor to 
ihe muTersiity. When tJie civil war lirolse 
nut lie Uin<w himaelf beartil,v into the klng'B 
canM. He was an excellent hocsemsu, and 
followeil the royal army, although he had 
been arduined and held two livings. In an 
engngeniBnt with the enemy he was taken 
priBoner and confined iu Lambeth Hoiiec. I 
He toftusffed, however, to escape by the help 
of his wife, who conveyed a cord to him, 
by which he was to let himself down from 
It window, and then make for a boat on 
the Thaioes in leadlneEfl to take him off. I 
Tlie rope was too short, and in dropping to j 
the ground he broke one of his bones, but i 
flUfWeded in getting to the boat, which took 
Jiim to a plaee of concealment, where he lay 
till he recovered, but in aoch a destitut* 
condition that his wife had to sell Bome of 
lier clothes and work for their daily food. 
At last ihey cotilrived to get out of the 
coontcy, and joined the exiled king in Hol- 
lond. Immediateiy after the restoration , 
Carleton was made dean of Carlisle. In 
1671 he WHS promoted to the bishopric of 
Bristol, and in 1678 translated to the see of 
Chichester, but ' he had not the name there,' 
lays Wood, ' for a scholar or liberal benefactor 
as his predecessor and kinsman, Dr. George 
Carleton, had.' In tlie year after his appoint- 
ment, the Dukeof Monmouth, being then at 
the height of hi» popularity, visited Chichester 
(7 Feb.) in the courae of a kind of royal pro- 
gress which he woa making through the coun- 
try (see MiCAITLiT, Bitt. u 251, &c.) The 
estravagnnt honourpaid to him, not only by 
soma of" the citizens but by the dignitariea 
of the cathedral, excited the indignation of 
the bishop, which he poured forth in a letter 
to tie Archbishop of Canterbury (Bancroft) 
■rved among the Tanner MSS. in the 
.i«a,384). *... The great men of our 
nil welcomed him with beUes, and 

made by wood had from their boasea 

flar* before hia lodgings, personal visits 
Bade to him, with all that was in their 
houses proffered to his service.' He describes 
the honour done the duke in the cathedral, 
ud the ' opociypbal anthems when the com- 
*" iwealtu saints appeared amongst us.' He 
relatM at some length how, because be 
'join in these bell and bonfire 
inilies,' or 'bow the knee to the people's 
the rabble surrounded his house at 
it demanding wood to make bon£res for 
duke, and, when it was refused, pelted 
palace with stones, and shot into it three 
-1, ebouling thnl be was an old popish 
(, and all the people in hia family were 
(sand thieves, a no they should moet with 
at long. ' Then they shott three times 




into my bouse and seconded their violence 
with a shower of stones so thick that our ser- 
vants thought they would have broke in nnd 
cutourthroiita. . . .' Theletterisdatedl7Feb. 
1679. The bishop was then about eighty- 
throe years of age, but lived six yeara longer. 
His death occurred on 6 July 16S5. 

[Wood's Athena, iv. 886, 867-1 W. H. W. S. 

CARLETON, GUY, first Loan Uohomes- 
TBB(1724-1808),govemorofQuebec,waathe 
third son of Christojiher Carleton of Newry, 
countyDown, and bis wife,Catherine, daugh- 
ter of Henry Ballof county DonegaL UewOS 
bom at Strabane Z Sept. 1724. The father 
died when Guy was about fourteen, and the 
mother afterwards married the Bev. Thomas 
Skelton of Newry. According to Samuel 
Burdy, the biographer of Philip Skelton, ' Sir 
Guy's emineucti in the world was owing in a 

Seat degree . . . tothecarewluoh hisstep- 
Lher, Thomas Skelton, took of his education ' 
{Complete Wor}aofIiev.P.SkelUm,\mi.y^. 
3&-31). On 21 ta«y 1743 hewas appointed 
enwcn in the Earl of Rothes's re^ment (after- 
wards the 26th foot ), and obtained his promo- 
tion as lieutenant in the some regiment on 
1 May 174i). Changing his regiment ha 
became lieutenant of the 1st foot guards on 
22 July 1751, and wHsappointedcaptain-lieU' 
tenant and lieutenant-colonel 18 June 1757. 
In June and July 1758 he took part in the siege 
of Louiaburg, under General Amherst, and 
on 24 Aug. was made lieutenant-colouel of 
the 7~2nd foot. On 30 Dec. in the same year 
he was appointed quartermaster-general and 
colonel in America. He was wounded at 
the capture of Quebec, 13 Sept. 1759, when 
in command of the corps of grenadiers. In 
1761 he acted as brigadier-general under 
General Hodgaon at the siege of Belleisle, 
and was wounded in the attack on Port 
Andro, 8 ApriL He was raised to the rank 
of colonel m the army 19 Feb. 176:2, and 
in the some year sen'cd under Lord Albe- 
marle in the siege of the Havannah, where 
he greatly distinguished himself^ and was 
wounded in a sortie on 32 July. Carleton 
was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec 
24 Sept. 1766, and in the following year the 
government of the colony devolved on him 
in consequence of General Murray having 
to proceed to England. In 1770, having 
obtained leave of absence, Carleton came to 
England. He was appointed colonel of the 
47th foot 2 April 11*72, and raised to the 
rank of m»jor-gBneraI on 25 May following. 
In Juno 1774 he was eiamined before the 
House of Commons regarding the Q.uebcc bill. 



Carleton 94 Carleton 

is said was suggested by Carleton himself, - Americans, and two naval engagements were 
established a legislative council, allowed the i fought on the lake on the 11th and ISth. 
Koman catholics the free exercise of their re- i The result of the first conflict was somewhat 
ligion, and re-established the authoritjr of the doubtful, but on the second occasion Carle- 
old French laws in civil cases, while it intro- ton gained a complete victory and took pos- 
duced the English law in criminal proceedings, session of Crown Point, where he remamed 
In the latter end of the year Carleton returned until 3 Nov., when, giving up the idea of 
to Canada, where he was warmly Welcomed besieging Ticonderoga, he returned to St. 
back by the catholic bishop and clergy of the John s and sent his army into winter quar- 
province, and on 10 Jan. 1776 was appointed ters. In reward for his brilliant services in 
governor of Quebec. On the recall of Gage the defence of Quebec he was nominated a 
the command of the army in America was knight of the Bath, 6 July 1776, and a spe- 
divided, and assigned in Canada to Carleton, cial warrant was issued allowing him to wear 
and in the old colonies to Howe. At an the ensigns without being invested in the 
early stage of the war the Congress, being usual manner. In 1777 an expedition from 
apprehensive of an attack by Carleton on Canada, intended to co-operate with the 
their north-west frontier, determined on the principal British force in America, was re- 
invasion of Canada, and on 10 Sept. 1775 solved on, and on 6 May Burgoyne arrived 
the American troops effected a landing at at Quebec to take the command. Carleton, 
St. John^s. Carleton, however, who had no who had for some time been unable to get 
army and had endeavoured in vain to raise on amicably with Lord George Germaine, at 
the peasantry, was defeated by Colonel War- once demanded Ids own recall on the ground 
ner m an attempt to relieve the garrison, and that he had been treated with injustice. On 
compelled to retire. On 3 Nov. St. John's 29 Aug. he was raised to the rank of lieut«- 
capitulated to General Montgomenr, who nant-general, and in the same year was ap- 
on the 12th entered Montreal. Carleton pointed governor of Charlemont in Ireland, 
narrowly escaped being captured. Disguised a post which he retained during the remain- 
as a fisherman he passed through the enemy's der of his life. In May 1778, without assicfn- 
craft in a whaleboat and arrived at Quebec ing any reason, he dismissed Peter Livius 
on the 19th. The fortifications of the town from his post of chief justice of Quebec, 
had been greatly neglected, and the garrison At the end of July he left Canada for Eng- 
did not consist of above eleven thousand men, land, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-gene- 
few of whom were regulars. In spite of these ' ral Haldimand as governor of Quebec. He 
obstacles and the lukewarmness of the Bri- declined to appear before the privy council 
tish settlers who were displeased with the in defence of his dismissal of Livius, who 
new constitution, Carleton, having ordered all was restored to his office by an order dated 
persons who would not join in resistance to 25 March 1779. On 19 May following he 



the enemy to leave, soon put the city into a 
state of defence. An attempt by Colonel 
Arnold to take it by surprise having failed, 
Montgomery joined forces with the latter, 



was installed K.B. at Westminster, and on 
23 Feb. 1782 was appointed to succeed Sir 
Henry Clinton as commander-in-chief in 
America. He arrived at New York with his 



and on 5 Dec. summoned Carleton to sur- commission on 5 May, and desired that all 
render. The governor refused to have any , hostilities should be stayed. By a consistent 



correspondence with the American comman- 
der. After laying siege to the city for nearly 
a month, the Americans attempted to take 



policy of clemencv he did much to conciliate 
the Americans. lie remained in New York 
for some time after the treaty of peace had 



it by storm on 31 Dec. 1775, but were re- ', been signed, and finally evacuated the city 



pulsed, Montgomery being killed and Arnold 
wounded. Tne siege was continued until 
the beginning of May 1776, when, upon the 



on 25 Nov. 1783 and returned to England. 
A pension of 1,000/. a year was grantcKl him 
by parliament for his bfe and the lives of his 



arrival of a British squadron, Carleton sal- wife and two elder sons, and on 11 April 
lied out and put the already retreating enemy . 1786 he was again appointed governor of 
to rout with the loss of their artillery and Quebec. As a reward for his long services 

he was also created Baron Dorchester on 
21 Aug. in the same year. He arrived at 



baggage. By the end of the month Carleton 
had gathered a force of thirteen thousand men, 
and accordingly assumed the offensive. The 
Americans gradually retired before him, and 
bv 18 June nad evacuated Canada and esta- 
blished themselves at Crown Point. After 
waiting until October for boats to cross liake 
•Champlidn, Carleton went in pursuit of the 



Quebec to take charge of the government on 
23 Oct., and was cordially welcomed by the 
inhabitants, with whom he was highly popu- 
lar. One of his first measures was to assemole 
the legislative council, whom he directed 
to make a thorough iiiTeatigation into the 



condition of tie proTinces. In 1791 an net 
of mrlitunent — which h&d been premred by 
William Qrenville, and reTised by DorcLea- 
tcr — w&s paMerl. By the proTisions of Ihia 
acl (31 Geo. TU, c. 31 ) C&noda was divided 
into two provinces, vU. Upper Canitda (now 
Ontario) (ind Lower Canada (now Quebec), 
■nd a ainiilar constitution was ffiven to eftcn. 
Dcirehesler was nbeent from Canada from 
17 Aug. 1791 to 24 Sept. 1793, during which 
time the gOTBrnmcnt of the proTinces de- 
vuIvmI ou MiyoT-;g«nenit Alured Clarke, the 
lieulpnftnt-p)TBrnor. Dorchester took hia 
final departure from Quebec on 9 July 1796, 
and wx* succeeded by Maior.generHl ftescott. 
The Active, in which he embarked with his 
fiunilT, was wrecked on AntieoBti. No Uvea 
werelovt.andonldSept. they reached PortB- 
moutliiu H.M.S. Dover without any further 
misliap, On 11 July 1790 hewaa appointed 
colonel of thelSlh ib-ogxiona, and on 13 Oct. 
1793 raised to the rank of a general in the 
vmy. On IS March 1801 he became colon J 
of tie 27th dragoons, from which regiment 
he was transferred on 14 Aug. 1802 t<> the 
command of the 4th dragoons. After his 
return from England he bved 
finrt at F 

aftt^rwardi „ , 

whnre he died suddenly on 10 Nov. 1W8. 
Dorchester, though a severe disciplinarian, 
waa a man of humane conduct ana of sound 
common sense. His kind treatment of the 
Canadian people, and of the American pri- 
•onera during the war, did him iotiniCe credit, 
as well OS hia attemple to check the excesses 
of iLu Indians employed by the government 
af^nst the colonists. 

He marri(J,on 23 May 1772,LadTML___, 
ihe third daughter of Tliomaa, second earl of 
Effingham, by whom he had nine sons and 
two daughters. His widow survived him 
for many years, and died on 11 March l83tS, 
•gei 8if. He was succeeded in the title by 
luB grandson, Arthur, the only son of Chris- 
topher, hie third aon. The present and fourth 
baron is also a grandson of the first i>eor, 
being the plrtest son of Richard , the youn^st 
of the nine sons. The Kuyal Institution 
pnueeena a large number of manuscripts 
which formerly belonged to Maurice Morgan, 
DordbestCT's secretary during the last years 
■ if the American war. These consist solely 
of American ofHcial documents. In the 
Britiab Muwnm, lunoi^ the Add. MSS., 
aomij of his e«rre«nondence wliile governor 
of QaebM will be found. 

[OolUn.'!! Pwmge of England (1812), viii 
118-111; rhalniBrs* Biog. I'ict. (ISIS), viii 




of Canada (18(18}; Bancroft's Histoiy of tha 
United Siatie (]876),ToU.iii-vi.; Holmes'sAn- 
niilsof Aoinriea (182Q),vol. ii. ; Mohoo'sBiKor; 
of lingland {iafi4),voli. vi. andvii. ; AnnunlHe- 
gistep. 1808, chroD, pp. 149-52; Sir H. CaTvn~ 
diah's DtlwI.es ul' tho Housb of Commons in the 
yrur 1771 (1839); London OazettcE; Army Lists; 
Add. MSa. ai678, 21697-TOO, 21707, 21T3<, 
31781, 21808-8.) O. F. R. B. 



CAELETON, HDOH. \ iscotnrr Caslb- 
TON (1 739-1 8--'6). lord chief justice of Ire- 
land, eldest BOn of yraneis Carleton of Cork, 
by Rebecca, daughter of John Lanton, woa 
bom 11 Sept. 1730. He was educated at 
Trinity College, Dublin, and being called 
to the Irish bar become solicitor-general 
in 1779, and lord chief iuatice of the com- 
mon pleas in 1787. In 1789 he was created 
Baron Carleton of Amer, and in 1797 Vis- 
count Carleton of Clare, Tipperarj-. lie be- 
came lord chief justice in 1800, and the same 
year was chosen one of tlie twenty-eight re- 
presentativepeersof Ireland. In 1803,having 
incensed the mob by the trial and condemna- 
tion of the two councillors Sheers, to whom 
he had been left guardian by their father, he 
only escaped their suminarv vengeance by Lord 
Kilwarden being killed in mistake for him. 
Curran, referring to the lugubrious manner 
of Carleton on the bench, said that he was 
plaintiff (plaintive) in every ease before him. 
He died in 1826. He mamed in 1766 Elita- 
beth, only daughter of Richard Mercer, and 
in 179C Mary Buckley, second daughter of 
Andrew Matthew ; but by neilier marriage 
had he any issue. 

[Georgian Era, ii. 640; Gent. Mbb. 1820. i. 
270,] T. F. H. 

CABLETON, MAKY (I642P-I67S), 'the 

German princess," was bom, by her own 
account, at Cologne, her father being Henry 
van Wolway, lord of Holmstein, It was 
also said that she was the only daughter of 
the Duke of Oundenia, bora 10 April 1639 
(Life of the Famous Madam Charlton, 
pp. 2-3), but she confessed jiist before her 
execution that she wna Mary Moders of Can- 
terbury, daughter of a chorister of the cathe- 
dral, and bom on 22 Jan. 1642. Various 
(iccnunts are given of her early life, but all 
agree thatshe came from Holland about 1661 
to London, where her imposture commenced. 
She was witty and handsome, 'Dutch-built 
. . a stout Fregat.' One King', a vintner, and 
Ilia wife were her first dupes, and to ihem 
alio represented her fortune as oiiproachlng 
m,<Xfil a y«)ar. In April 1603 she married 




Carleton 9^ Carleton 

John Carleton, Mrs. Eing*8 brother. A pre- of her Birth to her Execution . . . with her 
viouB marria^ to one Jc' 
living, was discovered, 
mitted on a charge 
house, where she was ' 

29 May 1663) and a great concourse of curious racter of Mrs. Mary Moders, alias, &c . . . with 
people. She was tried at the Old Bailey on theHavock and Spoilshe committed upon the 
4 June 1663, and defended herself with such Publick in the Reign of Charles the Second ; ' 
courage that she was 'acquitted by publique and it is said in Harley*8 ' Notes on Biogra- 
proclamation' {The Great Tryall, &c. title, phies* to have been republished because Al- 
and p|^. 1-^). Carleton now attacked her in derman Barber was reported to be her son 
his * Ultimum Vale . . . being a true De- {Notes and Queries, 5th series, L 291). 
script ion of the Passages of that Grand Im- 



The Great 
Hisstoricall 



i' <:■ Jr^^h '"""?" "^ """T r?" ''I Famous Madam Charlton, pp. 2-9 ; 

high m the defence of her wit and spirit, and j^^u^ pp^ ^^ . y^^ Carleton V «... .„ 

glad that she is cleared at the sessions. She XarratiTe, pp. 1-20; John Carleton's Ultimum 
answered the ' Lltimum N ale in * An His- . Vale. Hearnes CollectioBS, iL 410-11 ; Notes 
toricall Narrative of the German Princess and Queries, 6th ser. i. 228, 291.] J. H. 

. . written for the satisfaction of the World 
at the request of divers Persons of Honour.' ' CARLETON, RICHARD ( 1560 ?- 
Other publications on the subject were* The 1638?), musical composer, waa possibly a 
Great Ti^all and Arraignment of the late dis- member of the family of the same name who 
tressed Ladv, otherwise called the late Ger- lived at liVnn in Norfolk. He was bom in 
main Princess' (1663), &c.,* The Arraignment, the latter part of the sixteenth century, and 
Tryal, and Examination of Mary binders, educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where 
alias, &c., &c.,' and 'The Tn'all of Mary he proceeded A.B. in 15/7. He sub^uently 
Moders for having two husbands.' After this took the degree of Mus. Bac., and was or- 
Mary Carleton turned actress, and a play was dained. Soon afterwards he obtained an ap- 
comi)08ed expressly for her, with her oTNTi title • pointment at Norwich Cathedral. In 1601 
' The German Pnncess ; * it was performed he published a collection of twenty-one ma- 
at the Duke's House, Dorset Gardens, where drigals, on the title-page of whicli he styles 
Pepys saw her the next year, 15 April 1664, himself 'Priest.' These compositions, which 
and declared that 'never was anything so in the Latin preface he calls ' prima libamina 
well done in earnest worse performed in jest ' facultatis mesp,' are dedicated to Sir Thomas 
(ib. for that date). She became a common Farmer. Prefixed is a ' Preface to the Skill- 
thief next, and was transported to Jamaica in full Musician,' dated Norwich, 28 March 
February 1671; but she returned to London 1601. In the same year he contributed a 
and her evil courses ; in December 1672 she madrigal to the collection entitled ' TheTri-* 
was sentenced to death for various thefts, and umphs of Oriana.' On 11 Oct. 1612 Carleton 
hanged at Tyburn on 22 Jan. 1672-3 (Gran- was presented by Thomas Thursby to the rec- 
eEK, Biog, Hist, i v. 224-5). Her age was said tory of Bawsey and Gloethorp, near Lynn. The 
to be thirty-eight. , date of his death is unknown, but it probably 

Two broadsheets were published in 1673, ! took place in 1638, for though a locum tenens 
* An Elegie on the Famous and Renowned ] (Robert Powis) seems to have been appointed 
Lady for Eloquence and Wit, Madam Mary to the living in 1627, there was no other reo* 
Carlton, otherwise styled The German Prin- . tor until 22 Aug. 1638, when Richard Peynes 
cess,' &c. ; and ' Some Luck, Some Wit, I was presented. Carleton's name is also spelt 
being a Sonnet upon the merry Life and un- . Carlton or Charlton. The only extant com- 
timely Death of Mistriss Mary Carlton, com- | positions of his, besides those mentioned 



monly called The German Princess. To a new 
Tune, called The German Princess adieu.' 
There also appeared in 1673 ' Memories of the 
Life of the Famous Madam Charlton . . . with 
her Nativity astrolo^cally handled, to which 
isprefixed her portrait ; ' and J. G.'s ' Memoires 
of Mary Carleton . . . Being a Narrative of 
her Life and Death, interwoven with many 
strange and pleasant Passages, firom the time 



above, are some instrumental pavans in the 
British Museum (Add. 'MS. 568). 

[Registers of the University of Cambridge, 
communicated by Mr. J. W. Clark; Diocesan 
Registers of Norwich, Register of Bawsey parish, 
oommnnicated by the Rev. W. F. Oieen j and Dr. 
Mann ; information firom the Rev. the Master of 
Clare, Dr. Bensly, and Mr. Walter Rye.] 

W.fi.& 



CABLETON. THOMAS COMPTON. 

[See C<i>IPTv>s.] 

CAai^ETON, WILLIAM (d. 1309 P), 
iudf[e, ttppesre to liavebeena Yorkshireman. 
He is'designnTRd ' ei via EbomcenBis ' in a roll of | 
1391 (Bot. Oriff. Aitbree. i. 75). The earlieflt j 
mentionof him occun under date 1383, when ! 
lie w«B plftcod in jwssession of the vacant 
ahbe^ 01 Ramser iu Himtingdoiubiiv, tA 
hold during the liing's pleaanre. Between 
1286 and 1390 inclustvi; he acted as one of 
the jiuticee of the Jews, official* with funo- 
tions similar to those eKercieed by the barons 
of tbe uxchequer, but limited to Che transac- 
tion of busineiu in which the Jewish commu- 
nity waa concemwd. His salary appears to 
have been '201. per anuum. On the expiil- 
aion of the Jews, which took place in 1290, 
It is probable that be was imueaiatelycreated 
m bafon, as we tind him ranked next after 
Jofan de Cobham, the senior baron, in tbe 
list of ju9ti(!es summoned to parliament in 
12S5. He was despatched to Antwerp in 
1297 to ne^tiati;, on behalf of the kin^, a 
loui of 10,000/. with the merchants there, 
pTeeumably for the xmrpoaes of the expedi- 
tion to Flanders. By the death of John de 
Cobham, in 130U, he became senior haron. 
He was reappointwl on the acceasioa of Ed- 
ward U (Iw"), at whose coronation he was 
present, and the same year reoeived permis- 
uon, in consideration of his ' long and meri- 
toriouB and unremitting service,' to attend 
at the exchequer at his own convenience. 
llie following year be ia mentioned as one 
of the jndgea assigned to try cases of fore- 
stalling in the city of iicndon. Aaafterthis 
vear he ia not again summoned to parliament. 
It ta probable that he died before the next 
writ was issued (the 11th of the ensuing 
Jane). Ashisname does not occur in the' Tn- 
quisitiones post Mortem,' wc may infer that, 
like many other of the earlier barons of the 
exchequer, he was of humble origin ; and as 
be ia described as ' civi« Eboracensis,' it seems 
not altogether improbable that he was the 
teaoat of Carleton in Yorkshire, under 
Henry de Percy. 

[Bot.Orig. Abbrcv. i. 01.Tfi,lI3; Dagdale's 
Chron. Scr. 18, »3: Modox's Exch. i. 230, il. 62; 
Vtaa* LiTM uf the Jndges; Bat. Far), i. 16S, 
IM ; Pari. Writs, i, 29, ii. div. ii, pt. i. 18, 
pi. il 4, l».] J. M. H. 

CABLETON. WILLLiM (1794-1869), 
Irish novpliat, was bom at PriJlisk, co. Ty- 
rone, in 1704, and not, as some writers have 
Msliid, in 1 79B. His parents supported them- 
selves and fonrtw-n children, of whomWilliam 

t, tho youngest, on afami of only fourteen 



l^i 



Carleton used to say that his father's 
/ was a rich and perfect storehoaae of 
all that the social antiquary, man of letters, 
the poet, or the musician, would consider 
valuable. He spoke tbe Irish and English 
languages with nearly equal fluency, ana was 
acquainted with all kinds of folklore. His 
mother was famous for her musical talents. 
Carleton's earliest tutor was one Pat Frayne, 
the master of tbe hedge school, who appears 
as Mat Eavanagh in the ' Hedge School, and 
Carleton bears testimony to the savagery of 



Dr. Eeenan of Olasslougli, he made consider- 
able progress in his studies, especially in clas- 
sics. On the removal of Dr. Keenan to Dun- 
dalk, (vorleton was compelled to return home. 
Bjs parents had intended him for the church, 
and sent him as a poor scholar to Munster. 
He had travelled as far as Granard when he 
intaipreted an ominous dream as a command 
to return to Tyrone. The incident* of this 
journey gave rise to the tale of the ' Poor 
Scholar.' 

Lough-derg was a place famed for many 
legends, and Carleton visited the spot to per- 
form a station there. In tlie ' Lough-durg 
Pilgrim' he has given an exact Iransuript of 
what took place during these stations held 
in the summer months. Carielon's experi- 
ences at Lough-derg led hi'" to the resolution 
never to enter the church. About this time 
there fell into his hands a copy of ' Gil Bios.' 
He now longed far contact with the world, 
and entered the family of Piers Miirpliy, a 
farmer in county Louth, as a tutor. He next 
went to Dublin infiearch of fortune with two 
shillings and iiinepence in his pocket. Offer- 
ing himself as assistant to a bird-stuffer, he 
was asked what he proposed to stuiT birds 
with, and ingenuously replied, ' Potatoes and 
meal.' Hedetenninedtoenlist.andaddresaed 
, a letter in Latin to the colonel of a regiment, 
' who dissuaded him from his purpose, and 
I shortly afterwards Carleton obtained some 
' tutorships. While engaged in tuition he met 
tbe lady whom he afterwards married, 

For the ' Christian Examiner,' u Dublin 
periodical edited by the Rev. Ctesar Otway, 
a protestant clergyman, Carleton wrote a de- 
scription of hie pilgrimage to Lough-derg. 
Sketches soon followed each other in rapid 
succession, and in 1830 these were collected 
into a volume, and published under the title 
of Traits and Stories of the Irish Peoaanlry.' 
Several editions were called for in three years, 
and a second series appeared in 1833. His 
sketches of the peasantrF were followed l»y 
a collection of ' Tales of Irehind.' 1834. In 
some of the tales he evidently describes his 



Carleton 



9« 



Carliell 



own feeling* and **rly <rrprrl«i«r5- C^rirton 
pr-iducf^d in lN3J*h:? * F&rdorour^ :i:*rMi«r-r.' 
which hh,^ been d<»CT:l^i a* our of thr n;o?t 
powerful and morinj work- of nc^:>n ever 
"written- • Fardor^* urhs ' wi* dr&=iJiti5*d and 
produced at a Dublin thr&tr^.bu: the Terson 
annovrrd Carleton. and Ird t':i ^n unplrAsani 
c>'»rre*?pondrnce }>r!w-en himself and the 
adapt '•r. a lady named Msiirraih- }!•: state* 
'that there wa* cot a puMication of any im- 
p^.»rtanoe in hi* time to which h^ did not con- 
tribute.' The ZT^'f.*"T number of hi« sketches 
have >yifen republic h-rd in volume form. In 
1S41 there app»rarr'l a c^ill-rcti^n of tales by 
Carleton. patn*-tic and humorou*. c:>ntain- 
inj? the sketch entitled 'The Misfortunes of 
Barney Branasran." Tlii* volume was suc- 
ceeded in 1^545 bv a more elaborate work. 
entitled * Valentine M'Clutchy. the Irish 
Asrent, or Chronicles of the Castle Cumber 
Property.* This novel dealt with the land 
question. The work was extendrd in 1S46 
by the addition of *The Pious Aspirations 
of Solomon M'Slime.' The machinations of 
fiecret societies wore exposed in • Rody the 
Hover, or the Kibbonman.* A Dublin pub- 
lisher haviner pro Wted a series of books under 
the title of * The Librarv of Ireland.' Carleton 

• 

came forward to supply a cap caused by the 
death of Thomas Davis. He produced in the 
course of a few days his story of * Paddy Go- 
easy.' The Irish famine supplied Carleton 
■with the materials for his * Black Prophet/ 
published in 1847. It was succeeded by 
* The Emigrants of Ahadarra ' and * Art Ma- 
guire.' In 1849 appeared ' The Tithe Proc- 
tor/ and in 1852 *The Red Hall, or the 
Baronet's Daughter/ afterwards republished 
under the title of * The Black Baronet.* This 
was succeeded by * The Squanders of Castle 
Squander/ and at a brief interval by a volume 
of shorter collected tales. The last consider- 
able works from Carleton's pen were * Willy 
Reillv and his dear Colleen Bawn ' (1855) ; 
< The'Evil Eye, or the Black Spectre * (I860) ; 
and * Redmond, Count O'llanlon, the Irish 
Rapparee' (1862). But for many vears sub- 
sequently there appeared periodically volumes 
of this writer's collected sketches. 

Notwithstanding Carleton's indefatigable 
industry he fell into difficulties. A memorial 
was addressed to gfovemment on his behalf, 
signed by persons of all ranks and creeds, in- 
cluding JIaria Edgeworth, and on the recom- 
mendation of Lord John Russell he received 
a pension of 200/. per annum. Two of his 
sons went out to New Zealand. He died 
SO Jan. 1869. 

Carleton has been regarded as the truest, 
the most powerful, and the tenderest deli- 
neator of Irish life. Indignant at the con- 



stant misrepTEscrntations of the character of 
hi* CT'oatrymen, he resolved to give a faithful 
pict-ir^- vf the Insh people: and although he 
did n:>t spare- their vices he championed their 
virru«. which were too often neglected or dis- 

Eut'e-i. He was erratic in habit, and although 
e wrote much he was unsystematic and fittul 
in r2f."»rt. Most of Carleton's works were 
translate into French. German, and Italian. 
There is as vet no collected edition of them 
in Enzlish. the various novels and sketches 
havin; appeared in one form at intervals in 
Dublin, and in anot her form in London. Many 
are now entirely out of print. 

The following is a list of the works of Car- 
leton which have been published in volume 
form : 1. * Traits and :>tories of the Irish 
Peasantry.' two series. 1830 and 1833. 
2. • Tales of Ireland/ 1834. 3. * The Fawn 
of Springvale and other Tales,' 1841. 
4. * Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' 
new edition, with an autobiographical intro- 
duction, ejcplanatorv notes, and illustrations, 
1843-4. 5. * Valentine M'Clutchy,' 1845. 
6. 'Rody the Rover, or the Ribbonman,' 
1845. 7. ' Parra Sastha ; or the History of 
Paddv Go-easv and his wife Nancy,* 1845. 

8. • Ae Bbick' Prophet.' * The Emigrants of 
Ahadarra,' ' Fardorougha the Miser,' 'The 
Tithe Proctor' (Parlour Library series), 1847. 

9. 'Art Maguire. or the Broken Fledge,' 
1847. 10. * The Clarionet, the Dead Boxer, 
and Bamev Branagan,' 1850. 11. ' Red 
Hall, or the Baronet's Daughter,' 1852. 

12. * Jane Sinclair, Xeal Malone,' &c., 1852. 

13. < Willy ReUly and his dear Colleen Bawn,' 
1855. 14. *The Emigrants' (Railway Li- 
brary series), 1857. 15. * The Evil Eye, or 
the black Spectre,' 1860. 16. < The Double 
Prophecy, or Trials of the Heart,' 1862. 
17. 'Redmond, Count 0*Hanlon, the Irish 
Rapparee, an Historical Tale,' 1862. la 'The 
Silver Acre and other Tales,' 1862. 19. 'The 
Fair of Emyvale and the Master and Scholar ' 
(Parlour Library series), 1870. 20. 'The 
Squanders of Castle Squander' (librairof 
Favourite Authors), 18^3. Several of these 
works have passed through a considerable 
number of editions. 

[Carleton's Traits and Stories of the Iriih 
Peasantiy, with an AutobiogFaphical Introdne- 
tion, 1843; Read's Cabinet of Irish Literature, 
1880 ; Quarterly Review, September 1841 ; FVea- 
man's Journal, Dublin, 1 Feb. 1869 ; Chamhaii'i 
Cyclopaedia of English Literature, 1876.1 

a.B.a 

CAIUilELL, ROBERT (d. 1622 P), po^ 
is the author of a scarce vdlame entitled 
' Britaines Gloria ; or an AUegorioid Dname 
with the Exposition thereof: oontainiiig the 



m Infidelitie, the Turkes Blaspl 
• PopHS Uypocrisie, Amsterdams Vori^tie, 
« Charch of Englandg Veritie in Kelieion. 
And in our ClturcU of England, the Kings 
Excellenc;^. His rssueslntegtitie. The Nobles 
«nd Oentries CcinBt«iicie. The Counccis aod 
ludgisa Fidelitie. The Preacherg and the Bi- 
ehous ^ncttritie. Conceived and written by 
Robert Cwlietl, Gent., for the lore and honour 
of Ilia King imi Country,' London, 1619. 
Tlus allegoricnl pofm, in forty-two six-line 
^"KOm, is followwlby a prose eiposition, in 
Inch the glories of the cliurch of England 
b further described. A singular attack on 
'^•eoo figures in the early pages. In the 
itish Sluseiira Library ore three copies of 
the work, two dated 1630, and a third dated 
1622. Nulhing certain is known of the au- 
thor. The will of a citizen and leatherseller 
(Jjandoa of the same name, dated 9 Oct. 
I, was proved on 7 Nov, following. This 
rt Carliell had a son Ilobert, who accord- 
ii to tba will had treatjjd his father very 
tifuUy. 
kdi«le*aCollectionsfor aHistoryof theCar- 
■ Painilr, p. 3T3 ; Caraer's Collectanea Ang1< 
^" "l. 263-S; Brit. Mus. Cat,] 

e.LL. 
RLTLE- [Sep also Oakliell, Cab- 
UB, and CjiRLYi.E.] 
ItCARLILE or CARLISU; ANKE (d. 
ie80F),waa an artbt. In 1658 Sir Waiiam 
Suide.non, speaking in hjs 'Graphice 
punters 'now in England,'tiays(p. 20), 'and 
inO^'IColourawehaveavirtuoua example in 
llut wntrthyArtist.Mrs.Carlile.' Shepainted 
fcer own portrait ; Verttie saw it in the succeed- 
iDgcerilar>-,uboutl730. Shewaslorgely em- 
ployad in copying the jaintings of the Italian 
iiia8t«rs, and in reproducing these ii 
ture ; and Charles I was so warm an admirer 
of ber work, Graham says, that be presented 
Vandyke and the lady with ultramarine to 
the value of 5001. Atme Carlile died about 
1680 J and many of her pictures were after- 
wanla in the possession of Lady Cotterel. 

[Sir William Sandurooii's Gmphico. p. 20: 
VkbMile'H Atu<atl. of Pniming, mI. ]S49, ii. 'ASIA 
^ J. U. 

1, CTIRISTOPIIEH, D.D, (d. 
B?), divine,wiiaB member of Clare Hall, 
nkridge, of which sociu^ he was elected a 
iw. ilo commenced M.A. in 1541, and 
i woji chosen one of the proctors of 
jTriniverKiry. In 1662 he took the degree 
..Ti.D., ond he was siibseqiwntly created 
D.D. n<r waa residing at Monks' florton in 
Ktnfin inai. 'Hie fi»t dat«d edition (157ii) 
iit hia diBcooTBu or iIig controverted point 



whether St. Peter waa ever at Rome is dedi- 
cated to Lord Wentworth, ' by whom,' sayi 
the author, 'I liave bene liheriLlly sustained 
these xx'x, yearee.' On 22 Au^. 1671 ona 
Christopher Corlile, M.A., was instituted to 
the rectory of St. John's, Hackney, which 
was vacant by his death on '2 Aug. 1588, 
when William Sutton, M.A., was appoint^ 
bis succeasor. Aiiothc>r Christopher Carlile, 
who lited for some time at Barham in Kent, 
removed thence to the parish of St. Botolph, 
Dear Bishopsgate, London, where lie died in 
I tlie beginning of the year 1696. 

Carlile was an excellent Hebrew scholar. 
He wrote; 1. 'A Discourse wherein is 
plainlyproved by the orderof time and place 
that Peter was never at Rome. Further- 
more, that neither Peter nor the Pope is the 
head of Christes Church,' Lood. n.d. and 
157:?, 4to. Another edition bears this title, 
' A Diacourae of Peters Lyfe, Pere^inatiou, 
and Death," Lond. 1582, 4to. The first di»- 
course was reprinted, with two letters to a 
clergyman, by James Billet, Lond. 1845, Svo. 
2. ' A DiscouTBo, concerning two divine Posi- 
tions. The first effectually concluding, that 
the soules of the faithfull fathers deceased 
before Christ went immediately to Heaven. 
The second sufficientlye setting foorth unto 
us Chiistians, what we are to conceive, 
touching the descension of ourSaviourChriat 
into Hell,' Lond. 1582, 16mo. Dedicat«d to 
Henry, earl of Huntingdon. This book con- 
tains the substance of a public disputation 
held at Cambridge in 1552, and was written 
in confutation of a work by Dr. R. Smith of 
Oxford. Carlile'a book was interdicted by 
public authority soon after its appearance. 
3. The Psalms of David in English, with tat- 
notations, I673j manuscript in the Cambridge 
University Library, Ff. 6. 6. 

[Carlisle's Calleetions for a History of the 
Carlisla Family, 68; Tanner's Bibl. Brit, 154; 
Ames's Typogr. Antaq. (Herbert), 8fi3, 878.908, 
1008, 1071. 1101. 1319; Lysons'a Esvirons, ii. 
47S; Cooper's AnnalB of Cambridge, v. 243; 
Addit. MS. 8866, f. 49; Wood's AchenK Oxon. 
(Bliss).!. 336,418; Cooper's Athens C«utab. ii. 
34; Newcourt's Eopertorium, i. 619; Holiin- 
Bon's Hnckney, ii. 154, !6S.] T. C. 

OARLELE, CHRISTOPHER (1551- 
1593). [See C&Buull, Cukisxophbb.] 

CAKLILE, JAMES (d. 1691), actor and 
dramatist, was a native of Lancashire, and 
' led the company at Drury Lane some time 
previous to 16S2. After mentioning the fa- 
mous union of the two companies — the King's 
and the Duke's — under Betterton [q. v.] in 
1682, Downes (itoiciW Amlioanut) writes 

folhnra ; ' Note, now Mr, Monfbrt and Mr. 






Carlile 



ii4'.f-*,r». 7!i«* '.a. 7 •!»*<» .3, •r.miitj'.ru'.a "Vj*j. 
>^i:2Ui> .:•. 'Oh: • l-iir ".tf 'rij** '.if lr7i»*!L 

\i ''.*.••-. ^ :.;<AiC»TJU^ 1.* ui bnr ir'.d -ta*** 
r-rfv.?-:.*- fji Lt- u.n:-.?:.:ii* "... '>.j:«:n, Ciir-J- 



L jugii.r'ii.. ji -v'i.-i!a iie i<iTOi.*ated a plan 
■.a "nn ju:*ltti. ZL *«;cm* 5Rir?«« :f th«» 3Ioraviaa 
•n ."■ni'.na. la 1 Hilr ii* pr^Tiileii oa hi« Dublin 

"«: 1^1:^7 izn. tt; > srill '■^^^'Ain^g his re- 
.jriiiii -■: .iiL v un: i£ '..ifrbr :rifis;oaary to Par- 
*:mffi.:-vT. zi Ecr. iz.'i r':r la:-:^ tiian rwclTe 
T^nL** 2k .aJ:i:iE^iTr:':!i ::•: Irrzle «ai:ces& among 
'iiis^ j^:rn;i.n :«rt^:Ljs§. in-i ^jei co sat that the 
fCtrjTLAl ±riir3 it zl* Libiicir were at least 
T?; 1^ * : "liii;!*** :«: lis zi'acb. I:az»?r ministry in 
1*1 :L:s_ Hr -.:•;* a=. ictivr parx in the affairs 
:tf T2i* 5r»s.b7^«-.iLn ..-c:irch of Ireland, was 
Tm-jif. zL'-.tifznZ'ZS :i izi sc:pr»*me court, and on 
'.Titi :onL<J:c. zLbie & «p«ch. which wa£ emi- 
afcc'lr istzrzL xz \ cr.zical tarn of the church's 
r. H-r ii-iii a: I^^blin 31 March, 
IS'4. CvtLIt W15 a sun of high character 
iz.i *:i-:LtrlT i*:i;:Lir«=n'i-ii*s, and of consider- 
x'.'^r li":rnrr airiLTirr. His works an?: 1. 
• Ft^— -Ti:ijc •::' Arruments fir Roman 



J. 



ar L.r./':f..r/t fr.-i Fir. i* c: 'Ttt., Fxl* wrll 

ir./:ii: CV'.-.'r/ C*rl.l*. wi:h Ll>? rir'/il-er. i;-e<i 
*•. *\n W*.h o: -Vi'arlm on Iir Jnlr i»3Vl. 

'O^.'-***'* Ar-cr/"-:.- m' tit Enz'.ifj: St-vje: 
l/'/Tr.-i*^'* Krjvi\zM Ar^lisir.'x*; BiozrapLia LTa- 

^JiO'/^r'* Ky,.'ja^ hy Ii^llchazn'>srs ; Oxbrrrr':* 
Imtti^Xir, Cnr^fiol'./gy.l J. K. 

carlile; JAME.S, D.D. n7^1S:>4N 
x.\i*'.h\'//ii'j%\ ■A'rit'jr, l>>m in 1 784 at Paisley, was 
•AixntiU*i at CiluAgow L'uiversitv, from which 
h«; n:f'J:'l\'tA hi is tih^^thH hi D.D. In 1S13 he 
Ur'ram': miniit'.-r of the Scotfl church at Mary's 
A b^^^y, DuMin, and in 1 K*^) he wa.> appointed 
nrx.id'^nt r:/jmmLh>»ioner to the Irish board of 
*'A\iiv.\\\'iXi, In this hituation it fell to him 
Vt thk<; the leading part in preparing and 
iA'xUiv/. VifXii^A Ixx^ka, and in organising the 
Hch'xjl ityntem. His aim was to avoid all ■ 
that might bf; counted sectarian, and intro- . 
diice KM much wholesome religious matter as | 
poHHible. He was associated in the educa- 
tional board with Archbishop Wliately, who ' 
held him in high esteem, and also with Arch- j 
bishop Murray, whose liberal snirit made him I 
an agreeable iellow-worker. Tne educational 
fabric which was thus reared, however, dis- 
pleased Cardinal Cullen and his successors. 
1 laving nssigned the post of educational com- 
iniHsioner in 18«'i9, he devoted the remaining 
years of his life to an enterprise for the con- 
version of Roman catholics to the protestant 
faith. Ho luid felt the ordinary methods of 
dealing with lioman catholics to be unsatis- 



Ccksbrlic EriiCi:c*CT." Ihiblin. ISlo. 2. ' Sep- 
^:h ani Rf^pentance/ London, 
I'?ll. 3. -Ti* Old D>:trine of Faith as- 
s^rii'i.' L:t:-i:n, l^iS. 4. • The Apocryphal 
C:!:":r:v^r?y sommed up.' Glasgow, Y&ll. 
.">. •T'n Thr Con<:::uti:»n of the Primitive 
Ch-^ircL**/ Dublin. 1S31. 6. • Letters on the 
Divine •'►rlzin and Authority of Scripture,' 
^ v:l5., Edinburrh. Is37. 7'. • On the First 
and Second Advent?.' Edinburgh, 1848. 8. 
* Fruit gathered tyym. among Roman Catho- 
lics in Inrland,* L^jndon, 1848. 9. *The 
Papal Invasion: how to repel it,* I^ndon, 
IndO. 10. * Manual of the Anatomy and 
Physiology of the Human Mind,' London, 
ISol. 11. ^Station and Occupation of Saints 
in Final Glory,' London, 1854. 

[Xntrodoctory notice prefixed to the last- 
named work by his nephew, Rev. James E. Car* 
lile; Thirty-eight Years of 3Iission Life in Ja- 
maica, Sketch of Rev. Warrand Carlile ; Cata- 
logue of Xew College Libraiy and of Advocates' 
Library, Edinburgh ; Killen's History of the Irish 
Presbyterian Church.] W. G. B. 

CARLILE, RICHARD (1790-1843), 
fineethinker, was bom 8 Dec 1790 in Ash- 
burton, Devonshire. His father was a shoe- 
maker, who had some reputation as an arith- 
metician, and published a collection of mathe- 
matical and a^braic questions. He became 
an exciseman and fell into bad habits. His 
son Richard was four years of age at the time 
of his death. Carlile was educated in the 
village firee school, where William Gifford, 
afterwards editor of the ' Quarterly Review,* 
had been a scholar. He was taught writing, 
arithmetic, and sufficient Latin to read a 
physician's prescription. For a time he was 
in a chemist's shop in Exeter, but left on. 



being Mt to perfbrm some office incompBtible 
wiih the dignitT of one wbo could reikd & 
pKscnption. For n time he coloured pic- 
lures, which were aold in the shop kept by 
his mother. Her principal trade cuBtomers 
w>^reOiff<ird &Co., brothersof Robert, aftei^ 
w ard « allorne y-^eneral and lord Gjfford [q. v. ]. 
Carlile was eventually apprenticed to Mr. 
Cumming, a tinman, a hard master, who con- 
sideR'd (iTe or six hours for sleep all the re- 
ndition necessary for his apprentices. Cap- 
lile freq uen I ly rebelled against ibis injustice. 
He hod an ambition to earn bis living bj bis 
pen. In the meant ime be worbed aa a jour- 
neyman tinman in various parts of thecoun- 
tiT. Id 1813 he was employed at Benbam 
ft Sons', Blacldriara Road, London ; in 18!6 
mX the firm of Matthews &, Maaterman of 
L'aion Court, IIol bom. Tbere he saw for the 
first time one of the worksof Thomas Paine, 
whose e£g7 be bad helped to bum when a boy. 
Escil«d by- the viffoi"' of the ' Rights of Man ' 
and the diatre»s of the time, he n-rote letters 
lo newspapers, but only with the result of 
SMing' a notice in the ' Independent Whig,' a 
' half-emploTed mechanic is too Tiolent.' He 
wrote to Hunt and Cobbett without inte- 
resting them. In 18X7 the 'Black Dwarf,' a 
London weeklv publication, edited by Jona- 
than WoolcT, first appeared. This periodical 
was much more to Carlile's laste (ban Cob- 
brtt's'Hegisier,' and waacontinufd till 1819. 
Tbe Habeaa Corpus Act was then suapended, 
a^d the aale of obnoxious literature exposed 
to dangers which odIt stimidated Carlile. 
He borrowed 11. A«m his employer, bought 
with it a hundred 'Dwarfs,' and on 9 March 
JSir sallied forth from the manufactory 
with the pnpere in a handkerchief. He tra- 
Tcrecd London in every direction toget news- 
TKodoTB to sell the ' Dwarf.' He carried the 
'Dwarf" round seTeml weeks, walking thirty 
miles a day at a profit of fifteen pence and 
uffhteenpence. When Steill, the publisher 
of the 'Dwarf,' was arrested, Carlile offered 
t« t«k(t his place. ' I did Dot then see,' he 
uid later in life, 'what my experience has 
once taugLt me. that the greatest despotism 
nding the press is popular ignorance.' He 
printed and effected ibe fale of 25,000 eopii 
of ftiuthev's ' Wal Tyler' in 1817, in spit 



_. Tyli. ._ . . , 

of ihn ouiW'b objection. The ■ Parodies ' of 
Hone bfiMU itupumteed, Carlile reprinted 
tbem, and also published in 1817 a series of 
narodioc by himself, entitled 'The Political 
Litany, diligetitly revised, to be said or sung 
nntil tlf^ Aiijjijiiii.-d ClmuKe occurs;' 'The 
8i».,'.ir ■ . I... ItuUetTeDeum;' 

•A 1' ' The Order for the 

Adni ■ :ind Fishes,' These 

'Eighteen weeks' im- 



acquittal of William Hoae. In 1818 Carlile 
! pnblisbed the theological, political, imd mi»- 
I cellaneous works of Paine, together with a 
' memoir. He wasprosecuted,andhe published 
other works of a similar character. By the 
end of October 1819 he bad six indictments 
against him. InNovember he was sentenced 
to I,500i. fine and three years' imprisonment 
in Dorchester gaol. In the middle of the 
nigbt he was handcuffed and driven off be- 
tween two armed officers to Dorchesler. 
a distance of 1^ miles. His trial lasted 
three days, and attracted the notjce of the 
Emperor Alexander of Hussia, who thought, 
it necessary to issue a ukase to forbid any 
report of it being brought into his territory. 
During this imprisonment be was ordered to 
be taken out of his cell half an hour each day. 
He resented the exhibition by remaining two 
years and a half in bis room without going 
mto the open air. Carlile busied himself in 
gaol with the publication of a periodical 
called ' The Republican,' which be began in 
1819 and continued till 1826 (Uvols.) The 
first twtlve volumes are dated from Dor- 
chester gaol. Mrs. Carlile resuming the pub- 
lication of this and other of ber husband's 
works was sentenced in January 1821 to two 

fears' imprisonment, also in Dorchester gaol, 
tut Carlile still managed to publish his writ- 
ing and at once issu^ a report of bis wife's 
trial. The same year a constitutional asso- 
ciation was formed for prosecuting Carlile's 
assistants ; 6,000/. was raised, imd the Duke 
of Wellington put his name at the head of 
the list. The sheriff of the court of king's 
bench took possession of Carlile's bouse in 
Fleet Street, furniture, and stock in trade, 
but Carlile's publications still issued &om the 
prison. In 1822, in the week in which Peel 
took posaession ai the home office, a second 
eeiture was made of tbe bouse and stock at 
55 Fleet Street, under pretence of satisfying 
the fines, but neither from this nor ihe foi^ 
ire was a farthing allowed in the 
abatement of tbe fines, andCoriile was kept 
Dorchester gaol for six years, from 1819 to 
1835— three years' Imprisonment being taken 
lieu of the fines. His sister, Mary Anue, 
IS fined 500/., and sutiijected to twelve 
months' imprisonment from July 1821, for 
publishing Carlile's ' New Year's Address to 
tbeReformer8ofOreatBritain'(182l). Car- 
lile published a report of ber trial. The rate of 
liquidation of fines established by tbe crown 
was twelve months for every 600/. In 1836 
reported that the cabinet council had 
lo the conclusion that prosecutions 
should be discontinued. No more persona 



Carlile 



102 



Carlile 



were arrested from Carlile's shop, and yet 
none of his publications had been suppressed. 
The last nine of his shopmen arrested were 
detained to complete their sentences, varying 
from six months* to three years' imprison- 
ment. Sir Robert Peel refusing to rive up a 
single day. After his release Carlile pub- 
lished the earlier numbers of a new weekly 
Jolitical paper called * The Gorgon/ and from 
anuary 1828 to December 1829 edited a six- 
penny weekly serial called * The Lion ' — a 
record of the prosecution of Robert Taylor, 
author of the * DeviFs Pulpit/ Carlile sought 
to establish freedom of speech, and in 1830 en- 
gaged the Rotunda, Blacldriars Road. Most of 
the public men in London out of parliament at- 
tenaed the discussions, and a liberty of speech 
never before known in England was per- 
mitted. The French revolution of 1830 gave 
further impetus to free speaking on the plat- 
form. Later, Carlile*s house in Fleet Street 
was assessed for church rat«s. When his 
goods were seized he retaliated by taking out 
the two front windows to exhibit two efngies 
of a bishop and a distraining officer. After a 
time he added a devil, who was linked arm- 
in-arm with the bishop. Such crowds were 
attracted that public business was impeded. 
Carlile was again indicted, but the court 
was at least externally courteous. Carlile 
defended himself with good sense, but was 
sentenced to pay a fine of 40«. to the king 
and give sureties of 200/. — himself in 100/. 
and two others in 50/. — ^for his good behaviour 
for three years. As he refused to give sure- 
ties or ask others to become sureties, he 
entered with his accustomed spirit into three 
years' more imprisonment. Before sentence 
ne made a deposition in court stating the 
g^unds of his determination, and that,' though 
anxious to live in peace and amity with all 
men, there did exist many political and moral 
evils which he would through life labour to 
abate.' Thus, with a fiirther imprisonment 
in 1834-5 of ten weeks for resistance to the 
paynient of cliurch rates, he endured a total 
imprisonment of nine years and four months. 
He saw that the humiliation of the press 
could only be removed by resistance. In 
1819 Castlereagh had proposed a law which 
would have inflicted transportation on Car- 
lile for a second offence. Edwards, a clever 
spy, frequented his house for months, and 
made him a full-length model of Paine, with 
a view to win his confidence and involve him 
in the Cato Street conspiracy. WTien Thistle- 
wood was seized it was intended to arrest 
Mrs. Carlile, her husband being then in pri- 
son, to suggest his complicity with Thistle- 
wood. Ills shopmen were arrested so fre- 
gnently that he sold his books by clockworl^ 



so that the buyer was unable to identify the 
seller. On a dial was written the name of 
every publication for sale, the purchaser en- 
terea and turned the handle of the dial to 
the publication he wanted; on depositing 
the money the book dropped down before 
him. The peril of maintaining a free press 
in those days brought Carlile the admiration 
and sympathy of powerful friends unprepared 
themselves to incur such risks. Tne third 
and fourth years of his imprisonment pro- 
duced him subscriptions to the amount of 
600/. a year. For a long period his profits 
over the counter were oO/. a week. Once, 
when a trial was pending, Mrs. Carlile took 
500/. in the shop m one week. But Carlile 
had a passion for propagandism, and incurred 
liabilities which exhausted all his resources. 
So long as he vindicated the political freedom 
of the press Cobbett said, * You have done 
your duty bravely, Mr. Carlile ; if every one 
had done like you, it would be all very welL' 
But when he sought to establish the theo- 
logical and even the medical freedom of the 
press, Cartwright and others deprecated his 
proceedings as mischievous or immoral. 

Carlile married in 1813 one several years 
older than himself. Out of his slender wages 
of thirty shillings a week, even when he had 
several children, he continued to contribute 
to the support of his mother. This first led 
to domestic differences, which asperity of tem- 
per on his wife's part increased, and in 1819 
a separation was agreed upon as soon as he 
had means of providing for her, which did 
not occur until 1832, when he was able to 
settle upon her an annuity bequeathed to him 
by Mr. Morrison of Chelsea. Otherwise Mrs. 
Carlile was not without good qualities. She 
had business talent, which her nusband never 
acquired, and though having but little sym- 
pathy with his opinions, sne resented the 
oppression directed against him, and reso- 
lutely refused to compromise him or discon- 
tinue selling his publications, though it sub- 
jected her to two years' imprisonment. Carlile 
died on 10 Feb. 1843, in his fifty-third year, 
from an illness brought on by excitement in 
search of a child who had wandered from his 
door in Bouverie Street, London. Sir AVilliam 
Lawrence [q. v.]^, the author of the * Lectures on 
Man,' saw nim m his brief illness. He left 
his body for anatomical purposes to St. Tho- 
mas's Hospital. He followed the example of 
Bentham m desiring to remove by his own 
example the popular prejudice against dissec- 
tion. Carlile was abstemious, habitually dif- 
fident, but bold under a sense of duty. He 
practised free speaking, and, what was rarer, 
never objected to its being lued by others 
towards himself. Although he ordiiumly 



spolte with be«itation. be attained eloqi 
in visdiuting freedom. He had suffered 
ranch thnt he not luinatunUy became co 
Tinced th&t sufbriiif^ was the only qualifica^ 
tion for 8 pablic teacher, nnd doubted the 
integritj of thnse who had dared nothing. 
The ferocity with which he wae assailed drove 
him to extremes id gelf-dDfence, which, how- 
ever, were temperate when compared with 
the insolence of his powerful assailants; but 
in him it was deemed license, in them re- 
spectable indignation. Hismerit was, thathe 
uuMe the method of moral resistance and ac- 
comiilished by endurnnce what violence could 
not Mve effected. He lived to discern that 
sensation is not progress and denuudation is 
not instruction, and by his wont of conaide- 
ntion in speecli be created a dislike of the 
truth he vindicated. The faults of Carlile 
will be forgiven in consideration of his having 
done more tlian any other Englishmt 
day for the freedom of the press. 

BMidns the works mentioned above, Cor- 
lile edited two serials: 'The Prompter,' 
1830-li and "Tlie Gnuntlet.' 1833. He was 
also the author of ' The Moralist,' a series of 
moral essays, and of the following (among 
numerouB other) pnm|>li1etB : 1. ' A Letter 
to the Society for the Suppression of Vice,' 
1819. 3.-An£ffortloaetat rest somelittle 
dupntes and misunderstanduigs between the 
Befcmners of Leeds . . .' 1821. 8. ' To the 
B of Great Britain (Five Letters 
■ Dorchester Gaol),' 1821. 4. 'An Ad- 



.* 1821. 6, < Observations on Letters to 

id on . . . Christian Religion, by Olin- 
Gwgory . . ,' 1831. 6. ' Guide to Vir- 
and Morality through the Pages of 
■Bible," 1921. 7. 'Every Man's Book.or 
Is God P ' 1826. 8. 'The Gospel ae- 
jtoIlichnrdCBrlile,'1837. 9. 'ASer- 
n upon the subject of the Deity, preached 
. . . from the pulpit before the Congregation 
of the Chureh of Motint Itrintisway, near 
Stockport, formerlv.liHfijr" Ibiiir Ck^nversion, 
the Conaregftiion iif Hibic Clirlstinns,' 1827. 
la'ASewViewof Insn.iilv,'le31. 11. 'A 
Letter to C. Lnrliin, of the Newaistle Press,' 
1834. 12. 'Chun^h R<-rorm,' 1S36. 13. 'An 
Addreis to . . . R*formcn» on the Political 
Excitement of thu I'resent Time" (published 
by Thomue Painu Carlile, Manchester), 183D. 
Just before his death be bad be^un a weekly 
pwtodiual called the ' Christian Mirror.' 

[The BsuDtUt. I8i3: Th« JUpnbliean, vols. 

ii-zviii.i A 8rouig«: 'th« Cliristian Warrior; 

Holyoalu'a Life and Character of R. Carlile 

(181t); Lion, Tola. L and ii. ; OneU of ReascB, 

l|j|iA.i.(IMI)i>'ftar«n/sB*puUlcao; the Lancet, 



S (1S43); hilliographiQil notes Mildly 
anppU«l by Mr. C W. Sutton of Mandiostor.} 
G. J. H. 

OARLINaFORD, Eabl of (rf. 1677). 
[See TiATB, Thkobalu.] 

CAfiLINl, AGOSTINO (4. 1790), sculp- 
tor and paintt't, was a iintire of Genoa, who 
came to Enghmd early in life and becams 
the most celebraled sculptor of his day,' dis- 
tinguished particularly for his drapeiy. He 
wasoneof tne original memljers of the Koyal 
Academy (17691 and succeeded Moeer aa 
keeperinl783. His best-known work is a stai- 
tne of the notorious Doctor Ward (whose por- 
trait is introduced by Hogarth in plate v. of 
the ' Harlot's Progress'), which he executed 
for the Society of Arts. It is said that ' in 
order to make this statue talked of and seen at 
the sculptor's studio,' the doctor allowed him. 
200i. a vear ' to enable him to work at it oc- 
casionally till it was finished, and this sum 
the artist continued annually to receive till 
his death.' Ctther works of his were two 
statues for Somerset House and the masks on 
the keystones of the Strand front of that 
building representing the rivers Tyne, Deo, 
and Severn ; the model of an equestriau 
statue of Geor^ HI (exhibited 1769); a 






Loblen 



1 oil. He 



1 have 



been indebted to his friend Cipriani for some 
of his designs. There ure some original draw- 
ings by him in the British Museum. He 
died at his house in Carlisle Street, Soho, 
16 Aug. 1790. There is an engraving of 
Carlini with Cipriani and Bartoloizi, by J. K. 
Smith, after Rigaud. 

[BedgTBve's Diet- of Artists; Nollekeiui andhis 



CAKLISLE. [See also Cablkhx, Cab- 

LiGi.t, Cabiile, and Cabltlb.] 

CABLISLE, Snt ANTHONV (1768- 
1840), sui^^on, was born at Stdlington, Dur- 
ham, in 1708. He became the medical pupil 
of an uncle at York, after whose deulh he 
was placed under Mr. Green, (bunder of the 
Durham City Hospital. After attending tlie 
lectures of John Ilimter, Baillie, and Cruik- 
shank, and being the resident pupil of Mr. 
Henry Watson, surgeon to Weatmiiisler 
Hospital, he succeeded to the surgeoncy, oa 



Carlisle 



104 



Carlisle 



Watson's death, in 1793, and held the office 
till his own death in 1840. Carlisle became 
a fellow of the Royal Society in 1800, and in 
1804 delivered the Croonian lecture on * Mus- 
cular Motion,' following it by another on the 
' Muscles of Fishes ' in 1806. He contributed 
other papers on biological subjects to the Phi- 
losophical and Linnean 'Transactions,' the 
* Philosophical Magazine,' &c. Carlisle was 
long a member of the council of the College 
of Surgeons (from 1815) and an examiner 
(from April 1825), holding these appoint- 
ments till death. In 1820 and in 1826 he 
delivered the Hunterian oration at the col- 
lege, and on other occasions lectured on 
anatomy and surgery ; he also considerably 
added to the library and museum. He was 

f resident of the college in 1829 and 1839. 
le gained admission as a student to the 
Royal Academy while still young, and wrote 
an essay in the * Artist ' on the * Connection 
between Anatomy and the Fine Arts,' in 
which he expressed the opinion that minute 
knowledge of anatomy was not necessary 
to the historical painter and sculptor. In 
1808 the social connection which he had 
cultivate led to his obtaining the professor- 
ship of anatomy at the Academy, notwith- 
standing Charles Bell's candidature. This 
post he ncld for sixteen years. He was sur- 
geon-extraordinary to the prince recent, and 
was knighted on the prince's accession. He 
took great interest in Westminster Hospital, 
and was largely instrumental in raising funds 
for the new building. He died on 2 Nov. 1840, 
at his house in Langham Place, aged 72. 

Carlisle was neither a brilliant anatomist nor 
physiologist, but was a fairly good surgeon. 
His introduction of the thin-bladed, straight- 
edged amputating knife, in place of the old 
clumsy crooked one, ani his use of the 
simple cainpenter's saw make his name chiefly 
worthy of note. He was handsome and 
good-humoured, but very vain and crotchety, 
and in his later years somewhat slovenly and 
negligent of his duties. 

In 1800, in conjunction with W. Nichol- 
son, Carlisle engaged in important researches 
on voltaic electricity, and is credited by Ni- 
cholson with first observing the decomposi- 
tion of water by the electric current {Journal 
of Natural Philosophy, iv. July 1800, 179- 

87), and with several ingenious experiments 

and observations. 

Among Carlisle's miscellaneous publica- 
tions may be mentioned : * An Essay on the 
Disorders of Old Age, and on the Means of 
prolonging Human Life,' 1817, 2nd edit. 
1818 ; * Alleged Discovery of the Use of the 
Spleen/ 1829 ; ' Lecture on Cholera,' 1832 ; 
' Practical Observations on the Preservation 



of Health and the Prevention of Diseases,' 
1838; 'Physiological Observations upon Glan- 
dular Structures,' 1834. A list of nis scien- 
tific papers is given in the Royal Society's 
Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1. 1867. 

[PettigreVs Medical Portrait Galleiy, 1840, 
vol. ii.; G«nt. Mag. December 1840, ii. 660; 
Geoigian Era, ii. 1833, p. 688; J. F. Clarke's 
AutobiogrHphical BecollectionB of the Medical 
Profeesion, 1874, 283-94.] a. T. B. 

CATlTiTSLE, Eabls and CoiTirrEsaBB of 
(1629-1684). [See Hat and Howakd.] 

CARLISLE, NICHOLAS (1771-1847), 
antiquary, was bom at York in January or 
February 1771, and was half-brother of Sir 
Anthony Carlisle [q. vj Having entered 
the naval service 01 the East India Company, 
he amassed considerable property as purser, 
with which he generously assisted his brother 
at the commencement of the latter's profes- 
sional career. He must have retired early, 
for in September 1806 he became a candidate 
for the office of secretary to the Society of 
Antiquaries, to which he was elected in the 
following January, his principal opponent 
being Dr. Dibdin. ' He never, says nis bio- 
grapher in the ' Gentleman's Ma^^azine,' ' did 
more for the Society of Antiquaries than was 
absolutely necessary,' but having installed 
himself in the society's apartments in Somer- 
set House, devoted his time to the execution 
of a series of laborious and in their day use- 
ful compilations. Between 1808 and 1813 
he produced topographical dictionaries of 
England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. In 
1818 he published *A Concise Description 
of the Endowed Grammar Schools of Eng- 
land and Wales,' a work of considerable 
value, the materials for which he had 
collected by issuing circulars. His- * Col- 
lections for a History of the Ancient 
Family of Carlisle' appeared in 1822, and 
a similar work on the family of Bland in 
1826. In 1828 he wrote <An Historical 
Accoimt of Charitable Commissions,' and in 
1837 printed privately a memoir of Wyon, 
the engraver to the mmt, with an appendix 
on the controversies between him and Pis- 
trucci. He indexed the first thirty volumes 
of the *■ ArchsBologia ' and the first fourteen 
reports of the charity commissioners, and 
was for a time a commissioner himself. ' His 
long-continued but unsuccessful attempts to 
estaolish professorships of the English lan- 
guage in various continental universities' 
procured him several foreign orders, and led 
him to compile Q^^) ' An Account of Fo- 
reign Orders of ^Jiignthood.' Haying bera 
appointed a gentleman of the priyy chamber, 
he wrote on the history of uuit body. In 



1813 he became as aasiitHiit Uhrnrian of the 
Royal library, and acpompmiied that cnllec- 
tion to the Britiali Miiseum, whure he only 
uttended two days in the week. He died at 
Margattf 27 Aug. 1B47, leaving the churocter 
of an amiable and -worthy man, whose ubili- 
_ ti«a werp by no means comroenBurate with 
Um industry. 

■ [Gent. aing. August I84S, pp. 205-0.] ^'I^' 
r CABL08, EDWARD JOHN (179&- 
1661 ),ftnl.iqiiary,wft«ade«oendant of William 
Cureless or Carloi [q. v.], who was chiefly in- 
etnunental in the preservation of the life of 
Cbarlte U dorine ihe flight after the battle 
i Worc«sl«r, and the only child of William 
^los and Grace Smith of Newington, Mid- 
' [, where he was bom on 12 Feb. 17B8. 
a educated at Hr. Colecraft's school, 
irington, and waa articled to Mr. B«ynell 
'le lofd mavor'B court office, with which he 
ted for more than thirty years. He 
k a grwit interest in architecture and in an- 
nt buildings. In 1832 he was one of the 
■Biuittee for the restoration of Crosby Hall, 
■ which in November of that year he contri- 
d an account to the ' Gentleman's Maga- 
i' under the title, ' Historical and Anti- 
"" s of Crosby Hall.' He was 
IB of the moHt active promoters of public 
n defence of the church of St. Mary 
,■, Soulhwflrk, and when old London 
Sridge wa« pulled down he contributed to 
the ' OentlemBu'e Maeaiine ' for March 1832 
' An Account of London Bridge, with Obser- 
vations on its Architecture during its demo- 
For the same periodical he wrote 
iring I8J4--S3 a series of descriptions of 
^ new churches in the metropolis, and the 
_B»iews of architectural books from 1822 to 
MNe. In 1843hepubliBhedasecondedition, 
wiih iidrlitions of Skelton's ' Oxonia Keslau. 
Tatu,' in which the plates illustrative of each 
c-ill-'K^ «'.Ti-brougIit together and thedescrip- 
forme>l into a continuous narrative. Ho 
on 20 Jan. 1851. 
(GuBt. Mng. 1851. pt- i. p. *42,] T. F. H. 

0ABL03, CABLES, or CAKELESS, 
**LLIAM (i 16fift), royalist, was a coloael 
cr mnjor in ibe royalist army during the civil 
wars. A family of the name of Carlosia de- 
acribwl an of Slratrord-on-Avon in the ' Visi- 
.fWorwickBhiris' in 1619 {HarUian 
28), A corresnondent of ' Notes and 
iM,' 1st ser. s. ^4, suggests that Ibe 
was the son of Anthony Careless, 
of the Clothiwre' C-orapany in Wor- 
Ewnr in lean, who died there 6 Jan. 1670. 
CUrcndon slatua that he residod in Staflbrd- 
•hire. CarloM took pnitin the battleof Won 



Kdied 



■(3Sopt.I6ol),nnd 
the last man killed there before leavil 
battle-fleld. As soon as the defeat 
royalists proved decisive he fled to the woods 
surrounding Boscobel House, and hid himself 
in the branches of an oak tree. About five 
o'clock on the morning of Saturday, 8 Sept., 
King Charles himself arrived at BoscoW 
while escaping from the Commonwealth sol- 
diers, who were in hot pursuit, and Carlos, 
who does not appear to have been personally 
acquainted with the king previously, iu|ged 
him to share his retreat in the oak tree. This 
the king agreed to do, and the two men re- 
mained concealed there for more than twenty- 
four hours, while their pursuers searched the 
wood below them. Carlos descended from 
time to lime to procure food. Un Sunday 
afternoon, however, Charles left for Moseley. 
Carlos separated from him because he was 
well known in the neighbourhood, andstood 
in even greater danger of capture than the 
king, who had managed to efiectually disguise 
himself. The oak tree, culled the royal oak, 
is still extant in Boscobel wood. Cin Uon- 
day, 8 Sept., Carlos succeeded, with the help 
of a friend at Wolverhampton, in dLsgnising 
himself, and under an aseumed name ha 
arrived in France. He communicated to 
the PrincMS of Orange at Paris the wel- 
come news of her brother's safety, and con- 
tinued in Charles's service till the Restora- 
tion. By a royal jiateni he was granted an 
elaborate coat of arms, in which an oak tree 
prominently figures (Nofa and Qumet, 2nd 
aer. lii. 2(52). Carlos returned to England 
with the king, and in January 1(160-1 he, 
with two others, was granted the proceeds 
of a tai on all strnw and hay brought into 
London and Westminster, together with the 
office of inspectof of liverv liorsekeepera (CaL 
StaU Papert, Bom., imo-l, p. 49B). In the 
account of James H's secret service fund for 
1687 appears the entry: 'To Coll' William 
Carlos, bounty 300;.' (^Secret Services qf 
Charh* II aii'ii Jamei II, Camd. Soc. 177). 
Carlos died early in 1(189. His wilt, dated in 
1CS8, was proved in the following year. His 
properly, of very trifling value.wasbequeathed 
to an ' adopted son, Edward Carlos,' fi«m 
whom was descended Edward John Carlos 
[a. v.] Carlos was married, and had a son 
William, bom in 1643, who died unmarried 
in 1668, and was buried in Fulham church- 
yard. Hi(i epitaph is printed in ' Noles and 
Queries,' Ist ser. «. 305. An • 



[Frei|iieDt n-f^rencra are mado to Carlos in 
lloant'i tnicl Bosmbel; in Clarendon's Hiatoiy, 
k. liii.; in P^pys's Narrativo printed by Lori 



Carlse 



1 06 



Carlyle 



Hailes. These ti&cts, together with several ; 
briefer acooonts of Charles lis adrentures after 
the battle of Worcester, have been carefully re- 
printed by J. Hughes in the Boscobel Tracts 
(1830, 2nd edit. 1857).] S. L. L. 

OAS.LSE, JAMES (1798-1856^, engraver, 
was bom in Shoreditch in 1798, and was 
apprenticed to Mr. Tyrrel, an architectural 
engraver. At the expiration of his term he 
practised landscape and figure en^aving 
without further instruction, so that he may 
almost be said to have been untaught. In 
1840 he commenced a work on Windsor 
Castle, which he discontinued from want of 
support. He engraved a good deal for the ; 
annuals and afterwards for the * Art Journal,' 
and some architectural plates for Mr. Weale's 
publications, Stuart's * Antiquities of Athens,' 
Chambers's * Civil Architecture,' &c. Among 
his other engravings are Beiyamin West's 
' First Essay in Art,' after E. M. Ward, and : 
'Oliver Cromwell in Conference with Milton,' 
after a drawing by himself. He died in 
August 1855. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Ottle^s 
Supplement to Bryan's Dictionary.] C. M. 

CARLYLE, ALEXANDER, D.D. g722- 
1805), Scotch divine, was bom on 26 Jan. 
1722 at Prestonpans, Midlothian, of which 
parish his father, William Carlyle, was mi- 
nister. The father lived on terms of intimacy 
with the gentry of the district, by whom much 
notice was taken of the son. Among their 
neighbours was the famous Colonel Gardiner. 
Canyle matriculated at the university of 
Edinburgh on 1 Nov. 1735, and in the follow- 
ing year he was an eye-witness of the escape 
of Robertson and the Porteous riots described 
in the * Heart of Midlothian.' In obedience to 
his father's wishes he studied for the church, 
and received his A.M. degree from the uni- 
versity of Edinburgh 14 April 1 743. A small 
bursary obtained for him by his father from 
the Duke of Hamilton aided in enabling him 
to spend two winters at the university of 
Glasgow and a third at that of Leyden, where 
he entered 17 Nov. 1746 {Leyden Students, 
Lidex Soc. p. 18). He was one of the volun- 
teers embodied in 1745 for the defence of 
Edinburgh from the rebel force under Prince 
Charles Edward, and he witnessed the flight 
of the king's force after the battle of Preston- 
pans. He was licensed for the ministry 8 July 
1746, but declined an offer of presentation 
to Cockbumspath in February 1747. On 
2 Aug. 1748 he was ordained minister of In- 
veresk, near Edinburgh, a charge which he 
retained until his death. He co-operated with 
his friends, John Home the autnor and Ro- 
bertson the historian, in supporting and lead- 



ing in the church of Scotland and its general 
assembly the moderate party, which opposed 
the abolition of patronage and favoured a 
somewhat latituoinarian theoloey. He was 
intimate with David Hume, Adam Smith, 
and the other Scottish literary celebrities of 
his time, including Smollett and Armstrong, 
who lived in London, and he has given in the 
' Autobiography ' accounts and anecdotes of 
most of them. He is said (Kay, Edirdnayh 
Portraits, ed. 1877, i. 67 n.) to have written 
the prologue to Charles Hart's ' Herminius 
and Aspasia,' acted in 1754, and he had made 
for John Home several transcripts of * Dou- 

flas ' before its performance in Edinburgh in 
756. He not only attended the rehearsals of 

* Douglas,' but, though with some reluctance, 
was present in the Edinburgh theatre on the 
third night of its performance (14 Dec. 1756), 
and attracted additional attention by expel- 
ling some young men from the boxes where 
he sat for rudeness to ladies whom he accom- 
panied. The public performance of a play 
written by a minister of the kirk raised an 
ecclesiastical storm in Scotland [see Home, 
John], and to the controversy thus provoked 
Carlyle contributed the anonymouspampldet, 

* An Argument to prove that the Trageciy of 
" Douglas " ought to be publicly burnt by the 
hands of the Hangman,' the irony of which 
was mistaken by some of its readers for a se- 
rious condemnation of the play. When the 
attendance of the upper classes began to flag, 
Carlyle brouj^ht a humbler class to the theatre 
by his broaoside, hawked about the streets, 
with the sensational heading, * A Full and True 
History of the bloody Tragedy of " Douglas " 
as it is now to be seen acting in the Theatre 
of the Canongate.' Carlyle was conspicuous 
among the minist-ers of the kirk who were 
summoned before theirrespective presbyteries 
to answer the charge of having entered a 
theatre to witness the performance of a stage- 
play. While professing regret for having un- 
wittingly ^ven offence, and promising not to 
offend again, Carlyle maintained beiore the 
presbytery of Dalkeith that the matter was 
one not for public but for private investiga- 
tion and admonition. The presbytery never- 
theless relegated him to be rebuked bv the 
synod of Lothian and Tweeddale. Carlyle's 
friends made a strong muster at the meeting 
of the sjmod, which oy a small majority ac- 
cepted his contention before the presbytery 
that the matter demanded * privy censure or 
brotherly conference,' while censuring him 
severely for his play-going and enioining him 
to abstain from it in future (11 May 1757). 
On appeal by the presbytery to the general 
assembly the decision of tne synod wasttmimed 
by a majority of 117 to 39 (24 May). This 



result wae always ivuituibprcd by Cariyle as 
« ugnni triumph over the fnnntical party in 
thp kirk (Autoliiuffmpk)/, chn|>. viii. ; Scoti 
Magazine for 1757 ; Mokreic, ArmaU of the 
Otnerai Amaiihls, 1838, li. 12-^-9). 

In ibe foHowiiiB year (1758) Cwlyle paid 
u visit to LiOudoD, where lie madt- the nc- 

SJuntancf of Oarrick and frequentAil tlie 
Mtrw, coDtrihutijig to his Mend Smollett's 
'Britiuli MBgaziiie' a eciticism on .lohn 
Ilome'a 'A^ia,' as then peifomied at Drurr 
I^ne. He oIm endeavoured, apparently will! 
little EinoeeM, to execute an informal com- 
iDLBBioii friini his Scotch miDiaterial brethren 
to ylead their cause witli those in authority, 
■^ — "M avert Iho threatened enforcement 
i them of the window-tax. After his 
home at the end of 1 758 the outcry 
in coneraiience of the disastrous close 
the St. Miilo expedition led Carlyle to 
■write the irnnirni pamplilBt, ' Plain KeuHons 
for removing u corlain Great Man from his 
M^ — ^-y'* preBenee and councils for ever. 
AddresBed to thi> people of England. By 
O. M. Haberdai^Iier.' This is byfar ihemost 
striking of Cariyie'8 productions. The 'great 
man ' if> the elder Pitt. Carlyle speaks of 
the pamphlet aa having had ' a great run,' 
but It 9eemi» to have dropped into unmerited 
oblivion. From on innccumcy in the tran- 
script of the title it does not op^ar to have 
been seen by the editor of hw 'Autobio- 
graphy ' (John Hill Burton), and in the new 
eataJogiie of the British Museum Library it 
is kltnbuted (o ' 0. M. Haberdasher,' without 
wiyreferencetoC'ariyle's authorship of it. In 
17cK)appeared at Edinburgh another pamphlet 
hj Carlyle, ' The (jueation relating to a Scots 
Hilitia considered in a l^etter to the Lords and 
Oendemen who have concerted the form of a 
fcr that eatobliahment,' in which he un- 



lafully sought to persuade the go' 
<t that the people of the country n 



ight 



d with perfect safely in spile of the 
A of the rebellion of '45. Carlyle boosts 
ttwt this pamphlet was renubiished both at 
Arr and in London, in the latt«r cose by the 
Ujirquia Townsliend, who preiixed a preface. 
In 1763 lie wBsappointfldaknoner to t he king. 
In 1701 he published a pamphlet, ' Faction 
detected,' on the claim of the Edinburgh town 
oouDcit lo pnxient to the churches m their 
city. Ill 17o9 be was appointed by thegenenil 
usembly their commisaiODer to endeavour to 
prociirn during the ensuing session of parlia- 
ment nn exemption on the part of the Scottish 
cleraylrom the window-tax. The clergy sub- 
— l^bMl about 400/. to defray Ids .expenses. On 
pjamral in London, anil doubtfess to pro- 
a of his mission, he wrote a 
d Kealor, ' in support of the Duke 




of Grafton, whose administration was then in 
a tottering slate.' Probably it was during 
this visit to London that, having to preaeut 
himself at St, James's, ' his portly figure, 
his fine expressive countenance, witli nn 
aquiline nose, his Howing silver locks, and 
the freshness of the colour of his fi>cc made 
oprodigiuuB impression upon the cuurtiera' 
(Chief Commissioner Abak, Oi/tqfa Grand- 
father, privately printed). Ilis mission was 
BO for successful that, Ihotigh the Scottish 
dergy continued to be charged with the 
wmdow-tax, the collectors were instructed 
not to enforce poymeiit (K*y, Edi-nimryh Por- 
traiti, i, «6). On 24 May 1770 he was elected 
moderator of the general assembly, and on 
•2 Dec. 17H9 mas named one of the deans of 
the Chapel Itoyal, when he resigned I he ot&ce 
of almoner. 

In 1766 Smollett had paid his last visit to 
Scotland, and in the description of Edin- 
burgh given in 'Humphry Clinker,' pub- 
lished in 1771, he makes a complimentary- 
reference to Carlyle. The account of tlie 
Select Society in the appendix to Dugald 
Stewart's memoir of Robertson the historian 
was furnished by Carlyle, who was a member 
of it. In 17K9 he was a candidate for the 
principal clerkship to the general assembly. 
A severe contest took place between the mo- 
derate and the old preeliyteriaa parties in the 
kirk, and the number of votes given was the 
largest ever known in the assembly. Carlyle 
was at first successful, but the result of a 
scrutiny asked for and gmnled threatened to 
be unfavourable, and he declined to &ce it. 
In 1771 he opposed the passing of a remon- 
strance by the general assembly against the 
necessity imposed on presbyterians of taking 
the communion in the Anglican font) before 
they could hold office in England, saying that 
he ' must be a very narrow-minded preshyte- 
rian who could not join in the religious wor- 
ship of the church' of England. In lifl.ihe 
gave a strenuous support to a scheme for the 
augmentation of the stipends of the Scottish 
clergy, and courageously protested against 
the want of sympathy with that bodv shown 
on the occasion by his friend Ileury ilunda^ 
then lord advocate, as the representative of 
the Pitt administration in the assembly. To 
the last he exerted himself to procure pre- 
fermiMit, both in the EoRlish and the Scotch 
church, for young men of merit and of liberal 
views in theologv, among them being the 
Rev. Archibald Alison, the fatlier of th« his- 
torian. Cftriyle died on ^6 Ang. ISOS, and 
was buried in the churchyard of Inveresk, 
his friend Adam Ferguson, the historian of 
the Roman reiiublic, writing the inscription 
on his tomb. He married, 14 Ocl. 1700, Muy 



Carlyle 



xo8 



Carlyle 



Boddan, who died 31 Jan. 1804, in her sixty- 
first year. His * Autobio^aphy ' gives a most 
agreeable impression of him as a genial, culti- 
vated, liberal-minded, and sagacious minister 
of the kirk, who united to the breadth of the 
man of the world a sincere devotion to what 
he considered to be the true interests of his 
order, and it is unrivalled as a picture of the 
Edinburgh and Scotch society of his time. 
Although its merit had long been appreciated 
in manuscript, it was not published until 1860, 
excellently edited, with notes and a supple- 
mentaiy chapter, by John Hill Burton. Its 
full title is * Autobiography of the Rev. Dr. 
Alexander Carlyle, Mmister of Inveresk, con- 
taining Memorials of the Men and Events of 
his Time.' 

Sir Walter Scott said (LociniAKT, Zt/c, 
p. 368) : * The grandest demi-god I ever saw 
was Dr. Carlyle . . . commonly called "Jupiter 
Carlyle " , , . and a shrewd old carle was he 
no doubt, but no more a poet than his pre- 
centor.' Carlyle's portrait prefixed to the 

* Autobiography ' somewhat resembles those 
of Goethe, and he retains a certain dignity 
even in the caricatures of him, of which there 
are several in Kay's * Edinburgh Portraits.' 
He was more poetical than Sir Walter Scott 
supposed. Wnether he was the author or 
not of the * songs ' and 'gay catches' which 
in an early letter to him Smollett seems to 
speak of as his (Supplementary chapter to 
Autobiography J p. 564), he certainly wrote 
the spirited and musical ' Verses on his Grace 
the Duke of Buccleuch's birthday ' published 
in the 'Scots Magazine' for 1767. With 
Henry Mackenzie he filled up some of the 
lacuna in an imperfect manuscript copy of 
Collins's *Ode on the Superstitions oi the 
Highlanders,' which he presented to the 
Royal Society of Edinbui^gh on its establish- 
ment, and which, with a letter from Carlyle, 
wa« published for the first time in its * Trans- 
actions ' (Edinburgh, 1788, i. 63-75). In old 
age he displayed an interest in Scott's * Lay 
of the Last Minstrel,' and in the early poetry 
of Wordsworth. 

Carlyle published a few sermons and con- 
tributed to Sir John Sinclair's * Statistical 
Account of Scotland ' (1791-9) an elaborate 

* Account of the Parisli of Inveresk,' topo- 
graphical, historical, and statistical, in which 
he describes his successful introduction into 
Scotland of ploughing with two horses and 
without a driver. In the Egertoii MSS. in 
the British Museum (Nos. 2185-6) there are 
several letters from Carlyle to Dr. Douglas, 
bishop of Salisbury, urging the claims of 
clerical proUgSs and gossiping about Hume, 
Robertson, and other Edinburgh literati. Car- 
lyle is the subject of one of Kay's caricatures. 



[Dr. Carlyle's Autobiography, Pamphlets, and 
Sermons; A Series of Original Portraits and 
Caricature Etchings by the late John Kay, 
miniature painter, Edinburgh, with BiographioLl 
Sketches and Illustrative Anecdotes (new edition), 
1877 ; Hew Scott's Fasti Ecd. Scot. i. 287, 896, 
399; authorities cited.] F. E. 

CARLYLE, JANE WELSH. [See 
under Carlyle, Thomas, 1795-1881.] 

CARLYLE, JOHN AITKEN, M.D. 
(1801-1879), younger brother of Thomas 
Carlyle (1795-1881) [q.v.], was bom at Eccle- 
fechan, Dumfriesshire, on 7 Juljr 1801. * A 
logic chopper from the cradle * is one of the 
descriptions griyen of him by his elder brother, 
whom at an early age he succeeded as a teacher 
at the Annan academy. Thomas Carlyle, 
when tutor to the BuUers, devoted a portion 
of his salary to enable John Carlyle to study 
medicine at the university of Edinburgh, 
where he took his degree of M.D. in or about 
1825. Two years later the same brother sent 
him to complete his medical education in Ger- 
many, and maintained him for several years 
in London, where he tried to obtain practice 
as a physician. Failing in this he attempted 
literature, and contributed a little to ' Erasers 
Magazine ' and other periodicals. He helped 
his brother in translating Legendre's Geo- 
metry. In 1831, on the recommendation of 
his brother's helpful friend, Francis Jefirey, 
he was appointed travelling physician to the 
Countess of Clare, with a salary of three 
hundred guineas a year and his expenses. In 
the following year he remitted money to his 
mother, and paid off his debt to his brother. 
Occasionally visiting England and Scotland, 
he spent some seven years in Italy with Lady 
Clare, in the intervals of his attendance prac- 
tising for some time on his own account as 
a physician in Rome, where, during an out'- 
break of cholera, he gave his medical services 
gratuitously among the poor. Returning to 
England in 1837, he became in 1838 tra- 
velling physician to the Duke of Buccleuch, 
with whom he revisited the continent. By 
1843 he had resigned this position, and, 

Possessed of a moderate competency, aban- 
oned almost entirely the practice oi his pro- 
fession, declining an invitation from Lady 
Holland, given at the suggestion of Lord 
Jeffrey, to become her physician in atten- 
dance. He lived for several years in lodgings 
near the Chelsea residence of his briMJier, 
to whom, medicallv and otherwise, he made 
himself very useful The first instalment of 
what he intended to be an EngUah prose 
translation of the whole of Dante's great poem 
appeared in 1849 as ' Dante's Diyine Comedr, 
the Inferno, with the text of the origuulcol- 



luted from tlie be«t editions, nnd BXplona- i [Carltlo's HomiHiwenuw) (18S1) ; FwudB's 
tory notes,' a volume which, under whatever Thonm* Corlylo. u History ot the First Forty 
ii$:pect it isviewed, leaves little to be desired. Years of his Life (1882}; Frondo'a Thomas 
The preliiPi- contains on estimate of Dante as Cnrlyla, s Hiilory of his Lift in London (1384) ; 
a man Mid & poet, in which the influence of Lattera and Memoriuls of Jana Wetah Carljlo 
Thumiu Csrlyle Ib very conspicuous. After ('883); Ths Correspondence of Thonms Csriyla 
the prefuce come two appendices, useful con- I ""'^ ^'"'P'' ^"''1'' Emerson (1883) ; Thomas 
trib£,ions to the criti J^ibliogAphy of the ' C-ljle's Print od Will (1880): Edinburgh Oni- 

and tiMsktors. A second edition, revised, ^"'j'*' ^^ ^- ^- "<■""" ('««^'J- ^- ^' 

Ameand in 1867, with a prefirtory notice, in CABLTLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759- 

wEicb I>r. Carlyle spoke of issuing two vo- ' 1804), Arabic scholar, bom in 1769 at Cftr- 



liunes more, containing translations of the UbIs, where htsfstherpracttsedssaphysii 
' Purgnloriu ' and the 'Paradiso.' But the ' was educated at the Carlisle nramiu! 
hope was not fulfilled, though he had exe- { and was then entered at Ctrist's 



cui«dn considerable portion of the task. A | Cambridge, whence he presently removed to 
third edition of the'Infemo,' a reprint of jQueuns', proceeded B.A. in 1779, and was 
the aecood edition, was issned in 1882. elected a fellow of Queens', took hie M.A, 

In 1862 Dr. Carlyle married 4i rich widow | degree in 178;f. and B,D. in 1793. During his 
with several children, and she died in 1854. I residence at Cambridge ha profited by the 
After her death he resided for several years iuatmctions of a native of Bagdad, whose 
in Edinburgh, ultimately settlino' in Dum- I europeanised name was David Zamio, and 
fricMhire. He devoted much of nis time in ' became so proficient in oriental languagea 
later yenrs to the study of the Icelandic that lie was appointed professor of Arabic 
language and literature. On the death of his on the resignation of Dr. Craven in 1796, In 
nialer-in-lBW, Ure. Thomas Carlyle, he offered the meantime he had obtained some church 
tot»kcuphiiiabodewithlusbereaved brother, preferment at Carlisle, and liad auoceeded 
The offer was declined. Complaints of his I'aley in 1793 as chancellor of that city. 
brother John's ' careless helter-skelter ways ' In 1793 he published in 4to the ' llerum 
occur not iufrequently in Carlyle's annota- -Egypt.iaearum Annales,' translated from the 
tions to the letters of his wife, while ho hears Arabic of Ynsuf ibn Taghri Birdi, a meagre 
teatimony in them to Dr. Carlyle's ' good, af- work of slight historical value ; and in 1796, 
feotiona to, manly character and fine talents,' also 4to, 'Specimens of Arabian Poet^' 
and his many letters to him, published by Mr. (with some account of the authora selected)^ 
ypaude, arc uniformly aiTectLonate in tone. By translations in which a certain elegance of 
his friends, Dr. Carlyle was regarded ns s man diction is mora striking than the fidelity to 
of amiable and tranquil disposition, as well as the spirit and colour of the originals. In 
of ability and accomplishment. 1799 be wa^ appointed chaplain to Lord 

In 11*01 Dr. Carlyle edited his friend Dr. Elgin's mission to Constantinople, with the 
Irving's posthumous ' History of Scottish special duties of learned referee ; and he 
*^ 'ry,' adding a little fresh matter to the made a tour through Asia Minor, Palestine, 
and notes, and appending a brief gloa- i Greece, and Italy, collecting Greek and 
of Scotch words occurring in thevolume. ! Syriac manuscripts lor a proposed new ver- 

, 8T8hemadeoverto the acting committee , sion of the New Testament, which unfortu- 
_ ittie Association for the Better Endowment nately he did not live to accomplish. Eft- 
of tbe University of Edinburgh 1,600'., to i turning to England in September 1801, he 
found two medical bursaries of not less than was presented Co the living of Newcastle-on- 
35/. each, DOW worth 3!2f. each, known by the Tyne; but his health had been seriously 
foiukder's name, and tenable for one year. | impaired by the fatigues of travel, and he 

Thomas Csrlyle speaks of John in his will , also suffered from a special and painful 
aa having ' no need of money or help,' hut I malady, to which he succumbed on 13 April 
left him a life-interest in the lease of the 1801. His ' Poems suggested chiefly by 
house at Chelsea, with his books and the j Scenes in Asia Minor, Syria^ and Greece,' 
fragments of his history of James I, He | together with some translations from the 
mdde bim, too, his chief execulor, and asked , Arabic, were published after his death, 1805, 
him to superinteJid the execution of the in- 1 4to, with extracts from hla journal and a 
etructiaiiE in his will, saying, in respect to preface by his ^ter. He had also almost 
tluim, 'I wish bim to be regarded as my I completedanaccountof hia tourthrough the 
boeond s^tf, my surviving self. Dr. Carlvie Troad, wbicb was never published, and had 
did Dot, howaver, survive his brother. He ' advanced so far in hb Arabic Bible, revised 
. 4wd at Dumfries, 15 Dec. 1879. from Walton's tust, that it was issued at 



Carlyle no Carlyle 



Newcastle, edited by H. Ford, professor of j and other the<Kgfian8. Among his converts 

Arabic at Oxford, in 1811. ^ ■ were Ilerr Thiersch, the church historian, and 

[Gent. Mag. 1804, p. 390 ; Miss Carlyle's Pre- ^fc" Charles J. T. Biihm, autlior of various 

face to tlio Specimens of Arabic Poetrv.] ^Prks. ITie results of his acquaintance with 

is. L.-P. *^^<^ German language, lit4>rature, society, and 
religious thouglit were given in his work, 
CARLYLE, THOMAS (1803-18r,r,), an *The Moral Phenomena of Germany,' which 
apostle of the Catholic Apostolic church, was appeared in 1845, and of which more than one 
born at King's Grange, Kirkcudbrightshire, on edition was printed in German. This work 
17 July 1808. His father w^as AVilliam Car- liaving w^on him the acquaintance of Baron 
lyle, and his mother Margaret Heriot, widow Bunsen, he introduced him to King Frede- 
of AVilh'am McMurdo of Savannah, (leorgia. rick William of Prussia, who had been much 
He was first educat<.'d at Annan academy, interested in reading the * Moral Phenomena.' 
in company with Kdward Irving, and after- His work seriously impaired his health, and he 
wards at the Dumfries academy, studied at diedatHeathHouse, Albury.on28Jan. 185i>, 
the Edinburgh University, and was called and was buried in Albury parish church on 
to the Scottish bar in 1h24. By the death 3 Feb. He married on 7 Sept. 18:>6 Frances 
of John Carlyle of Torthorwald, in October AVallace, daughter of the He v. Archibald 
18:?4, the claim to the dormant title of Baron Jiauri«», D.D., minister of Loudoun, Ayrshire. 
Carlyle devolved on Thomas Carlyle (Cak- She died at Pan on 22 Feb. 1874. 
lisle's Collections for a History of the An- Carlyle*s other writings not already men- 
cient Family of Carlisle, London, 1822, 4to, tioned were: 1. *The Scottish Jurist. Con- 
pp. 140-1). In 1827 ho published ' An Kssay , ducted by T. Carlyle,' 1829. 2. ' The First 
to illustrate the Foundation, the Necessity, ' Besurrection and the Second Death,' 1830. 
the Nature, and the Evidence of Christianity, 3. * Letter to the Editor of the "Christian 
and to connect True Philosophy with the Instructor," ' 1830. 4. *A Letter to the King 
Bible. By a Layman,' and in'l829 'The ' of Prussia,' 1847. 5. *0n tk^acrament of 
Word made Flesh, or the True Humanity of Baptism,' 1850. 6. * llie One^Bliolic Supre- 
Ood in Christ demonstrated from the Scrip- macy,' 1851. 7. * A Shoit^^^kry of the 
tures ' In the well-known * Bow lieresy Apostolic Work,' 1851. 8. * T^^Iistory of 
■case,' when the Bev. John Mcl^eod Camp- the Christian Church. ByH.W. J. Thiers "^ 
ball, minister of Bow, Argyllshire, was tried j Vol. I. The Church in the Apostolic A 
and finally deposed by the courts of the I Translated by T. Carlyle,' 1852. 9. * 1 
■church of Scotland in 1831, Carlyle acted Jew our Law-giver,' 1853. 10. *Tlie Door of 
during the various stages of the trial as legal Hope for Britain,' 1853. 11. *The Door of 
counsel for Campbell {Memoir of the Rev. J. Ho|)e for Christendom,' 1853. 12. * Apostles 
McLcod Campbell, D.D,, 1877, i. 77, 103, given, lost, and restored,' 1853. 13. *On 
115). Having much in common with the the Office of the Paraclete in the Prayers of 
•opinions of Dr. Campbell, he also sympa- the Church,' 1853. 14. *On Symbols in 
wiised with many of the views of his friend ; Worship,' 1853. 15. 'Our present Position 
Edward Irving, and adopted and advocated in Spiritual Chronology,' 1853; another edi- 
those religious tenets taught by the Catholic tion, 1879. 16. * On the Epistles to the 
Apostolic church. This church having been Seven Churches,' 1854. 17. * Warning for 
found»»d on 19 Oct. 1832, the appointment of | the Unwary against Si^|^ual Evil,' 1854. 
the u])ostle proceeded, and in Edinburgh in 18. *■ Shall Turkey li^Hkr die ? ' 1854. 
April 1 835 Carlyle was named the ninth apos- ; 19. ' Pleadings with my jHner, the Church 
tie of the denomination, and in the same year in Scotland,' 1854. 20. nBiicke eines Eng^ 
gave up his practice at the bar, left Edinburgh, . landers in die kirchlichen und socialen Zu- 
and settled with his wife at Albun-, Surrey, stiinde Deutschlands von T. Carlyle. Uebep- 
He was one of the members of the assembly setzt von B. Frh. von Richtliofen/ 1870. 



ry of 




and supposed to represent 'quiet perseverance cences' (i. 312) of his famous namesake is 

in accomplishing what is aimed at,* were al- not to be trusted ; at any rate there is not 

lotted to Carlyle, who henceforth was known the least ground for supposing that the ad- 

as 'The Apostle for North Germany.' In that vocate Thomas Carlyle ever intentionally 



country he therefore very frequently resided, contributed to the mistakes of identity there 
and went about collecting and superintending described. The sjpry on which Carlyle's ac- 
• congregations of converts, and while there > count is founded is told in the ' Memorials' 
made the acquaintance of Eerlach, Neander, of Janet Welsh Carlyle (L 204). 



louM. Inl^ 



1 Irringiam, i. 14. S^U. *16 ; Atbo- 
I Msj 1S8I, p. BSl; Unrv'n Life of 
a BttnMD (3rd lA. 1882), ii. 76; inf.;^ 
1 TMeireil from the Kdv. il. G. Oruhu^| 
)W.] G. C. B ~ 

JILYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881), es- 
1 mid hifitoriiin, waa liurn 4 Dec. \7i<'i 
M:lefM;1iBJi in Atwandale. Uewasgrand- 
if a Thoinaa Carlyle, first a earpent*ir and 
wards a amail fiirmer al Browulniciwe, 
r Bumswork liill. FmnciB, « brother of 
IT Tbamae, wii» a rough suiloi of the 
HI type. The brotliere had been ee- 
! by tt long nuarrel, and among the 
it recollections of the yiiuiiger Thomas 
% tight of the ^anduncle, who woe beioK 
' ajjstnire to'be reconcile-d with the dy- 
lafnthor. Hoth brothera were tough., 
I men, aa inucb given to flgbtingaa 
orldng. Tliuraos married Anne Gil- 
, S by whom he baij four sons and two 
ighters. The second son, James, born in 
', inherited t lie palonial temper, and was 
Igbly brought up, and allowed (o ramble 
~r the county shooting harea. Hereceived 
'"" rdigious impreeaions from John. Orr, 
|] shoemalter, who was pious 
kften Bp«nt weeks at the pot- 
Rruee became apprenticed to a 
n Brown, married to Ma eldest 
^ker Fanny. He afterwards aet up in busi- 
Hm with n br'itlier, built a house for himself 
^n£M]ef«chau, and there made a home for 
' IT »nd brothers. In 1731 he married 
a, Janet Carlyle, who died after giving 

lo «on, Jofui. Two years sAer her 

' I) Jajnea Carlyle married Janet 

Beir ftrst child,' Thomaa, was fol- 

« Mns And five daughters. The 

(John Aitlren [q. v.] ; Alexander 

who emigrnted to Canada, and died 

id Junes (A. 1805), who took the farm 

■fbtig and survived liia brothers. The 

m wtre Ju«st, who died in infancy ; 

4 lb. 18^Bled unmarried in 1830; 

y (A. 1808 nn became Mrs. Austin; 

Jmm>, or 'craw Jifflr (A. 1810), who married 

b«r roiwiii. Jiunps .\ithen, in 1833; and 

Janet (6. Ifil.T), who boome Mrs. Hanning, 

d aettlod in Caoodo. James Carljle was 

a the lirat steady, nhstcmioue, and a 

i^h worlniian. His busing prospered, 

^hojaiucl •'!<- ' bitnrbfni," a Sert of rigor- 

■ -ir'frfchan. Ho 

!,i.d by habi- 

_ ti.Tii .S.-otch Cft)vLni«t, 

■ Carlyle Ifomt landing from his 
cr, and ariituiiutic (at Eve) &om his b- 




ther. He was then sent to tbe village school, 
Hia English -was reported to be ' complete * 
in hia sev^h year, and he was set. to uttin. 
IAs the schoolmaster was incompetent he wns 
tauifht by Johnstone, the burgher minister, 
and his aon, an Edinburgh student. At 
WliiCauntide 1805 ho was sent to Annan 
^mmar lichool, He had aln-ady shown> ^ 
violent temper, and his mother now mada 
him promise not to return a blow. He had, 
consequently, to pnt up with much cruelty, 
until he turned against a lormentor, and, 
though beaten, prored himself to be a dnn- 
geroua subject for bullying. The two first 
years, he says, vcere miserable. His school 
experience is reflected in 'Sartor liesartus' 
(hk. ii. eh. iii.; see also'Cruthor; and John- 
son 'in Frater^s .Vnjr. January 1631). He' 
learnt to read French and Latin and tlie 
Greek alphabet ; he learnt a little geometry 
and algebra ; and (JfillUUfid all the bookfl be 
could get. His father perceived the son'a 
ability, and decided to send him lo the uni- 
versity with a view lo the ministry. Oarlylo 
accordingly walked to Edinbuivh — ehundred 
miles diatAnt — in the November term 18W, 
and went through the usual course. He ac- 
quired some Greek and Latin ; was disgusted 
with the uncongenial rhetoric of Tnoniaa 
Brown upon the association philosophy; but 
madeeome real progress in mathematics under 
John Leslie, who earned his lastinggraCitudt) 
by sealous help. Ho became a leatfn^spint 
among a small circle of friends of his own 
class. Their letters abow remarkable intsrost 
in literarv mnttera. One of them addresses 
him as ' Dean ' and ' Jonathan,' implying that 
he is to be a second Swift, Another Bproka 
of his ' Shandeantumof expresaion.' ' Tri»- 
tram Shandy' was one of his favourita books. 
Carlyle contemplated an epic poem. He still 
studied mathematica. He advised hja friends 
sensibly, and was ready to help them &om 
his little savings. 

To fill up the interval which must elapse 
before his intended ordination, Carlyle ob- 
tained in 1814 the mathematical tutorship at 
Annun. He thus became independent, and 
was able to put bv something from his sa- 
lary of 60/. or rOi. a year. He was near his 
father, who had now settled in a farm at 
JMunhilft two miles from Ecclefechan. Here 
he pass^ his Jiolidays ; but hia life at Annan 
was solitary, and chiefly spent among hia 
books. Hisdivinitycourseinvolvedanaimual 
address at Edinburgh. He delivered in 1614 
'a weak, flowa^ sentimental' sermon in 
English, and JflBliin discourse (Chiistmoa 
1815), also *weak enough,' on the qne«tion, 
' Nnm detur religio not urolis 'i ' On the lut 
occasion he had a Utile passage of anna witJi 



Carly le 1 1 2 Carly le 

Kdward Irving, to whom he uow spoke for u hiiuutiiig of the furies. The * three most 
the lirst time at a friend's rooms. Irving miserable years* of his life followed. He 
was an old pupil of the Annan school, where obtained a pupil or two and was emplo\>'d 
Carlyle had once seen him on a visit. lie had by Brewster on the * Kncyclopwdias/ He 
become a schoolmaster at Kirkcaldy. Some managed just to pay his way ; but he a«ot>n 
of the parents were dis^contented with his gave up lus law studies — always uncongenial 
teaching, and resolved to import a second — and found no other opt*ning. The misery 
schoolmaster. Christieson (professor of Latin : of the lower classes at this time of universal 
at Edinburgh) and Leslie recommended (.-ar- depression made a profound impression, and 
lyle, who thus in the summer of 181(J became he sympathised with the general discontMUt. 
a rival of Irv'ing. Irving, however, welcomed He was also going through a religious crisis, 
him with a generosity which he warmly The collapsii of his old Ixdiefs set^med to leave 
acknowledged, and they at once formed a him no escape from gloomy and degrading 
close intimacy. Carlyle made use of Irving's materialism. After much mental agonv, he 
librarj', where he read Gibbon and much one day in June 1821, after * three weeks of 
French literature^ and they made little ex- total sleeplessness,' went through the crisis 
peditions togethe/, vividly described in the described * quite literally' in * Sartor U»'sar- 
* Kemiuiscences * (\6\. i. ) To Irving's literary tus ' (bk. ii. ch. vii., where the Hue St. Thomas 
example Carlyle thinks that he owed * some- de TEnfer st-ands for Leith Walk). Fn jin 
thing of his own poor affectations ' in stylo this hour ho dated his ' spiritual new birth,* 
{Reminiscences y i. 119). ! though for four years more he had many 

Carlyle's school dut ies were t horouglily dis- mental struggles. Carlyle had now taken \ o 
tasteful. His reserve, irritability, and power German study, and his great heliK'r in this 
of sarcasm were bad t'ciuipmeiits for a school- crisis appears to have been Goetht*. The st»- 
master*s work. He kept his pupils in awe ntnity of Goethe probably attracted him by 
without physical force, but his success was the contrast to his own vehemence. Goeth^, 
chiefly negative. He saw little society, but as he thought, showed that the highest cul- 
was attracted by a Miss Margaret Gordon, ture and most unreservtjd acceptance of the 
an ex-pupil of Irving's, probably the original results of modem inquiry might be combined 
of * Blumine * in * Sartor Uesart us.' An aimt . with a reverent and truly religious concept ion 
with whom Miss Gordon lived put a stop to of the universe. Carlyle continued to rrvt-re 
some talk of an enga;rem»*nt. Miss Gordrin Goethe, though the religious sentiments which 
took leave of him in a remarkal>le letter, in ho preserved, Scotch Calvinism minus the 
wliich, after a serious warning against the dogma, were very unlike those of his spiritual 
dangers of pride and excessive severity, she guide. ^ 

begs him to think of her as a sisti^r, though During this period of stniggle Carlyle was 
she will not see him again. She sooti married supported by the steady confidence' of his 
a meml>er of parliament who becam»* * gover- fatlier, the anxious alfection of his mother, 
nor of Nova Scotia (or so)' and was living and the cordial sympathy of his brothers and 
about 1840. sisters. He was eagerly welcomed on occa- 

* Schoolmastering ' had become intolerable, sional visits to Mainhill, and, though some- 
The ministry had also become out of the times alarming his family bv his complaints, 
question, as Carlyle's wider reading had led always returned tlieir affection and generally 
to his abandonmt'ut of the orthodox views, made the best of his prospects. To them he 
In September 1818 he told liis father that seldom said a harsh wonl. Another consola- 
he had saved about 90/., and with this and a tion was. the friendship of Ir\''ing, now (Octo- 
few mathematical pupils could support him- ber. 18T9) under Chalmers at Glasgow. He 
self in Edinburgh till he could qualiiy lim^^^isited Irving in 1820, and at Drumclog Moor, 
self for the bar. He accordingly wen^ro whither Irving had walked with him on the 
Edinburgh in December 1819 with Irving, I way to Eccleiechan, explained to his friend 
who had given up his own school with a the difference of faith which now divided 
view to entering upon his miuLstt^il func- them. The scene is vividly do^ribed in the 
tions. Carlyle had now Ix^gun to suffer from ' Keminiscences ' (i. 177). Carlyle walked 
the dyspepsia which tormented him through fifty-four miles the next day, the longest 
life : * A rat was gnawing at the pit of his walk he ever t-ook. Irving did his utmost 
stomach.' The consequentin'itability already i both to comfort Carlyle and to find him em- 
found vent in language of^K^squeexaggera- i ployment. Carlyle had applied in vain to Lon- 
tion where it is often di^^rt to distinguish don booksellers, proposing, for one thing, a 
betw(H;u the serious and the intentionally complete translation of Schiller. Captain Ba- 
humorous. The little annoyances incidental i sil Hall had offered to take Carlyle a« a kind 
to life in mean lodgings are transfigured into | of scientific secretary, on offer which Carlyle 



\ 
\ 



Carlyle 113 Carlyle 

declined. Mean while Irving, on preach- He stayed on in T^undon trying to find some 

ing experimentally in Hatton Garden, had occupation. Inthesummerot* 1824 he spent 

made acquaintance with two sisters, Mrs. two months at Birmingham with Mr. Badanis, 

Strachey and Mrs. Charles Buller. Mrs. a manufactjirer, of some literary knowledge 

Buller consulted Irving upon the education and scientific culture. Badams hoped to cure 

of her two eldest sons, Charles [q. v.] and Carlyle's dys|>ep8ia by a judicious regimen, 

iVrthur, afterwards Sir Arthur. Irving re- and though he miled to do much, Carlyle was 

commended Edinburgh University ^vith Car- touched by hi.** kindness. (For Badams, see 

lyle for a tutor, and in January \S'2'2 Carlyle Itemmi/tcenceSfU, 1(14 ; FR0L'DE,ii. 170.) From 

accepted the prop<)t»al. The two lads joined Birmingham Carlyle went to Dover, where 

him in the followiug spring. His salary was the Irvings were staying, and nflide a brief 




spending the day with his pupils. In the detail with singidar fidelitv, and his impres- 
spring of 1823 the BuUers took Kinnuird sions were of service in tlie history ot the 
Ilouse, near Dimkeld. Carlyle sjient the French revolution. On returning, ho took 
rest of the year there with them, and on the lodgings in Islinj^n, near Irving, and stayed 
whole happily, though oc-casionally grumbling there, occupied m publishing negotiations, 
at dyspepsia and the ways of fine ladies ana till his return to Scotland in ^larch 1825. 
gentlemen. At the end of January 1824 the His * Schiller,' reprinted from the * London 
BuUers finally n^tumed to London, Carlyle , Magazine,' was issued before his departure^rv 
Htaying at Maiuhill to finish a translation of i bringing him about 100/. ^ 

* \Vilhelm Meister.' At the beginning of Juno Carlyle received strong impressions from 
ha followed the BuUers to London ui a sail- his first view of London scwiety. He judged 
ing ship, and found them hesitating between it much as Knox judged the court of Mary, 
various schemes. After a week at Kew with or St. John the Baptist (see Fboide, ii. 334) 
Charles Buller, who was now intended for the court of Herod. He is typified by Tevi- 
Cambridge, he resolved to give up his place, felsdriickh, * a wild seer, shaggy, unkempt. 
He had Deen much attracted by his pupil like a baptist living on locusts and wild . 
Charles, but to his proud spirit a life of de- honey.' The rugged independence of the 
pendence upon grand people, with constantly , Scotch peasant, resenting even well-pieant 
unsettled plans and with no definite outlook patronage, colours his judgments of tlie fa- 
fur himselt, had naturally become intolerable, shionable world, while an additional severity 

His improved income had enabled him , is duti tt) his habitual dys])t'psia. The circle 
to help his family. Out of his 200/. a year | to whom Ir\-ing had introduc«'d him are de- 
he supported liis brother John as a medical i scribed in the ' Reminiscences' with a graphic 
student in Edinburgh, and stocked a farm for power in which a desire to acknowledge real 
his brother Alexander, besides stmding many i Kindness and merit struggles agtiinst a gtme- 
presents to his parents. He had been ao- I rally unfavourable opinion. Of ^Irs. Strachey, 
tively writing. He had translated Legendrc's indeed, he speaks with n»al warmth, and he 

* Geometry,' for which he received 50/., and admired for the ])resent * the no])le lady,' Mrs. 
wrote in one morning an introduction on the Basil Montagu, of whom there is a striking 



doctrine of Proportion, of which he s})eaks 



and generally favoui*able ])ortrait {^liemifu'ji- 



with complacency. Irving, who had finally cences, p. 227). But the social atmosphere 
Fettled in London, in the summer of 1822 was evidently luiccmgenial. He still admired 
had mentioned Carlyle to Taylor, proprietor . Irving, whom he always loved : but felt keenly 
of the 'London Magazine.' Taylor offered him that his friend was surrounded by a circle 



sixteen guineas a sheet for a series of * Por- 



whose flattt?ry was dangen.)us to his sim])li- 



traits of Men of Genius and Character.' The city, and which mistook a flush of excitement 
first was to be a life of Schiller, which ap- for deep religious feeling. Yet Carlyle still 




Carlyle i. 258). Carlyle formed a still more dispi 
was to receive 180/. for the first edition, 2oO/. raging estimate of the men of letters. Upon 
fftr a thousand copies of a second, and after- i these ' things for wTiting articles' he lavished 
vards to have the copyright. Carlyle, there- ! his most exaggerated expressions of sconi. 
fore, accustomed to the severe economy of his Coleridge was dawdling upon Highgat« Hill, 
father's house, was sufliciently prosperous, wasting his genius upon aimless talk ; Hazlitt 
On leaving the Bnllers he was thrown on his a mere Bohemian ; CampbelUs powers had 
own mources. i left him ; Charles Lamb (of whose pathetic 

YOL. IZ. I 



Carlyle 114A Carlyle 

fltory he was iprnorant, * something of real ' Virgil. On her tenth birthday she burnt her 
insanity I have understood/ BeminUcences^ doll on a funeral pjTe, after the mo<leI of 
ii. 160) hnd degenerated into a mere cockney ; Dido ; at fourteen she wrote a tragedy, and 
idol, niine<l by flattery. Southeyand Wordfr- : continued for many years to writ« poetry, 
worth had * retired far from the din of this Her father, the only person who had real in- 
monstrous city/ and Carlyle thought best to flucnce with herydiea of tvphus fever caucht 
follow their example. If his judgment was from a patient in September 1819, and her 
harsh, it put new force into his resolution to health sufl^ered from tlie blow for years. She 
deliver his own message to a backsliding gene- continue<l to live with her mother, to whom 
ration, and to refuse at whatever cost to pro- her father had left a sufficient income, and 
stitute his tiihnits for gain or flattery. i became known from her wit and beauty as 

The most gratifying incident of this period | * the flower of Haddington.' She was sought 
was a letter from Goctlit? acknowledging the by many lovers, and encouraged more than 
translation of * Meister,' and introducing * the one, but cherished a childish passion for her 
Lords Bentinck * (one of them Lord George), tutor Irving. He had removea to Kirkcaldy, 
whom Carlyle did not see. The translation and there, while MissWelsh was still a child, 
had been successful. Carlyle hnd arranged became engaged to Miss Martin. He conti- 
to translate other selections from German nued to visit Haddington, and came to a mu- 
writers, which ultimately api)eared in \S27, I tual understanding with MissWelsh. They 
He proceeded to carry out his scheme of re- ; hoped, it seems, that the Martins would con- 
tirement. His father took a farm called Hod- sent to release him j but when this hope was 
dam Hill, about two miles from Mainhill, at : disappointed, both agreed that he must keep 
a rent of 100/. a year. His brother Alex- I to his engagement. Ir^'inJ^ married in the 
ander managed the farm ; and Carlyle settled autumn of 1823. Meanwhile, in June 1821, 
down with his books, and after some idleness Irving had brought Carlyle from Edinburgh 
took up his translating. The quiet, the coun- '. to Haddington, and there introduced him to 
tr\' air, and long rides on his * wild Irish horse Miss Welsh. Carlyle obtained permission to 
"Larry,"' improved his health and spirits, and send her books, opened a correspondence, and 
just ified his choice ; but his life was now to be saw her on her occasional visits to Edinburgh. 



seriously changed. 

,Ta.ne Baillie Welsh was descended from 
two unrelated families, both named Welsh. 
They had long been settled at the manor- 
house of Craigenputtock. Her father, .John 
W'elsh, descended through a long line of John 



Ir\'ing wrote some final letters of farewell to 
Miss Welsh in the autumn of 1822. 

Carlyle, who was quite ignorant of this 
aflkir, was meanwhile becoming more inti- 
mate with Miss Welsh, who was beginning 
to recognise his remarkable qualities, and to 



Welshes from John Welsh, a famous minister regard nim with a much deeper feeling than 



of Avr, whose wife was daughter of John 
Knox. The last John Welsh (ft. 4 April 
1776) was a pupil of one of the Bells, and 
afterwards became a country doctor at Had- j 
dington. His father, John Welsh of Pen- 
fillan (so called after his farm), survived 



that which she had formerly entertained for 
Irving. In the summer of 1823, while he 
was at Kinnaird, she had told him emphati- 
cally that he had misunderstood a previous 
letter, and that she would never be nis wile. 
Soon afterwards she executed a deed trans- 



him, dying in 1823. Dr. Welsh, in 1801, ■ ferring the whole of her father*8 property, 
married Grace, or Grizzie, Welsh, daugh- some 200/. or 300/. a year (Fbottbe, iii. 237), 
ter of Walter W\jl8h, a stock-farmer, who which had been left to her, to her mother, in 
upon his daughter's marriage settled at order that her husband, if she ever married, 
Tcmpland, near Penfillan. Walter's wife, a ; might not be able to diminish her mothers 
Miss Baillie, claimed descent from William income. She also left the whole to Carlvle 



Wallace. A .John Welsh, often mentioned 



in case of her Gvra and her mother^a death. 



in the books uptm Carlyle, was son of Walter, For the next two years the intimacy gra- 
and therefore maternal uncle of Jane Baillie dually increased, with various occasional diffi- 
Welsli. Ho settled at Liverpool, became culties. In the spring of 1824 she had pro- 
bankrupt through the dishonesty of a part- . mised, apparently in a fit of repentance for a 
ner, ana afterwards retrieved his fortune and quarrel, that she would become his wxfisif he 
paid his creditors in full. Jane Baillie Welsh could achieve independence. Some remark- 
(h, 14 July 1801) was the only child of her ; able letters passed during his atAy in Eng- 
parents. rrom her infancy she was remark- land. Carlyle proposed b^ finvourite acheme 
ably bright and self-willed. She insist-ed on I for settling* with her as his wife upon a faim 
learning Latin, and was sent to Haddington ' — her farm of Craigenputtock, for example, 
school. Irving came there as a master, lived j then about to become vacant — and devotmg 
in her father's house, and introduced her to himself to his lofty aBpixationa. MiafWeUh 






'ered by pointing out the sBcrifice of 
'ort Bnd locial position to herself, and 
frnnkly that she did not iove hini well 
enough for k husband. Yet she showed some 
relenting, and wm unwilling to break en- 
tirely. The solution came by the strange in- 
terferenre of Mrs. Montagu, wbo, though a 
fnend to Irring and Carlyle, was unknown 
to Miss WeUh. Mtr. Montagu warned Mias 
Wclah Bgainft tlie dangers of EtiU cherish- 
ins her passion for Irvine. In answer Misa 
W eleh stated her intention of marrying Car- 
Itle. The lady protested, and exhorted Miss 
'(Vrlah mot to conceal the story trom her new 
.Itrver. Hereupon Miss Welsh sent the letter 
'"■"Cariyle.wbo now for the firat time became 
mreof her former feeling! for Irving. Hiiher- 
■ho had spoken of Irving so bitterly that 
riyle Iwl remonstrated. He woa startled 
unwonted humility, and begged her to 
eonsidt>r Uie risk of sacrificing berajlf to one 
of his 'strange dark humours.' For answer 
she came to see him in person (September 
il8S5), nnd was introduced as his promised 
"""' ' "o his family, who received her with 
courtesy, und always remained on 

Owlyle now fell to work on his transla- 
;, MotiT difficulties remained. A dis- 
trith the landlord led to the abandon- 
of Hoddam Uitl by his father. The 
'" lease also expired in 18^6, and the 
moved to Scotsbrig, a neighbouring 
Carlylc wis aniious to Ix^in his mar- 
, and had saved '2001. to start house- 
Some small schemes for regular 
employment fell ihrmiBh, hut Car- 
Uglit that he might find some quiet 
near Edinburgh where work would 
Various plans were discussed. 



«.Wi 

'• mat.i'Ji, 



flahheortilydisapprovedofherdau^h- 

ti*Ji, thinking Carlyle irreligious, ill* 

d, and socially inferior. MigsWeli" 

tbe beauty of a small country 

class superior to that of the Carl 

Igb superior neither in 

^.O tbp society to which Carl; 

" 1 while her first love, 

intimnie friond. Mrs, Welsli 
t kat to allow the pair to take up 
T nbode with her. Carlyle decliued 
i that he must be mast«r in 
k^and that the proposed arrange- 
Jl insritAbly tttail, ns wa« only too 
EdiNtgreemcnts. The mother and 
B|d mquont disputfis (FKot'DE, 
^'^ Jy to be the milder for Cnr- 
■ M MB U cc. The Carlyle family tli«m- 
,11 rtpclared thai it would b« impossible 
M Welali to »iibmit to the rough con< 
I al life at Scotsbrig. At last C»i^ 



lyle'e original plan, which seetos to have 
been the most reasonable, was adopted, and 
token at Comley Bank, Edin- 
burgh. Mrs. Welsh was to settle with her 
father at Tempknd. The marris«e expenses 
piudfor by the proceeds of the 'German 
Komanccia,' and the wedding took place at 
" Empland, 17 Oct. 1826. 

The mflfriage of two of tlie most remark- 
able pnople of their time had been preceded 
by some ominous symptoms. Carlyle's in- 
tense and enduring altection for his wife is 
ahowQ in letters of extreme tenderness and 
by many unequivocal symptoms. It was 
unfortunately too often masked by explosions 
-' — assive irritability, and by the constant 
increased by lus complete absoTption 
work. From the first, too. It seems to 
have been less the passion of a lover than ad- 
miration of an iutellectiial companion. Mrs. 
Carlyle'a brilliancy was associated with a 
scorn for all iUusions and a marked power of 
uttering impleasant truths. There can he no 
doubt thai Hlie sincerely loved Carlyle, though 
she is re|KDried totuivesaid that she had mar- 
ried > for ambition ' and was miserable. Her 
childlessness left her to constant solitude, and 
her m ind preyed upon itself. The result waa 
that a union, extemaUy irreproachable, and 
founded upon genuine affection, wag marred 
by painful discordswhichhave been laid bare 
witli unsparing frankness. Carlyle'a habit of 
excessive emphasis and eii^geration of speech 
has deepened the impression. ~~ — — ■ 

The marriage started happily. The Car- 
lyles lived in the simplest style, with one 
servant. Mrs. Carlyle was a charming hostess, 
and the literary people of Edinburgh come 
to see her and listen to her husband's as- 
tonishing monol(^!n^- 1*^^ money difficullv 
iooD became pressing. Carlyle Ined^novel, 
iwhicb had lo be burnt. 'He suggested a 
scheme for a literary Annual Kegister; but 
the publishers, disappointed in the sale of 
' MeiBt«r " and ' SchiUer,' turned a deaf ear, 
'.n spite o: 
fused a p 

Carlyle, however, b^an to think again of 
Craigenputtock, with fresh country air and 
exercise. His brother Alexander was willing 
to take the &rm, where the tenant was in 
arrears, and Mrs. Welsh, now at Templand, 
approved the change, which would bring her 
daughter within fifteen miles of her. It was 
agreed that Alenonder Carlyle should take 
the farm at Whitsuntide 1627, and that the 
Thomas Carlyles should occupy the hotise, 
which was separate from the farmhouse, ae 
soon as it could be prepared. Meanwhile 
Bomo gleams of proaiieriiy helped lo detain 
Carlyle at Edinburgn. His rGputation was 



Carlyle ii6 Carlyle 

rising. In Aujrust 1>27 Le received a Trzinu was fttiH g^ippnrtii^jjr I^iq bmtlipr John, -.vbj 
acknowledgment from Goethe of his 'Life returned toLondon about 1S3<J. ani c-yiW 
of Schiller? with a pre,<<MiT of K>ok.<, medals, pet no patients. In February 1S31 C-rly> 
a neckliuv for Mrs. #irlyle. and a pocket- hadonlyo/.,andexpecte<l no more turn: »!.:!:-. 
book for hiiusi'll*. lie conceaU'd his poverty from his br'-rhrr. 
Carlyle had formed a mow direoily useful and did his best to encourage him. Tb- d— 
aci|uaiutance with .leiVrt\v. An iiriiole sent mand for his articles had declined. O^nnan 
by Irving's adviee to the • Kdiubur*:!! Ke- literatun»,ofwhichhehadliegunabisT«.»ry.wa.s. 
view' had received no notice; but Carlyle, not a marketable topic. His brother Alrxan- 
Hupplied with a letter \^( in: rvxluet ion from der. to whom he had advanced :i40/.. had f a iltd 
PnH*ter( /u.v<//»>ii7itf <.ii.-n.re.<olvt\lar last at Craigenputtock ; and after leaving it at 
to call uixm JfllVey. JeiVrey was friendly, Whitsuntide 18iU (Froude, ii. 144) wa> for 
diseovertHi a relatioushin to Sirs. C'arlyle, to a time without employment. Jeffivy's tmns- 
whom III' Invaiue sjHviruly a::aeljed, and ac- feri'uce of the tnlitorship of the * Edinburgli 
ci'ptiHl articles lor the • Fdinl»urj;li.* Two, Ki'vi»'w ' to Macvey Xapier in the middle of 
U|H>n ,1i'an Paul and on Oorman Literature, 1S29 .sto])iMKl one source of income. In the 
appeared in June and lVtvd»ir l^^'-T. and the Ik'ginning t)f 18IU Carlyle cut up his history 
latt«'rbivui:ht ailatteriuj: lUijuiry iromCioothe of Gfrmaii literature into articles,and workvd 
lis to thr author>l»i^». The sliirl'.i inipn.>ve- desiH-rately at * Sartor llesart us.* John had 
iiii'iit in his tinaiiees imnitdiateU eneouragtHl lHt»n forced to borrow from Jeffrey ; and Car- 
Carlvli' to stMul his br\»thiT .lolm to study lyle n'Solve<l at last togo to l^ndonaud try 
nuHlu'ine in (ii'rmauy. JiMl'tvy iiir: her tried the publishers. lleliojH'd tofindenctuirjiire- 
by hi.s intere.Ni wiili Urvnijrlsam to obtain inent for settling there permanently, lie was 
Carlyle's nnpoiiituuMii to a pn^t'essorship in fi>rcedtolK)rrow 50/. from Jeffrey, and reached 
the newly toundod London I ni\e'.*>ity. He Ixnulon Aug. 18i^l. Neither Murray, nor 
support tnl Cavlyh* in a candidal uri* for the the Longmans, nor Frast.T would buy * Sartor 

Srotessorsliip of moral philosophy at St. An- Uesartus.' Carlyle found Irving plunged into 

r»'\\s, \aeaitHl by l>r. ChahueT"s. restinuv dauirentus illusions ; Itadams falling into dif- 

nials \\«»iv v^'wt^n not only by Irviuir. duller, liculties and drink; and his old friends, as he 

IJri'wster, Wilson. Lo^lie. and .lell'rey. but thought, coKl or faithless. A great relief, 

by diH'thi'. They tailed, however, in eonsi^ lunvever, canit* through Jeffrey, wlio obtaimxl 

nuenee ot' the op|Hvsiti»m of the priuei]vil, an ap]>ointment for ,Iohn as travelling phy- 

i)r. Nicol. iVaigeiiputtoek thus Invanio al- sician to the Countess of Clare, with a >iU};ry 

most a niHvs>iiy ; and the discovery that of .*KK) guineas a year. Freed from this strain, 

flu'jr landlord ai l\Mnb'\ Hank had accepted i'arlvle's income might suffice. Mrs. Carlylt* 

I 1*111 * It •*i*"1''l«^ i'\ ^ 




hiuisi'lf by ^^ riiiu;;s worthy o( himself. Hf Thev ^aw Charles BuUer, and now made ac- 
would n«)i turn out a pagi* of inferior work- quaint ance with J. S. Mill. Carlyle wrote 
luansliip or coudesemd to the sliu'htest com- his ' Characteristics,* which was acci'ptedby 



pronii.M- with liis priuciples. He stru^udrd Napier for the ' Edinburgh/ and his article 
on for six yi'ar>wnh Narying success. He upon Hoswell's* Johnson 'for Eraser. Bulwer, 
wroti' tlu' articli'< which t'onu the tirst tlinv . now editing the *New Monthly,* asked for 
yolumoof the * .Mi>cellaiui's,' I'lu'V apj»eared ' articles, ana Hayward got I^rdner,as editor 
chiellv in ihr • Kdinburgh Uevirw / and in of the * Cabinet Encyclopjedia/ to offer 300/. 
the ' l'\)reign Uevi^w ' and ' Frascr's Maira- for the * Ilistorv of German Literature.* The 
zino,' lx»th nt'w vt-ntuii'S. lie wrote nothing death of hisfatlier, '22 Jan. 1832, came upon 
which ^va'< not worth subsequent collection, Carlyle as a heavy blow. Though he had 
and .«4ome of the>e ^yritings are among his not obtained a ]>viblisher for * Sartor Resar- 
nio>t tinislu'd performances. Hown to the tns,* he had established relations with some 
enil t)f 1.6')iAJii"< work ^ except the article on editors for future work; and he retired again 
liurns) was chiefly upon (Terman literaturt\ for a time to the now vacant Craigeuputtock, 
e>p«'cially upon Goethe, with whom he coti- n^aching it about the middle of April IB^W. 
tinuetl to have a pleasant orn'siHMidence. His \ lie set to work upon * Diderot,' which he 
health was better than u>ual, the complaints HuishtHl in October, and then made an excuP' '^ 
of dyspepsia disappear from hi'j letters; but sion in AnnandaJe. In November Mrs. Car- P' 
the money question became urgent. His lyle was called to the deathbed of her grand- 
articles, always the slow prwluct of a kind father, Walter Welsh, at Templand. Tlie 
of mental agony, were his only tesource. He solitude, the absence of books, and the weak- 



V 



\ 




Carlyle 



Carlyle 



I of Mrs. Carlvle'a health were making 
wgcnputtockunMurabk; and in the winter 
J reeoWed to make ft Ifral of Edinburgh. 
rf wttled there in Jftnuarv 183:1; und 
ijle found books in tlje AdvuMtes' Li- 
; which bnd a great effect upon bin line 
i^Ctndy. He collected the materials for his 
articles upon ■ Cn^liostro' and the' Diamond 
Xocitlsce. Edinburgh society, however, 
proved uucoDgeniftl, and after four months 
be ngain went back to his' Whinstane Castle' 
at Craig«iiputlock. Editors wnre once more 
ibecomtn^ cold. ' Sartor Itesartus ' was ap- 
/pearing lit Xaet in ' Fraser's MagaiJne' (No- 
iTembttr 1833 to August 1834), ffaser having 
Eti|mtQti.-d to pay only twelve guineas a sheet 
in^ttnLl of twenty as before (the usual rat« 
Iwiiig fifi.-en). Fraaer now reported that it 
■ esciioci the most unqualified disapprobation' 
<l-RM-i.E. ii. lOl). Thedealeraii literature 
n-iTi'lurriiugtheir hacks uponhim; though his 
fim-'increax^in some directions. In August 
I ^'t.'l Emer»on came to bim with a letter mim 
Mill. The Corlyles thouglil bim 'one of the 
most loveable creatures ' they had ever setn j 
nnd nn unbroken Iriendsblp of nearly flftv 
venrs was brgnn. Carlvle corresponded wiili 
_^illj who apiiroaolied fiim as a uhilosopHiual 
^"— jher [ tmu their correBpondence turned 
hrle'e thotigkts towards th>< * French lie- 
UJoa.' A visit from his brother John, 
jtmArriages of his sister Jean to James Ait- 
Jl, a houa^painter of superior abilities, and 
Ellis youngest brother Jamca, now farming 
^tshrie, to whom Cariyia made over the 
A of §001. from Alexander, varied the mo- 
y «f Oraigenputtock. In the winter of 
IPS-l-i Carlyle took charge of a promising 
voung William Glen, who gave him Oreek 
Icawxis in return for lessons in mathematics. 
( 'arlyle, however, now at the lowest peconi- 
aiy ebb, bncame more and more discontented, 

IBrill at lost iVMlvcd to ' burn his ships ' and 
•Fttle in London. 

<>ther propoaals had fuled. Jefirey bad 1 
tried to be helpfiil. He had proposed Car- 
Irie a« his successor in the editorship of I 
tlie -Edinburgh.' When this ftiled, he had | 
ogfewd to Carlyle an annuity of lOW. The , 
I7WB« houourahly declined, with Carlyle's | 
' independence, though bis gratitude 



/ tii». 



for ony kind of 

J'ilTn>v. when lord advocate, had 

. f'.'v him some appoint- 

liiid also lent money 

iiii-i, which was repaid 

mil y .^JWtrey, howevsr, 

iiiiri;^ 1. niiik-'agenlus'hadspnken 

upttuiualy lit his liternrv eccen 

(For Jeflrey's opinion of Onrlyli 

N*r[HB'a Cerrttpondmcr, p. 12ti.) 



was entirely out of sympathy with Carlyle's 
opinions, condemned his defiance of dU con- 
ventions, and complained of him for being 
BO ' desperately in earucst.* A growing cool- 
Dees ensued, which came to a head when, in 
January 16S4, Carlyle proposed to apply for 
the post of astronomical professor and ob- 
server at Edinburgh. Carlyle had shown 
mathematical abiLty, and was confident of 
' his own powers. Jeffrey naturally replied 
I that the place would have to be given to 
some one of proved ability. He added that 
I a secretary of his own was qualified, and 
would probably get it on his merits, and 
proceeded to aiuninister a very sharp lecture 
' to Carlyle. He said that if lie had had the 
power he would have appointed Carlyle to a 
rhetoric cbair then vacant in some university. 
But the authorities had decided that the chair 
ought to be given to some man of great and 
estsblished reputation, like Macaulay, for ex- 
ample. Carlyle's eccentricities would prevent 
him from ever obtaining any. such position. 
The lecture stungCarlyle bayond bearing. 
, It left a resentment which lie cdt^d not con- 
coal, even wlien trying, long aft-erwarda, to 
do justice to the memory of a friend and 
benefactor. A coolness due to another cause 
hod probably made itself felt, though not 
openly expressed by Jertrey. He had con- 
demned Carlyle's eccentricity not only as a 
, wilfuL,thrQsring.away-of opportunities, hut 
as involvine cruelty to Sirs. Carlyle. Her 
I life during the Craigetiputtock years bad been 
bard and injurious t^ her health. Carlyle 
, speaks frequently in hia letters of her deli- 
cacy. Sheseems to havesiiffered evenraore I 
' at London and Edinburgh than at Craigen- I 
put-tock fFKouDE, iL 8621. But the life in 
a bleak situotion, with one ceiront and an 
occasional boy, with the necesaity of minute 
attention to every housekeeping detail, was 
excessively trying. Carlyle, accustomed to 
the rigid economy of his father's household, 
thought comparatively little of these trials, 
or rather {Seminigeeiictt, ii. 150) thought 
tliat the occupation was 'the saving cborm 
of her life.' Mre. Carlyle had undertaken the 
duty of keeping a poor man's household with 
her eyes onen ; and severe economy was es- 
sential to his power of discharging his self- 
imposed tusk. Unluckily, though a stoical 
senseof duty made her conceal her sufTerings 
from her husband, her love for him was not 
of the kind which could fither make them a 
pleasure or prevent ber from complaining to 
others. Jeflrey, who visited tlie Carlyles at I 
Craigenputtock, saw what was bidden from I 
Carlyle. The extreme solitude was unbear- 
able to ber wearii^ spirits. They were for 
Eaoulhs alone, without interruption fimn an 



Carl vie nS Carlyle 

outsider. Carlyir frfqu-nriv aLrn'.i-r.j. loni: looked forward, indeed, to a reconstruct ion 
rides and drive? wi;li hi? -wiw : he consulied of ]irinciple8 and institutions which was en- 
her upon ail bis liook* : h!.d he reniemlKred tirt-ly o]»postid to the views of the Mills and 
Craigenputt'X'k a? the s.ivr*e of fK-rhiips • \ heir their associates. Yet he held that the 'whip;* 
happiest days." But co:npi<i:ion meant for were amateurs, the radicals ^ild bn»threu' -^ 
him a soliiarj- afiTony. Hj> devMion to his iFBOi'DE, ii. 90). Though limited in their 
labours left her to eompl* Te > iii; ude for many philosv^phy, they were genuine as far as they 
hours and day?; and she retained a most pain- went. MilFs respect and sympathy had 
ful impression. possiiOy even exa^irerated in toucheil him, and he was prepared to form 
her later confe>!;i>ms. >;il h'.r trial •.hiriniT the somn temporary alliance witli the set of 
six years \ less two winTor? ar EdinVairjrh and 'pliilosophical radicals.' He saw something 
London). It is not easy, however, to see ol them, and calls Mill and one or two of 
how, under the conditions, a Wtter scheme his set the * reastmablest people we have:' 
could have been devised. I: enabled Carlyle, though disgusted by their views in regard to 
at least, to go thrvmgli his a]«prentioeship. and ' marriage and the like ' ( ib, 4/)9 ). Mrs. Car- 
he was now to emerge as a maSTer of his omft.* lyle was at first 'greatly taken with' Mrs. 
^ Carlyle reached l>>ndi«n .m li* May 1S54. Taylor, whose relations with Mill wer»» now 
settled in his old lodginc>. aiul K'tran house- beginning and causing some anxiety to his 
hunting. lie l\»und a small «^ld-fa?'hioned friends and family. J. S. Mill was com em- 
house at i) (^now numbered .4 ) Cheyne IJnw, plating the* London Review,' having become 
Chelsea, at a rent of liol. a vear. Mrs. Carlvle du^satisfitKl with the * Westminster.' Carlvle 
followed and continued his choice. They had been told (.Tanuarj- 1834) that W. J. Fox 
set tied in the houses which he ^>ccupit^l till his was to edit the new venture. He seems, 
death) on 10 .June iNU, and he U^iran work however, to have had some hopes of being 
in tolerable spirits ujv^u the • Krench llevoly- made editor himself, and was disappointed on 
tion.* Leigh Hunt was his neichhour, and linding that the other arrangement was to be 
Corlj-le forgave hi? civkney ism and queer 1V>- carried out. It appears from Mill's * Auto- 
hemian mode oflife fur his vivacity and kindli- biogniphy' ip. 199) that Molesworth, who 
ness (see Carltle's* Memoranda ' u]H>n l^-igh im»videil the funds, had stipulated that Mill 
Hunt in Macmiliafi'itMajfnzinrior,]\\\y \t^&2). himself should be the real, if not the asU-n- 
Ir^'ing jmid his hist visit to themalx^ut a sible, editor; and this probably put a stop to 
month before his death u* Dec. ISU). A final any thought of Carlyle. 
explanation had taken place Ivt ween him and Carlyle now set to work upon the ' French 
the Carlyles on their previou-j visit to l»n- Kevolution,' suggested by Mill's correspon- 
don, revealing hi^peless alienation u^nm sre- dence,and for which Mill sent him *lmrrow- 
ligious quest ii>n». Tln» old ]H'rsonal attach- fuls ' of Ixmks. His position was precarious, 
ment survived, and in a touchinir arTVle in and he notes (February 1835) that it is now 
* Fraser's Miigazine' (.lanuarv IKio) Carlyle • some twenty-three months since I have 
says that but for Ir\'ing he would never luive earned one ])enny by the craft of literature.' 
know^n'what the communitm of man with Emers<'>n had invite<l him to take up lecturing 
man meant,' and thought him on the whole in America, and for some time Carlyle occa- 
the best man he had ever found or Iio^hhI to sionally leaneil to this scheme. His brother 
find. IJoth Carl vies wen' nt»w almost com- ,Tohn entreated him to accept a share of his 
pletely separated from Mrs. Montagu, and earnings. Carlyle refused, though in the most 
rather resented a letter written by her to atlectionate terms, and at times reproaching 
Mrs. Carlyle upon Irviiig's death. Younger himselffordenving. John the pleasure. At last 
friends, however, were lx>ginning to gather he had finished his first volume, and lent the 
round Carlyle. Mrs. Carlyh* rei>orts t hat he onlv copy to Mill. On 6 March 1836 Mill came 
is becoming a *tnl«'rably social chiinicter,' and to Lis house with Mrs. Taylor to make the 
losing the Craipenputtock gloom. Charles confession that the manuscript had been acci- 
Buller visit t»d him and took him to radical dentally destroyed. Mill awkwardly staved 
meetings, where the popular wrath gave him for two hours. WTien he lefk, Carlyle's hrst 
a grim satisfaction. Carlyle was a thorjjughX words to his wife were tliat they must try to 
radical in so far as the word im])lies a pro- conceal from Mill the full extent of the injury, 
found dissatisfaction with tlm existing order. Five months' labour was wasted, and it was 
He shan'd, or represented, an extreme form equally serious that the enthusiasm to which 
of the discontent which accumulated during Carlyle always wrought himself up was ffone 
the first quarter of the centiirj- against the and could hardly be recovered. He felt as 
existing institutions. He welcomed the lie- if he had staked and lost his last throw. Mill 
form Bill agitation. as the first movement was anxious to make up at least the pecu- 
towards the destruction of the old order. He . niary loss, and Carlyle ultimately, accepted 



100/. Slowlyaiidwit.hKreotdiffii-HltyCarivlB 
ref^aia^ bla mood (ui<l repoirt'd liie loss. A 
vagae HUfWMtinn of »ome employment in 
naliontl location ciinie to noltiiiig; he de- 
clined the editorship of a Dewspa[>er at Lich' 
fi«ld ; uid declined also, with some indif^o- 
tiott at the ofFansive tone of patronage, an 
offer of a clerkahip of 200/. a year in Basil 
Uontofu'a olBco. He admired Montagu's 
&ith that ' a polar bear, reduced to a state . 
of dyspeptic digestion, might Bafely be t rusted 
tfoding rabbits.' A nsit of four weeks t« 
bia mother at the end of 133S, and a visit I 
from John Carlyk in the summer of 1830, 
relieved his toils. At last, in the evening of 
12 Jan. 1637, he finished his manuscript, and 
gKve it to his wife, stjing that be could tell 
the world, ' You have not had for a hundred 
y«U8 auy book that comes more direct and 
nuningly from the heart of d living man. 

, Do w&t you like with it, you .' 

Six months elapsed before itA publication.' 
A few articles, the ' Diamond Necklace' (re- 
vised bj the ' Foreign Quarterly ' when writ- 
ten at (^igenputtock, and published in ' Fm- 
M-r ' in the spring of 1837), ' Mirabeau,' and 
the ' Parliamentary History of tba French 
Revolution ' (in the ' Weatminsler," January 
ftod April 1 837), su)iplied some funds. Miss 
3Iartineau, whose acquuiulance be bad made 
io November 1830, now suggested that he 
it lecture in England as well asAmerica. 
ffuh some other friends she collected suh- 
'ptions, and he gave a course of six lec~ 
ssatWiUis'sRoomsupon'GermauLitera- i 



May 1837 (a report of these lecti 
published by Professor Dowden 



the 
•Nine'teenth Century' for May 1881). He 
interested his audience and made a net gain of 
136i In May 1838 be repeated the eiperi- 
mect, Riving a course of twelve lectures on 
' Tltt) wbole Spiritual Uistoryof Man from the 
■vtrliest tnuee until now,' and earning nearly 



„.j und in May 1S40, upon 'Hero-wor- 
^' Mcraving again about ^00/. The lust 
Ine alone was published. The lectures 
Mmu)ciieafDl,the bmod accent contributing 
"* e eSvCt of the original style and senti- 
j and the money results were important. 
» felt that uratorical success was un- 

e and the excitement trying, He 

iWTtT iip>)ke SAsin in public, eiu^pt in bis 
Iklinburgh address of 1860. 

The first course bad finally lifte<] Carlyle 
abovewant. The 'French Revolution'gitined 
n dmtided success. The sole wris slow at 
first, but good judges apiroved. Mill reviewed 
him v&tbiisiaiitiotdly in tlii> ' Westminster,' 
]A{AutoinojrrapAy, p. 217) that he 



conlribiited materially to the early 
the book. Carlyle, exhausted by hia work, 
spent two montls at Scolsbrig, resting and 
smoking pipes wil h his mother. He Mw the 

Cnd view of the Cumberland mountains as 
went, and eay^; ' Tartarus itself, and the 
pale kingdoms of Dis, could not have been 
more preternatural to mt — most stem, gloomy, 
sad, grand yet terrible, yet steeped in woe. 
He returned, however, refreshed by the rest 
and his mother's society, to find his position 
materially improved, and to be enabled at 
once to send on substantial proofs of the im- 
provement to his mother. Editors became 
attentive, and Fraser now proposed an edi- 
tionof 'Surtor Itesartns'and of the collected 
' Essavs.' America was also beginning to 
send him supplieB. Emerson secured the 
publication for the author's benefit of the 
' French Revolution ' and the ' Miscellanies,' 
and it seems from the ilifferent statements in 
their correspondence that Carlyle must have 
received about 500/. from this source in 1838- 
, 184i!. The later books were appropriated by 
American publishers without recompense to 
the author. Carlylehadmadesomevaiuable 
friendships during these years, and his grow- 
ing hune opened the houses of many well- 
known pec^e. His relations to Mill rra* 
dually cooled : Mill's friends repelled him ; 
though he still (1837) thought Mill 'infinitely 
too good ' for his associates, he loved him aa 
' a friend frosen in ice for me ' (Fboude, iii. 
108). The radical difference of opinions and 
Mill's own gradual withdrawal from society 
widened the gulf to complete separation. 
John Sterling bad accidentally met Carlyle 
■" Mill's company in February 1835 (appa* 
dat^ 1834 in Carlyle's' Life flfSter- 



'StXL, 




■ently di 



ling, but Carlj-le was tbenat CraigenputtocK). 

°*"-ling had just given uptbe clerical career 

became a disciple of Carlyle, though a 



Sterling had just given uptba clerical career. 
" ' came a disciple of Carlyle, thougl 
itb many dloerences, and gained 



the 



warmest affection of his a 
duction to Sterling's father, with an offer ot 
employment on the ' Times,' bononrablv re- 
jected by Carlyle, followed. The friendship 
IS commemorated in the most delightful of 
Carlyle's writings. Through Sterling, Car- 
lylecametoknowF. D. Maurice. Tbegenuine 
liking shared by all who bad personal inter- 
course with Maurice was tempered by a pro- 
found conviction of the futility of Maurice's 
philosophy. Another friend, Thomas Erskine 
of Iiinlathen, was acquired about this time, 
and was always loved by Carlyle in spilo of 
Mrs. Carlylu's occasional mockery.' He made 
some acquaintance, too, with persona of social 
position. Lord Monteagle sought him out 
in IS-ld. He thus come into connection with 
Mr. James O&rth Marshall, who inl639gttTe 



Carlyle 122 Carlyle 

Ll:r. ^ r.-ir-^ -.r. : -v^i i'.TTiT-i l>-.'i'':l- i- i rrevi: ^4 vfAr. ind liis orher books were sell- 
fr.-r.:l". •>;.-r:r.rL:- --> J. ''f S-» >:'•:':: tr:. :^ -ar-ll, Li IMl hr declino<l a proposul 
Cor.r.p Ti.r."... %r.i M r:Jr:!i Mil'-e*. :: ?T.iri::r& jrifesS'Drshipol'liistoTTat Ediii- 
fe:*-.-.vj.r;T L r: H.^---!. wLz: iz. 1?4'. t-rjii: : mi in 1S44 a similiir oiler from St. 
fcr. i "ir-ra-iri- :.-. -.■-.--'. i* Frvf:-. Ti-^ Ar.i.'>r'!v>. He w&5 no l-.ini:-rin needof sucb 
ir->* .mj' ri:.- rr'.-r. i^Lip -x-l--::! W:1Lj.=. s-zzz'-.r:. In If4if. while still preparing for 
h'.i.j':. in: Jiir.nj. .v^ — '- 17 ; • L ri A*':. 1 Mr : r. • Cr . n:-.vrll.' an i rrva: ly znov«l by the preva- 
'^. v.\ }ir.: 1- -.vl>. Liiv Hirr!-: Kirin.:. 'en: mis^rr ini discontent, he came across 
T:.v7 iti'-iT rr-' -: r.ar- m-* :n IS-'. Ci> :hr cir ni:lr •:: Jocelin 01 Brakelond, pub- 
Ivlr -'.-■:.« -i.-i- '.►•■; niinj V- .-nrn in *..«?:r*v t? IL^nt^i in !•*+.• bv the Camden Society, and 
w... > s.. i^-:.- .;• 'V y.-:n:: in .:.">- r«. IKn- siiir :r.r 5::ry of Abbot SampjK>n the nu- 
ll ■.-.•-•. ^rir- jr-.-iii-ri ini:r'--":r.. -.ni hii >- clr'is i a iisoourse upn his familiar topics. 
.~rr.* ::-•.-:.• ■:' tjT :.-i."*. :.:*.". v snir-.d >.t hi* I: w^ w7:::-n in the lirst seven weeks of 
w::-. rci :r r.im 1 ri*n-:T i^n^-v.- :« r".r*t. If4^i. asi published as 'Past and Present* 



H.s «:• r.v-rria"- n c ill f.— ::::*' :n:pr-:S*:v.-. inisi-r^iiiTrlv aller^'ards. The brilliant pic- 

Th..:.::i t.r wi- * .-• in*' I-.-rin* ■::* c n'rj.ii.> tiire :: .^ rrajment of mediieval life helped 

ti ■:.. H- •:■ ... i :: •• -r.-.v 'iiriL/iily. r rhe r&:hrr c-nfiised mii<< of cKioniy rhetoric. 

l-rir.\.r:T'A -I." yn:-n* ••vi'n r^m ^^. i^n : 'L- and 'hr c»>.>k laade m'-»re srir than most of 

5pi-::> f c.n-.j- ->::'n TVr^: f:l'. -.v-i 'ry rl*< hiiwri: in j*. and has pre>er\'ed a hiph position. 

or pr-.f -un-] i"! .-in ■.•.:.•• 'yij-j.^io n:i■^^r^^ Mv;inw'.:;rh*rwaslab<.niringat 'Cromwell.' 

ihecrncli;^:- n o: tLv*Frrr.i?h Kevo'.iirion' llv l.ad rlrs* Wjun >eriou5 work;Jn the aii- 

whs f.lIow..-d i V ;i prrii-d of rithvr 'ir^-.'.Ton- tumn '.i* 1S40 1 Krofpe, iii. 'J0\ ). He was 

work. Twi ftr.:«?:vs in th-? ' Wrs:n:ius:er* now making acquaintance with * Dryasdust ' 

(>C'-^t and Wmi.it jvn v-n En*- « wrr*.- the for thr rlrs: time. He h.id never been en- 

chi»;l]o»diic*':'f ISi**. InlS3v»i.isc>ll»-c:o.lr5- slavv-i to a bioirraphical dictionary ; and the 

vay« tir-yt app»>ar»-l : an-i in th»- winr^r he l-ejjin dr«ear}- work of invest iiratiniT dull records pro- 

toayitatvl'-r th''fjrn:a*ion ofthv L'"'iidinl-i- vokel loud lamentations and sometimes de- 

brary. now aim «* thf only in*rituT:on where spair. His thouehts lay round him 'all iii- 

anv but the newos* *":oks can )k- freelv Taken articul.tte. sour, fermentinc. Ix'ittomless, like 

out in the me* r-:]** /lis. The n^.-^d of such a a hide..'us en«>rmous 1»l^ of Allen.' He re- 

libran* had b^-ii sf^riTnirly impressed up-^n solved at l;i<t 'to force and tear and dip some 

him by his ]ir»-vioui labours, and it was suo- kind of main ditch throuph it.* In plain 

ces*fuilysritrf-din 1**4<'. Carlyl»-wasits]>ro5i- wonls, it st^-ms, he pave up hopes of writinp 

den* from l**?*.' till his death. J.S. Mill had re- a re^rular histori- : bunit much that he had 

siirii»-'l the <'diTor5liip of the ' Westminster' to written ; and resolved to Wpin by making a 

ayouna ?fcotchman nam»d lInV>ert.«on(Mii.L. collection of all Cromwrll's extant speeches 

Anfohioff. p. lior ). He had previously a>ke<l and letters with explanatory- comments. Hav- 

Carlvl*- to writ'.' up'«n < 'n.>mwell. Robertson inir fini^hetl this, he found to his surprise that 

inf'>niied Carlvle that lie meant to write tlie he had tinish^d his biHik {ib. pp. 'lilX^ 331 1. 

artif.-le himself. Carlyle was naturally an- He stayetl in London durinp 1844 and 184."i 

nov-d : but hi.- attention havinp lH?en drawn till the task was done. The book ap])eare<l 

t«) the subject, he l>'_'an 'some de-jultory stu- in the autumn of lS4o.and w.is received with 

die-, whiMi ultiraati-ly led to the composition peneral applause. Carlyle's position as a 

of his next L^reat IjO'ik. Some occasional writ- leader of literature was now established. His 

inL*^- intrrrvened. He had written what was income was still mode.-si.but sufKcient for hi< 

intended as an article for l^ickhart. It srx)n strictly economical mrnle of life. In 1848 he 

appear<*d, how»'ver, to be unsuitable for the had a lixed income from Craipenputtock of 

* C^uarterlv.' T^ockhart • dared not ' take it. lo(.)/.. In'sides a fluctuating income from his 

Mill would have accepted it for the * West- btwiks. ranpinp fn)m l(M)/. to 8CK)/. (lA. p. 420). 

minster,' which he was now handing over After tinishing the 'French Revolution ' he 

to Mr. Hirk-on (ih. p. JiiO). Mrs. Carlyle visited Scotland almost annually to spend 

and .Jrilm derlan-d that it was too pood for some wwks alone with his mother and family. 

such a fate, and it appeared as a separate In 1S40 his holiday was sacrificed to the pre- 

iKiok, under the name 'Chartism,' at the end paratiou for press of the lectures on *IIen>- 

of 1 ■%'{!♦. It nuiy \)*' taken as Carlyle's expli- worship,* when he took care to send to his 

eit avowal of the principles which distin- mother part of the sums saved from travelling 

^ui-hed him cjjually from wliips, tories, and exp»*nses. In 1JS44 he was kept at home by 

I he npclinarv radicals. A thousand copies 'Cromwell.* He paid a few other visits: to the 

were 8f)id at once, and a second edition a|)- Hares in Sussex in 1840, to Milnes at Fry.*- 

].eared in IKJO. In 1841 he published the ton in 1841, to an admirer namedL Redwood, 

lect ures on ' Hero-worship * delivered in the near Cardiff, whence he viBitedBialiop Thirl- 



Carlyle 121 Carlyle 

-wall in 1843 ; and in 1842 he took a five days' to remove tlio feeling. Each apparently mis- 
run across the Channel with Stephen Spring judged the other. Mrs. Carlyle was weakly 
Itice in an admiralty yacht. Iiis vivid de- and irritable, and a painful misunderstanding 
scription is partly*given in Froude (iii. 269- followed with Carlyle. 
273). Mrs. Carlyle sometimes went with him In Julv 1846 she left him to stay with her 
to Scotland and visited her relations, or stayed friends t)ie Paulets at Seaforth. She con- 
at home to superintend house-cleanings, pe- fided in Mazzini, wlio gave her wise and 
riods during which his absence was clearly honourable advice. Carlvle himself wrote 
desirable. In London his appearances in most tenderly, though without the desired 
society were fitful, and during his absorp- eftect. He saw that her feeling was un- 
tion in his chief works Mrs. Carlyle was left reasonable, but unfortunately inferred that 
to a very solitary life, though she read and it might be disregarded. He therefore per- 
criticised his performances as they were sisteu in keeping up his relations with the 
completed. She gradually formed a circle of ' Barings, while siie took refuse in reticence, 
friends of her own. Miss d-erald ine Jewsbury, and wrote to him in terms which persuaded 
attracted by Carlyle*s fang, mad^ their ac- him too easily that the difficulty was over, 
quaintance in 1841 {ih. p. 208\ and became She visited the Barings with and without 
ilrs. Carlyle's most intimate rriend. Refu- ' her husband, accepted the use of their house 
g^?es, including Mazzini and Cavaignac (bro- < at Addiscombe, and preser\'cd external good 
t her of the general), came to the house, l^ord relation*?, while recording her feelings in a 
Tennyson, much loved by both, and Arthiur most minful journal, published in the ' Me* 
Helps, who got on better with Mrs. Carlyle morials.' This suppressed alienation lasted 
than with her husband, were other friends, till tlie death of Lady Ash hurt on. - 
John Forster, Macready, Dickens, and Thac- The publication of 'Cromwell' had left 
keray are also occasionally mentioned. She Carlyle without occupation, except that the 
was less terrible than her husband to shy . discovery of new letters which had to be 
visitors, though on occasion she could aim embodied in the second edition gave him 
^nally efl\ictive blows. Death was thinning some work in 1846. He had read Preuss's 
the old circle. John Sterling died after a work upon Frederick in 1844, and was think- 
vathetic farewell, 18 Sept. 1844. Mrs. Welsh, ing of an expedition to Berlin after finishing 
Mrs. Carlyle's mother, died suddenly at the ' Cromweir (Froude, iii. 369). In February 
<*nd of February 1842. Mrs. Carlyle, already 1848 he notes thot he has been for above 
in delicate health, was prostrated by the blow, two years comjwsedly lying fallow. He men- 
and lav unable to be' moved at the house of tions schemes for future work. The 'exodus 
her uncle (Jolm Welsh) in Liveri)ool. Car- from Jloundsditch ' meant a discourse upon 
lyle went to Templand, where Mrs. Welsh the liberation of tlie spirit of religion from 
bad livt»d, and had to spend two months there * Hebrew Old Clothes.^ This ho felt to" be 
and at Scotsbrig arranging business. His let- an impossible task : the external shell could 
ters were most tender, though a reference to not as yet be attacked without injury to the 
a ])os8ibility of a new residence at Craigen- spirit, and he therufore remained silent to 
puttock ap|)ears to have shaken his wife's the last. A l)ook upon Ireland, one u|K)n the 
iien-es. On her next birthday (14 July) he * Scavenger Age,' and a life of Sterling also 
s»fnt her a ])re8ent, and never afterwards for- Oi'curred to him. In 1846 he paid a flying 
got to do so. She was deeply touched, and visit to Ireland in the first days of September, 
remarked that in great matters he had always and saw O'Connell in Conciliation Hall. The 
been kind and considerate, and was now be- outbreaks of 1848 aifected him deeply. He 
coming equally attentive on little matters, to symmthised with the destruction of * shams,* 
which liis education and temper had made him but felt that the only alternative was too pro- 
indillerent. She went for a rest to Tniston, bably anarchy. He again visited Irelana in 
a living belonging to Reginald Buller, son of 1849, spending. July therr, and ap^in meeting 
their old friends the Charles BuUers, where Gavan i)ufiy and others. His 'Journal' was 
Mrs. Charles Buller was now staying with published in 18H2 {ilt. iv. 3). He came home 
her son. Charles the younger died in 1848, convinced that he could say nothing to the 
when Carlyle wrote an elegy to his memory, puq)ose uiK)n the chaotic state of things, 
published in the 'Examiner.' Mrs. Buller where he could discover no elements of order. 
read it just before she too died of grief. His general views of the political and social 
In December 1845 the Carlyles visited the state found utterance, however, in an * Occa- 
Barings at Bay House, near Alverstoke. sional Discourse on the Nigger Question,* 
Mrs. Carlyle became jealous of Lady Harriet's ' first published in 'Fraser's Magazine' in 
influence over Carlyle ; and Lady Harriet, February 1849. It was a vehement denun- 
t hough courteous, was not sufficiently cordial ciation of the philanthropic sentimentalism 



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r^uv.-...-:*-. •.-.^ i: .■•-. --sjrriir-: i.'. 1 •."ji- >£' ?''-t «:»=r*. L '.TTniAZ. i-inir^r rta-icivnt in 

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S(t rr..:-: ."• ii :--«,--. >rr _-il i' "^-s >rr^Li7. zi-:ii ■B-irr.r^i cj i.:L?r« and bug's 

•:..r.* *->• :•'. ..-..-.4' "- •" ■'.•: *"■-- .^~. ...^'^n ii: l:: i_rjir — j.:Tr-tl* :.r Li* w.jrk. Tht» 

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"i.'...-: ..v-w.-'^". .-.. - .1..-: --- L-'i^-T'. ._r»r-"ri ." Zj.* I'.r ".LT" IT- 1 >V.. s^liT-T himself to 

..'. »..*:./>: ..• ' -t.'^ .^^t:- — rrri ij l-i rlr- 1_- -v.-i. -1^:1*1 triu'lrs of iiesh paint 

v>r^'.. T;.- *'i.v.^;..r*- .>- -: .-rr.-rTtl ,~^-.-r. iZ.i ■ i-rii.;- :;-s-l4" -ex: d>:»r. while Mr?. 

Mr. Irr.A-. -a.- .t. -'■? 'ii.: *:;.-: : .:ctt i. ir>'.-r tb-^^: :•: jtit •w::h John Carlvle at 

••ry^p^ ':.r: -i.-j : .• -. \.z.j '^ .z.' l- i-i -ct-j- M.fi-. Sir "Wi* i: S.v:*r.rl;j during an 

T*Ar-,. A.-. '. .*..ri' i-rr.-rrt..T :. i.^ -1-r .ii.it.:^ ilir::::^^^ illr.-rS5 : 1> =:::Lrr. and the *vm- 

':'f*i*r. It.-. *r-*:. ri-::^r rrr^::.^ •: ':.•= iJLi:. p;2WT ijllrii :;r:i ':r;u*L: :Lr husband and 

;n >!^.V; '.: •l.-r.r T''."^ •" i::i -rl^ii-rr.-'r. :'-r Tirlr^lii::.: ;l:«ser r»rli:::^for the time. On 

jAff-p:..-:*.- :»•-::-: :i.i ;-•-.-. Cir'.T.r Lai :■;•:• 4 E»e«. Lr -arrirrr -o ij ni^TL-rr a most aflk-c- 

l.tt;*: <«:ip^r>.-'..T ',: v.^u-ilM-ir-rM :•: i-rLv-er *:>ej.:c ".-•-r-rr. i» Ii-r wa* leaving? for the 

•fslllr.;? .'..■.-*• is. "JL-r d*rLii..::v::i.-; vv-r- v.-j Grir^-r. Mrs. Cdrlj".r,'5rho aceiimpaniedhim, 

Irid.-yrr.rs.-r./i*.'^ "t t^. r.^lr..-. ir.! "-r :r.'.v 7^: ^j::^i :o CLrl^rji :•:• ciake an arrangement 

•AtiAfAf.'.on- r«::o.Tr. ^s ii'i*r.**.'-i. "Lr: a.ri; -liui t:r :-rnrjinrr.:lv .ijurl'.'.nj th-? ' demon fowls/ 




lie then heard of 
Scots- 
able 
to rec>^Tiisr him, bu" died quietlv on 25 Dec. 
In l%ol L': at la-.* ■?*,•? :o work upon a life age-i al»u: •rljhtv-four. Carlyfe had loved 
if Srerlin;?. th'.- linal impubje c./min«% a? Mr. no one bert^r. and had done all that a son 
Froiid*; r;Mij»:';*ur»r^ <iv. »Jl 1, from a conversa- couM do to make a mother happy. He re- 
tion at ly^rd -V-JjburtonV in which Carlvle tum-rd to shut himi>rlf up and trv to settle 
and IJiithop Thirlwail had an anirnat»;d thiro- to his work. The wre?tle with * Frederick* 
logical di-s'.-ij'iTion in pr*j-'.'nc*: of Dr. Trench wt-nt on through 1654, with scarcely a holi- 
Ctfi'; d<.an oi W *:^Uii\j\'<*:T », .Sir John rfimepn, day. A • sound-proof room, beeyn in 16o3, 
and oth»:r-. Tarlylo's immediate piiqjose was built at the top of the house and lighted onlv 
to v.rit*: an arrcount of .Sterling to supplant from abovt- tseeFBOUDE, iv. 136, l.)3; Uemi- 
tlie life by J'iliii-s Hare, where the theological fiiscencef, ii. 236), care him a retreat, where 
element had r».-ceiv<rd, as lie thought, undue he remained buried for hours, emergring only 
prominence. He agn;»jd with P^merson in at tea-time for a short talk with his wife, 
the 8umm<:r of HI'i (Fkoude, iii. 419) that whose health became gradually weaker. After 
Sterling niUMt nor !><.• made a Mheological ei^rhreen months* steady labour, hetookaholi- 
c'Krk.ihy.' Carlvle wi.sh»;d to exiiibit him as day with Edward Fitzgerald at Woodbridga 
raiNf.*d alxive tli»- turbid .sphere of contempo- (August 1855), and afterwards spent u little 
rary controversy. The result was a b<)ok so time at the Aushburtons* vacant house at Ad- 
calm, tender, and affectionate as to be in sin- discombe, where Mrs. Carlyle chose to leave 
gulur contract with his recent utterances, him alone. In 1856 the Carlyles went to 
and to \}*t jM'fl laps his most successful piece Scotland with the Ashburtons, when a mise- 
of literary work. - rable little incident about a railway journey 

He was now slowly settling to a life of caused fresh annoyance (Froude, iv. 181, 
r'nrderick. In iHol h«; tried the water-cure 182). Carlyle went to Scotsbrig and the Gill 
lit Malvern, and made friends wit h Dr. Gully, (his sister Mary Austin^s house near Annan), 
hill. conMidered tin: cure to Ih; a humbug. He taking his work with him. A short visit to 
vinited Sf:otHbrig, and, aftfr six^nding a iew the Ashburtons in the highlands, and a dis- 
davM at Paris with the Ashburtons, began pute about the return home, caused fresh bit- 
HiTiouHlv working at ' Frederick.' Six months temess. The winter found him again at his 
of sttiafly reading followed, during which he work, and the days went by monotonously, a 



long ride eviTT atttrnDon on liia hCfse Friti 
beinff his only 'ivUml inn. L«dj ABlil>unon's 
dpnth (4 Muy 185.) removed a cause of dis- 
cnrd,thuugh il deprived him ofasuloce. Lord 
AshlMirton's wcond marringe (1" Nov, IS-jS) 
to Mi»4 Stiinrt Mackenzie brnusht a new and 
ino*l valuable friimdEhip to both the Carlvles. 
In July 1 867 tbu first cfmiiterB of ' Frederick ' 
were M laat getting iuto print. >Lr8. Carljle 
took a holiday at Liverpool, and came back 
rather better. The old confidenca rettimi'd 
with the removal of the cause of irritation. 
Id the ninler, however, her health showed 
serious aymploms, and Carljle mada great 
efforta to restrain his comiilaint^. Mr, Larkin, 
a next-door neighbour, helped him in his work 
with maps,iiidicee,andBoforth. At lost the 
first init«lnient of hia book, on which he bnd 
bmn occupied for six or seven years, was 
finiBhed. At the end of June he went to 
Scotland, and then in August and September 
Tiait«d Germany again, returning to Chelsea 
on 22 Sept. 186S, having fixed in his mind 
^^^ aepeets of Frederick's battle-fields. The 
^^K|t two volumes appared won after his re- 
^^^^^ and four thousand copies were sold be- 
^^^^tbe end of the year. The fifth thousand 
^■m {ointud, and Carlyle had received 2,800/. 
C,-Tlie l»ter volumes of 'Fredtffick' appeared 
in 1862, 1804, and 1865. In 1869 he staved 
at AberdwD with Mm. Carlyle, and iu 18t(0 
hv visited Thurso. After that titne his la- 
bour* at ' Frederick ' allowed him no respite. 
In August. 1862 he speaks of the fifth volume 
fts alreidy in hand; but it swelled into two, 
Ukd the final emergenl^e was not'tillJanuary 
The eitrBordinarv merit s of the boot, 
ired aa a piece of historical research, 
nrccMfnimd both in England and Ger- 
. Mifjlary students in Gtrmaiiy, accord- 
;tb Mr. Fronde (iv. 227), eludy Frederick's 
ties in Carlyle's history, a proof both of 
earefiil atudy and of his wonderful power 
ition. EmersondecIaredthat'Frede- 
Ihe'witliestbook ever written.' The 
hiunourandlhegraphic power are undeniable, ! 
though it is perhaps wanting in proportion, 
and the principles implied are of course dis- 
puUble. ' 

The laf«r period of Carlylu's kbnnrs hiid 
been darkened by anxiety about his wife's 
health. Id 1860 he had insisted- upon the 
■ddition of another servant to the maid of all 
wark with whom she had hitherto been con- 
tcntMl. Ashe became conscious of hei'deli- 
CBOT be becnae thoughtful and generous. 
In I863 he sent her for a holiday to her in- 
tinialc friends. Dr. and Mrs. Russell of Thorn- 
hill. She was a little better during the fol- 
lowing winter, and, tliough weak, contrived 
)avoid<i(catuigCarl]rle'Bunxiety. InAugtist 



i 



18ti3 she was knocked down by a cob. Th» 
accident had serious consequences which gra- 
dually developed themselves, though Carlyle 
for a time imagined that she was improving. 
The suffering grew to be intense, ancl Carlyle 
became awake to tbe danger. In Alarcb 
1864 she was removed to the house of her 
family physician, Dr. Blakiston, at St. Leo- 
nard's. The death of Lord Asbburton on 
23 March 1864 (who left. Carlyle 2,000/.) 
«iiddened both. Carlvle remained for n time 
struggling with 'Frederick ' till her nbeence 
became intolerable, and in the beginning of 
Mhj be settled with her in a fumi^ed house 
at St. Leonard's, still working hard, but 
taking doily drives witli her. At last in 
desperation she determined, after twelve 
nights of sleeplessness, to go at all hniards 
to Scotland. She stayed there fiAit at the 
Gill and allerwards with the Itussella, alowly 
improving, and she finally returned in tbe 
beginning of October. Her apparent re- 
covery aS'ected some of her fi-ieails to tears. 
Carlyle bought her a brougham, having pre- 
viously only been able to persuade her to 
indulge iu an occasional hired carriage. She 
took great delight in it , and for the remainder 
of her life had bo complaints to make of any 
want of attention. Carlyle fell into his usual 
depression after the conclusion of ' Frede- 
rics ' (January 1866). He went with his 
wife to Devonshire for a time and afterwards 
to Scotland, returning in the ninter. Mrs. 
Carl vis was better, occasionally diningabroad. 
At the end of 1 865 Carlyje was elected almost 
unanimously to the rectorship of Edinburgh. 
He delivered the customary address, 2 April 
1866. Professor T^dall had taken charge 
of him during the journey, acting like tha 
'loyallestson.' The address, as Tyndall tele- 
graphed to Mrs. Carlyle, was ' a perfect tri- 
umph.' Tbe mildness of the tone secured 
for it a universal applause, which rather 
puTxled Carlyle and seems to have a little 
scandalised nia disciples. Carlyle went to 
Scotsbrig and was detained by a slight sprain. 
Mrs. Carlvle bad asked some friends to lea 
on Saturday, 21 April. She had gone out 
for a drive with a little dogj she let it 
out for a run, when a carriage knocked it 
down. She sprang out and lifted it into the 
carriage. The driver went on, and presently 
she was found sitting with folded nands in 
the carriage, dead. The news readied Car- 
lyle at Dumfries. Sirs. Carlyle bad pre- 
served two wax candles wliich her mother 

Iter's feelings 
stUAi, She 
had left directions, whitli were now carried 
:, that they should be lighted in the room 



Carlyle 124 Carlyle 

of dentil. She was buried at JIaddin|(ton, latory letter from Prince Bismarck, and a 
in her father's grave. A pathetic epitaph medal, with an address from many admirers 
by her husband was placed in the church led by Professor Masson. The gloom, how- 
(Jrfnnorialjij iii. 341 ). ever, deepened, and he would sometimes ex- 

HenceforvN'ard Carlyle's life was secluded, press a wish that the old fashion of suicide 
and work became impossible. His brother were still permissible. He specially felt the 
John tried staying with him for a time, but death of Erskine of Linlatnen (30 March 

*anada 

E whether 
dinburgh. 

mer. He was moved to incllgnation by the John died in December 1879. Carlyle still 
prosecution of (rovemor Eyre, which he con- took pleasure in the writings and companion- 
sidered ns punishing a man for throwing an ship of a few congenial mends, e8p<M:ially 
extra bucket of water into a shij) on fire. Mr. Uuskin, Mr. f roude, and Mr. Justice 
He joined the Eyre Defence Committee. In Stephen. The last two were his executors, 
the winter he "\nsited Lady Ashburton at His talk was still often brilliant, whether a 
Mentone, travelling again under theaft'ection- declamation of the old fashion or a pouring 
ate gunrdianship of Professor Tyndall, and forth of personal reminiscences. Ilowever 
returning to Cheyue Row in March. During harsh his judgments, he never condescended 





lute proiHTty, to found bursaries at Ediu- figure, much bent with age, was familiar' to 

burgh. He revised his collected works, which many London wayfarers. He gradually 

wore now gaining a wide circulation. He sank, and died on 4 Feb. 1881. A burial at 

put together and annotated Mrs. Carlyle's Westminster Abbey was oflered, but refused 

letters. In 18(IS he had to give up ridmg ; in accordance with his own wish, as he'dis- 

and about 1872 his right hand, which had approved of certain passages in the Anglican 

long shaken, became unable to write, /^even service. He was buried, as he desired, in the 

1^ 1*1 ^1 It ** 1- * 111*1 1 A Y^ li*l VI* 




•ontemporary politics. On 18 Nov. 1870 he portraits of any 

wrote a * Detouoe of the (Temiau Case in the writing, and seems to have been desirous to 

AVar with France/ which was warmly ac- obtain good portraits of himself. According 

knowlodged (by some unknown authority) to Mr. Froude no portrait was really success- 




words his positive knowledge that a plan ness of him *in the days of his strength' 
had been formed by Lord Beaconstield's ^o- (ih. 4oO). His portrait was also painted by 
vernm(»nt which would produce a war with Mr. Watts in 1869, by Mr. (now Sir J. E.) 
Russia. Wliat his authority may have been Millais in 1877, and by Mr. Whistler. A 
remains unknown, nor can it be said how statue by Boehm, belonging to Lord Hosebery, 
far the statement liad any important influ- a replica of which has been erected on the 
etice in averting the danger. Chelsea Embankment near his old house, is 

( 'arlyle during these years had become the a verj- strilckig likeness, 
acknowledged head of Englisli literature. Ever^- page of Carlyle's writings reveals a 
He had a large number of applications of all character of astonishing force and originality* 
kinds. He was generous even to excess in The antagonism rou^d by his vehement^ 
money matters. In February 1874 he re- ' iconr)clasm was quenched by respect during 
ceivei the Prussian Unler of Merit, for his his last years, only to break out afresh upon 
ser\ices as the historian of Frederick. In the appearance of the Mieminiscences.' His 
December 1874 Disraeli oll'ered him, in very style, whether learnt at home or partly ac- 
ilelicate and tlattering terms, the grand quired under the influence of Irving and 
cross of the Bath and a pension. Carlyle Kichter (^see Froube, i. 390), faithfully re- 
declined both offers in a dignified letter, fleets his idiosyncrasy. Though his language 
' ' ' ' * "^ ^^« -1 . , , ^ iften pure and BMObite 

eccentricities ofiended 

dangerous of 

his eightieth birthday he received a con|pitu- ^ models. They are pardonable aa the only 




^ 




fitting embodiment of liie gTa|ihlc power, his | 
■breird insight inin hiiman uatiire, and his | 
peculiar liumniir, which bleuds aympirtliy for | 
the iufR-ring witli siw>ru for foitU. His faults 
of slylp are tlie result of the perpetual ' 
stmiiiiag for (•mphuBiB uf wUicb lie was cou- 
itcioiuii, nnd which must be attributed to an i 
* exoiiMivi' ut'rvousirritnbilitf seeking relief in | 
fttronu; Imi^uage, as well as to a Bupersbiitt- 
dant int'iUecttial Titnlity. Conventionality ^ 
for him the deadly sin. Eveir aentence i 
t he alive to its finder's ends. As a ' 
le mdeee by intuition instead of cal- 
Iii history he tries toseetbeessen- 
A bets stripped of the glosses of pedants i 
Kipolilies to recognise the real forces masked 
fl'MiastitUtioniil mechanism; in philosophy 
3 tiiB Uvini Bpiril uutmmmelled 
« dead letter, ac thus cuBl aside con' 
,, lously what often appeared to ordi- 
f mindt to be of the essence. Though no 
rv hostile to materialism, he ap- 
d (U a sceptic in theology ; and thouib 
revolutionary in his aims than tlie ordi- 
Bsry mdicals, they often confounded his con- 
tempt for bnllot-hoses and parliamentary con^ 
trivances with a sympathy for arbitrary force. 
In truth, the prophet who reveals and the 
beni nlii) acta could be bis only guides. Their 
nutUoritr must be manifested by its own 
tigbl, and the purblind masses must be guided 
by loyally to beaven-sent leaders, ^io me- 
ouanical criterion can be provided, and 
tbn demand for such a criterion shows in- 
capacity even to gnap the problem. The 
common charge that he comcunded right 
with might woe indignantly repudiated by 
bid) Hs the exact inrersioQ of bis real creed. 
That I'TiU succeeds which is based on divine 
lriLl'i..itiil ]ii;rmanent success therefore ((rovaB 
■ ■ ' ■ 1 = the effect proves the cause. 
: lie confessed that the docti 
ii capacity for ' swallowing all 
I Ljf overriding even moral con- 

a confidence of genuine insight 

iaiu i-.-uliiitts. Theroan who can safcly break 

through (ordinary rules must be^|Mded by 

a specUi ingpiration, and by common ob- 

Mnurn th.' Cromwell must often bo con- 

foiiiid-'d with the Napoleon. Wbatvoimay 

hf thoiighi of Carlyle's teaching, tke ntfrits 

of A|rrTvicb«T must be estimati-d rather by 

Li.^^i.'imiilus to thoLicbt than by the soundness 

■!ii-ioiiB. Measured by auch'a lest, 

- iiuapproached in his day. He 

tiiofts of readsTB rather by an- 

'.:lii sympathy; but hiS"lntenBe 

iitions, his raspecl. for realities, 

■ rnttlive gnisp of historical focta 

■ vnlUH to Ilia writingB. Uis auto~ 
,„ .^.. .,.-...1 writings, with all their display 



of superficial infirmities, 
of human nature as to be unatirpassablr' for 
inlert^st even in the most fascinating de- 
partment of literature. \ ' 

The following writings of Curlyle have 
never been collected : — 

Articles in EdtTUmrgh Encycloveedia : Vol. 
xiv.: 'MontaisTie,' 'LadyM. 'W, Montagu,' 
' HonteBquieu, ' Monlfiiucon,' ' Moore, Dr. J.,' 
'Moore, Sir John.' Voi sv.t 'Naekec,' 
' Nelson,' ' Netherlands,' ' Newfoundland,' 
'Norfolk,' 'TforUiiunptonshire,' 'Northum- 
berland,' 'Introduction to Legendre's Qeome- 
try,' Vol. itL: 'Park, Muiigo,' 'Pitt, W., 
Lord Chatham,' and ' Pitt, W.,' 1820-3. 

New Edinlmrgk Sevleui: ' Joanna Baillie's 
Metrical Legends ' (October 1821 ); ' Goethe's 
Faust' (April 18i»2V 

Fnuer't Mai/asine: 'Cnithera and John- 
son ' (Januniy 1881) ; ' Peter Nimmo ' (Feb- 
ruary 1831); ' Prefaces to Emerson's EssavH,' 
1S41 and 1844. 

The following have beea collected in iha 
' Mjscellaniea : '— - 

JEdinhuiyh Itemeia .■ 'J. P. F. Riehter ' 
(June 1827); -State of German Literalnre" 
(October 1827) ; ' Life and "Writings of Wer- 
ner" (January 1828); 'Bums' (December 
1828); 'Sjgna of the Times' (June 1829) j 
'Taylor's Historic Survey of Germiin Poetry 
(March 1831) ; ' (^aracteristios ' tUecember 
1831) i ' Com Law Bb;Fmea ' (Jul^ 1832). 

Foreiffn Jteiiew ; ' Life and Vt ritings of 
Werner ' (January 1828) ; ' Goethe's Helena ' 
(AprU 1838) : ' Goetbt. ' (July 1828) : ' Life 
of Heyne ' (October 1828) ; ' German Pby- 
wrightB ' (January 1 829 ) ; ' Voltaire ' (April 
1829); 'Novalis' (July 1829); *J. P. F. 
Richt«r' again (January 1830). '"''^ 

Fbre^ Quarterly Review : ' Gnnnan Lite- 
rature of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Oen- 
ituries' (October 1831); 'Goethe's Works' 
(August 1832); 'Diderot' (April 1833); 
' Dr. Franoio ' (July 1843). 

Frana's Ma^iaine : ' Richter's Keview of 
Mme. de Stael's Allemt^e ' (February and 
May 1830) ; ' Four Fables, by Pilpay junior,' 
and 'Cui bono ?'(Septemberl830)!>'rhoughrs 
on History' (November 1830); 'The Beetle' 
(February 1831); 'Schiller' (.March 1831); 
'Sower's Sonfr' (April 1831); "Tragedy of 
the Night-moth' (August 1831); 'Schiller, 
Goethe, and Mme. de StaisI (trans,) and 
GoetJie'*Portrait'{ March 1832); 'Biography' 
(April 1832); 'Boswell'a Life of Johnson' 
(May 1832) ; ' The Tale from Goethe ' (Octo- 
ber 18S2); 'Novolle'(Novemberl932);'QuiD 



igitavit,' on histo^ again (May 1833); 
(.'ount Cagliostro ' f July and August 1883); 
' Death of Edward Irving' (PFehruwy 1835); 



' Diamond Necklace ' (r January, £ehruaij. 



Carlyle 126 Carlyle 

and March 1^*37 ); * On the Sinking of the Ven- * Fraser s Ma^razine : ' the iirst separate edition 

ffeur ' (July 1839 ) ; ' An F! lection to the Long appeared at Baston in 18^)5, the first English 

Parliament' (October 1844); * Thirty-five edition in 1838. 0. 'French Revolution/ 

L'npubliflhed Letters of Cromwell ' ( Dec^-m- 3 vols. 1837: 2nd edition, 1839. 7. •Chartism,* 




John Knox' (April 1875). The last two Pamphlets :M )*The Present Time' (1 Feb.); 

together and SHpamtely. ( '2) * Model Prisons ' (1 March) : (3) • Down- 

H'esf minster Jteciew : * Nibclungcn Lied ' ing Street ' (15 April ): (4) * The New l)own- 

(Jiily 1831). ing Street' (1 Mav): (6) 'Stump Orator' 

New .yfonth/t/^faf^azine:^ Death of Goethe' <1 Mav): (0) ' I^arliaments ' (1 June); 

(June 1832). ^7) ' HudsonV Statue' (1 July): (8) *Je- 

Ijondon and Wfi^tfmn^ter jR«?if>?r.* 'Mirn- suiti!*m'(l Aug.), 1850. 12. * Life of Sti'r- 

beau* (January 1^37); * Parliamentary Hi*- ling,' 1851. 13. 'Friedrich II' (vols. i. and 

tory of the French I devolution '(April 1837): ii. 1858, vol. iii. 1862, vol. iv. 1864, vols. 

*Sir Walter Scott' (January 1838) : ' Vam- v. and vi. 1865). 14. 'Inaugural Addrvss 

hajivn von Ense ' ClJecember 18.'i8): 'Baillie at Edinburgh,' 1806. 15. ' Keminiscences of 

the Covenanter ' (January 1842) ; ' The Prin- my Irish Journey in 1849 ' (with preface by 

zenraub' (January 1855 j. Mr. Froude), 1882. 16. 'Last Words of 

Rcaminer : 'Petition on Copvright Bill' Thomas Carlyle' (with preface by Jfane] 

(7 April 1839). ' C>rlyle; Altken]), 1882. The first coUec- 

Leigh Hunfs Journal : 'Two Hundred and tive edition (in 16 vols.) appeared in 1857-8. 

Fifty Years Ago, a Fragment about DupIs ' (For letters in newspapers and elsewhere see 

(Nos. 1, 3, 0, \^r:iO) ',' Keepsake for \^'l ' Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle ' by H. R. 

(Barry Cornwall's); 'The Opera;' Pn>- Shepherd.) 

feedings of S^yriety of Scotch ^l^^'J?™, ! ^^he main authorities for Carlyle-.s life are 

/i' "'V T.^^^""^ ^^^.^f!'^°*^ Exhibition h5g^ Keminiscences. published by Mr. Fronde in 

of h)Cotch Portnut^3 (18.>4).^^ ^^ 1881. Xhomas Carlyle. a history of the first 

vols. 1882 ; and Thomiis 
s life in London, 2 vols. 
Fronde (cited above as 
) ; Letters and Memorial 

(18:^9), printed in America, included all of Jane Welsh Carlyle, • prepared for publicait ion 

the above up to the date : those published by Thomas Carlyle, and edited by J. A. Froude,' 

later were added in subsequent editions, in 3 vols. 1883 ; see also Correspondence of Thomas 

a 2nd edition (5 vol-*.), 1840; 3rd edition, Carlyle and K. W. Emerson, 2 vols. 1883. edite^l 

1847; 4th edition, 1857. They are included ^7 Charles Eliot Norton, who has also (1886) 

in the ' Miscellanies ' in collected editions of .|^;^ pnblished a collection of Oirlyle's early 

1 letters. Carlyle s Reminiscences and the Mu- 

WOTKS. 1 _ «« r^ii«^« .1 < T :a> «f morials of Mrs. Carlyle were entrusted to Mr. 

Seimrate works are as foll^^^ 1. 'Life of p^oude for publication under cinmmstances d^ 

Schiller,' first, published m l^ndon Maga- ^^be.! in the prefaces to these works, and in 

zine for October 1 823, January, J uly, A ugust, ^he Life in London, ii. 408-1 5, 464-7. Mr. Fronde 

and September 1824 ; issued separately m defends himself against the charge of improper 

1825; second edition, 1845. 2. 'Wilhelm publication in the Life in London, i. 1-7. Car- 

Meister's Apprenticeship ' (3 vols. 1824). lyle first gave him the mamiscripts in 1871. and 

3. 'Legendres Elements of Geometry and the will of 1873 left the decision as to publicn- 

Trigonomctry * ( translated with introductory ; tion with him ; John Carlyle and John Forster, 

chapter on " " . ^ .«>. *.^ - -- .- ^ , , 




4. ' German 



doctrine of proportion), 1824. who were to be consulted, died before Carlyle. 

Komance,' 1827 (vol. i. ' Musa^is Shortly before Carlyle's death, in the autnmn of 

and La Motte Fouqu6 : ' vol. ii. ' Treck and 1880, Mr. Froude again had a consnltaUon with 

Hoffman;' vol. iii. 'J. V. F. Kichter ;' Carlyle, who had * almost forgot^ what he had 

yil iv. 'Wilhelm Meister,' including the!^"^^'^' but on having it wcaUed t» his ^^^^ 

' IVayds • now first published. The prefaces ^^^^ ?P~™ of the publication. Mr F^ade 
Araveis, "u« *" ^ i r decided to carry out the publication, chiefly on 

included ™i'i^.3^'''crflaneou8 Essays | the ground that thi.w.MOilyW.perri«ent^h 



are 

6. ' Sartor Resartus,' first published in 

'Eraser's Magazine' (bk. i. November and 

December 1833; bk. ii. February; March, 

April, June, 1834 ; bk. iii. July and August, 



and ' supremely honourable ' to him. It wa»an 
act of posthumous penance, and it was desirable 
that ' a frank and noble confession ' should give 
the whole truth as to Mrs. Carlylp's grievances. 



1834). Some copies were made up from ndiich would ' infallibly come to light ' in some 



Carlyon 



EWichwit diecnsBing the point, it is neces- 
«ay thot C«rljU. when wiiting, did not 
(jitUpiibticationwitlioiit cnreful revtsioD. 
At i^e end of the originnl mannficript he says, in 
a pnieage omilted bj Mr. Fioade. preBamabt; 
beCBUBe mpetwded in hia new by the Uler iii- 
■ImptioDB. 'I jolemnly forbid' my friendB to 
pnLlirii'tbiB bit of witting OS it Btands hece.nnd 
■mia liam lh»t -wilhoat fit ediling no pact of it 
dionld bapTinl«d (sot ki fHrHsIcan order sbsU 
«ver bo), nnd thnl. the " fit oditing " of perhaps , 
nine'teolhs of it will, nfter I am Rone. hare be- 
fomt inpoasible' (Morton, Nev Prianton He- , 
view for July ISSSJ. The fnllowing aro notiiwa 
by personal friendB : Hanry James, Literary 
Bemninh soma Pcraooal RotoUeciionB of Carlyle 
(fmn AtUntJaHantbly for May 1881); Masion, 
David. Ctolyle perBonallv and in hia writings, 
Land, lltflfi (Lectai«s before Phil. Institute of 
Ediolnugh] ; Sin. OHphnnl, MiimiillaD's Ha- 
gana« for April 1881- H. LaiMn in British 
^rterly for July 1881, 28-84; Rio, A. F., 
KpilOKWi i t'/lrt Qiritien (1870), ii. 332-10; 
8ir I&iirv Taylor, Autobioeraphy, i. 32d-32 ; 
Mill'* Antobii^phy (1873), 174-8 ; G.S.Van. 
kUn, in Fortnighlly Rariaw fur May 1888 and 
Nvreniber 1884 ; Wyllio's Tlionias Carljle, tha 
ISta and hit Boalia. 1831 : Conway's Thoman 
CariyU, 1881; Larldn'B The Open Secret of 
Cariyle'a Ufa. 1888. A list of man; articles 
Kferring to Caflyla is girra by Mr. Ireland 
in !JoteB and Queries. 6thaer.ir. HS. 201. 226.] 
L. S. 

CAitLTON, CLEMENT (1777-1804), 
liciui, was bom at Trtiro 14 April 1777, 
edncnted at the gmmmar school, where 
■ and Henrr Martyn were among his 
dfetlows. tlaving taken his degree at 
'Pembroke OolleKei Cambridge, be wn^ ap- 
pointed a travelling bachelor on the Worts 
faundation, and, proceeding to Oennan^r, 
£rtnaed the acquaintance with Coleridge fur 
■which, apart fi^m his merely local celebrity, 
lie is now principaHy Temembered. After 
cotnnleling his medical studies at Edinburgh 
and London, be settled in bia native town, 
where he spent a long life of active henefi- 
cencp. He waa five times mayor of Traro, 
and vnm chiefly icatmraontal in the eraction 
»( the handsome meraoriaJ to Richard Lan- 
der, which is so peat an ornament to the 
town. Tlie Butr>bio(fraphy, published under 
lh« title of • Early Yeara and Late Reflec- 
tiniu,' in i vols., h?twoen 1636 and 1858, is 
in porta exceclinglv tedious, but is valuable 
for the uiimerona Interesting particulars of 
Colcridfie, Davy, and other men of eminence 
known to thn writer. His ' Observations on 
the Rrdemic Tjrpbua Fever of Cornwall' 
(l^'27)are usteumed,aad effected much good 
in a lanitaiy point of vipw. He edited Coi^ 
naro uid Btirnurd Qilpin, tnd wrote several 



Carmelianus 



I died on ^H 



^ oia: 

^hmic 



[Cnrlyon's Early Years and Late Reflections; 
Gent. Mng. June 1864, pp. 797-8: Boiiae and 
Conrtney's Bibliothecn Cornabiensis.] R. 6. 

CARMELIANUS, PETER (d. 1527), 

Kct, was a native of Breccia, who must have 
im bom about the middle of the fifteenth 
century. He appears to have eomo to Eng- 
land in the days of Edward IV, and to have 
been habitually resident in this country from 
that time till his death. The earliest pro- 
duction of his pen that we have met with is a 
Soem on the life of St. Mary of Egypt written 
uring the reign of Richard III (Xat«^ MS, 
501 ; CoiE, Calal<u/ue), with an epistle dedi- 
catory to Sir Robert Brackenbnry, the con- 
stable of the Tower. In this dedicatory epistle 
Richard is praised as a model king, a pattern 
of religion, justice, and sagacity. But little 
more than a year after his death CarmelianuB 
gives us a very different characler of him in 
a poem written to celebrate the birth of 
Henry VII's son. Prince Arthur, in 1486, in 
which he charges the t^nt with the mur- 
der of Henry VI and his own nephevrs, and 
denounces him as a ferocious monater, prompt 
to commit every crime. The composition of 
two such works within the space of not more 
than three years ot theulmost reflectsalight 
upontheautiior'scharacterwhich makes com- 
ment qtiite unnecessary. From the first he 
shows himself to be a court poet and nothing 



him by the king on 27 Sept. llSfi, which 
pension, the words of the grant state, ' he 
that shall be next promoted to the bishopric 
of "Worcester is bound to yield to a clerk of 
ours at our nomination.' On 8 April 1488, 
in like manner, Heiuy Vlt granted hjm 
another pension which the elect abbot of 
Hyde was bound to pay to a clerk of the 
king's nomination. On the 2^rd of the same 
month ho obtained a patent of denization. 
He had also given bim by the king on 
15 Feb. just before a corrody in the priory of 
Christ«hurch, A year or two later he wrote, 
in ihe opinion of hisfellow-poetaoter Bernard 
Andrf, a most witty poem in answer to Ga- 
guin, the French historian and ambassador, 
who bad revenged himself in satirical verse 
for the failure of his embnssy lo England. 
He became Henry VITs Latin secretary, nnd 
one of his chaplains. In this latter capacity 
he attended the king to bis meeting with 
the Archduke Philip at Calais in 160O. In 
tbo former he was the keeper of the king's 



Carmelianus 128 Carmichael 



correspondence with Rome, a circumstance , in the provostship of Beverley in the East 
to which Sherboume, bishop of Chichester, | Riding. He also nad the prebend of Ample- 
called attention two years after his death, | forth m York given him as early as 1498, 
when Henry VIII was pushing inquiries and appears to have held it till his death, 
touching the validity of the dispensation for 1 Being thus largely beneficed, in 1522 he 
his marriage with Catherine of Arragon was^ assessed, for the loan for a new war 



(Calendar, Henry VIII, iv. 2406). But we 
ao not find that he held this office after the 
accession of Henry VIII, who, however, re- 
cognising his merits in a different capacity, 



in France, at no less a sum than 333/. 6«. 
We also find that in 1524 (and perhaps for 
several years before) he was a prebendary 
_ of St. Stephen's, Westminster, and that in 

made him his lute-player, and gave lum an ' that year he sold to Roger Pynchestre, citi- 
annuity of 40/. (ib, i. 427, ii. 308). i zen and grocer of London, certain lands 

It must have been about a year before ' called Hartcombe, in the parishes of Kings- 
Henry VIFs death that he wrote a couple of ton-upon-Thames and Ditton in Surrey, 
poems to celebrate the espousal (sponsalia) which he had bought of Stephen Coope two 
of Charles, prince of Castile (afterwards the years before. On 13 Oct. 1526 he obtained 
Emperor CharlesV), with the king's daughter a license to import 200 tuns of Gascon wine 
Mary. The marriage, though it never took and Toulouse woad. In January 1527 he re- 
effect, was arranged by treaty in 1607, and ! ceived a new-year's gift from the king ; but 
ambassadors came from the Emperor Maxi- ; he seems to have died towards the close of 
milian in 1508 to conclude the marriage con- ', that year, as his successor in the York pre- 
tract. An official account of their reception, ^ bend was collated on 13 Jan. 1528. In ad- 
and of the betrothal, was printed by Pynson , dition to the poems referred to in the course 
in two separate forms, Latin and English, of this notice we find an epigram written by 
each without date of year ; and the two Carmelianus on Dominic Mancini's poem 
poems of Carmelianus appeared as preface (written in 1516), ' De Quatuor Virtutibus,' 
and conclusion to the Latin version. The which Alexander Barclay translated into 
treatise itself, of which a uni^e copy in vel- English under the title of ' The Mirrour of 
lum exista in the Qrenvillo Library, is de- ) Good Maners.' Our author's epigram will be 
scribed in the catalogue as if it consisted ! found at the end of Barclay's work, which 
simply of a poem of Carmelianus ; but pro- was published along with his 'Ship of Fools' 
bably tlie titie-page is wanting. The text of in 1570. 

the narrative contained in it is precisely the | [Memorials of Honry VH ; Letters and Papers 
same as thatof the English version, of which . of the reigns of Richard III and Henry VII; 
a unique copy also exists in the British Mu- Carapbell's Memorials of Henry VII (all Uireo of 
seum, described by Sir Henry Ellis in the Rolls Ser.); Calendar of Henry VIII, vols, i-iv.; 
' Archceologia,' xviii. 33. Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy).] J. G. 

(a;;i%";KarSS7 a^^^^ 17?ifK^^ FREDERICK (170^ 

o|plimen^.paid hun by Carmeliaiu« wL l^S' C^c£^i m^^^SXl^ 

liad called mm 'doctorum doctissimus (Cz- . v :_ ttaq "'^'"o"" .^"""o"""* 

lendar,Hen.VIII,ii.im). Unfortunately, ^^ l»™ « 1708. He took his M.A. de- 
however, he could not 
ment ; and when Carmeli 

lished another poem on the death of the King "'^W^"^" "" '^"^ 4«»i" "' •^,i""" 

of Scots at Flo^en, Eiasmus and his corr^ JL ^- 7" »« <«"« «>e88fiil candidate for 

spondent Ammoniils, Henry VHTs Latin ^^^^'^/.uTm. ^^'^''^'^w "^ T* I" 

8^retary,could not help malSngmerry over a T^ X.\l^^^7<i^T^^ J^ • *^ 

false qukitity which the unlucSy autW had ^^"IJ^ of ScoUandon 27 Sept 1?83, ordamed 

^ 1 ^ . ' ^ •i./'jL-' tyrui at Monimail m March 1737, translated to 

yei7 nearly put into print (tb u 306 ; com- j^^^^^ j„ December 1747, aAd died ITOct 

pare preface, p. xvn, footnote) In that year ^^^^ ^ ^ author'of a ' Sermon^n 

Cai^ehanus as the W « tutor, went oyer Christian Zeal,' 1753, and' Sermons onseveS 

in the ' middle ward of the army with which T„^^._t o„i!j„^„ n ^r., „• 71 u ""ff'""" 

Henry Vni invaded Franco. Meanwhile, ^^Mitant Subjects, 1753, said to be of 'great 

he had been made archdeacon of (jloucester rrr ' « i t^ . -r^ , 

in 1511, and a few years later, probably on wl^Sf^^^^^F?^' ^^^- ^^ '* ??'i- ^^ ' 

the deprivation of Cardinal Adrian de Cas- ^*^'^« ^'^^' ^"^'^ T. F. H. 

telle [q. v.] in 1517, he was appointed pre- CARMICHAEL, Snt JAMES, Lobd 

bendary of Ealdland in St. Paul^. This stall Cabmichael (1578 P-1672), was the tiiild son 

he resijg^ed in 1 526, the year before his death, of Walter Carmichael of Hvndford, by Orizel, 

at which time we find that he held livings daughter of Sir John Canmohael of Mndow- 




Carmichael 



Carmichael 



flat. He was originally deei^altMi nt Hyiid- 
ford.but ouTiurchasinB; the lands of Westeraw 
took bin title from tnem, until, on BUcceed- 
ing iut oxMii), Sir John CanniehiLel of Carmi- 
chttel fq-v,], he adopted the deaignstion of the 
oldef bmnch of the family. Having in early 
life been introduced by the Earl of Dunbar 
At the court of Jamas v I, he waa appointed a 
cupboorer, afterwards carver, and tlien cham- 
berlain of the principality. He was created a 
baronet of Nova Scotia on 17 July 1627, and 
Ike following; year he aubecribed the eubmis- 
uon toCharfesI. Ue was appointed sheriff- 
prindpal of Lanarkshire on 6 Sept. 163S, 
and in 1634 lord jiiatice clerk, which office 
be rewgned in 1 (>38, on being made treasurer- 
depute. He was admitted! an ordinary lord 
of aaesion on 6 Manih 1639. His presence 
as treasurer-depute at the prorogation of 
parliament, by warrant of the king's com- 
missioners, led to the presentation of a re- 
monstrance against the some as illegal. On 
13 Nov. he was naraed one of the commis- 
siotiers for executing the office of lord high 
tre^urer, and was at the same time appointed 
treuurer-depute, privy councillor, and lord 
of seesion, to be held ad ntam aut aitpam. 
For hi£ servicee to Charles I during the civil 
war, eepedally in lending him various sums 
of money, he received a piitent on 27 Dec. 
1647 raising him t^ the peerage by the title 
of Lord Carmichael ; but the patent wad not 
made public until S Jan. 16GI, when it was 
rntifiea by Charles H. For his adharenco to 
the engagement, he made a humble submis- 
aion im 2S Dec. before the presbytery of 
Lanark, but was nevertheless deprived of hia 
ofiictss by the Act of Classes on 18 March 
1649. That of treasurer-depute was, how- 
aver, bestowed on his second son. Sir Daniel 
Carmichael. By Cromwell's act, in 1664, a 
fine was imposed on him of 2,000/, In 
Douglas's 'Peemge' it is stated erroneously 
that after the accession of Charles 11 he was 
ewom a privy councillor, and reappointed 
lord justice clerk, that office having been be- 
stowed on Sir John Campbell of Lundy 
[q. v.) Carmichael died on 29 Nov. 1672, 
in his ninety-fourth year. By his wife 
Agnes, sixth daughter of John Wilkie of 
Foulden, be had three sons and four daugh- 
ters. Hiseldest son. Sir William, after serv- 
ing as one of the gens d'armes of Louis Xftt, 
joined the committee of estates in Scotland, 
and commanded the Clydesdale regiment 

yinst the Marquis of Montrose at the battle 
PbOiphRUgh in 1646. He died before his 
father in 1657, leaving a son, John {a. v.], 
who became second Lord Carmichael and first 
Karlof Uyndfbrd. The first Lord Carmichael 
4wd two other iions and four daughturs. 



[Acts of Piiriiaraent of Scotlnnd. vol. v. pas- 
sim ; H^gandBmnlon'a Senators of the Col lege 
of JustiPB, 2BS-9 ; Douglas's Scotlisb Peeruge, li. 
754-6 ; Irving's Upper Wnrd of liinarkshiTB, 
ii. 17-21.] T. F. H. 

OABMICHAEL, JAMES {JL 1587), 
grammarian, was a Scotchman who published 
a Latin grammar at Cambridge in September 
1587. He dedicated it to James VI— 'Sco- 
torum regi christiunissimo gratiam et pocem 
S Domino.' Carmichael'* work, ' Gnimmatice 
Latine de Etymologia,' &c., was from the 
press of the university printer, Thomas 
Tliomas, M.A., a lexicographer himself, and 
Its full title is given hy Ames; it eonsistsof 
b'2 pp, , and has some commendatory poems 
prenxed, There is a copy of it in the Bodleian. 

[Cooper's Athence Cantab, ii. 23; Ames's 
ToiMgr. Anliq. (Herbert), iu. 14U, 1418.] 

J. H. 

CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILSON 
(1800-1868), marine painter, was bom at 
Newcaalie-upon-Tyne in 1800. At about the 
age of ten or eleven lie went to sea. He re- 
turned, and was apprenticed to a shipbuilder, 
who employed him in drawing and design- 
ing. His early works are in water colours, 
but about 1826 be began also to paint in 
oils. Between 1838 and 1862 lie was a fre- 
quent exhibitor at the Uoyal Academy, at 
the British Institute, and at the Suffolk 
Street Gallery. He made hia first public 
appearance in the formeryearwith a picture 
of ' Shipping in the Bay of Naples,' contri- 
buted to the exhibition of the Society of 
British Artists. In 1841 he sent to the 
Academy a drawing of the ' Conqueror tow- 
ing the Africa off the Shoals of Trafalgar,' 
and in 1843 two drawings, 'The Royal Yacht 
with the Queen on board off Edinburgh,' 
and the 'Arrival of the Royal Squadron.' 
In the Water-Colour Collection at South 
Kensington there is one example of this 
painter, ' The Houses of Parliament in course 
of Erection.' About 1845, according to Red- 
grare, he left Newcastle for London. Pro- 
bably about 1862 (at which date be ceased to 
eihibit in London) he went to Scarborough, 
and there died on 3 May 1666. In the north 
of England his work was highly thought of. 
There ts a large painting bvhim in the 'Irinity 
House, Newcastle, 'T^e'Heroic Exploit of 
Admiral ColLngwood at the Battle of Tra- 
falgar.' He appears as an author, having 
published ' The Art of Marine Painting in 
Water Colours,' 1869. and ' The Art of Ma- 
rine Painting in Oil Colours,' 1804. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of ArtisU ; Graves's Diet. 
of Artists; Cat. EugL CoU. South KeDsiagtOQ 
UuMom.] 






I 



l^^^fCiL 



• 



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-t" 1. ■•rt.- ".i •.'.- • •: : -.. • .: ^----ii T-ii'.^- ■- M- r-'iJ-T.. l-^th-:-* 3 " til:-"!': i: Ktn- 

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V •. '.f- .-■▼ ■' "•■•■■...:.■ .'f — ■: v'^n "-ir Z.j_- I. TL^^rjLi.irL ^.- r-'"i_:T»^£ rl* ric^ol 

v*.'' '. ' .'-''. '■ '•■ *- ■- .":••■ ".. v -- •'• '—••iz»^', i— r^-*"!::^ r rrL"- oc "'.■. "^^ I'MZL-rillir 'iinder 

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r'^' t *■ .-— V I -:.' •- ..*".:-; r--- i — t__ir-i _i ti! i.-r^ iir * i- ~r-L — c' t:_ i^^ lii c-:riiallv 

1 >!. ".• -.»- -../ '.. '*.i ••—.:-: .: ■ 1- n. : : _-. ■.-.:- •■i-.'ZKir -t-i -zi- u:" r'-T itLrr^.Tj: .* ir:.:- r3ect. 

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A ...'.■■ .V' ', i.— : ■. M- V •.- i--.'-.:-'i ':l;.- j.-i-r.i.- iTi-n-ZL- ti'I. "—vo: Lt'uri'i'er of the 

*A ■-i-'-..--T- ■.' ■ '..T ■ ■ -.- ■- -i'-' 1 . ■"— -.:_-■: l^ri "fuLiiir"" !■- "ij.i 3*r t-t- fi^r'ns and 

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Vi * • .-■.■'--- V -*■■ ••••■■■■—. '1 - "S" l> ' ^Lr- 

'/ *•■> t "-.»»_".>.': -' — -.- - r--_.ii.-i -■ z.-r- r A ?. VT -" ^ X TT. r ■ ITN. :i:ri Earl OP 

y-.' *'-. ••.•: ".\'^.ii''. •.►--■»■—• ."l.--!-- '"1 Lzi Htttj i:: I'll-l*:". L-rlmi"!?:. wn ot 

'>.-'--.'.>'' ^.•. -^ .?■-' -v.i.v-/. r.-. 1'<1:* J"L=.r"=. -^r.ci ^trl Lzi TLaJt Elizabeth 

"*•.-. -^'r-r*. *-*.•.'-: '. •. »-'. .-.-.:•.""»•■ :.:.:•.-': M.l*1l.- L .-^j iLi^*:rr :: J Lr.. nfth earl 

</.<.'. ;.. /.••'••..■'••. i. •-•.I" -.-•-'-> -i"-*- : L.Li£rrLLlr. ttl? :*:tz it Eiinburgh on 

*>."*■' •". i* '/li ' ■• •'■• ■■'" — 1 * '.- -'^Ln-H- ' " \r •■"'"- " - - • TTi _--,i-«iui "Vt» *Hird KV 

?>.v .-.■,-..'.v..\.''. r-':- iT...'..- .*. ..-. Iv>r. :.r — i- .\ii-Lz. Iz IT-V'. Kr 5-i>:'=^i-rd to his 

f.':'*-,."-^: ••. V'.-r '.::.'.^. V,':. ^: 1^ :.:.; -z-ij :. ii-l^r'i -.:Ir izi eri-iT-r- ':: 10 Au^. 1737, 

I yy:.rr.^^' A- r.. ^ '.':.'.: >^ ''':.r-l''T.'r ^:.r :- 7 '':.-. i-i ■=■»• .L'^z a rvpT-sju-iiTA'.ive peer on 

p .;, :..'.'.-:.'.•. '.f '..*r .'.'.-:- ':. .71 ;.'.:->■: n -i-: 14 Mini l^rs. s-i Iri-n in 1741. 1747, 

>/,.-:• .-'. .'.-■ ■'.%.- >,*r^j:.r:-/l '.'J J .:.-. >>'»V -v ir'-4. i- : ITrl. H^ wi* apT-r-ntrd one i^f 

91. fy/i: ',? '..•.'• A.T.V'T.r.i'- ir. i -'. * i-A ^itii :l.^ Iri? :: "■:l:.>r :r. Mir/:i 17-^^. ami con- 

h }.■'.". .\ i'.r ':.'.' rr. :H:r T;. .T-i^ .\TTn- 4::* i":r»i -i.-rr™-TrJ::c:pi! imi lord-lieutenant 

^•f',.'.;'. r.' :/•' v '/ Kirv. r.- Wlllir Vr Asx- :: Linirk -;> Ajrll 17:5l?. In 1739 and 1740 

i57if'i-.'/. ^^';Lf.fA^. y?. 1 •'/*;]. "Wi- rXr-?-*.-:'I Le iCT-i i* liri hirh Ci^mmissioner to the 

in *;.': fo!. '/■/.>:;' N^vrrri^/r. ftr.I Al-.-i'ir:i-r ^'-^r-rrsl a.si^=:bl_r -s' :he kirk of Scotland. 

Ar;r.-*.'"..'jy of i?/»v.?ir.h»jrT:*: in pT^riin- U»J. Whrn Frvirrlok II invadrd Silesia in 1741, 

lKt:",r\\uyi t/, '<\t Wjil'f-r :v:o**. triditi-.n the Earl >f II \T:dfor»i wa* sent to George 11 

wWxnu*. th" •//<•!! -known hfillst']. * A rnL^t rone's a.* f-nvoy extra-^rdinarr and plenipotent iarr, 

O'ivl N!/ht/ fo h»iv«T ^.■'•n ryjr.'-.por^rd by to mediate be:we^*n th-? king and Maria 

'ni'irn.'i-. Ann-*r>n:.f j>r':vioiii to his execu- There«a. Carlyle. in his 'Life of Frederick,' 

i-iofi. thus d'-lineatt'S his characteristics : * We can 

\i\rA'*.i',T'W SVorfi'-h JV'raL'e; Douffjas's discern a certain rough tenacity and horae- 

\*t^i,\y\A\ IVM-Jii."-, ii. Vyi\ ActH of the P;irlia- dealer finesse in thf* man; a broad-based, 

riiMit of J-'otJand, voIh, iii, ir. arid v.; Irvings shrewdly practical Scotch gentleman, wide 

\.\,\,t:T Wfir'l of J^iriHrk.Hhir*:, i. I:j-1G.] awake: and can conjecture that the diplo- 

T. F. H. matic function in that element might have 

CAKMrOJfAKL, JOHN, «'cond Lord been in worse hands. He is often laid meta- 

rAitMir:irAr;i. \\\A fir-t Kakl ok Hvxdford phorically nt the king's feet, king of Eng- 

rW;;iH iriOj, non of Willium, mfistt-rof Car- land's; and haunts personally the king of 

mirh»i«.|, find liwiy driz'l Dou^rlns, third Prussia's elbow at all times, watching e ver>- 

danprhii-rof Ihi' firj-i Tn»in|ui-» of I >ouglas, was glance of him like a British house-dog, that 

Ixirn on *JH I'Vb. \\u\H. ]I«; sucrcft'd^'d his will not be taken in with suspicious tra- 

Knmdfiilhirr hm Lfird ^'»rniiclini!l in 1072. In vellers if he can help it; and castixu^ per- 

IMH^J 1m' wft.H fiiiiM)int«^d by William on«» of petual horoscopes in his dull mind.[ It was 

Mil- rorniniMHioniiFH of thf» privy seal and a m a great deffxee owing to the patience and 

])rivy councillor. Tho following year he was , persistence of Hyndfom that the treaty of 




armichael 



131 



Carmichael 



was finally signed on 11 Jar 
mcluaion, IT^dfori] w 



1742. 



„ t of the Thistle, and was invested 

|j tliB insignia of tfint order at Charlot- 

1 29 Aug. 174a, by the king of 

[ virtue of a cooonigsion ftom 

■e H. From Frederick he also received 



Che proof of Lis eldust brother's title to this 
earldom; but tlie loss or destruetion of soma 
indispensable family records rendered hia 
eftbrts futile. 

After a two jenrs' apprenticeBhip to Peile, 

a well-Vnown Jhiblln eurpeon, and study at 

the Irish College of Surgeons, Carmjchnel 

Bf limner Service, and was ' passed the requiaile esaminalion. and wnit 

of the royal PruRsian arms, Inppointed assist ant-*ttrfteon (and 

now enrich the ellieM of the Car- ■ the We^tford militin in 1795, when 1 



asini) to 
only siK- 



tn 1744 Hyndford was sent on a | teen. This position he held, ewning 1, 

'•"" '" Russia, when bis ekilfiil sidernble notice by his early ^11 and atten- 



n^^tiatioas (rrestlT accelerated the peace of 



tion to his duties, till 1802, when the army 
eatablishnient was reduced after the peace of 
Ajniens. In 1800 be had become a member 
of the Irtsb College of Surgeons, and in 
1803 he commenced practice in Dublin. In 
the same year he was api>oi!ited surgeon to 
St. George's Hospital and Dispensary, and 
"■ 1810 surgeon to the Lock Hospital. In 



1749, and after hie return to England was, 
oti 29 March 1760, sworn a privv councillor, 
and was appointed one of the lords of the 
bedchamber. In 1752 he was sent as am- 
bassador to Vienna, where he remained till 

17(H. On his return he was appointed vice- ^ _. _„j. 

admiralof Scotland, when be pave up his office j 1816 he obl.nined the important appointment 
at the board of police. The remainder of his ' of surgeon to tbe Richmond, Whitworth, and 
life wHsspent at hisseatinLanarkshire, where ' Hardwicke Hospitals, an office which beheld 
be devoted his attention to the improvement I till 1836. Already in 1SI3, at the early ago 
and adornment of his estate. While occupied ! of thirty-four, he was cboaan president of the 
with bin diplomatic duties abroad, he con- 1 Dublin College of Surgeons, a position he dso 
tinned tti take a eonstant Interest in agri- I beld in 1826 and 1848, In 1835 he waa 
cultural affairs. To encourage his tenants in I elected a corresponding member of the Royal 
tbeiranrovementof their landB.hegTnnted to Academy of Medicine of France, being the 
them leases of fifty-seven years' duration, | first Irishman to receive that dininction. 
and alio Introduced clauseB in the new leases 1 In 1826 Carmichael, in conjunction with 
which have since met with the general ap- Drs. Adams and McDowell, founded the 
proval of agriculturists. Theflne plantations ' Richmond HospitalSchool of Medicine (after- 
ftn the states have been reared from seeds 1 wards known as the Carmichael School), and 
brought by him from Russia. He died on was for two years a principal, and afterwards 
19 .Tilly 1787. He was twice married; first, I an occasional lecturer. In addition to con- 
to I'Tliinbeth. eldest daughter of Admiral Sir j siderable donations in his lifetime, be be- 
Clowdislny Shovell, and widow of the firat queathed 8,000;. for its improvement, and 
Ivord Rfimney; and secondly, to.Iean, daugh- -lOOO'i tte interest to be given as prices to 
terof Tli'njamin Vigor of Futhnra, SliddlBsei. the best students of the school. During the 
By his first wife be had a son, who died in ' last ten years of hia life ( 1839-49) he took 
infiiwy. and by hia second he had no issne. d^ep interest in medical reform, strongly sup- 
Tlie earldom passed to his cousin, John Car- porting the Medical Association of Ireland, 
mifhael. The title became dormant orextinct of which he was president from its formation 
on the death of the sixth earl in 1817. His t'H iia death. Be aimed at securing for the 
correspoD deuce while ambassador abroad is medical student a good preliminary and a 
in the ' Slate Papers,' and there are rough high professional education, and uniform and 



;hing examinations by all 1 

and medical and surgical colleges. He aba 

advocated the separation of apothecary'a 

work from medicine and surgery as i^ as 

practicable. To promote its objects he placed 

oCOl. in the hands of the Medical Assoda- 

; but when it proved that the fund was 

needed, he directed its transfer to the 

I, nurijeoii. wao born in Dtiblin on B Feb. ■ Medical Benevolent Fund Society. To this 

IViurth son of Hugh Carmichael, society, one much cared for by him, he left 

i|M (vns nearly ^'Isfed to the 4,500/. at his death. A piece' of plate was 

!■. of the enrls of Hyndford. ! presented to him in 1841 by 410 of his pn>- 

iiiiwl fortune, Carmichael spent fessional brethren, witli an address eipress- 

iiirl mutwy in seeking to establish ing their sense of bis unwearied lenl for the 

1.1 



jonal MSS. 1 



[Dooglas* Swittiah PeeragP (Wood), ii. 7S6-7 ; 
Irrioe'» IJpp*r Ward of Liinnrk shire, i. 2*-5 - 
r«rlyVB Frvderiok; Add. MSS. 1 1 365-87, lfl870, 
16948.] T, F. H. 

CARMICHAEL, RICHARD (1770-1: 



Carmylyon 132 Camaby 

intorests of his profession and the advance- ! account-books of Heniy V Ill's xeign. but 



xnent of medical science. 
In addition to numerous pamplilets and 



in the next two reigns there was one, who i» 
styled * Mjsties Levyn Terlynck^ payntrix.* 



papers in the medical journals, Carmichael ; The use of this feminine form is a slight 
punlished: 1. 'An Essay on the Effects of | argument in favour of Carmylvon bein^ a 
Oarbonate of Iron upon Cancer, with an In- i man, and so is the fact that all the other 
(luiry into tho Nature of that Disease,' Lon- | ' myllyners ' attached to the court were of the 
(Ion, IH()({ ; 2nd edit. 1809. 2. 'An Essay same sex. On the other hand, Carmylyon s 
on the Nature of Scrofula,' London, 1810 (of , wages were 33^. 4d. a quarter, while those 
which a Ut^rman translation was published ofthe Homebauds and \mcentVolpe ranged 
at liitipzig in 1818). 3. * An Essay on the from 33«. 4€?. a month to 5/. a quarter. Tnis 
Vnritireul DiHOoses which have been con- 



foiindful with SyphiliH, and the Symptoms 
which ariHo excluriivdy from that Poison,* 
'1 1 o, 1 H 1 4. Tho latter he made in an especial 
niiinnor hiri own subject; and his practical 



might point to the lower scale of wages paid 
to a woman, were it not that what was known 
of Carmylyon's work shows that it watf by 
no means of a high class. It does not appear 
what foundation John Gough Xichols has for 
viiiwri (Mt al)li8h(Hl im])ortant improvements i his remark that ' she appears to have been 
ill (Jif^ tntatjufiit. of thost^ diseases, especially | a painter in miniature {Archatol, xxxix. 
in rugunl to the administration of mercury. 39), for all the notices discoverable refer to 



Iliri work w<»nt through many editions. It 
wan at llrnt seven*lv reviewed in tho * Kdin- 
burgh ModinilandhurgicalJouniar (xi..*i80). 



the banquetting-house at Greenwich, gilding 
vanes for the Tower, and working at * twoo 
arches, a portall, a fountayne, and an arbour.' 



tin* rnview htMng ably answennl by Car- j We may therefore conclude that decoration 
niichatil in tho same volume. I rather than miniature was her province. The 

( 'arinicliael was originally a member of the dates 1539 and 1541 given by Nichols as the 
itNtahlinhiHl chun'h; Imt in 1825 he joined a last payments to Carmylyon are mistakes 
unitarian rhureh. lie was a handsome man, for 1529 and 1531. 

w ith a Hti»rn rant t)f countenance; and was all I [Cal. State Papers, Hen. VIII, iv. 1395, v. 
that wan mlminihle in domestic life. He was i 306, 307, vi. 6 ; Ardueologia, xxxix. 39.] 
drowninl, on H June 18-19, while crossing a ^ " 

dtn^p arm t»t' the sea between Clontarf and 
Hutliuitui horsel>ai*k. Among liis bt»nofac- 



C. T. M. 

CARNABY, WILLIAM (1772-1839), 
musical composer, was bom in London in 



tituiri hv will lie letY 3,(KX)/. to the College of musical composer, was born m lx)nclon m 
HuriTfoiw. tilt* intt^rtvst to be applit^l as prizes \ 1' '^ and educated m the Chanel Royal as 
f.ir tliP lM»st esMHVs on subjwts siHH'iiied in » chorister under Dr. Nares and Dr. Ayrton. 



UlbuvtS S|HH" 

I ho will. .\ list of his writings is given in 
th«i * Duhliii (Quarterly Jounial of Medical 
H«*iiMu*»^* ix. -197 9. 



He was subsequently organist of Eye and of 
Huntingdon. In 1805 he took the degree of 
Mus. Bac. at Cambridge, where he entered 

, ,. . ,v. ^ 1 1 ,o«*v i« at Trinity Hall. In July 1808 he proceeded 

llhil.hn Modu.nMhH«. 4 July 1849, p. 13; ^^^^ D^^,^on which odcaaion his exercise, 

)«Mnj OuHrturly Jounml ot MfKhcal Science, described i(s ' a grand musical piece,' was perl 

U. 4\)a-A04.| u. 1. iJ. ^^^^ at Great St. Mary's on Sunday, the 

CARMYLYON, ALICE or ELLYS 7th. Previous to this he had left Himting- 

( //, lf)'J7 153h, iminter, a fortMgner settled don and settled in London, where he lived 

in Miigland, hiis btvn by some writ^-ra t«ken at various times at 18 Winchester Row and 
to Iw a woman, the christian name l)eing | 81 Red Lion Square. In 1823 he was ap- 



oeoasionallv spelt Alice, but thert^ is no con- i pointed organist ofthe newly onenedHanover 
elusive evidence tnt her way. The name occurs . Chapel, Regent Street, at a salary of 50/. per 




ami there may have been some relationship six songs dedicated to Lady Tem^etown, two 

b<^t ween the painter and Petrus Carmelianus books of songs dedicated to W. Knyvett, six 

of Hn^ia, the poet [q. v.] The artist is de- canzonets for two voices to words by Shen- 

Hcribed in* various entries in account-lKX)ks stone, and a collection of vocal music dedi- 

as * uayntor,' ' myllvner,* * guylder,* and cated to Viscountess Mahon are perhaps his 
'gtmnor.* This last 'is no doubt merely a . best compositions, but ^e also wrote manv 

copyist's mistake, the name next above in songs, vociad duets, and pianoforte pieces which 

the list being that of a gunner. There are are always respectable, if not remaxkably ori- 

no other female painters mentioned in the ginaL 



Carnac 

[Otovs's Diet, of Mnaie, i. SIS; Qsat. Uag. I which he was held bf fauGOllMgllBa. WUhi 
ISOS. 628 ; Mueiciil World, 14 Nov. 1S39 ; Timr^, chairman of the court, Otnuo vna n^alf 
Jl Not. 183S iLuftrd'sCanubrieiiinawGradimti, I iuatnimental in secaringfbr Lord W^mIs^ 
It. Mus. Mniiic Cat] W. B. S. the grant of 20,000/. wWch waa made to 

CASXAC, Sib JAMES RIVEIT (1785- I that eminent BtateBman in 1837, in addition 
""■ of Bombay, entered the Bust | to tbij pension previouoly awarded to hira. 

irapiiny's Berviw in 1801 as an officer [ With Lord Wellealey, as well as with the 
the Mudns tmtive infantry. His father, Duke of Wellington, Lord Melbourne, and 
RiveIt,who in ihe Bameyeorassumeil | Xxird Gleuelg, Camac carried on aa active 
of Camac, was at that time a mem- correspondence. During liis brief tenure of 
if council at Bombay, and by hia influ- | the government of Bonibav ha appears t 
ttie younger Camac was appointed in , have won the esteem of aU classes in that 
aide-de-camp to Mr. Duncan, then go- presidency. In recognition of hia efforts ti 
of Bombay, and a few months afler- | promote the education of the natires am 
was placed on the persomil ^taff of I their advancement in the public service, i 
tie officer commanding a field force employed ' scholarship, called the Camac scholarship. 



^Utth« 



Guiarat.' fhi 
ice was passed 
entirely in the Bombay presidejicy. After 
baiug present in several actions, which ended 
~ the defeat of the insuwent chief, he was 
'int«d in August 1903 first assistant to 
__ reddent at the court of the Gaikwar, 
And &om that time until 1819, when he was 
compelled by iU-health to leave India, he 
was constantly employed in a political capa- 
city, holding during the la^t two years of 
that period the important post of resident at 
Bitroaa. For his services as resident Oamac 
received the repeated thanks of the govern- 
ment of Bombay, of the supreme government, 
And of the court of directors. One of the 
objects to which he devoted much time and 
attention during this period of hia life was 
ibe suppression of the practice of infanticide, 
then and afterwards very prevalent in Ouxa- 
rit and in other niilive states. Like other 
Indian political ofUcers, Camac was fre- 
quently present at the military operations 
carried on in the earlier years of the century. 
Carnac retired from the Indian service as a 
major in 1832. In 1837 he was elected a 
director of the East India Company, and in 
1836 served a« deputy-chairman, and as I 
ehairmaoin ie36andal8oinl83~. In 1836 I 
created a baronet, and in 1838 



was founded in the ElphinBtone College al 
Bombay ; his baat by Chantry wa« placed ii 
the Town Hall, and a valuable service oi 
plate was presented to him. 

Camac died at Rockcliffe, near Lyming- 
ton, Hampshire, on 4 Jan. 1846, leaving a 
widow and several cliildren. 

[Philippart's Enat India Military Caloadar, 
IS24; Annual Register, 1846; Burkc'e Peerage 
and Coroiiela^i Boml>ay Qoiutte, 20 April 1841 ; 
privatfl papers.] A. J. A. 

CAKNAC, .TOnN (171*^1800), colonel, 
commenced his military service in the 39th 
foot (' Primus in India'), and, being in Indi 
when that regiment was ordered home i 
1758, was admitted into the East India 
Company's service with the rank of captain. 
In 1760 Oamac, then a major, succeeded 
Colonel John Caillaud [<]. v.] in command of 
"' ij- at Patna, andm the following year 

important victory over the troops of 
the Emperor of Delhi and a French contingent 
commanded by M. Law, who with flneen 
officers and filty of his men was taken pri- 
:. The courtesy with which the French 
general was treated by the English com- 
mander appears to have aslonished the na- 
tives, who at that time had but little acquain- 
ith European usages in war. The 



appointed (rovemor of Bombay, which office | author of the ' Sir Mutakbarin,' adverting 



he held rather less than two years, the st 
of his health compelling him to quit India 
•ttuUy on 27 April 1841. In 183/ he was 
" "ed member for Sandwich in the whig 
est, but resigned his seat on his appoint- 
mt to the Bombay government in the fol- 
ding year. 

K Ae a director of the East India Company 
atac fully justified the reputation for abi- 
r and seal in the discnarge of public 
fOM which he had brought with him from 
!■ election to the chaixmanship in 
m\ve years was an honour rarely 
i, and prored the high eotimatioa in 



this incident, remarks: 'Notbingcan 

modest and becoming than the behaviour of 
these strangers, whether in the heat of battle 
or in the pride of success.' Camac was &v- 

fointed a Drigadiec^neral in May 1T64. ill 
765hedrove the Manratt as across the Jumna. 
Ret umii^ to Eng'Itvnd in 1767, he wa« elected 
M.P. for Leominster. Four years later he was 
again in India, and rendered effective aid to 
Lord Clive in quelling a mutiny of the Eng- 
lish officers in Ben^l. In 1776 he was ap- 
pointed member of council at Bombay, and, 
still filling that office in 1TT8, he was ap- 
pointed one of the civil committee with too 



Carnarvon 



134 



Came 



annj who early in the following vear executed 
the unfortunate convention of Wargam. For 
his participation in this affair he was dismissed 
from the company's service. He appears to 
have remained in India until his death, which 
occurred at Mangalore in 1800 at the age of 
eighty-four. 

[Philippart's Ea^t India Military Calendar, 
vol. ii. ; Mill's History of India, vol. iii. ; Marsh- 
man's History of India, voL i.] A. J. A. 

CARNARVON, Eakl of (rf. Ift43). [See 

DORMEB, ROBEBT.] 

CARNARVON, Eabl of (1800-1849). 
[See Hebbebt, Hexbt Johx Geobge.] 

CARNE, Sib EDWARD (d. 1501), diplo- 
matist, was son of Howell Came of Cow- 
bridge in Glamorganshire, by his wife Cicely, 
daughter of William Kemys of Newport, 
and was lineally descended from Thomas Le 
Came, second son of Ithyn, king of Gwent. 
He was educated at Oxford, where he be- 
came principal of Greek Hall, in St. Edward's 
parisl^ and was created D.C.L. in 1524. He 
acted as one of the commissioners for the 
suppression of the monasteries, and purchased 
Ewenny Abbey, in his native county, at its 
dissolution. His residence was at Luidough 
Castle. Henry VIII employed him in seve- 
ral difficult diplomatic missions. In March 
1530-1 he was at Rome in the capacity 
of ' excusator ' of his majesty, who haa been 
cited to appear fjersonally or by proxy at 
the papal court in the matter 01 his di- 
vorce 60m Queen Catherine. Such a cita- 
tion, it was contended, was contrary to the 
customs of the church and the pri^1leges of 
christian princes (Letters and Papers, Foreign 
and Dom., Henry VUI, v. 33). Came re- 
mained in Rome for several years. In 1538 
he was one of the ambassadors sent to treat 
with the regent of the Low Countries ; and 
again in 1541 he and Stephen Vaughan were 
sent as ambassadors to the queen regent of 
Flanders to procure the repeal of the im- 
perial edict restrictive of English commerce. 
Subsequently he was resident ambassador in 
the Liw Countries, and he received the 
honour of knighthood from the Emperor 
Charles V. He was returned for the county 
of Glamorgan to the parliament which met 
at Westminster on 12 rsov. 1554, in the first 
year of the reign of Philip and Mary, and, 
according to Browne Willis, he was again 
elected to the parliament which assembled 
at Westminster on 21 Oct. 1555, though the 
official list states that the return is defaced. 

In 1555, when Philip and Mary had re- 
stored the ancient worship in England, they 
sent an embassy to Rome to give the cus- 



tomaiy obedience to the pope. The em- 
bassy was composed of the Bishop of Ely, 
Lord Montagu, and Came. When Montagu 
and the bishop returned to England, Came 
remained as resident ambassador to Pope 
Paul r\', and continued in this capacity for 
nearly four years. On Elizabeth^s accession 
to the throne he asked permission of the 
English government to leave Rome, as well 
on account of his old age as in order to see 
his wife and children again. On 9 Feb. 
1558-^ this permission was granted by the 
counciL Came thereupon asked the pope 
for leave to depart, but this leave was re- 
fused to him on account of the hostile atti- 
tude Elizabeth was assuming towards Rome 
(Game's original Letter from Rome, 1 April 
1559, in Cotton, MS. Nero B vi. f. 9). It 
was then a common practice among sove- 
reigns to retain an ambassador in the cha- 
racter of hostage. Little surprise therefore 
was caused by the detention of Came, who 
was commanded by the pope to relinquish 
his office of ambassador and to assume the 
'■ government of the English hospital at Rome. 
Elizabeth, indeed, tried to effect his release, 
but her efforts proved unavailing, and Came 
■ remained at Rome, an exile from his native 
; country, up to his death. This conduct to- 
I wards an old, a poor, and an innocent man 
i has naturally been considered harsh, though 
some persons, as W^ood observes, suspected 
that Hhe crafty old knight did voluntary 
chuse his banishment out of a burning zeal 
to the Roman catholic religion, and eagerly 
desired to continue * at Rome, ' rather than 
return to his own country, which was then 
ready to be overspread with heresy.' That 
this surmise was correct is shown by state 
papers which have been since brought to 
lignt. Philip, king of Spain, on being re- 
quested by Queen Elizabeth in 1560 to ob- 
tain her ambassador's release, ordered Fran- 
cisco de Vaigas, his representative at Rome, 
to inquire j ucuciously into the matter. Came* s 
account of his detention was that on Eliza- 
beth's accession he, being a good catholic, 
had decided to live and die in the faith. 
He had asked Paul IV to detain him in 
order that the queen might not confiscate his- 
property and persecute nis wife and children. 
The pope granted his request, and, after the 
death of Paul, Pius IV followed the same 
course. Came begged of Vargas that his stoiy 
might be kept profoundly secret. The Eng- 
lish ambassadors in Spain accordingly re- 
ceived an evasive reply, and Game remained 
unmolested at Rome till his death on 19 Jan. 
1560-1. He lies buried in the church of San 
Gregorio in Monte Celio, where his epitaph 
may stiU be read. 



' [An!b»oluMi<>Cmiibr«D<iiH(]Sig),iv.3ia;Aa- 
■-i^'eWUishitorJaolisuuj.^gai Burku's I«D<led 
■ati7 (1888). ir. 480: BanefK Hist, of the 
.HefoTniBtioD ; CaJviuIitn of Stalo Papers ; Cnm- 
dec's AnoalM of Elirabetb <1635~9). i. 18, 79 i 
Chrooiole. 6 April 1887. 38; Cliylneaa, Va- 
riorum ItiDBnim Delicin, 9 ; Cootv'a CiriliaiiB, 
20; Dodd's Church Hist. i. SSO, also Tieriie^'s 
edit. ii. 168 ft. ; Fuley's Records, vi. pp. xiinii, 
zxix; I''uller'a Worthies (KicboU),ii. MS; Gent. 
Mag. xciii. (i) 41*2, new series, ixiii. 516 ; 
Hajii(i)i'sSwuPa[H<n, 103,345; Liagard's Hist. 
of Enelaul, vii. 3S.S n. ; Addit. MSS. 26114. IT. 
3;)3-a, 3)4, 346. 28383, f. 183; Cok'a M9. 
xiii. 130 ; Cotlui. MSS. Cftlig- E iv. fl, E y. 80, 
Units B X. 89, 127. Xero B vi. 9 ; Laasd. MS. 
f. 116. »n. 2 ; Murdin's Stulc Papats, 752 ; Nicho- 
Ifu's QlumoriiBuahire, IflQ ; Liiit of Mpmbers of 
Plkrliainent (official return), i. 393 ; Thomns's 
Hist. Notes, 16, 360, 369; Williuns'B Emineat 
Welshinen; WUIig'ii Not. Pari. iii. (2) 48, 53; 
Wood's Faslj OioQ. (BlissJ, i. 66, 67.] T. C. 

CABNE, ELIZABETH CATHEHINE 
THOMAS ( 1 8i:-l»".3). author, fifth daugh- 
ter of Jow^ Came, F.R.S. [ij. v.^, was bom 
at Riviere House, in the parish ot Phillack, 
Coniwnll, on 16 Dec. 1817, and Imptisud in 
PhillAck church on 15 Mar 1820. On her 
fitther'e death in 1^58, having come into an 
imple fortune, shu spent considerable sums 
^&arit«ble purposes, ^ve the site for iLe 
■alwtb or bl. FbuI's schools nhicb were 
d at Fenzanca on 2 Feb. 1676, founded 
x)la at Wesley Hock, Carfury, and Bo- 
low^ three thinlj populated districts in 
- nei^bouibuod of Fensauce, and built a 
teum in which to exhibit to the public a 
« oollection of minerals which she had in- 
sited &om her parent. She was the head of 
B pBUiwice bank from 1858 to her decease. 
Kinheriled her father's lore of geology, and 
re(« four papere in the 'TransHCtions of the 
loyal Oeoloeical Society of Cornwall : ' < Cliff 
"wider* ana the Former Condition of the 
i and Seia in the Land's End district,' 
THDw Age of the Maritime Alps surrounding 
'Hetitone,' ' On the Transition and Metamor- 

?ho«is of itocka,' and ' On the Nature of the 
'orcee that have acted on the Formation 
of the Xiand'a End Oranile.' Many articles 
^MTere cuntribulod by her to the ' London 
'lurttirl; Keview,' and she was the author 
J aevcinil books. She died at Penzance on 
^^pt. 1873, and was buried at Fhillack on 
^S Sept. Her funeral sermon was preached 
m St. Mary's Church, Pennance, by the Kev. 
rrebandnry Hedgeland on 14 Sept. She 
WM tUo author oT; 1. 'Three Months' Kest 

It P«u in the Winter and Spring of 1859," 
nought out with the psoudanym of John 
tbnyd Wittitt*riy in 1860. '2. • Country , 
laWns %ad tbo place ttiey fill in Modem ; 



01 uiei^ 

^■iflept. 1 
^"18 Sept. 



;. 'England's Three 
book, 1871. 4. 'The 
Realm of Truth,'^ 1873. 

[Boawand Courtney's BiU.Comab. 60, 1113; 
Daily Nbwb, London, 10 Sept. 1873, p. 7 ; GeoL 
Mag, X. 480, 524 (1873).] G. C. B. 

j CABNE, JOHN (1789-1844), trareller 
and author, was born on 18 June 1789, pro- 
bably at Truro. His father, William Came, 
was a merchant and banker at Feniance, 
where he dieii on 4 July 1838; he mar- 
ried in 1780 Miss Anna Cock, who died on 
8 Nov. 1832. His eldest brother was Joseph 
Came[q. T.] Came was a member of Queens' 
College, Cambridge, at ditferent times both 
before and after bla journey to the East, 
but he never resided long enough for a. de~ 
gtev. He was admitted m 1826 to deacon's 
orders by Dr. Michael Henry ThomhUl Lus- 
combe, the chaplain of the British embassv 
st Paris, and a bishop of the episcopal church 
I ofScotland; but, except duringafew months' 
I residence at Vevey in Switzerland, he never 
oiBciated as a cleiv>iuan. His father, a strict 
man of business, desired that his son should 
follow in his footsteps, but after a short trial 
of business, during which his literary abilitias 
showed themselves, his father allowed him to 
I follow his own inclinations. His first lite- 
' rary production was brought out anony- 
mously lu 1820, and was called ' Poems 
containing the Indian and Lazarus.' Carae 
resolved to visit the holy places, and accord- 
ing;iy left England on 26 March 1821. He 
visited Constantinople, Greece, the Levant, 
Egypt, and Palestine. In the latter coun- 
try, while returning from the convent of St. 
Catharine, he was taken prisoner by Be- 
dooioB, but, after being detained for some 
days, was released in safety. On coming 
beck to England he commenced writing for 
the ' New Monthly Magazine ' an account of 
his travels, under the title of ' Letters from 
the East,' receiving from Henry Collnim 
twenty guineas for each article. "These ' Let- 
ters ' were then reproduced in a volume, 
dedicated to Sir Walter Scott, which went 
to a third edition. This book is noticeable 
for the fact that there is not a single date to 
be found In it, except that on the title-page. 
The publication of this work and his talents 
for society brought him into familiar inter- 
course with Scoll, Soulhey, Cumplell. Lock- 
hart, Jerdan, and other distinguished men 
of letters. He ne^t published ' Tales of the 
West,' 1828, 2 vols,, treating of his native 
county. AmoD)^ those who knew htm hia 
fame as a story-teller far exceeded his re- 
nown as a writer, and social company often 
gathered round him to be spellbound by 



Carne 



136 



Carne 



some exciting or pathetic narration. During 
the latter part of his life he resided chiefly 
in Penzance. Oppressed by the infirmities 
of a premature old age, he had ceased for 
some years before his death to engage in 
any literary pursuits. While preparing to 
set out for the shores of the Mediterranean 
he was attacked with a sudden illness and 
died at Penzance on 19 April 1844, when his 
remains were buried in Gulvfd churchyard. 
At the age of twenty-five, namely in 1824, 
he married Ellen, daughter of Mr. Lane, a 
drawing-master of Worcester. Her brother, 
Theodore Lane, an artist of much promise 
and an exhibitioner at the Royal Academy, 
met with an untimely fate by falling through 
a skylight at the horse bazaar in Gray's Inn 
Lane on 21 May 1828, when his daughter 
Emma was adopted by her uncle. Mrs. Came 
married, secondly, Mr. Henry Harrington 
Clay, and died at Penzance on 2 Feb. 1868, 
aged 67. 

Besides the works already mentioned, 
Came was the author of: 1. ' Stratton Hill, 
a Tale of the Civil War,' 1829, 3 vols. 
2. * llecollections of Travels in the East,' 

1830. 3. ' The Exiles of Palestine, a Tale,' 

1831, 3 vols. 4. * Lives of Eminent Mis- 
sionaries,' 1833, 3 vols. 6. * Letters from 
Switzerland and Italy,' 1834. 6. ' Lives of 
Eminent Missionaries,' 1844. 7. * Lives of 
Eminent Missionaries,' 1852, 3 vols. He 
was also a writer in the *New Monthly 
Magazine,' the ' Forget-me-not,' the ' Gem,' 
the * Keepsake,' and other works. 



Boase and 



[Gent. Mag. June 1844, p. 656; Bo 
Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 60, iii. 1113.] 

G. C. B. 

CAHNE, JOSEPH (1782-1868), geolo- 
gist, bom at Truro, Cornwall, on 17 April 1782, 
was the eldest son of William Came, a banker, 
and was educated at the Wesleyan school, 
Keynsham, near Bristol. His younger brother 
was John Came [q. v.] He married on 
23 March 1808 Mary Thomas, the daughter of 
William Thomas of Kidwelly, M.D., physician 
at Haverfordwest. After his marriage he lived 
for a short time at Penzance, and in 1810 or 
1811 he removed to Riviere House, on being 
appointed manager of the Cornish Copper 
Company's smelt mg works at Hayle. His good 
business habits and (]^uickness at figures well 
fitted him for this situation. From a very 
early period Came showed a great love for 
mineralogy and geology. He was in the habit 
of walking round to the copper mines, and col- 
lecting specimens of the rarer ores, which the 
miners were glad to sell at low prices. He thus 
formed the nucleus of his unique mineralogical 
collection. Came was a remarkably close ob- 



server. He paid special attention to the gra- 
nitic veins of St. Michael's Mount, and the 
vein-like lines of porphyritic rocks provin- 
cially termed < elvans.' In 1816 and 1818 
Came communicated to the Royal G^logical 
Society of Cornwall his investigation 'On 
Elvan Courses,' in which he Batis£BU^orily 
establishes their general characters and fixes 
the probable dates of their intrusion into 
the granite masses and the clay-slates. ' The 
Granite of the Western part of Cornwall' 
and the ' G^logy of the Scilly Isles ' were 
additional communications made to the local 
geological society. After studying the foi^ 
mation of mineral veins he in 1§18 com- 
municated to the Geological Society of Corn- 
wall a paper 'On the relative Age of the 
. Veins of Cornwall.' The celebrated Wer- 
ner was drawn by it into ComwaU, and he 
visited the mines of the county in company 
with Came. This inquiry led, some years 
after, to the formation of a fund by subscrip- 
tion, which enabled Mr. William Jory Hen- 
wood to devote all his leisure, for many years, 
to personal observations in every mining field 
in ComwalL These inquiries led to Came's 
being elected a fellow of the Royal Society 
on 28 May 1818. In 1821 he published his 
paper ' On the Mineral Productions and the 
Geology of the Parish of St. Just.' This 
work led to the remarkable collection of 
the Cornish minerals which still exists in the 
possession of Mr. Charles Campbell Ross, for- 
merly M.P. for St. Ives. Came's paper * On 
the Pseudo-morphous Minerals of Ck)mwall ' 
is calculated to tnrow light on the mysterious 
changes which occur in minerals. In con- 
nection with this subject Came also ex- 
amined most of the varieties of tin ore which 
have been found in veins, and such as are 
peculiar to the diluvial deposits, which have 
been worked from the earnest historic times, 
in what are called * stream works.' In 1846 
a paper was read by Came ' On the Remains 
of^a Submarine Forest in the North-eastern 
part of the Mount's Bay,' and in 1851 * No- 
tice of a Raised Beach lately discovered in 
Zennor ' will be found in the pages of the 
'Transactions of the Cornwall Geological 
Society,' vol. vii. 

Came also wrote on the history of copper 
mining, and on the improvements made in 
its metallurgy — on the discovery of ancient 
coins^-on the formation of the blown sands 
of the north coasts of the county, and con- 
tributed to the Statistical Society of London 
a most useful paper, ' Statistics of the Tin 
Mines in Cornwall and of the Consumption 
of Tin in Great Britain.' 

Came was an honorary member of the Cam- 
bridge Philosophical Society. Iiil8d7hewas 



pricked &r sheriff of the county. lie wm for 
many yean the treasurer of the Cornwall 
Geological Society. From his accurate know- 
ledge of the laws of mines and mineraU, and 
bis intimate acquaintance with local ueagee, 
he was referred to in most cases of ditficiuty. 
All the Wesleyan chapels of West Com- 
~isll sought Came's assistance and advice. 
ktook charge of Sunday Heho()ls,andBlwaya 
bpt • Inive stock of books fcrr the teachers. 
b 1830 Came left Hayle, and went to Pen- 
IW to become a partner in hie father'a bonk 
ktt^lli Came, & Came). He olwayH took 
nsidenble interest in the affairs of that t 



jtKi>y>] Goological Society of Cornwall, 1818- 

tSei ; Do la Beehe's Report on the Geology of 
Ccimvall and Divun. 1839: Honwood's Metal- 
liferam pppoaits of Corainit! and Devnn. 1843 , 
Boyal Soddly'a Cutalogiie ; Gilbert's History of 
0«iniU : penonal knowledge.] B. H-T. 

CAHNE, ROBERT HARKNESS (1784- 

l&M), theological writer, son of John Came, 
-ot St. Austell, Cornwall, mercer, was bap- 
tised at St. Austell parish church on 10 Oct. 
17»*i, matriculated from Exeter CoUege, Oi- 
ford. on 16 Jan. 1803, and graduated ll.A. 
on 19 Nov. 1S06. He afterwards served as 
cumt« of Crediton, Drewsteignton, and Tor- 
bryan in Huccession, and, the bishop then re- 
fusing to renew his license, he removed to 
Berkshire, where during twelve months he 
ftctcd as a curate without holding any li- 
cense. In 1820 the corporation of Maraiion 
on Mount's Bay elected him to the lecture- 
ship of the chapel in that town, and the 
mayor wrote to Dr. Pelbom, bishop of Exeter, 
announcing the election. The bishop in 
reply said : ' Mr. Came knows that to hia 
moral conduct I have nothing to object, in- 
deed I have every reason to believe it exem- 
piory, but to my conception the doctrines 
tie tnoinlnina are not those of the church of 
England, nor are they, as I conceive, accord- 
ing tn its discipline. I therefore cannot 
coDsdentiously liceoae him, and without a 
licMiM no clergyman is authorised to preach.' 
Ctrnp then withdrew &om the established 
cfaorch, giving na his chief reasons for his ac- 
tion the violanoe done to eonscieoce and the 



n of the r^hta of private judgi 

Hn held high Calvinistic doctrines ' upon con- 

Ttvlion,' and had objections to some portions 

I the Atluinaaiaii Creed. After this Came 
■Ome time acted an minister of the High 
tn Chapal, Exeter, and then withdrew to 
My, where he spent the remainder of his 



days, and, dving of apoplexy on 12 July 1844, 
was buried "at St. Heliers on 18 July, in the 
siitietb year of his age. He was the author 
of the following works: 1. ' Substance of Di»- 
couraes delivered in the Churches of Credi- 
ton and Drewsteignton,' 1810, 2. 'A Series 
of Letters in Refutation of the Socinian 
Heresy,' 1815. 8. 'All the Elect People of 
God contemplated as Members of One Body,' 
1817. 4. ■'The Proper Deitv and Distinct 
Personality, Agency, and Worship of the 
Holy Spirit,' 1818. 5. 'Reason for with- 
drawing from the National Establishment, 
with a itrief Stateoient of Doctrinal Senti- 
ments," 1820. 6. • Sabellianiam Revived.' 
7. ' The Scripture Doctrine of Sanetifica- 
tion.' 8, ' The Two Covenants, or ]j,w and 
Gospel.' 1S-2S. S. 'Examination of Piedo- 
baptism for the Satisfaction of Pu'do-bap- 
tists,' 1830. 10. 'The Gospel Herald, a 
scries of Discourses on the Glad Tidings of 
the Kingdom of God,' He was also a writer 
in the 'Moming Watch' in opposition to 
Edword Irvin^s opiuiona on ' The True Hu- 
manity of Christ.' 



CARNEGIE, StK DAATD, of Kinnaird, 

Lord Carnbsib and Earl op SotrrHBsK 

(1576-1658), son of Sir David Camepe of 

Panbride and Colluthie, one of the commis- 

ouera of the treasury, by hia second wife, 

daughter of Sir David Wemyss of We- 

yss, was born in 1575, He succeeded bis 

father in the family estates of Kinnaird 

198. In 1601 he obtained license from 
the king to travel on the continent for a 
apace of two years. When James VI of 
Scotland succeeded to the English crown, 
Carnegie was appointed to escort the qneen 
into England, and received for his sarvices 
the honour of knighthood. In 1604 he was 
nominated a comroissioQer to arrange a 

1 between England and Scotland- In 
the general assembly of the kirk he waa 
an active eupporter of the ecclesiastical 
policy of the king, and on 25 May 1606 re- 
ceived a letter Irom him thanking him for 

.ervices. In 1009 he waa nominated a 

oissiooef for reforming the university of 
St. Andrews. In the parliament of 1612 he 
was one of the commissioners for the shire 
of Fife, and was appointed a commissioner 
for coneidcring the penal laws and in reference 
to taxation. On 14 April 1616 the king 
recognised his special services to Scotland 
by crMtting him Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird, 
and in July following be was appointed a 
lord of session, which office he retained till 
the death of James I in 1626. He was ono 



Carnegie 



138 



Carnegie 



of the roj;aI commissioners to the Perth I 
aasambly in August 1618, when the ob- 
noxious five articles were pasaed. In the 
parliament which met aoon after, he was ap- I 
pointed commissioner for the plantation of 1 
kirks, as well as for the abolition of here- 
ditary jurisdictions, and in August 1630 he 1 
was nominated one of the commissioners of 
laws, to which he was reappointed in June 1 
1633. At the coronation of Charlea I in the , 
abbey of Hotyrood on 22 June 1633 he was 
created Earl of Southesk. He was an active 
supporter of the ecclesiastical policy both of | 
James I and Charles I. In 1637 he endea- 
voured without success to bring about a 
conference between the bishops and Alexan- 
der Henderson and other ministers in re- 
ference to the Service Book (GIoedos, Scott 
Affairt, i. 17). When his son-in-law the 
Earl of Montrose, in February ia39, came to 
Forfar to hold a committee for the aubscrip- 
tion of the covenant abjuring episcopacy, the 
Earl of Southesk refused to sulncribe, as well 
as to raise a quota of men to aid the cove- 
nanters (8pALi>iifo,^rwnoriiji»o/(Ae Troubla, 
i. 186). In March 1040 he and other pro- 
minent anti-covenantera were apprehended 
in Edinburgh and lodged in private houses 
under a nightly guard (ib. 200). He sub- 
scribed the bond of Montrose against Argyll 
in 1640, but after the reconciliation of parties 
which succeeded the king's visit to Scotland 
in 1641 he was nominated a privy councillor. 
On the triumph of the covenanters he sub- 
mitted to their authority. By Cromwell's 
Act of Qrace he was fined 3,000i. He died 
on 22 Feb. 1658, at the age of eighty-three. 
[DoogWs Peerage (Wood), ii, fiH ; Fraser'a 
Hbtory of the Camegise, l^rls of Southee'ii 
(1867), i. 7&-1S4; Robert Baillie's Lettera and 
Journala; Gordon's Scots Affairs; Spalding's 
MeTnoriois of the Troubles ; Acts of the Psrlia- 
meut of Scotland.] T. F. H. 

CABNEGEE, Sir KOBERT (d. 1566), of 
Einnaird, judge and diplomatist, son of John 
Carnegie of Kinnaird, who fell at Flodden 
(9 Sept. 15la), bj- Jane Vans, was in 1547 
nominated an ordinary lord of session by the 
regent (the Earl of Arran), to whose party 
he had attached himself. The appointment 
seems to have been made in anticipation of 
the removal of Henry BalnavKS [q, v.], then 
under suspicion of compLcity in the murder 
of Cardinal Beaton. In the autumn of 1548 
Carnegie was despatched to England to ne- 
gotiate with the protector for the ransom of 
the Earl of Huntly, the chancellor of Scot- 
land, who had been taken prisoner at the 
battle of Pinkie Cleugh in the preceding 
year (10 Sept.) From London Carnegie 



of Ross and Gavin Hamilton (abbot o 

wvnning), be conducted the negotiations 
wnich resulted, in 1551, in the creation of 
the regent duke of Chatelherault, with the 
understanding that he should resign the re- 
gency into the hands of the queen-mother. 
In the summer of 1551 he returned to Scot- 
land, travelling through England under let- 
ters of safe-conduct granted by the protector, 
and was employed in negotiations relotive to 
the settlement of the borders. On the ac- 
cession to the regency of Mary of Quisiy 
(1553), he became clerk to the treasurer 
(thesaurar-clerk) at a salary of 2W. per 
annum. He was appointed (9 June of the 
same year) commissioner to enforce the ob- 
servance of the statutes relating to forestall- 
ing and regrating at the approaching fair at 
Brechin, and on 18 Sept. was deputed, with 
Sir Robert Bellenden, to represent Scotland 
in another negotiation for a settlement of 
the border, as the result of which a treaty, 
the terms of which will be found in the 
' Calendar of State Papers ' (Dom. Addenda, 
I5i7-65, p. 430), was concluded on 4 Dec 
In 1557 another negotiation with the same 
object was opened, Carnegie being again em- 
ployed. The commissioners met at Carlisle 
in the summer, but the negotiation was 
abruptly terminated by the queen regent. 
Carnegie was employed in 1553 in another 



settle the perennial border ques- 
precise date when he received the 
honour of knighthood is uncertain, but it wb» 
probably about 1652-3. The last meeting of 



. The 



lowing year. He is described by Knox 
of those ' quha for fajmting of the bretheris 
hairtis, and drawing many to the Queneis 
factioun against thair natyve countrey have 
declairit tbameselfis ennemies to Ood and 
traytouris to thair commune wealth ' (Rut. 
ife/brm.i. 400, Bannatyne Club). Bv his de- 
votion to the queen regent he profited largely, 
receiving from her several grants of lands in 
Forfarshire. Hie wife was Margaret Outhrie, 
of the Outhries of Lunan. He is supposed 
to be the author of a work on Scotch law, 
cited in Balfour's 'Practick8'(ed.l7&4), p. 6(V 
by the title of ' Lib. Cameg.' 

[Lesley's Hist. Scotl. pp. 19T.S!D, 268; Beff. 
Conac. Scotl. i. S3, 141. 146, IfiO; Keith's 
Hist. Scotl. App. 116 ; CaL State Papers (8cotl. 
lfiOH-l603>, pp. IDO, 106, 192 (Dam. Addewlii. 
\6il^6\ p. 430 ; Knox's 'Works (Bann. Clali). 
i. 400, iii. 410-11 ; Strypa'a Mom. iiL pt. ii. 



!QIE, WTLLL-VM, Earl cj- 

(ITofi-lgai), ttdminil, wns the 
of George, aUth Earl of Nortliesi, 
admits) of the vlute, who died in I79i. 
Ue entered the navy in 1771 on board the 
AlbioQ, with Captaio Barrineton, Berved 
afterwords with Captains Macbride in the 
Southanapton and Stjiir Douglae in the 
Squirrel, and on 7 Dec. 1777 waa made heii- 
tenant iuto the ApoUo. He wns aftiirwards 
with Sir John Lockliart Roa« in the Koyal ' 
Oeoirge, and in the Sandwich with Sir George 
Rodnev, hy whom be was made commiinder , 
alter the battle of 17 April 1780, thoiigli the 
GOmmiBiion was not confirmed till 10 Sept. i 
continued in the West Indies, commoud- 
m ftucceasion the Blast lire&Iiip and the 
Eustatius, hired ship, till on 7 April 
post rank, lit 






aids had cammand of the Entt 






frigate, which be brought homu and jiuid ul 
H the pence. By the death of hw elder 
brothers, in 17B8 he become Lord UoEehill, 
In 17tfO he commanded the Ileroinefora few 
months, in the Spaniah armament, and in 
1792 succeeded to the earldom on the death 
of his father. In 1793 he commanded the 
Baaulicn frigate, and afterwards the Andro- 
id bat only for a short time. In 17M 
« appointed to the Monmouth of 64 
a tbe North Sea fleet, one of the ahips 

_^ d in the following year in the mu- 

til^at, the Nore. Nortueeh was for some 
time detained on board, a prisoner in his 
calnii; be was afterwards brought before the 
committee of delegates on hoard the Sand- 
wich, and employed by them to lay their de- 
tnauds before ihe kins', receiring from their , 
president a commission in the following 
t«rros : ' You are hereby authorised and or- 
derad to wait upon the king, wherever he 
mav be, with the resolutions of the committee 
of ael^ntes, and are directed to return boclt 
with »n answer within fifty-four hours from 
_ the date hereof. 6 June, 3 P.K.' I 

' ITorthiiBk accordingly carried the propo- 
~ a of the mutineers to the admiralty, 
iS taken by Lord Spencer to the king. 
manda were rejected, and a message 
ptitat effect was sent down to the revolted 
iment but Northesk did not return, and 
■tlv after the mutiny had been quelled 
bTHigncd the command of the Monmouth. 
^'1600 be was appointed to the Prince of 






n the Channel fleet, and commanded 



V till the peace. On the renewal of the 
■ ' ;» appointed to the Hritannia of 

9 pan, in the fleet off Brest nndcr Admi- 
SComwallis, and continueil in her, on the 
Ml station, after his promotioD to flag rank, 
BApril ieOi. In August leal he was de- 



tached under f^ir Ilobert Colder to reinforce 
the tleet otI'Cadix, and on 21 Oct, commanded 
in the third post in the battle of IVa&lgar. 
The Britannia was the fourth ship in the 
weather-line led by Kflson, and was thua 
earlyintheaction,continuing' closely engaged 
till the end, and suslaining a loss of lilty- 
two killed and wounded. Northesk's sbp- 
Ticea on this occasion were acknowledged 
by his being nominated a knight of the Both, 
the investiture taking place on 5 June 1806. 
He became vice-odmirnl 2H April 1808, and 
admiral 4 June 1814, but had no further 
service during the war. In 1821 he was con- 
stituted reai-admiral of Great Britain ; from 
1827-1630 was commander-in-chief at Ply- 
mouth j and died, after a short, illness, on 
^8MaylB31. On 8 Junehewaaburiedinthe 
cryrit of St. Paul's Cathedral, where a plain 
slab marks his grave, in the immediato neigh- 
bourhood of Nelson 'sand Colhngwood's. lie 
aat in several parliaments as a repreeentative 
peer of Scotland. He married, 9 Dec. 178(1, 
Slaty, daughter of William Henry Ricketts, 
and niece of Lord St. Vincent, and had by 
her a very numerous family. The eldest son, 
then Lord Kosehill, was lost in the Blenheim 
with Sir Thomas Tioubridge in February 
1807. 

[NavH) Chronide, zv. 441, with a portrait; 
Ralfe'H Kav. Biog. ii. 400 ; Morahall's Roy. Nov. 
liio\f. i. IBS; Gent. Mag. (1831) vol. ci. pi. ii, 
p. 70] J. K. L. 



CABOLINE (1683-1737), queen of Great 
Britain and Ireloud, was Itorn 1 March 1683, 
and baptised by the names of Withelmina 
Caroline. Her father, John Frederick, mar- 
grave of Brandenburg- A nsbach, died when 
she was four years of age, and his margravate 
was for seven years afterwards under uie rule 
of minors. Thus, on the marriage in 1693 
of his widow, Eleonora Erdmuthe Louisa, 
daughter of John George, duke of Saxe-Eise- 
naco.totheeleclor JohnGeorgel^'of Saxony, 
Caroline accompanied her mother to Dresden. 
The extroordinary condition of manners and 
morals at the Saxon court had very nearly 



GuchiiAU von Sat^hten, 1870, ii. 265-70). 
After the death of the elector, in 1694, 
Caroline seems to have remained with lior 
mother at Dresden or at Pret»ch, on the 
Kibe above Wittenberg, the estate settled 
on the etectress in jointure, where slie waa 
visited hy her daughter's guardian, the 
Elector Frederick III of Braudnuburg (after- 
wards King Frederick I of Prusaia), and his 



Caroline 



140 



Caroline 



channin^ wife, Sophia Charlotte, daughter 
of the Electress Sophia of Hanover (\^JtN- 
HA6EN, * Sophia Charlotte/ in Biographische 
DenkmdUry 3rd edit. 1872, iv. 278\ In 1696 
Caroline was left an orphan by tne death of 
her mother, and after this event she seems to 
have spent some years under the care of her 
^ardian and his consort at Berlin, though 
doubtless paying occasional visits to Ansbach 
and other courts. It must have been near 
the time of her mother's death that, if there 
be any truth in the story retailed by Horace 
Walpole (Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of 
George II, 4to, 1822, 158-9), Caroline fell in 
love with Frederick II, duke of Saxe-Gotha, 
who married in 1696, and whose daughter 
was afterwards married to Caroline's eldest 



fion. 



Caroline's sojourn with her guardian's wife, 
the Electress Sophia Charlotte (queen of Prus- 
sia from 1701), largely helped to mould her 
mind and character. Sophia Charlotte was a 
woman of unusual intellectual gifts, which 
had been fostered by the training given to her 
by her mother, and more especialljr by the in- 
fluence of her mother's faithful friend, Leib- 
niz, who during these years was a constant 
visitor at Berlin and at Liitzenburg, the new 
chateau since famous under the name of Char- 
lottenburg (Varnhagbx and Klopp, Corre- 
spondancey vol. iii. passim. See ib, iii. 104-6 
Leibniz's tribute to Caroline's vocal powers). 
Sophia Charlotte entertained a warm affec- 
tion for the young Ansbach princess, without 
whom Berlin seemed to her * a desert ' (see 
Leibniz's letter to the queen, 17 Nov. 1703, 
in Kbmble, 322); and this affection was 
shared bv the old Electress Sophia, who made 
Carolines acquaintance at Jierlin (Corre- 
spondance, iii. 100). Already, in October 
1704, the old lady is found manifesting a 
wish that by marrying her grandson, the 
Electoral Prince of Hanover, Caroline might 
have been saved the trouble inflicted upon 
her in connection with a proposal of more 
brilliant promise. The scheme of marrying 
the Ansbach princess to the Archduke Charles, 
afterwards titular king of Spain and em- 
peror under the designation of Charles VI, 
appears to have been entertained as early as 
1698 (see Leibniz's letter to the Duchess 
Benedicta in Kemble, 322); but negotia- 
tions were not actually opened on the subject 
till about 1704, when the Elector Palatine, 
John "William, solicited Caroline's hand for 
the archduke. As her conversion to the 
church of Rome was an indispensable pre- 
liminary for such a marriage, the Jesuit 
father, Orbanus, a personage nijo^hly praised 
by Leibniz, was permitted to instruct her 
in the fedth^ and me Electress Sophia very 



graphically describes the intelligent girl's 
disputations with her tutor, and her tears 
when the arguing had unsettled her mind 
{Correspondancey iii. 108). The old electress 
and Leibniz were supposed to have encouraged 
Caroline in her resistance (ib, iiL Introd. Sd\ 
and Leibniz certainly dnuted for her the 
letter to the elector palatine, in which she 
declined further negotiations (ib, iii. 108-9). 
But ' Providence,' as Addison afterwards put 
it (see extract from the ' Freeholder,' No. 21, 
in Coxe's Memoirs of Sir Mobert Walpole, iL 
270), 'kept a reward in store for such an 
exalted virtue,' and her ' pious fimmeas,' as 
it was styled by Burnet {Oum Times, 1833 
edit. V. 322^, was not to go unrequited, 
' even in this life.' After a decent interval 
the Hanoverian family and their relations 
resumed the project of a match between 
Caroline and the electoral prince, and by the 
close of the year she consiaered the Spanish 
project at an end {Corresporuianoe, iii. 113; 
Kemble, 383), though it seems to have been 
transitonly resumed about March 1705 {Cor^ 
respondance, iii. 119). Late in 1704 she had 
returned to Ansbach, and it was here that 
she learnt with the deepest sorrow of the 
death of her kind friend and j^rotectiess, 
Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia (see her 
letter to Leibniz, in Ejbmblb, 435). Her stay 
at her native place was soon to come to an 
end ; but she seems always to have retained 
a warm interest in the family firom which 
she sprang (see the statement, probably true 
in substance, though certainly inaccurate, as 
to her kindness in her later years towsids 
the infant mai^rave of Ansbach, in the Me- 
moirsofthe Margravine of Ansbach, 1826, i. 
177-8). 

On 2 Sept. 1705 Caroline was married to 
Oeorge Augustus, electoral prince of ELan- 
over, who had visited Ansbach incognito a 
few weeks before, and had been captivated 
by the charms of her person and conversa- 
tion (CoxE, ii. 270, from the ' Marlborough 
Papers'). The ensuing nine years, which &e 
spent as electoral princess at Hanover and 
its neighbourhood, were probably among the 
happiest in her life. Soon after ner marriage 
she had an attack of the small-pox, from 
which she was in 1707 thought to have just 
escaped (Ejbmble, 448) ; but it neither alto- 
gether destroyed her personal charms (see 
Walfole's Ilemimscences, 304), nor put an 
end to their power over her husband. Their 
eldest son, Frederick, afterwards prince of 
Wales, was bom on 6 Jan. 1707, and their 
eldest daughter, Anne, afterwaxds princess 
of Orange, in 1709. Two other daughters 
were bom, in 1711 and in 1713 ; and after- 
wards in England, between 1721 and 1724, 



three more children, who survived to rantu- 
rity, tho eldest, of lliese, ftfterwarda known . 
Bsihe Duke ofCumberland, being- the favourite , 
of his parenU, The Duke of Gloucester, j 
whoee birth in 1717 'tnui8poi1«d' hU father ' 
vriib jov (Sujfilk Let ten, i. 17), and gave 
riae to the family quaml noticed below, died 
in infancy ; another boy, born in the previous 
year, did not aurvive his birth. 

Between the electoral princess and her 
grandmolher, the old Electress Sophia, to 
wiunn ahe moat largely have eupphed th? 
place of Sophia Charlotte, a warm esteem 
and affection continued to prevul, and her 
intimacy with Leibniz continued, though he i 
was at this time much away from Hanover. ■ 
Even in limm of political auiietv she took 
comfort, in the preface to his ' Deoajeos ' (*ic, 
KeublB. 501; for other examples of her 
spelling, phenomenal even in that age, see 
)it>r letl*<rs in the #auie collection, pasBlui). 
But she was not absorbed in moral philo- 
Kiphy or in other literature. The electoral 
pnare was fur more eager for the British suc- 
ceeBJon than his father, or probably even than 
his grandmother; and CwoUno had already 
leanied how to flatter her husband's foibles. 
wa«, moreover, her^lf of an ambitious 
le, and may be supposed to have been 
"'ous of her capacity for the royal sta- 
o which, in common with the prim*, 
le tspirod. Towards this end her conduct 
esas to have been consistently shaped. Her 

Cgrew in the English tongue was slow ; 
though asearly as 1706 she hod expressed 
R wish to study \t[Corrupimdance,iu. 220-1), 
and in 1713 actually engaged an English- 
woman born in Hanover to read English to 
her (ib. iii. 411), she never eeems to have 
learned to speak it with any degree of cor- 
reclneM. But to the politii^ situation and 
its need* the was wide awake. In September 
1712 she is found assuring Qneen Anne of 
her gratilude (Ellis's Original Lettn-g, 2nd 
eer. iv. 207-8); but in December 1713 she 
writee to Leibniz very gloomily concerning 
the pro«pecte of the succession. She may 
be concluded to have agreed with the step 
ttJaa on her husband's behalf in England in 
Y 1714, when his writ of summons to the 
_ twe of Lords was demanded and granted. 
^•11 events, she shared in the excitement 
Hied at Hanover by the queen's irate 
a to the Elnctresa Sophia auatheelectoral 
«, and declared that she had never ex- 
id so intolerable an annoyance (see her 
1 Kkhblb, 503-4, and in Carretpon- 

, i.4B2-3). tInSJune, inconsequence, 

twaa widely believed, of her agitation from 
e cause, the Electreaa Sophia died at 
liaiuen, ia Caroline's arms (see the 



, , iii. 457-62). 

The request of Leibtuz, that she would accept 
him 08 a poor legacy from his old niiatreas 
(ib. 462-6), was not overlooked ; she is found 
ccirrespouding with lum from England in 
1715, when she attempted to obtain for 
him from George I the payment of arrears 
of salary due to him (Keublb, 628 seq.) 
But her most confidential correspondent' after 
ihii death of the old eleotress seems to have 
been the favourite nieee of the latter, the 
vivacious and warm-hearted Elisabeth Char- 
lotte, duelees of Orleans, who declared 
Caroline to be posaeseod of a heart, ' a rare 
thing as times go ' (Vbuse, 251). 

After the death of the Electress Sophia, 
Caroline's active ijiterest in the British suc- 
cession did not abate (Memoin of Ker of 
Kei-sland, 3rd ed. 1727, i. 88 seq.); and 
her hopes had not loug to wait for ^fil- 
ment. Before the close of 1714 the Princess 
of Wales had followed her husband and 
George I to England ; already in November 
Addison rapturously commends his 'Cato' 
to her notice (see the lines in Anmsoir'a 
Miecellaneou* Workt, 1736, ii. 124-6 ; and 
about the same time her first household 
appointments are sharply censured by Lady 
Mary Wortley Montagu {Lettert and Work», 
2nd ed. 1837, i. 325). And likewise at a 
very early date in her English life her name 
was mixed up in a factious dispute concern- 
ing the religious beliefs of the new royal 
familv, in the course of which she was 
branded as a Calvinist and a presbyterian, 
and declared to have refused to receive the 
sacrament according to the rites of the 
church of England. These reports, thoush 
contradicted, may have contributed to the 
animosity with which she afterwards came 
to be regarded by the high church parly (see 
R. Pauli, Aufiatze air aiglitehen Oeschichte, 
neue(third)Folge(1833),883-91). Thefirst 
occasion, however, on which, after the acces- 
sion of the houseof Hanover in England, the 
Princess of Wales was called upon to take a 
side, was that of the open rupture between 
her husband and the king, his father, towards 
the close of 1717. George 1 did not love his 
daughter-in-law,whom to confidential earshe 
termed ' cetie diablesse madame la princesse ' 
{Seminuamive, 283 1, and she had shown her- 
self us irrec<incilable as had her husband, and 
carried her display of animosity against the 
king's party even into the neutral ground of a 
loasquerade (Lajjt M, W, Mostaou, i. 381), 
When the prince was banished from St. 
James's Palace, the princess, though in con- 
sideration of her condition leave was ^nled 
her to remain, oreferred to accomt«ny her 
husband | and tne night from 2-3 Dec. was 



Caroline 



142 



Caroline 



spent by both in the house of Lord Grantham, 
the princess's great chamberlain (see the ac- 
count, based upon a contemporary official nar- 
rative, in LoKD Hervet*8 MemoirSy iii. 279- 
282; also WALP0LE*8jRewmwccncc*, 290). Ten 
years afterwards, on the death of Georj^e I, it 
was Queen Caroline herself who, if Walpole 
is to be believed, discovered in the late king's 
cabinet Lord Berkeley's atrocious proposal 
to transport the Prince of Wales to America 
(^Remimscences, 289). 

After his quarrel with the king, the Prince 
of Wales in 1718 hired, and in 1719 bought, 
as a summer residence, Richmond Lodge in 
Richmond Gardens, on the riverside near 
Kew. The villa had formerly been the Duke 
of Ormonde's {Suffolk Letters^ i. 23 note; 
IIbrvey, iii. 118). Ultimately both Rich- 
mond Lodge and Gardens became Queen 
Caroline's separate property (Her^'EY, iii. 
312 note) ; and it was here that in 1735 she 
caused to be constructed, in the absurd fashion 
of the times, the famous * Merlin's Cave,' a 
grotto adorned with figures of Merlin and 
others, and supplied with a collection of 
books, of which Stephen Duck was librarian 
{ih. ii. 222 and note). As a town residence the 
prince and princess took Leicester Uouse in 
Leicester Fields (J?<'mtwt>c<»n«»«, 295 and note). 
But Richmond was associated with Caroline's 
court more than any other place — more even 
than Kensington (hardens, whence was de- 
rived the title of the poem in which Tickell 
paid a tribute to * England's daughter ' and 
* her virgin band.' Even after her accession 
to the throne her and her husband's life here 
was * so much in private that they saw nobody 
but their servants' (IIervey, i. 249) ; but 
this household and its immediate intimates 
included, besides a bevv of fair ladies, the 
most accomplished of tlie younger whig no- 
bility, and not a few of such great wits of 
the day as were within reach. Pope him- 
self, in 1717, celebrated the princess's 'maids' 
in his 'court ballad ' entitled *The Challenge ; ' 
but a more complete picture of * Bellenden, 
Lepell, and Griffin,' and of the lively ways 
of these and other ladies around the princess, 
will be found in their own contributions to 
the * Suffislk Jjetters ' (see also JRemifiisceywe^f 
300 seqq., for a general survey of this court). 
Among the ladies attached to the court were 
Mrs. Selwyn and Lady Walpole; but the 
most influential personage there after the 
princess was her bedchamber-woman, Mrs. 
iToward, afterwards Lady Suffijlk and mis- 
tress of the robes, and mistress en titre to 
George II both before and after his accession. 
With her the princess prudently established a 
modus vivendty and though a species of party 
inevitably formed round the mistress, the con- 



trolling influence oyer her husband remained 
with the wife. According to Lord Hervey 
(Memoirs, ii. 89-93), when in 1734 a rupture 
between the king and Lady Suffolk at last 
took place, Queen Caroline was ' both glad 
and sorry ; ' indeed, at one time she had been 
rather desirous to keep Lady Suffolk about 
the king than to leave a chance for a suc- 
cessor. Mrs. Clayton (afterwards Lady Sun- 
don), another of the bedchamber-women, 
acquired great influence over the queen in 
later days, and was thought in especial to 
be the agent who introduced low church or 
* heterodox' divines to her favour {Suffolk 
LetterSy i. 62-3 ; Reminiscences, 307). Among 
the male members of the young court im 
most prominent were Lord Stanhope, from 
1726 Lord Chesterfield, whose opposition to 
Walpole, coupled, it was said, with the dis- 
covery of his trust in !Mrs. Howard by the 
queen, entailed upon him her lasting resent- 
ment (t*. 297 ; Walpoliana, i. 83-4 ; Her- 
vey, i. 322-4 ; and see Croxek's refutation of 
CoxB in a note to Suffolk Letters) ; Lords 
Bat hurst and Scarborough; Colonel, after- 
wards General, Charles C&urchill ; Garr, lord 
Hervey, and above all his younger brother 
John, who succeeded to the title in 1723. 
Lord Hervey was the most devoted of Queen 
Caroline's ser\*ants and friends; he says 
(ii. 40) that she called him always 'her 
child, her pupil, and her charge ; ' he was of 
the utmost use to her in her dealings with 
the king and with Walpole; he reported the 
debates to her ; his society was the relief of 
her life ; and he was even allowed to laugh 
at her without offence being taken (see fis 
jeiu* (Tesprit, ii. 325-40). After her death 
he wrote her epitaph (ib. iii. 334 note). 
Among the neighbours or the court at Rich- 
mond Lodge who at different times came 
into contact with it were I^ady Mary Wortley 
Montagu and Pope; Bolingbroke too was 
from 1726 intriguing close at hand. Gay 
had the enfrSe, thou^ he thought it beneath 
him to accept the office of gentleman-usher 
to the Pnncess Louisa and Arbuthnot. 
Swift in his exile flattered himself with 
hopes founded on the interest shown in him 
and in Irish affairs by the princess on his 
visits to England in 1726 and 1727, but more 
especially on the supposed influence of Mrs. 
Howard {Suffolk Letters), Finally, it may 
be presumed that even in the earlier years of 
Caroline's English life the literary represen- 
tatives of those opinions on religious matters 
which chiefly found favour there were oc- 
casionally admitted to her society. 

The hopes of the * Howard party,' which 
had thought that the ascen&ncy of the 
mistress would be finnly ettablidied on 



^KOoearioD to the throne of George II, 
altogether disnppoiuted tvhea t1t»t 

WM liroueht Hliout by the suilden 

death of hia falBnr on 9 June 1727. Not 
only Wfts Lord Bathurst disnppointed of a 
coronet by the veto of Queen Oaroline (Ite- 
nii»i>v7i«M, !ilt6) : but another friend of Mrs. 
Howard, Sir Speuwr Compton, was, at the 
direct anggualion of the queen, deposed from 
tht> Lvi^nt of prime-minister-degij^ate. At 
Uitt reici^pt ion held by the kinj; and queen at 
Leicoster House on the day after the notice 
of their aceeaaion had reached them, the 
qneen cnrefullj distinguished Lady Wal- 
pote, and the imbecility of Sir Spencer mede 
il easy for her to give effect to her wish. 
B^yood H doubt she was strongly influenced 
by Walpole's offw, carried out by a pnrlis- 
mentSry vote on 9 Jidy following, to obtain 
for her Irom parliament n jointure of lOO.OOOt 
a year, in lieu of uO,OUO/. na proposed hy Sir 
Spencer Corapton. But there were other ren- 
B01U whioh hud long mitde her fnvouisble 
to Waltiole: she wna fully capable of recog- 
niting liis meritB. she was on good terms 
with his supuorter the Duke of Devonshire, 
and. while ulwayg respectfiJ to her, be hud 
nev«>r paid court to Mrs. Howard (CoiE, ii. 
384Hiqq.i cf. Walpiliana, i. 86-7). From 
this time onward the part played hy the 
qneeii in the political affairs of Great Britain 
may he said to have determined itself. Her 
support of Walpole was all but unfaltering. 
In 1730, US she observed the growing mis- 
unHi-'rstanding between Walpole and Towns- 
hend. she 8l«adily adhered to the former, 
and helpvd to secure his victory (COXB, ii, 
3(^2-4 ; cf. Jtemmi*r*nc^, 306). In 1733 she 
not only supported the minister in his excise 
sclwinn so courageously as on its withdrawal 
to have the honour of'^ being burnt in effigy 
with him by the London mob (Hervei, i. 
206), but she inspired the king with a stead- 
fast resolution not to drop the author of the 
scheme with the scbenu? itself (ib. 193-1^). 
In the South S«a Company inquiry which : 
maiii-^ i[i the lords, she eagerly strove, by 
private persuasions addresseo to several peers, 
to avert a ministerial defeat (ifi. 233). In 
the same and in the following year her action ' 
in the Polish succession ouestinn was affected 
by the arguments of Walpole and Rervey to 
such a 'li'RTeo that, though still in favour of 
war,ebe contrived tocouTince the king of the 
mpediimcy of peace (I'A. i. 362, 271-3, ii. 61 ; 
cf. CoiB, ii. 'iOi ), It would seem, however, 
that before the election of 1734 the ({ueen 
»har«d the king's temporary distrust in the 
proiipnrtj" of the ministry (Hervbt, i. 339). 
jiuttng hrr Inter (t^reueies the queen and 
Walpolf did everything by themselves {ib. ii. 



181), and in 1736 the queen aided the n 
ster in inducing the king to abandon his 
scheme of a northern league (Coib, iii. 260). 
Such was the political intimacy between'tie 
king's two oars,' as Lord Hervey called them 
(ii. 107), that Walpole was jealous even of 
the confidence she reposed in the faithful 
Lord Hervey (Hbkvbt, iii. 234), and such 
her trust in the mioister, that shortly before 
her death she recommended the king to hia 
care instead of o^ng for him the favourof the 
king (CoSB, iii. 386-7 ; SfminUamefi, 307). 
The general character of the relations between 
the kingandthequeen were morepanidoiical. 
It vras said that the alkali of her temper 
sweetened the acid of bis (HEavmr, iii, fi^). 
She governed him primarily by his admiration 
for her person (J7mtinMc«ncM. 304 ; Hebvet, 
i. 293-300), but ahnosi equallv by her com- 

Elaisance, which knew no bounds (see, to quote 
ut one instance, Lord Hervey's account, ii, 
168, of her treatment of his passion for Ma- 
dame de Walmoden, afterwards countess of . 
Yarmouth). Lastly, she governed him by 
means of the tact which enabled her to appear 
not to govern the vainest of men (Hbbtet, 
i. 334 ; BeminUefnca, 305). In return he 
treated her, on the whole, as well as his es- 
sentially selfish nature and his vainglorious- 
ness in matters of gallantry would allow. 
About 1736 a change for the worse was 
thought observable in his behaviour towards 
her fHERVBT, ii. 205), but she manifested 
much emotion when in December 1736 he 
was thought to have imperilled his life in 
a storm nt sea (ib. iii. 6 seqq.); and when 
be lost her in tbe following year, there woa 
no doubt as to the genuineness of his grief. 
In no sentiment was she more entirely at 
one with him than in her detestation of tneir 
eldest son, Frederick, prince of Wales. Even 
Croker cannot account for the early beginning 
or for the intensity of the queen's animosity 
Bgaimt the prince (IIbrtet, iii. 54 note ; see, 
liowever,i6. 276andii. 870) ; nor does she seem 
ever to have heartily entered into the notable 
scheme in favour of her second aon for sever- 
ing Hanover from Great Britain, though it 
might in the event of her husband's death 
have secured her a convenient retreat (ib, 
iii. 920 seqq.) At the time of her death the 
popular imagination was greatly occupied 
with the fact that she refused an interview 
to her hated first-born, and Pope was at 
pains to preserve her refusal from oblivion in 
a classic sneer; but though she must be held 
personally responsible for the detusion (ib. 
307-8), there is something little short of 
hypocrisy in treating it as inejccusable. Her 
second son was beloved by Ixith his parents; 
of the daughters, the Princess Caroline waa 



Caroline 



144 



Caroline 



devoted to the queen (ib. iii. 209). Towards 
the princess royal her affection appears to 
have been warm rather than deep (t^. 334). | 
As a rule, the political opinions of Queen 
Caroline were in complete accord with those 
of her husband. Though at times eloquent 
in her praise of English institutions^ she was 
a German princess at heart, * always partial 
to the emperor ' {ib. i. 273), jealous of the i 
prerogative, and as fond of troops as was the ; 
King nimself (tft. ii. 263). Walpole declared 
that she was in the habit of accusing him of 
* partiality to England ' (ib. ii. 63), and it is 
certain that ' the militant flame in her was 
blown ' by such counsellors as the Hanoverian 
minister Hattorf (ib. ii. 38-9). Though true 
to the whig leader in the main, she nad no 
love for the whigs as a party (ib. iii. 65), and 
had a strong dislike of tlie minister's brother . 
Horace, of Newcastle (iii. 134-6), and of 
Carteret (iii. 161). She was liberal in sen- 
timent towards Jacobites and Roman catho- 
lics, and promised Swift to use her best en- . 
deavours for Ireland (Suffolk Letters, i. 
700-1). Though she was at all times active ; 
in influencing appointments (CoxE, ii. 268), 
her interest in politics most fully exhibited 
itself when she acted as regent durii^ the 
king's absence in Hanover in 1729, 1732, 
17SS, and 1736-7. From first to last, much 
to the chagrin of the Prince of Wales, the 
king invanably appointed her to this office, ' 
and an act of parliament was passed for the . 
express purpose of exempting her from taking 
the oaths (io. ii. 296). More especially during | 
his last aosence she took an active part in 
the conduct of affairs, and showed great 
vigour in dealing with the troubles which 
arose during this period, and with the Edin- 
burgh Porteous riots, and their consequences 
in particular. At the same time she con- 
cibated the king's weakness by avoiding any 
display of state during his absence, and by 
residing out of town at Kensington, notwith- 
standing his pretended wishes to the con- 
trary (IlBRVEY, ii. 362). Towards the church 
Queen Caroline's position was peculiar. The 
bench of bishops as a whole she treated de 
haut en bets (see her rebuke of them for their 
opposition to the Quakers' Tithe Bill in 1736, 
Hebvst, ii. 276) ; but for several members 
of it, such as Sherlocke, Seeker, Butler, and 
Pearce, she entertained a strong regard. Her 
relations with Hoadly, whom Hervey main- 
tains she hated, but whom she helped to pro- 
mote to the see of Winchester, must have 
been of a more complex nature. She would 
ffladly have placed on the bench Dr. Clarke, 
for whose learning and character she had 
the deepest respect, but he repeatedly de- 
clined (see as to her relations with Clarke, 



and her * arbitration ' between him and 
Leibniz, CoxE, IL 273-4). It pleased the 
world and the wits who set it talking (see 
especially Croker's note to Hervet, iL 140) 
to impugn the orthodoxy of her creed. That 
she thought soberly on the highest subjects 
is shown by her letter to Leibniz concerning 
his 'Theodicee' (Eemble, 633-4); it was 
not her fault that she could not help, as he 
had hoped, to incline the church of England 
in the direction of a reunion of the protes- 
tant churches (ib. 641-6). 

The health of Queen Caroline was seriously 
affected in the autumn of 1734 (the report of 
her death in 1731 was a mere stoclgobber*s 
invention ; see Wenttoorth Papers^ 474) ; and 
in August 1737, after receiving a letter offen- 
sive in form from the Prince of Wales, she 
fell ill of a violent fit of the gout ^Hervet, 
iii. 227). But the fatal illness which began 
on 9 Nov. of the same year had its origin in 
a rupture which she had for years carefully 
kept concealed, and for which a painfiu 
operation was performed, it is said, only two 
days too late. She died on 20 Nov. quite 
peacefully. Not long before her death she 
made a simple and touching declaration of 
her endeavours on behalf of the king and 
nation. There was much gossip as to her 
having declined to receive the sacrament; 
her last words were a request for prayer. 
The king lamented her witn loud and half- 
selfish passionateness, but he scrupulously 
provid^ for her servants, declaring that he 
would have nobody feel her loss but himself 
He was afterwaros buried by her side in 
Henry VU's chapel in Westminster Abbey 
(CoxB, iii. 377-80, chiefly from Dr. Alubed 
Clabke's Essay towards the Character of 
Queen Caroline-, Hervey, iii. 294-348; Bemi- 
niscences). By her will she lefr all her pro- 
perty to the kin^, including the seat at 
Kichmond, on which she had spent so much 
money (his, according to Hemintscences, 305), 
but it seems to have been an idle invention 
that she died rich. ' Caroline the GKxkI ' was 
a genuinely able and, notwithstanding her 

Swer of dissembling, a true-hearted woman, 
er learning was not deep, but she was able 
to appreciate some of the best thought of her 
times, and she made some attempt to en- 
courage poets and other men of letters by her 
patronage. She was not ill-read in French 
history, and took some interest in English 
literature, though she never learnt to speak 
English correctly, and conversed with her 
family in French. Of eminent men of science, 
Newton and Halley had her active good- 
will ; and she was a benefactress of Queen's 
College, Oxford. Of couiseshawasJEbr Handel 
with the king, and against theprinoe. Hiough 



Caroline 



>45 



Caroline 



she was a stickler for etiquette, lier conversn- 
tion wfts OS unrelined ofl her spelling waa iu- 
cortwt, but for these defect* she need not 
b<> held responsible. She had a hraad wit of 
hpr own, which she eKereised freely on both 
friend anil foe. She was not averee to the 
ordinary amueemenls of her times, and it 
was tlie king's taste which condemned her 
to spend most of her evenings ' IfDotting'nnd 
listening: to his ol^urgBtory talk. But she 
learnt to study other characters besides her 
husband's, and beeame, as Sir Robert Wal- 
pole phrased it, ' main good at pumping.' 
She was a good hater, as Chesterfield and 
others found; she was a faithful friend, and 
full of active sympathy for the iinprotecleil. 
Her greatest error, as Horace Wnlpole truly 
obeerves, vras that she cherished too high an 
Opioiou of her own power of dealing with 
others, so that her desigiiB were more often 
teen through than she thought. Her greatest 
merit, and the source of the power which she 



nation, was her patience — the pat 

strong and not ungenerous mind. 

The National Portrait Gallery 

Krtrait of t'aroUne as Princess of Wales bv 
rras, and another of her as queen byKuoch 
Seeman. 

(Hcrtey's Memoirs of the Eeign of Qeorge II 
ttam his AcC««sion to Che Death of Queen Caro~ 
liae (ed. Croker). 3 vols. 1848, reprinted 18B4; 
Q^m'a Mcmoira of the life and Administrntiiin 
of Sit Kobert Walpole, new ed. 4 vols. 1810; 
lord SiiiBhope'i History ol' England from the 
Peace of UlrocbC 6th ed. ISfiS, vols. i. and ii. ; 
ROToinisofnceB, written in 1788, in the Worksof 
HomtJo Walpulc. earl of Orfonl, S vols. 1 798 ; 
Wentworlh Papers (1706-89), edited by J.J. 
CsTtwrigbt, 1883; toI. i. of Dr. Doran'i Livfsof 
tb* Qaecos of England of the Honse ot Honovar, 
4th ed. 2 vols, 1876; vol. xviii. of Tehse's 
t)eaehirht« der deutsvhru Hiife. &c., Hamburg, 
186S. For Iho earlier years of Queen Caroliufl 
tec also vol. lii. of tlie CorrMpoudiuice de Leib- 
d)c avee I'tlectriee Sophie de Brunswick- Lii ne- 
burg, S vols. Haoover, 1874;Hnd Kemble's .State 
Bspen and Corrtapondence, &o., from the Itevo- 
totion to the AccessioDof the House of Hanover, 
I8fi7.| A. W. W. 

CABOLINE MATTLDA (1751-1775), 
rjiiecn of Denmark and Norway, was the 
ninth and jroungest child of Frederick and 
Augusta, prince and princess of Wales. She 
wai bom at Leicester House in London, 
32 July li'il, a little more than four months I 
after bor father's death. Her childhood was , 
•pent in the comparative seclusion of her 
moliisr's court, where eho was well, thoush 
~ '■ tq* no meana rigorously, 



educated. Pleasant traditions attach them- 
selves to this period of her life, at Kew and 
elsewhere (Keith ; L. Wkixill). It came 
to a close with her engagement, announced 
to parliament 10 Jan. 1766, to Christian, 
prince royal of Denmark, son of Frederick V 
and his popular first wife Louisa, youngest 
daughter of George II of Great Britain. 
The match seems to have given satisfaction 
in England as ' adding security to the pro- 
testant religion ; ' but it possessed no special 
political significance. By the death of 
Frederick V, 14 Jan. 1766, Christian VH 
succeeded to the Danish throne, and 1 Oct. 
in the same year Caroline Matilda was mar- 
ried to him t)T proxy (her brother the Duke 
of York) at tlie Chapel Royal, St. James's. 
Two days afterwards abe embarked from 
Harwich for Rotterdam, whence she pro- 
ceeded to Altona and Roesldlde. From 
this place Christian \'7I conducted her to 
the palace of Frederiksberg, near Copenhagen, 
where her solemn entry and formal mar- 
riage followed 8 Nov, {Annual Seffiiter for 
1766; Malobtib, ii. 6^-9). Her English 
and Hanoverian suite having quitted her at 
Altona, Caroline Matilda was left alone in 
a strange land among doubtful surroundings. 
Her popular reception had been warm; but 
thekingwasindifferenttoher. Christian VII, 
a youth of feeble character and selfish dispo- 
sition, was by setf-indulgence beginning to 
reduce himself to a mental condition which 
in some measure justified Niebuhr's com- 
parison of him to Caligula. Next by birth 
to the throne stood his stepbrother Frederick, 
the son of his father's second wife Juliana 
Maria, a princess of Brans wick- WolfenbiitteL 
There is no reason whatever for supposing 
that Juliana Maria was either now or for 
some time afterwards animated by jealous 
or hostile feelings against the young qneen 
(this Buppoaition, of which the AaihenfiicAe 
Aafkliirv-ngni are a main source, is refuted 
bj Revbrhil, 327, and by the other evi- 
dence reviewed by WimPH, 185-8) ; on the 
contrary, they and the other queen dowager, 
Sophia Magdulena, widow of Christian VI, 
lived together 'dans une grande intimity et 
dans im ennui paisible' (KevEitDiL, 138). 
Queen Caroline Matilda took no interest in 
public affairs {ill. 162 j cf. WiTTICH, 26). 
Though she was from the first treated with 
coldness by her husband, her troublee be- 
gan when Count von Hoick, by taking ad- 
vantage of the peculiarities in the king's 
temper, eatablished himself as favourite ; on 
21Dec. 1767 hewas appointed marshal of the 
court. On tlie king's return from a joumev 
to Holstein in the previous summer, on which 
he was not accompanied by the queen, h» 



Caroline 



146 



Caroline 



was provided with a mistress ; nor was any 
change in the situation brought about by the 
birth of an heir to the crown (afterwards 
Frederick VI), 28 Jan. 1768. Hoick suc- 
ceeded in ousting from office Frau von Pies- 
sen, the queen's mistress of the robes, who 
had gained her confidence and whose old- 
fashioned severity might have kept her from 
the path of error (Reverdil, 73-4). From 
6 May 1768 to 14 Jan. 1769 the king was 
on his travels in England, Paris, and else- 
where, while the queen remained at Frede- 
riksberg, gaining tlie good-will of her neigh- 
bours by her kindliness and her attention 
to her maternal duties (Keith, i. 184). 
Christian VTFs suite on his journey included 
John Frederick Struensee, a physician of 
Altona, who had been appointed surgeon-in- 
ordinary to the king for the occasion, and 
who on the return to Copenhagen was ap- 
pointed to the post in permanency. From 
this point forward the ambitious adventurer's 
political rise began. His plan was at first 
Dv no means based upon any connivance 
with the queen ; on the contrary, he relied 
upon the aid of a new royal mistress, who 
however died in the following Aug^t (N. 
Wraxall's private journal ap. L. Wbax- 
ALL, i. 216 ; cf. Rbvbrdil, 147). Both this 
person and Struensee hud been odious to the 
queen ; and when about this time she con- 
sulted the latter on a supposed attack of the 
dropsy, it was the king wno had obliged her 
to do so {ib, 148). Struensee advised amuse- 
ment and exercise as the best cure, and these 
remedies answering, she naturally gained 
confidence in her physician. Struensee was 
beyond all doubt a man of unusual intelli- 
gence, and, as his confessions to Miinter 
suffice to prove {Conversion^ (J-c, 41-2), a 
convinced lady-killer. While the king en- 
couraged an intimacy which kept the queen 
amused, Struensee seems to have exerted 
himself to bring about a better understand- 
ing between the royal pair, and by his efforts 
to have gained the approval of both. In 
January 1770 he was assigned rooms in the 
Christiansberg palace (L. vVraxall, i. 221); 
and his successful inoculation of the crown 
prince early in the year raised him higher 
than ever in the royal favour {AutJienttsche 
Aufkldningeny 40; the process was of quite 
recent introduction). He was now named 
councillor of conference and reader to the 
king and queen ; and from this time the 
intimacy between the latter and Struensee 
must have rapidly reached its climax. In- 
deed, if certain evidence brought against the 
Queen after her catastrophe is to be believed, 
the familiarity between her and Struensee 
had attracted the suspicions of her attendants 



as early as the winter of 1709-70 (see Bang's 
indictment, ap. Jenssek-Tusch, 281 seq.) 
After this they had imposed restraint upon 
themselves, but only for a time ; soon their 
intimacy was paraded before the capital Tsee 
the anecdote of the queen passing in her 
riding-habit on Struensee's arm by the corpfle 
of the dowager Sophia Magdalena when it 
lay in state. May 1770, ap. Wittich, 51 
note), and revealed itself in the provinces, 
to which the court paid a visit in June (see 
the testimony of Irince Charles of Hesse 
ap. L. Wraxall, L 232). 

During this visit, perhaps while the court 
sojourned at Traven^hl, Struensee perfected 
his ambitious projects in company with Ene* 
void von Brandt, a former royal page who 
had returned to the court, and with Shack 
Charles, count von llantzau-Ascheberg, to 
whom Struensee owed his admission to the 
royal service and whose h^h official career 
had been arrested largely by Kussian influence. 
Their intrigues resmted by the end of July 
in the dismissal of Hoick and others, among 
whom were his sister Madame von der Liihe, 
the mistress of the robes, and other ladies 
attached to the person of the queen. Shortly 
before this Caroline Matilda's mother, the 
dowager Princess of Wales, paid a visit to 
the continent, where for many reasons she 
wished to meet her daughter. The proposed 
meeting at Brunswick was, however, post- 
poned ; nor was it till August that mother 
and daughter met — for the last time — at 
Liineburg. Struensee was in the queen's 
company, and the princess found no oppor- 
tunity of doing more than requesting Wood- 
ford, the British minister to the Lower 
Saxon Circle, to make representations to the 
queen concerning her conduct ; nor was the 
l)uke of Gloucester, who shortly afterwards 
paid a visit to Copenhagen on the same 
errand, more successful (Revebdil, 159-00). 
At Hirschholm, near Copenhagen, where the 
court spent the rest of tne summer, the fall 
of BcmstorfT, the chief minister of Den- 
mark, was brought about. This change of 
government may be briefly described as dis- 
agreeable to the Russian and therefore agree- 
able to the Swedish, agreeable to the French 
and therefore disagreeable to the British, 
interest at Copenhagen. Hereupon, in de- 
fiance alike of national traditions and public 
feeling, the reforms of Struensee in court, 
state, and social life ran their course; and 
though ' there might be something ''rotten** 
in the state of Denmark, there was nothing 
rusty' since the new brooms had been set 
to work rKEiTH, i. 229). He was appointed 
master 01 requests December 1770 ; in the 
same month the oouncil was sup p r e ss e d by 



a royal decree ; 18 July 1771 he was made 
Ckbinet miniaier, end his orders were de- 
clared to baTe the same validity as if aigned 
by tbe iifgi 22 July— the queen's birtliday 
—he and Brandt were created counts. His 
administrBtlon met with universal obloquy. 
Hie quet^D shared his unpopularity, partly 
because he eave every possible publicity lo 
her regard ior him, wluch y/ag (lie bMt se- 
curity of hia poaition, partly because her 
conduct deemed to fumiab a atmnge com- 
ment on tbe spirit of her favourite's reforms. 
There seems indeed lo have been little truth 
in the rumour as to the extraordinary license 
prevailing at her court. But the sovereigns 
were completely surrounded by Straensee's 
GTMtiireSiwho belonged as a rule to bis own 
elA»; the court, says lleverdil (271), who 
returned lo Denmark about midsummer, had 
tbn air of servnnla in a respectnbie house 
sitting down to table in the absence of their 
masti^TS. Straensee's attempta at retrench- 
ment in court expenditure were counter- 
biilancedby tbe extravafronceof Brandt; and 
on one occasion which became notorious the 
quf<en speina to have shared with them inagift 
from Iheroval treasury (Wiwet'a indictment 
an. JbSssb^-Tvbou, 278-9). Heverdil found 
Vu> king, whose condition was already near 
to imbecility, willing to allow the queen to 
conduct herself with the most openfamiliarity 
towards her favourite (260). Shrewd ot- 
•errera thought that the latter occasionally 
exhibited indifference towards the advances 
of the queen (ap. Wittich, 181) ; but he 
well knew that ner support was indispen- 
sable to him, Colonel(afterwardR Sir Robert) 
Murray Keith^ who arrived as British Tuinis- 
I«r Ht [he Daouh court in June 1771, clearly 
perceived the condition of affairs, but be- 
Bsred with great discretion, reserving his 
tnterrention for a 'dangerous extremity' 
(KslTH, i. 227-8), Eveii the nevra of the 
birtb, 7 July, at Hirscbbolm of a princess 
(LouiaaAupiBta.afterwards married to Duke 
Pwderick Christian II of Augu^tenburg) 
was coldly, if not suspLciously, received by 
die capital; the queen dowager was, how- 
ever, ready to be a godmother at Carolina Ma- 
tilda's request (AutAentUche Aafkldmnffm, 
lOS). The queen nursed the infant herself. 
Indeed the maternal instinct was always 
•ironE in her. and although she was re- 
proached for giving her son nn early train- 
ing, which by Struensee's advice wns based 
on thn principles of 'Etnile' (ItEVERDiL, 
2S1-5), It seems on the whole to have been 
«uc«e*sful. 

Thn ovOTthrow of Struensee was the result 
flf a court intrigue, not of onypopularmove- 
DUtnt : but some Uine before it was brought 



about the wildest charges had been spread 
against the queen and him. It was said that 
they intended to abut up tbe king and pro- 
claim the queen as regent — a rumour, as 
Charles of Hesse in repeating it points out, 
absurd in i»elf, as the king was rather a pro* 
tection to them than un obstacle (WimcH, 
115 b.) Towards tbe end of 1771 they began 
to grow uneasy, and when early in September 
a malcontent body of Norwegian sailors mado 
a tumultuous visit to Ilirscbholm the queen 
I prepared everytbingforflight, Anotherpanio 
I followed in connection with a popular festival 
I held at Frederiksbra^ 28 Se^ ; if Reverdil 
is to be believed {'267), this was caused by a 
real plot, of which Juliana Maria was at the 
bottom. In October Struensee thought it 
necessary virtually to abolish the liberty of 
the press, which hod been one of bis most 
striking reforms. Then Brandt himself, Stru- 
ensee's confederate, engaged in a desperate 
scheme for the minister's removal; 'means 
would be found for consoling the queen' 
fKALCKBJtaitJoLii ap. Wittich, 132). This 
danger was averted by a grotesque affray 
between the king and Brandt, which after- 
wards proved fatal to the Utter; but Stru- 
ensee's anxiety continued. About this time 
(according to the .(4 u/ApniMcAe^w^MruTiyni, 
122-3) he threw himself at the feet of the 
queen, imploring her to allow him for both 
their sakee to quit the country, hut she in- 
duced him to remain. Onthe other band, he 
told Heverdil, to whom he was not otherwise 
contidential, that his devotion to the queen 
alone kept him at his post (288). The same 
writer relates a characteristic anecdote bow 
the queen, who had a pleasant voice, face- 
tiously declared that when in exile she would 
gwn herbreadasasinger(290). Struensee'a 
arbitrary system, however, continued ; when, 
30 Nov., the court migrated to Frederiksberg, 
military precautions were taken for its secu- 
rity, and Copenhagen itself was placed under 
effect ive control. Finally, an order for the 
disbandment of the guards as such led to their 
mutinous march to Frederiksberg on Christ- 
mas eve, and to scenes in the capital which 
left no doubt as to the sentiments of the popu- 
Ution, Icissaid(byL.WBUALt,ii.78)that 
about this time Keith offered Struensee a 
large sum of money if be would leave the 
country: but there is no notice of any such 
proposal in Keith's ' Memoirs,' and be was 
probably too discreet to have made it. The 
court returned to Copenhagen 8 Jan. 1772. 
By this time tbe mine had been laid. Rant- 
lan, discontented with his share of the spoils 
and with Struensee's unwillingness to adopt 
his political views, had determined lo over- 
throw tbe la vourite. He induced the dowager 



Caroline 



148 



Caroline 



queen Juliana Maria, who during the summer 
Had watched the progress of affairs from Fre- 
densborg, where she lived isolated with her 
son Frederick, to approve of the plot, by 
showing her forged evidence of a conspiracy 
between Struensee and the queen against the 
kinff (Revbkdil, 328). The details of Rant- 
zau s scheme were settled in Juliana Maria s 
palace 15 Jan. (t^. 329), and its execution 
was fixed for the night from 16-17 Jan., after 
the termination of a masked ball in the Chris- 
tiansborg palace. Though Rantzau himself 
h&sitated at the last moment, the palace revo- • 
lution was punctually and successfully carried 
out by himself and his confederates. Stru- 
ensee, Brandt, and their chief actual or sup- 
posed abettors were placed under arrest, and 
on the same night the queen was with cynical 
brutality taken prisoner by Kantzau, accom- 

ganied by a body of soldiery under Major 
'astenskjold. AVith her little daughter in 
her arms she was hurriedly driven to Blron- 
borg, a royal castle and prison on the Sound, 
near Elsinore, and there consigned to care- 
fully guarded apartments. It is said that in 
the evening she saw in the distance Copen- 
hagen illuminated in celebration of her dis- 
aster (ib. 336-8). 

In solitude, relieved only by the presence 
of her infant daughter, whom she nursed 
throu£^h an attack of the measles, and by 
occasional visits from the faithful Keith, 
Caroline Matilda awaited her fate. The 
genuineness of her letters to Keith and to her 
brother, George III, is open to serious doubt 
(they are given by L. Wbaxall, ii. 205-7). 
Her attendants were persons whom she dis- 
liked (ih. ii. 203), and she had to listen to 
pulpit addresses, which must have been hard 
to bear (the best account of her period of con- 
finement is stated by Wittich, 143 note, to 
be that of Schiekn in Hisf. Tidsskr. iv. vol. 
ii. 776 seqq. ; see also CoXB ap. Adolphus, 
i. 544-5). During the course of her im- 
prisonment she must have heard of the death 
of her mother, the dowager Princess of Wales, 
8 Feb. 1772. The interrogatory of Struensee 
began 20 Feb., but it was not till the third 
day of his examination that, under pressure, 
he confessed to criminal familiarity with the 
queen; aftenvards he sought to throw the 
blame as much as possible on her. Ques- 
tions affecting the legitimacy of the Princess 
Louisa Augusta were, however, satisfactorily 
answered. Brandt, in his interrogatory, de- 
clared that Struensee had confessed his crimi- 
nality to him (Rbverdil, 394-8). Hereupon 
a commission of four subjected the queen to 
an interrogatory at Kronborg; at toe first 
visit, acting it is said on Keith's advice, she 
refused to answer, declaring that she acknow- 



ledged no superior or judge besides the king. 
At the second, 9 March, Stmensee's confes- 
sion signed by him was shown to her, when 
she avowed herself guilty, and signed a writ- 
ten confession, generously taking the original 
blame upon herself (Revebdil, 400-1; ac- 
cording to Jenssen-Ttjsch, 401-2, she was 
induced to sign by the assurance that her 
confession would miti^te Struensee's (ate: 
while this, though possible, is improbable, the 
dramatic account of Falckenslgold, which is 
also that of the Authentische Nachrichteii, 
223-8, is almost certiiinly fictitious. Horace 
"Walpole s account, Journal of the Reign of 
Chorge HI, i. 77-i9, 90, is clearly untrust- 
worthy. On the whole subject of the queen s 
examination and confession, see Wittich, 
222-32). On 24 March an indictment was 
preferred against the queen before a tribunal 
of thirty-five notables (it is given at length 
in Jen8S£N-Tx78CH, 226-40) ; on 2 April her 
defence was delivered {ib. 241-53 ; Wittich 
notices that while her advocate Uldall here 
represents her as asserting her innocence the 
crime is admitted in his defence of Struensee. 
For the rest his pleas on behalf of the ^ueen 
are in essence hardly more than technical) ; 
sentence was given on 6 April and commu- 
nicated to the (]ueen on the 8th. It declared 
her marriage with the king to be dissolvt^l. 
Her name was hereupon removed from its 
place in the liturgy (the order of Matilda, 
which she had instituted on her birthday in 
January 1771,hadbeenaboli8hed immediately 
after the catastrophe). Capital sentences on 
Struensee and Brandt followed shortlv after- 
wards, and were carried out 28 April. It 
is said that in her prison the ^ueen intuitively 
knew the day of her favourite's doom. 

In England the news of Caroline Matilda's 
arrest had created a passing excitement (see 
Oibbon's fiippant letters to Holroyd in his 
Miscellaneous Works, ii. 72-6 ; cf. W alfole, 
i. 3, 42). At first Qeor^ IH's government 
took up a threatening attitude, but the public 
press made indicant comments on the sup- 
posed apathy of Lord North's administration 
(Walpole, 1. 89 ; cf. L. Wra^all, ii. 169). 
Soon, however, public feeling ac(^uie8ced in 
the manifest opmion of the initiated, that 
the affair had better be taken quietly. Keith's 
activity at Copenhagen had been acknow- 
ledged ^eTM^eTt to liU by admission to the order 
of the JBath (Keith, i. 121) ; but, as is now 
known, the diplomatic correspondence be- 
tween the two courts at this stage gave 
rise to no very serious differences. While 
George III was informed of the evidence 
against his sister and of the necessity of re- 
moving her from the court after the sentence 
pronounced against her, he waa aaaored that 



every poeeible cons idemt ion would be exten- 
ded to her, and thnt Hbt name would not be 
mentioned in the sontences of Stniensee and 
llip other delinquents (Schiers ap, WiT- 
TicH, 25ii-3J. The latter promise, at all 
events, was Bubstantiallj kept. When, how- 
ever, aiW the sentence of diToree, the Danish 
^vemment proposed to banish Cnmline Ma- 
tilda to Aalborg- in Jutland, the British mi- 
nistry resolved to make at least, a show of 
Active intervention. The protests of Keith 
(i. 102) seem to have been followed by a 
threat of the rupture of diplomatic relations, 
and a squadron was ordered to sail for Co- 
pi^nliatfen. But a few houn before the time 
fixed ror it« weighing anchor the news arrived 
tlitit the Daiiisii tfovemment had promised 
the liberation of the queen (cf. tlie account 
in Walpolb, 80-1, where the king is said to 
liaVE known his sister a story two years be- 
fore the catastrophe). Keith had further 
obtained the grant to her of an annual pen- 
sion of the value of fl.OOOi., and notwith- 
■landing the divorce she retained the title 
<if qiu«n (see l..ord Sufiblk's grandiloquent 
letters »p. Keitr, 1. ^86-9). Two frigates , 
And ■ doop were hereupon ordered to Elsl- 
noreby the British government, and on 3 May 
the quBon, over whom after her enlargement ' 
a ' dBpui;ation of noblemen' had been ap- 
pointiM to hold watch, quitted the Danish 
•hor«s under a royal salute. She had been 
obliged to part from her daughter, whom in 
the Lnea gnpposed to have been written by | 
ber at sea (Keith, i. 3i)9) she is absurdly 
mode to commend to the care of Keith, the 
companion of her VOTage. 

At Btode, where Caroline Matilda arrived j 
on 5 June, and where she parted with her , 
Dnitish suite, she was received with much 
ceremony by the Hanoverian authorities, and 
held a reception on the day after her arrival. 
Hence she proceeded lo the Giihrde, an elec- 
tonl hunting-seat near Liineburg, where she 
delayed for several months till tne cnstle at 
Celie should have been put in order for her. 
On 20 Oct. she held a formal entry into this 
her destined residence, where a court was 
organised for her in due fonn, and whence 
^« afterwards made occasional visite to 
Hanover of a ceremonial nature (cf. Ma- 
urnne, ii. 7a-88 for details). At Celle il- 
lelf her life seems to have been a quiet one, 
thoiieh she re«eived visitors, among them 
bor sister, the Heruditary Princes* Augusta 
of Brunewick-WoUanbUltel, who, according 
to Wraxoll, was set to watch h^ conduct 
hv Qoorge III (PotHtumuvn M«moir», 1. 373, 
Sjft). A small theatre (Mill in e^xlstence) 
tras M>aslru«led in the cattle for her amuse- 
Slie rud Gorman assiduoualy, and 



il l— M . i 



requested her brother, Georp; ITI, to send 
her some English books (Kbith, i. 304); 
bur the memory of her sojourn is above all 
associated with the charming jardin /ran- 
(ait in the immediale neighbourhood of the 
castle, where stands the monument, with her 
medallion in relief, erected bytheLiineburg- 
: Celle estates (cf. Annual Si^itter for 1775). 
Sir Robert Keith, who visited her in No- 
vember 1772, reported to Lord Suffolk that 
he had found her in a contented frame of 
mind and with no wish for any communi- 
cations with the Danish court br^vond what 
immediately concerned the welfare of her 
children (Kbith, 1. 301-41. Another Eng-- 
lish visitor who first saw her in September 
1774 was N. W. 'Wraxall, a youag out Iru- 
velled gentleman, iiigcnunusly in search of 
adventure and employment, He returned 
in October as the secret agent of a number 
of Danish noblemen, exiles in namburg,and 
others, who were conspiring for a counter- 
revolution at Copenhagen, which should re- 
store Caroline 3Iatllda to the throne. To Iiis 
written overtures she signified her assent 
through a. gentleman in her confidence, but 
she declined to take any steps until the 
approval of George UI should have been 
obtained. Wraxall returned to Celle on 
three subsequent occasions, when he had 
personal interviews with the queen, whom 
three emissaries from Copenhagen appear 
hkewise to hove reached. He failed, now- 
ever, in London to obtain an audience from 
George III, or to elicit more than that the 
king, while approving the project, could not 
undertake to support it with money or other- 
wise tlU it should have been Buccesefnlly 
executed. Wraxall was still waiting in Lon- 
don when the news reached him of Queen 
Caroline Matilda's death ; but he afterwards 
held that the scheme would have been car- 
ried out with or without George III (see 
N. WRAiiLL'fl PoetAumous Memoirt, u 372- 
414 ; and cf. L. WltiXil.L'a Nan-ative, i. 173- 
241, compiled from the above, his grand- 
father's private journal, and a manuscript 
entitled HUtoricat Narrative of the Attempt 
to rrttopf the Qtirm ; with Wittich'b com- 
ments, 257-0. The existence of a Danish 
party in sympathy with the plan is corrobo- 
rated by a letter of George III to Lord 
North ; see .Stashope, v. 309 note). 

The death of Queen Caroline Matilda, 
which took place 11 May 1775, was caused 
by a sudden attack of inflammation of the 
throat, She was of a plethoric habit of 
bodv, and had not been ill for more than a 
week (see N. Wriiall'b account of her last 
days, based on the information of her valet 
Muilel, in Mrmuirt of the Courla of Berlin 



r 
Die 



Verschwdnmg gegen die Konigin CSaroline Ma- 
thilda und die Grafen Struensee nnd Brandt 
(Leipzig, 1864); N. W. Wraxall, Memoin of 
the Coiirts of Berlin, Dresden, &c., yoL i. (Lon- 
don, 1799); id., Posthumons Memoirs, yoL i. 



Caroline 150 Caroline 

^c. (1799), i. 77-87. He mentions the story, , with a careful examination of special points, 

which also appears in Brown's Northern ; such as the queen^s reUtions to Scmensee, irill 

Courts, of her naving, just before she was ; ^ found in K. Wittich, Struensee (Leipzig, 

taken ill, inspected the corpse of a page who '■ 1879). Here are only added the titles of some 

had died eight days previously, and also refers ■ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ve been used in the above 

to the suspicions of poison which were rife '■ arti^e-Authentische und hochstmerkwurd^ 

at Celle with regard to her own death). A Auf klaningen uber die G^hichte der Grafen 

J .,4-1.^^^ «i^«™v,o« /Voo*^* T ^i,-««\ «,i,^ Struensee und Brandt (' Germanien,' 1788); 

.f 5Tif T^ ^ L^u^ ^ ^^ Struensee et la Cour de Copenhague, 1760-72 
attended her afterwards published an edi- , ^^^^i^ ^^ j^^^^l^ publirVA. Roge 

fymgaccount of her last days. The letter to (PaHs, 1858); G. F. von Jenss^Tusch. Di. 
George III declaring her innocence, said to 
have been written by her on her deathbed, 
is almost certainly spurious; her assertion 
in the same sense to the French pastor, 
Roques, rests on a secondhand statement 

made five years after her death (Wittich, I (London, i836); C. E. von Malortie, Beitrage 
2Sl note). She was buried in the vault of , zurGheschichtedesBraunschweig^Lunebuigischen 
the town church at Celle, where her coflin Hauses und Hofes, 2 Heft (Hannover, 1860); 
with a Latin inscription, in which she is ^^""^ t2^*I?^^®' Journal of the Reign of 
entitled Queen of Denmark and Norway, is S^'^V^^^^lol^m^ ^? -^^^f' ^'^?i ^^ ^' 
still shown near those of the Celle dukes ?^«T,^°f??k^A^ V^ * ''ij-^^^'^^^f*!; 
^^\^-^oi ^er .^onun.t. grandniother J^'tL^A';^?,;^^^^^^^ 
Sophia Dorothea (for an account of her j^ 541,5 ^o^ St^nhopef Histiry of England 
funeral see Malobtib, 89-92). In England from the Peace of Utr^ht (6th iition, 1858), 
thenewsof her death met with little public v. 306-9; Havemann, Geschichte der Lande 
comment ; but the faithful N. Wraxall con- Braunschweig nnd Luneburg (Gottingen, 1867), 
tributed a * character ' of her to the * Annual iii. 679-82 ; C. F. AUen, Histoire de Danemark, 
Register' of the year. Though of late she trad, par £. Beauvois (Copenhagen, 1878), ii. 
had grown stout, she must have been very 192-216.] A. W. W. 
attractive in person ; she was fair to a de- 
gree which exasperated her husband (Wal- OAROLINE, AMELIA ELIZABETH, 
POLE, i. 91 : * elle est si blonde') ; her like- of Brunswick - Wolfenbuttel (1768-1821), 
ness to her brother, George lU, which at queenof George IV, second daughter of Duke 
once struck observers (ib. 174), is very per- (!/harlesWilliamFerdinand of Brunswick and 
ceptible in her portrait at Uerrenhausen. the Princess Augusta of England, sister of 
The queen's male costume on horseback has George m, was bom 17 May 1768. 
become famous (cf. JENSSEir-TuscH, 73 note. The few anecdotes told of her childhood 
as to her portraits at Copenhagen) ; the show that she was kind, good-hearted, and 
fashion was a common one. charitable. The court of Bmnswick-AVol- 

TT"!, •*• T? 0.1 -1,1.— I.- rn T fenbUttel was one of the gayest in Germany, 

[The ex.st.ng English b.ogra^h.es of Carol.ne ^ ■ ^ jj , f^ ^j^ etiquette 

Matilda are that incorporated in vol. 1. of the \\ t 7 ^^ " . ^.^ yVi- ^1- *" -T^ 
Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir Robert !^^^^ ^*» charactenstic of the other ^o^th 
Murray Keith, edited by Mre. Gillespie Smyth, ^®™*^ courts. She was extremely fond of 
2 vols., London, 1849, and Sir C. F. Lascelles children, and would ston in her waUa to notice 
Wraxall's Life and Times of Queen Caroline them. The Duke of York had, during the cam- 
Matilda, 3 vols., London, 1864. Both are im- paigQ) seen much of his uncle, the Duke of 
critical, though the latter is valuable where Brunswick, and he was so charmed with the 
based on the private papers of the author's grand- Princess Caroline, that he mentioned her to 
father. Sir Nathaniel W. Wraxall. The litera- his brother the king and the Prince of Wales 
ture on Struensee's rise and fall and on Queen as a suitable bride for the latter. There was 
Caroline Matilda's relations to him is extremely qq prospect of the Duke and Duchess of York 
large, and from the Memoirs of an Unfortunate having any famUy, and the king was natu- 
Queen (London, 1776) onwards must be used paUy most anxious that thrsuccession to 
with the greatest caution ; and sensational ver- the throne should be indubitably settled bv 
sions of the story like that in vol. 1. of John 1 •. • ^i. j* *. t tt Ii j ' 
Brown's Norther/ Courts (London. 1818) may hent;^ m the direct line. Hara pressed on 
be left aside. It should in particular be ni ^} ^'^^f ^^f pnnce consented, on condition 
ticed that every endeavour was made during the ^\}}^f bqiudation of his debts, and a large 
three-quarters of a century which ensued upon addition to his income, to mai^ his cousin, 
the catastrophe to make a complete review of then twenty-six years old. He stipulated 
the historical evidence on the subject impos- that his income was to be raised firom 
■ible. By far the best survey of it, together 60,000/. to 125,000^ per annoni, oi which 



•loflUOL per 

pav his detiU, wiiicti nt that time u 
to'eSOflOQL Besides this he -traa to 
37,000/, foe prepBTOtionB for the marriage, 
28,000/. for jewels and pUle, 26,000/. for tie 
compleliun of Csrlton House, and 50,000/. 
|N.T aimuiii as & jointure to her royal high- 
OHM, of which, uowever, she would only 
accept 36,000/. 

She left Brunswick on 30 Dec. 1794, hut 
on her way was met by a messenger from 
Lord St. Helen's, telling her that the squa- 
dron sent to escort her had been ohliffeu to 
return to England, For a few weeEs she 
Kta^ed at Uaaover until her embarkation, 
which took place at Cuxhaven on 28 March 
1T9S. Shenirivedat Greenwich about noon 
on 6 April, where she dressed, and then drove 
to St. JoiDca's, accompanied by Lady Jersey, 

LO bad been sent to meet her. Lady Jersey 
»lly became her most implacable enemy, 

id probably did more than any one else to 

'^Utge the prince from his consort. The 
nage took place at 8 p.m. on 8 April in 
the Chapel Royal, St. James's. The prince's 
relations with Mrs. Fitzherbert and Lady 
Jersey — esjieciEdly the latter— soon led to 
quairets, and an appeal was made to the kin^ 
to aot OB arbiter between them. Their matn* 
tnonial relations continued in this state until 
Ike birth of the Princess Charlotte Aug'usta 
fq. v.], on 7 Jan. 1796, when the prince de- 
liberately forsook his wife. A formal separa- 
tion between them was agreed on three months 
Inter, and it waa only through the kind offices 
of the king that the princess was to have 
o her child during the tirdt eight 

« left Carlton House and went to reside 
A privacy at an unpretentious residence, 

rebury House, near Shooter's Hill. In 
1801 she removed to Montague House, Black- 
healh, where she entertained her friends, 
among whom were Sir John and Ladv Dou- 

flaa, Sir Sidney Smith, Captain Manby, &c. 
litberto there bod been nothing against her 
moral ohamcter. But becoming very intimate 
iritb Lady Douglas, she fooIisOy talked some 
nonsense a» to her being about to gire birth to 
a child, which she intended to account for by 
Miying she had adopted it. She already hod 
several young protSgfs, and one named Wil- 
liam Austin was singled ont as being her 
This rumour was spread by Lady 
a>, and in 1806 the king granted a 
wion, consisting of Lords Erskine, 
~le, Spencer, ana EUenborough, to in- 
« the matter. This was cdled ' the 
a invnetigationf'and at the conclusion 
'r Wraun they unhesitatingly repu- 
'lO charge made against the ^irincess, 



Bithougit they censured her levity of manners 
on several occiisions. For this also the king 
gently rebuked her, but he allotted her 
apartments in Kensington Palace, and often 
passed a whole day at Blockheath with lier 
and his grandchild, the Princess Charlotte, a 
proceeding which certainly tended to widen 
the breach between him and the Prince of 
Wales. Still, although on friendly relations 
with the king, she never recovered her former 
footing at court, and when, after the death of 
thePrincessAmelia in 1810, the king's health 

Save way,the intercourse between her and her 
augbter was much restricted. Herposition 
Buffered still more when, in 1811, the Prince 
of Wales was proclaimed regent, an accession 
of rank which brought to her no corresponding 









Caroline felt deeply the separation 

from her child. On 4 Oct. 1812 she went to 
Windsor with the intention of paying her 
daughter a visit, hut wos not permitted to see 
her, whereon she demanded an audience of the 
queen, which was immediatelr granted, but 
no satisfaction could be obtained. Her in- 
dignation knew no bounds, and she wrote a 
long and most impassioned letter of remon- 
strance to the regent on 12 Jan. 1813. This 
letter was laid before the privy council, and 
in their report they * were of opinion that, 
under all the circumstances of the case, it 
is highly fit and proper, with a view t« the 
welfare of her royal highness the Princess 
Charlotte, in which ore equally involved the 
happiness of your royal highness in your 
parental and royal character, and the most 
important interests of the state, that the 
intercourse between her royal hiKhnesa the 
Princess of Wales and her royal highnesa 
the Princess Charlotte should continue to be 
subject to regulation and restraint.' Tlieprin- 
cesa then addressed a letter to the speaker of 
the House of Commons on the subject, wbieli 
was read to the house, andadebate was raised, 
but the sense of the house was that the regent 
was the sole judge of the conduct to be ob- 
served in the educationof htsdai^hter. On 
8 March the princess received an intim^ 
tion that her restricted visits to her daughter 
to be discontinued, but by accident the 
mother and child met when out driving, and 
hod some ten minutes' conversation ; and on 
the death of the Duchess of Brunswick (wlio 
living in England) on 23 March 1813, 
the regent permitted his daughter to visit 
her mother, and they passerl two hours to- 
gether. When, on 13 July, the Prince of 
Wales visited Iuk daughter, and informed 
hi'r that be was going to dismiss all her 
hoiiBebold, and that she must lake up her 
idence at Carlton IIouBe, she fled at once 



Caroline 



152 



Caroline 



to her mother at Connaught House, only to 
find that the princess had gone to Blackheath. 
A messenger was despatched after her, and 
she immediately returned to comfort her 
daughter, hut the counsels and advice of 
Brougham prevailed, and the princess oheyed 
her father's will. 

Indignant at heing excluded firom court, 
and debarred from the society of her daughter, 
the Princess of Wales resolved to travel 
abroad, and she sailed for the continent, with 
the regent's sanction, in the Jason frigate on 
9 Aug. She started with a suite mainly com- 
posea of English men and women, but from 
one cause or another they all shortly left her, 
and she did not fill their places worthily. 
After visiting her brother, Ihike Frederick 
William of Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel, she 
turned her steps to Italy, and at Milan she en- 
gaged one Bartolomeo Bergami as her courier. 
Some infatuation led her to lavish upon this 
man every kind of favour it was in her power 
to bestow. He had served in some capacity 
on the Stat rnajor of the force commanded by 
General Count Pino in the campaign of 1812- 
1814,andwasofFered the brevet rank of captain 
by Joachim, kin^ of Naples, but refused it in 
order to remain m the service of the princess. 
His looks were in his favour, for his portraits 
show him as a handsome man. She raised 
him to be her equerry, her chamberlain, her 
constant companion, even at dinner; pro- 
cured for him a barony in Sicily and the 
knighthood of Malta, besides several other 
orders, among which was one which she in- 
stituted, that of St. Caroline. She took his 
relatives into her service. Louis Bergami di- 
rected her household, Yallotti Bergami kept 
her purse, the Countess Oldi, Bergami's sister, 
was her lady of honour, and Ber^ami's child 
Victorine also travelled in her suite. 

After living some time at Como, she visited 
many places, among others Tunis, Malta, 
Athens, Constantinople, Ephesus, and Jeru- 
salem. Here she made her entry in some- 
what theatrical style, and behave<f with such 
levity that secret commissioners were sent 
from England to investigate her conduct. 
She was surrounded by spies, and, after her 
return to Italy, an attempt was made to seize 
her papers by surreptitious means. 

On 6 Nov. 1817 the Princess Charlotte 
died, and the following year the Princess of 
Wales much desired to return to England, 
but she remained abroad for the next year 
and a half, and wintered at Marseilles in 
1819. On hearing of the death of George IH, 
29 Jan. 1820, she proceeded to Rome, where, 
although queen consort, she was refused a 
guard of honour. She was never officially 
informed of the old king^s death, and her name 



was omitted in the prayers of the church of 
England. On her way to England early in 
1820 she received at St. Omer a letter on be- 
half of the king, in which it was proposed to 
allow her 50,000/. per annum, subject to such 
conditions as the King might impose, which 
were that she was not to take the title of 
queen of England, or any title attached to the 
royal family of England, and that she was to 
reside abroad, and never even to visit England. 
It was not likely that these terms could be 
accepted, and she at once set out for Calais, 
and embarked the same night for England. 
She set sail next morning, 6 June 1820, and 
landed at Dover the same day at 1 p.m., being 
received with a royal salute, no instructions 
to the contrary having been ^ven. She was 
welcomed most entnusiastically, and her 
journey to London was an ovation. On her 
arrival she went to live at the house of her 
friend Alderman Wood, in South Audley 
Street. Her imexpected arrival filled the king 
and his party with consternation, and next 
day he sent a message to the House of Lords, 
accompanied by the evidence collected by the 
Milan commission, re<juesting their lordships 
to give the matter their serious consideration. 
A committee was appointed, which reported, 
with regard to the cnarges made against the 
queen, that 'it is indispensable that they 
should become the subject of a solemn in- 
quiry,' and on 6 July the Earl of Liverpool 
proposed the introduction of * a bill entitled 
an Act to deprive her Majesty, Caroline 
Amelia Elizabeth, of the Title, Preroffatives, 
Rights, Privileges, and Exemptions of Queen 
Consort of this Realm, and to dissolve the 
Marriage between his Majesty and the said 
Caroline Amelia Elizabeth.' It was read a 
first time, and appointed to be read a second 
on 19 Aug. 1820, but this was only a pre- 
liminary sitting, the examination of the 
witnesses not taking place until 21 Aug. 
Broiigham defended the queen. On 6 Nov. 
the House of Lords divided on the second 
reading of the bill — contents 123, non-con- 
tents 95 ; majority in favour of second reading, 
28. On 8 Nov. the divorce clause was carriecl 
in committee by 67. On 10 Nov., the date of 
the third reading, the Earl of Liverpool sud- 
denly announced that he was prepared to move 
that it be read that day six montlis. If the 
witnesses were not all perjured, the queen^s 
relations with Bergami admitted only of the 
conclusion that she was g^lty, and even her 
own friends and apologists were fain to admit 
that her conduct was open to the charge of 
grave indiscretion. Her mends claimed it as a 
triumphant acquittal, and Brougham's de- 
fence of the queen raised him to the summit of 
his profession. There can be but little doubt 



^^ Caroline 

that had ttie queen been found f^Uly, and 
divorced, George I V'g poailion aa kins' would 
have been impnriUe<l. .Vs it was, the popular 
feeling in her fayour found a safety-valve in 
the preeentation of addreseea of eympalliy, 
^hicli poured iu &om all porta of the king- 

Hw majesty waa then living at Branden- 
buTgh Houae, near HainmerBmith, but on the 
abandonment of the bill she demanded a 
palacv and eBtablishmeDt suited to her rank ; 
the wply to which was that it was ' not 
IMMible for his majesty, under all the cir- 
ClunsIanceB, to assi^i any of the roval 
palaee« for the quet^n'e residence,' and ttnt 
until parliament met ' the allowance whioh 
has hitherto boen enjoyed by the queen will 
in- continued lo her.' When parliament met, 
Ibev vit«d her riO,000/. per ajmum. 

6n Wednesday, 30 Nov. 1820, she went 
in "tat*, although unaccompanied bv soldiers, 
to Si. Paul's In return public thanks for her 
noiiiiittBl. ■ The Queen's Guards are the 
ppopje' was inscribed on one banner. Ac- 
cording to the procedure prescribed for royal 
Tuits to the city, the jrales of Temple Bar 
wero closed, atid opened on her arrival by the 
'cine authorities, who accompanied the queen 
in procession to the cathedral. Addresws 
continued to {>ourin ou her, but two attempts 
in parliament torestoiehernBmeintheliturg;y 

The king was to be crowned with HTeat 
pomp and ceremony at Westtninster Abbey 
on al July 1821. The queen declared her 
intt^ntioD to be present, and demanded that 
a euitablti plac« should be provided for her, 
which was peremjitorily refused. She per- 
sisted in pri'senting herself for oduiission, 
l>iit was most Armly repulsed, and, not wish- 
ing tn force on entrance, which would most 
ag^BUrcdlv have led to a riot, she returned 
home. This was her death-blow. She was 
taken ill at Driiry Lane Theatre on the even- 
ing of 30 July, and died on the night of 
7 Aug. 

Yet not fiveu with her death came peace. 
She diwircd in her will that she should be 
Jiuriid bi^ide her father at nrunawick. The 
king ordiTed soldiers to escort, the body. Hie 
city desired to show thi'ir ri«pect to Ihe royal 
«cirpae. The king decidud that it Bhoiild 
not go through lihe cily; hut llirough the 
city the people determined it should go, and 
ihmugh th*- cily it ultimately went, not be- 
fnrn a Mnndy encounter with the Life Guards 
at Ilydi' Park Comer, where they fired on 
the mob with fatal effect. The roifin duly 
Amml St Harwich, and Queen Cnrolinewas 
laid to mtt in tlie royal vault at Brunswick 
OAag. Ili21. 



'53 



Carpenter 



o^UAii 



[Nightinpila'a Memoirs of Quoan Cnrolios, 
1820; Ad.ilphusV ilitto, 1821; Wilka'a ditto, 
18.22; Clerkn'H Life of Hor Majeaty Cnrolloe, 
&c.. 1S21 ; Hniah's Memoirs of George IV. 1B8U ; 
Duke of Bnctinglutin'B Memoirs of Lhe CoBCt 
of Oeorge IV, 1859; Works of Heary, Lord 
Brorigham, vols, ij.und I. 1873; Journal of an 
English Tratell«r from IBUlo 1S16, IBI7 ; The 
Book. 1813; The Trial at Largo of her M«jeety 
Caroline, tie., 1821; Bnosard'e Psrlinmentary 
Debates. eont«ni[ioniry newipnpera, and nume- 
rous jiolitical tmcts.] J. A. 

GABON, REDMOND (1605 «- 11106), Irish 
frinr and author, was born of a good family 
near Athlone, "Westtueath, about ItiOo, and 
embraced the order of St. Francis in the con- 
vent there when about siiteen years of age. 
He afterwards studied philoBOpny at Drog- 
heda in a monastery of his own order, and 
when the convents were seiied by the govern- 
ment went to the continent, completing his 
studies at SalxhuTV and Louvain. For some 
time he held a chair iu the latter university. 
Returning to Ireland as commissary-general 
of the recollects, he took the part of the loyal 
catholics against the supporterB of Dr. NeiU, 
and was in extreme danger of his life when 
he was saved by the interposition of the Earl 
of Castlehoven. He died at Dublin in May 
1666, and was buried in St. James's Church. 
He was the author of the following chiefly 
controversial works: 1. 'Roma triumphane 
septicolUs, qui nova hoctenua et inaolit&Me- 
thodo comp&rativa lot a FidesRomano-Cstho- 
lica clarissime demons tratur. atque Infide- 
lium omnium Argiitnenta diluuntur,' Ant- 
werp, 1636. '2. ' Apostolus Evangelicus Mis- 
sionariorum Hegularidm per universum Mun- 
dum expositus, Antwerp, 1653 ; Paris, 1659. 

3. ' Controversiw Generales Fidei contra In- 
fldelex omnes, Judicos, Mahometanos, Pognnos 
et euiuscunque Sectse Htcreticos,' Paris, 1660, 

4. ' Loyalty asserted and the late Ilemon- 
atrancB or Allegiance of the Irish Clergy and 
Laity confirmed and proved by the autliority 
of ScripturcB, Fathers. Eipoaitors, Popes, 
Canons, Sic.,' London, 1862; and some other 
tractates which were never printed. 

piViires Works (Harris), ii. IM-J.] 

T. F. H. 

OAEPENTER, ALEXANDER, latin- 
ised Bfl Fadricitts (/. 1429), is known only 
as the author of the ' Destruct.orium Viiio- 
rum," a treatise which en^joyed n considerable 
popularity in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- 
turies, was six times printed bufore 1616, 
and woH finally reprinted (at Venicel as 
late as 16S2. Must of the editions bear 
simply the name of '.\lexander Anglus,' a 
dfaignation which Possevijiua {Apparatiu 



Carpenter 



154 



Carpenter 



Sacer, i. 31, Cologne, 1608) took to refer to 
the famous Alexander of Hales ; but the edi- 
tion printed by Koberger at Nuremberg in 
1496 states in the colophon that the 'Be- 
structorium ' was compiled * a cuiusdam fabri 
lignarii filio,' and begun in 1429. A similar 
note, giving the same date, appears at the end 
of a copy of the book written in 1479, and be- 
longing to the library of Balliol College, Ox- 
ford (cod. Ixxxi.) A more modem entry in 
this manuscript adds that the author was fel- 
low of Balliol College, an assertion which 
was also made by Gabriel Powel {Disputa- 
tiones Theohgicce et SchoUuticce de Anti" 
christOf prsef. p. 39, London, 1606), but was 
discredited by Anthony k Wood on the ground 
that no evidence was forthcoming in tne col- 
lege itself {Hist, et Antiqq, Untv, Oxon, ii. 
75 a, Oxford, 1674). Hecent researches in the 
jnuniments have not discovered any trace of 
Carpenter's connection with the college. 

Powel and after him Bale {Script, Brit, 
Cat, vii. 77, p. 566^ claim Carpenter as a 
follower of Wyclifie; they both refer to 
book vi. ch. xxx. of the ' Destructorium ' in 
proof of his theological position; but the 
language he uses in condemnation of sundry 
abuses m the church is not stronger than was 
frequently employed by the most correct 
churchmen of the middle ages, and does not 
permit us to describe him as a Wycliffite 
without more distinct evidence. Bale adds 
that Carpenter was the author of certain 
' Homilise eruditoe,' of which nothing further 
is known. 

[See also Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 155.] 

R. L. P. 

CARPENTER, GEORGE, Lokd Cak- 
PENTEB (1667-1732), general, descended from 
the ancient family of Carpenter of Holme 
in Herefordshire, was bom at Pitchers Ocul, 
Herefordshire, on 10 Feb. 1657. His father, 
a royalist soldier, was wounded at the battle 
of Naseby, and George, who was the yoimgest 
of seven children, commenced life as a page 
to the Earl of Montagu in his embassy to 
Paris in 1671. In the following year he 
rode as a private in the 3rd troop of guards, 
and shortly afterwards he was appointed 
quartermaster in Lord Peterborouf li s regi- 
ment of horse. In this regiment ne served 
for seventeen years, and eventually became 
lieutenant-colonel, and with it he saw ser* 
vice both in the Irish campaign of 1690 
and in Flanders. In 1693 he married the 
Honourable Alice Margetson, daughter of 
William, first viscount Charlemont, and 
widow of James Margetson, with a portion 
of whose dowry he purchased for 1,800 
guineas the colonelcy oi the King's dragoon 



guards. With this regiment he served in 
Flanders, and became famous for his con« 
spicuous gallantry. In 1705 Carpenter was 
appointed a brigadier-general under Peter^ 
borough, and seems to have performed the 
double function of quartermaster-general and 
general of the cavairy in Spain. As a quarter- 
master-general he was said to have no equal, 
and as a general of cavalry he saved the 
baggage oi the English army, and covered 
the retreat at the head of his dragoons after 
the defeat of Almanga. He was wounded at 
Almenara, and was severely wounded in the 
mouth and taken prisoner while desperately 
defending the breach at Brihue^ He was 

Eromoted lieutenant^neral in 1710, and on 
is return to England was one of the general 
officers who were resolved at all hazards to 
maintain the protestant succession. When 
George I had been proclaimed, Stanhope 
nominated Carpenter to go as ambassador to 
Vienna, but on the outbreak of the rebellion 
of 1715 he was entrusted instead with supreme 
command over all the forces in the north 
of England. He prevented the rebels from 
seizing Newcastle, and when he heard that 
they had advanced into Lancashire, rapidly 
followed them; found them at Preston, 
where General Wills was blockading them 
in a half-hearted way, and forced the whole 
rebel army to capitulate. On reaching Lon« 
don he was challenged by General W"ills in 
February 1716, and a duel was with difficulty 
prevented by the Dukes of Montagu and 
Marlborough. In return for his great ser- 
vices he was nominated governor ot Minorca 
and commander-in-chief of the forces in Scot- 
land. In 1714 he was returned to par* 
liament as M.P. for Whitchurch in Hamp* 
shire, and on 29 May 1719 he was created 
Lord Carpenter of Killaghy, co. Kilkenny, 
in the peerage of Ireland. In 1722 he was 
elected M.P. for Westminster, but did not 
seek re-election in 1729, and died at the age 
of seventy-five, on 10 Feb. 1732, and was 
buried at Ouselbury in Hampshire. His 
grandson was created Viscount Carlingford 
and Earl of TVrconnel in the peerage of 
Ireland on 1 May 1761, but the earldom, 
viscounty, and barony b€Mcame extinct on the 
death of the fourth earl, 26 Jan. 1853. 

[Life of the late Right Honourable George, 
Lord Carpenter, London. Printed for Edward 
Ourll, 1736, from which all other notices are 
borrowed ; Lord Mahon's War of the Spanish 
Succession in Spain, for his services in Spain.] 

H.M.S. 

CARPENTER, JAMES (17ea-lS45), 
admiral, entered the navy in 1776 on board 
the Foudroyant, then commanded bjr Cap- 
tain Jenris, afterwards Earl St. Vincent. 



I the FoudrojBut he ' 
.(finp year to North America 
mood frignto, and from her wat 
ferred to the Sullan, in which he -vat pm- 
sent in the action oS Grenndn, tt Jul; 1/Ta 
In 17S0 he vita for some time in the Sand- 
wich, bearing Sir Georgt- Rodnej's flag, and 
WAS appointed bom her to the Intrepid as ' 
BCttng Iteulenant, in wliich capacity he Aras ! 
present in the actionoff Martinique, 30 April 
1781, and in that olf the Capes of Vir^nia, I 
5 Sept. 1781, He was not confirmed in his i 
Toak till IS April 1783. In 1793 he was ' 
appointed to toe Boyne, flagship of Sir , 
John Jerris in the "West Indies, and was | 
promoted bv the admiral to the command of 
the Nautilus, 9 Jan. 1794. Ue was then | 
employed on shore at the reduction of Mar- , 
tinique, and on 2b March 1794 was posted to 
the command of the Bienvenu, prize-frigate, 
from which he was moved in rapid euccee- 
eioo to the Veteran of 01 guna and the 
Alarm of 32. He continued actively em- 
plc^ed in the Weel Indies till the following 

rt, when he returned to England. In 1799 
was appointed to the Leviathan of 74 
suns, bearing Sir John Duckworth's flag in 
the Hediterranean and afterwards in the 
■Weat Indies, whence he was compelled to 
invalid ; and, taking a paaaage home in a 
merchant ship, he was captured by a French 
man-of-war and carried to Spain as a pri- 
soner. Ue was, however, shortly aflerwuds 
exchanged through the exertions of Lord St. 
Vincent, and for a short time had com- 
mand of the San Jow^f. From 1803 lo 1810 
he had charge of the Deyonshlre Sea Fen- 
ablea, and in 1811 went out to Newfound- 
land in the Antelope, again aa flag-captain 
lo Sir J. T. Duckworth, It was only for a 
year, for on 12 Aug. 1812 he became a rear- 
mdmiial. He had no further eervice, but 
was advanced in course of seniority to be 
Tice-odmiml ou 12 Aug. 1819, and admiral 
1 10 Jan. 1837. He died on 16 March 



^^yma'a Nav. Biog. Diet. : 
R.Blog. iL (vol. i. pi, ii.) 
niB), Mwri. ii. 79.] 



MarsbaU's Royal 
BSB; Gent. Mng. 
J. K.L. 



RPENTEB, JOIIN (1370P-1441?), 
a clerk of Loudon, son of Richard Car- 
ter, a citiieu of London, and ChHatina, 
i wife, was probably bom about 1370, and 
educated for the profession of law. On20April 
1417 he waa chosen town clerk or common 
ark of the city, after having held an in- 
~''t post in the town clerk's office for some 
I previously. Carpenter was well ac- 
1 with John UBrchaiuit, Lis prede- 
i was one of the executors of aior- 




chaiini'fi will in 1431. As town clerk Car- 
penterfrequentlyaddressedletterstoHenry V 
on behalf of Ihe corjwration, and very soon 
after his appointineat began a compilation 
of the laws, customs, privileges, and usages 
of the city, ejttroeted from the archivee of 
the corpomtion. This important work, which 
wasentitludiiie 'Liber Albue,' was completed 
in November 1419, and waa printed from the 
Guildhall manuscript for tlie first time in 
the Rolls Series in 16o9. Carpenter was the 
intimate friend of the far-famed Sir Richard 
Whittington, who was lord mayor for the 
third timein 1419, and as one of the executors 
of Whitlington's will was busily employed in 
1423 and the following yeare in carrying out 
Whittington's charitable Iwqueata. On23Feb. 
1431 Carpenter and his wife, whose cliriatian 
name was Katharine, received from the cor- 



20 Nov. 1436 be was elected one of the re- 

fresentativea of the city in parliament ; on 
4 Dec, following he was granted a patent of 
exemption from all summonses to serve on 
jories or to perform other petty municipal 
duties. In 1438 Carpenter resigned the town 
clerkship ; during his twenty-one years of 
office he was sometimes styled 'secretarr,' a 
designation which no other town clerk is 
known to have home. On 26 Sept. 1439 Car- 

rter was re-elected member of parliament 
the city ; but he had now resolved lo 
retire from public life. On 3 Dec. following 
he obtained from Henry VI letters patent 
exempting him fiMm all military and civil 
duties. He was thus relieved of the neces- 
sity of attending parliament and of receiving 
the honour of knighthood. Un 10 June 1440 
the mayor and aldermen voted Caipenter a 
gratuity of twenty marltB, and in 1441 be 
defended the sheriffs in a lawsuit preferred 
against them by the dean of the coUegiaU 
church of St. Martin-Ie-Grand. In the same 
year Carpenter, conjointly with another John 
Carpenter [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Wot^ 
cester, and John Somerset, chronicler of the 
exchequer, received trom the crown a grant 
of the manor of Theobalds in Chesbunt, Hert- 
fordshire. He probably died in 1441. On 
8 March of that year Carpenter drew up 
a will disposing of his personal property, 
and a copy of this document is st'dl extant. 
From it we learn that Carpenter lived in the 

Earisb of St. Peter, ComhilU in whosechurch 
e desired to be buried. He left large suma 
of money, together with bis jewels and house- 
hold furniture, lo his wife, ond similar gifts 
to his lirotliers, Robert and John, and their 
children. To the religious foundations in and 
near London he also bequeathed gifts of 



Carpenter 156 Carpenter 

money, and the terms of his bequest indicate Guildhall Letterbook K), describing Henry VI s 

that Le was a lay brother of the convent of entry into the city of London after his return 

the Charterhouse, London, and of the frater- ft»n^ France.] 8. L. L. 

nity of the sixty priests of London. To his CARPENTER, JOHN (d, 1476), bishop 

foends. Reginald PecockA\illiam Clewe, ^^ ^Vorcester, b^ probably at W;rtburv. 

John Carpenter, bishop of T\ orcester [q v.] QloucestershiU, was*^educatid at Oriel Col' 

and other ecclesiastics, he left most of his i Oxford, and proceeded D D there 

WkjwhichincludedRichapddeBuiT'8'Phi- ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^f g^ ^^J 

ob^lon and some of Aristotle sworfatraM- tony'sHoepital and School in the city of Lon- 

lated into Utrn Of his landed property no ^Jf ^ ^ 1^^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^ 

accoimt IS extant, and no mention « made of i^^;,^ ^ ^^^ ^^j^^ ,^^^^1 K^ ,^ 

"i* V^^ """ ^^ r'' ""T;^ • ^'^l * T' "id in 1440 the benefice of St. Wt Rnk! 

doubtedlv oym«l laige estates in the city, He was appointed proyost of Oriel College in 

aiid made a careful disposition of hem Stow ^^ ^Q^ the office conjointly wi^ the 

states in his Suryey of London, p 110, tb^t ^t^y „f gt. Antony's iaospitil. About 

Carpenter 'gave tenements to the ctye for the 1436 ^^ ^ ^„ „f g^ Mary Magdalen in 

finding and bringing up of foure poor mens q,^ pj^ g ^o^^ J'j wfth great 

chddren with meat dnnk, apparefl, learning u^^^t i^ ^^^ aimshouses beW 

at the schooles m the unnersities, &c., ^tQ -^^ ^^ ^^^_ I„ comrideration of this 

they be professed, and then others in their r*„^„„ ««rr«— ,w«.«.^-»- ^^^^i^^^^^^v^ir^ 

, -^ -'^ , 'mt. 1 * .- J 1 irenerous act Larpenter s name ' was to be in- 

places for eyer. This benefaction was duly B.^,^ ^j, ^V^. ^ ^^^, jj^ ^.^ 

executed by the corporation with little change ch^„^i,„, „f Oxford Uniyersity in 1437. On 

♦"'• nearly four centuries. ■** *^'^ «oi.iioat .j.. 

int book of the citv accc 

- "^^ ^^. Carpenter's land . — _ jjourcnieril4iMr-14«J)|q. v.j,anawaa con- 

appointed for educational purnoses is given, ^^^^^ at Eton on 22 March 1443-4 Car- 

and the rental of the property tnen amounted .^^^.^^ „.„ ♦i.-^,,^!.^.,* i.:« i;4v. . w..i..':«^»«^ 

to 49/. 13,. 4.. andJ-hrchJig. upon it to E^SffLrt^Th'^S^^i'^f We^tr-fll^ 

no more than 20/. 13,. 4^. In the course of gi^^^^t^i ^^.^yt and richly endowed the 

the following century the di8crei«mcy be- „ „/ rf^j, ^^^^ ^„ the church 

tween the two sides of the account increased ^^ ^j|jj^ Canynges of Bristol [q.v.] 

rapidly In 1823 the chanty commissioners ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^1^ -^ 1^ ci^„J 

pointed out that only a fraction of the pro- j^^ ^ fe^ weeks befor/his 

ceeds of the benefaction was appbed accord- ^ ^ "8^ j^ Xorthwick, and died 

ing to the testators wwhes; m 1827 the ^^^ ^ ^^^^ jj ^^^^ -^ j^ ^ 

court of common councd increased the sum ^ ^ ; -yvestbuiy Church. Much of his 

to be applied to the education «nd mainte- • j j^ t^t^Mig^ exhibitions at 

nance of four poor boys, and in 1833 ,t was ^jj^'c^Uege. He is said to haye built the 

resolyed to apply 900/ per annum from the ^^j^^^ ^ Hartlebuiy Castle, the official 

Carpenter bequest to the founda ion and en- »^yence of the bishopSf Worc^ter. Car- 

dowment of a new school and o the establish- ^j^ . . ^ 

ment of eight CanH^ntcr scholarships for the ^y ^^ ij^,^ ^f j^jj^ cirpenter, town 

assistanc^of pupils at the school and nniver- j g ^ ^o^ ^ . ^ b^ueathed to 

sities. This school, cidled the City of London y^ geveral books on hi^ death m lill 

School, was erected on the site of Honey Une "^ **^ "-"^ '^** °° "^ **'"' "^ ^** ^• 

Market, and opened in laS" ; it was removed [Godwin, De Prssul. (174S), p. 467 ; Le Neye's 
in 1883 to the Thames Embankment. Astatue ' ^>^^ ^ccl. Angl. iii. 61 ; Newcourt's Dioccee of 

of Carpenter as the virtual founder was placed K"**?? ' '• *!*' 299.471:Thoma.Breircr;sLifeof 

on the principal staircase in the old building, j!."'"' CfP«nt«. *^^ cleA of London. The John 

and has been removed to the new Orations Can*°ter who, according to Boase s Oxf. Lniv. 

ana nas wen remo^ ea to tne new. "«ti"n8 ^^^,1^, (j ^gj proceeded Bjl. 28 Jan. 1461-2, 

in Carpenter's honour are given by the boys ^^^ ^j^] ^ Dm 1465. cannot be identical with 

on the annual speechdays. tl,e bUhop.] S. L. L. 

[Thomas Brewer's Memoir of the IJfo and CARPENTER, JOHN (d. 1621), divine, 
Times of John Carpenter (London, 1856) gives ' ^-^•* *-^^ **-•*•, ,i .^^ ' Z\' *"''"^» 
very full particulars Oirpenters Liber Alius, , ^^ ^™ '"^ ComwaU, it is belief at 

editetl by H. T. Riley (1859). forms the first Launceston, and entered asabatlerat Exeter 

ToluniooftheMuniracntaGildhallKLondoniensis OoUege about 1670, but after a residence of 



in the Rolls Series. Translations of the Norman 
French passages are giren in the third Tolnme of 
the Munimenta, together with a lon^ letter by 



four years left without ti^dng a dmee and 
became rector of Northleig^, near Honiton, 
in Devonshire. Here he continued throturli- 



Carpenter (dated 20 Feb. 1432, and printed from i out hia life, and here he died in Bfareh 10290- 



1631, wben he was bitried in the cliuucel 
of hU chuich. He was father of Nathnnact 
Cnrpenwrfq.v.l He wrote : 1. ' A Sorrow- 
ful Song lor Smful SouU, composed upon 
the Strange nnd "Wonderful Shaking, 6 April 
1580,* London, 1580. 2. ' Remember Lot's 
Wifie," two BermonB, 1588, dedicated to Mary, 
wife of Bishop Wooltoo. 3. ' A Preparative 
to Oontentation,' 1697. 4. 'The Song of 
the BoloTed concerning Hia Vineyard,' 169B. 
5. 'Ctontemplationforthe Instruciion of Chil- 
Anm ill Ihe Christian Religion,' 6. "Schelo- 
monocham, or King Solomon, his solace,' 
160e. 7. 'ThePUineMan'flSpiritunlPiough," 
dedicated to Bishop Cotton. 

[Womi'B AtheM Oion. (Blias), ii. 287-8 ; 
BoaKiLDilCoiirtnsy'BBibl, Cornub.pp. 63, 1115; 
Arber'a Sutioni'n' Itcgistsrs. iii. IDS, 2S5.] 

W. P. C. 

OABPENTEB, LA>X LL-D. (1780- 
1S40), unitarian diriue, bom at Kidder- 
minster on 2 Sept. 1780, was the third sou 
of George Carpenter (rf. 13 Feb. 1839, aged 
ninety-one), carpet manufacmrer, by his 
wife, Mary Hooke (d. 21 Bfarch 183S, aged 
eighty-three). Ann I^ant was the maiden 
name of Oeorge Carpenter's mother. George 
Carpenter fuled in businesH, and removed 
from Kidderminster, but Lant was left be- 
hind with his mother's guardian, NioholsB 
Pearsall, who adopted him, with a view to hie 
beconung a minister. Pearsallwas a strong 
unitarian, of much practical benevolence. 
He sent him to school, first under Benjamin 
Carpenter at Stourbridge, and then under 
■Wifiiam Blake n730-1799) [q. v.] at the 
echool of Pearaall a own founding in Kidder- 
minster. In 1797 Carpenter entered the dia- 
ecntiugaca<lemy at Northampton under John 
Hotaey, and was ranked in the second year 
of the five years' course. The Northampton 
uariemy was the immediate successor of that 
at Daveotry, from which Belsham had re- 
tired on adopting unitarian views. Horsey 
was moderately orthodox, the classical tutor 
was a polemical Calvinist from Scotland. 
The arrangement did not work, the minds of 
tiir students became unsettled, and the Crus- 
tves in 1798 abruptly closed the academy. 
In October of that year Carpenter with two 
fellow-ttudenta entered Glasgow College as 
mhihitioners under Dr. Williams's trust. 
a studies there, interrupted at the outset 
ma attack of rheumatic fever, lasted till 
"1. He look the arts course (but did not 
iuate), adding chemistry and anatomy, 
__, he liad a scientific turn, and at one time 
thought fif combining the dutiea of a phy- 
■ician and a dissenting minister. Divinity 
lia slDidiGd for himself, especially during the 



exhih 
^^«rh. 



prevented his con- 
tinuing at Glasgow for tlie divinity course. 
Ue now thought of schoolkeening as an ad- 
junct to the ministry (he had alresdj entered 
the pulpit), and in September 1801 he be- 
came assistant in the school of his connec- 
tion Rev. John Corrie, at Birch's Green, near 
Binoingham. Next year he supplied for a 
time tlie pulpit of the New meeting, Bir- 
mingham, vacant by the resignation of John 
Edwards, but soon accepted the offer of a 
librarianship at the Liverpool Athenieum. 
This situation he held from the end of 18(^2 
till March 1805, conducting at the same 
time advanced classes for young ladies, and 
occasionally preaching. He declined over- 
tures irom congregations at Ijiswich, Bury 
St. Edmunds, Ormskirk,and Dudley, and an 
invitation (in 1803) to become literary tutor 
at Manchester College, York (this invitation 
was renewed in 1B07, and again declined). 
On 9 Jan. 1806 he accepted a co-pastorate 
at George's meeting, Exeter, as colleague 
with James JManning. in succession to Timo- 
thy Kenrick. Manning was an Arian ; Ken- 
rick had been a humanitarian, and this was 
now Carpenter's standpoint. In philosophy 
he was a determlnist, and an especial ad- 
mirer of Hartley. At Exeter (where he soon 
married) Carpenter undertook an extensive 
pastorate and the cares of a boarding school 
with an unfailing fervour, method, and suc- 
cess, which were marvellous, considering his 
far from robust health. He brought out in 
1806 a popular manual of New Testament 
geography. ApplyingtoGlaagowiu ISOUfor 
the degree of M.A. by special grace, he was 
at once made LL,D. In AususC 1807 the 
temporary lose of his voice lea him to send 
in his resignation; his congregation in reply 
gave him a year's ireedom &om pulpit work, 
and his colleague undertook the double duty. 
He employed his leisure in founding and 
managing a public library. His return to 
the pulpit in 1808 was followed by a contro- 
versy, in which his chief opponent was Daniel 
Veysie, B.D. In 1810 the congregation of 
the' Mint meeting otnalgamated with that of 
George's meeting; the Mint meeting tmstees 
in 1812 wanted to place an organ in George's 
meeting, and this was done, not without con- 
siderable opposition. In 1813 Carpenter de- 
clined a pressing invitation to become col- 
league with John Yates at Paradise Street 
Chapel, Liverpool (overtures from the same 
congregation weremade tohim in 1823). An- 
other doctrinal controversy in which he had a 
share in 1814 was summed up in an epigram 
by Caleb Colton ('Laoon.' 1S2'2, ii. 720). H.> 
remained at Exeter till 1817, taking an in- 
creasing part b public questions, especially 



Carpenter 



158 



Carpenter 



the agitation for the Roman catholic claims 
in 1813. In view of the approaching retire- 
ment of John Prior Estlin, LL.D., Carpenter 
was invited (28 Aug. 1816) to Lewin's Mead 
Chapel, Bristol, as colleague to John Rowe. 
The Exeter people made every effort to retain 
him, but in the summer of 1817 he removed 
to Bristol. The con^rregation was large and 
wealthy [for its earlier history see Buby, 
Samuel], but had lost cohesion. Carpenter 
drew its various elements together, developed 
its religious and philanthropic life, and gave 
it a hold upon the neglected classes of so- 
ciety. On the resignation of Rowe in 
1832, Carpenter obtained as colleague (after 
a short inter\'al) Robert Brook Aspland, 
M.A. [a. V.]; in 1837, the year following 
Asplana's removal, his place was filled by 
George Armstrong, B. A., a seceder from the 
church of Ireland. Carpenter did much to 
widen the spirit of his denomination. With 
one exception, the earlier unitarian tract and 
mission societies had been fortified with a 
preamble branding trinitarianism as * idola- 
trous ' and so limiting the unitarian name as 
to exclude Arians. As early as 1811, Car- 
penter endeavoured to expunge the preamble 
from the rules of the Western Unitarian So- 
ciety ; it took him twenty years to effect 
this change. But in 1825 three older metro- 
politan societies were amalgamated into the 
existing British and Foreign Unitarian As- 
sociation, and to Carpenter is mainly due 
the disappearance from its constitution of the 
restrictive preamble. His polemical publi- 
cations in reply to Magee and others were 
commended lor their mildness by orthodox 
critics ; for that very reason, perhaps, though 
able works, few of them were much read. 
Just before his arrival in Bristol, J. E. Stock, 
M.D., long a zealous convert to unitarianism 
(he had drafted the invitation to Carpenter), 
seceded to the Calvinistic baptists. Soon 
after this, Charles Abraham Elton, the well- 
known classical scholar, became a convert, 
and produced * Unitarian ism Unassailable,' 
and similar publications ; but in a few years 
he publishea his * Second Thoughts ' and re- 
joined the established church. In 1822 
Samuel Charles Fripp, B.A., a clergyman 
residing at Bristol, who had been a curate 
in Kent, announced his unitarianism from 
the Lewin's Mead pulpit, and remained 
steadfast to his new connections. Of Car- 
penter's own catechumens a considerable 
number, including some of his favourite 
pupils, ultimately joined the church of Eng- 
land. Many 01 the sterner unitarians re- 
garded his influence as too evangelical. Much 
independence characterised his views; the 
rite of baptism he rejected altogether as a 



superstition, substituting a form of infant 
deaication. In 1833 the Rajah Rammohun 
Roy, in whose monotheistic movement Car- 
penter was strongly interested, visited Bris- 
tol, but only to die. Carpenter preached 
his funeral sermon (afterwards published, 
with a memoir). He had given up his school 
in the spring of 1829. Of Carpenter as a 
schoolmaster there are two sketches by Jamea 
Martineau, his pupil, and for a time his locum 
tenens {Memoirs^ p. 342 ; Life of Mary Car^ 
penter, p. 9). No master was ever more 
adored by his scholars, or more effective in 
the discipline of character. Bowring says : 
' For many a year I deemed him the wisest and 
greatest of men, as he certainly was one of the 
best.' * Christopher North * (who had been his 
fellow-student at Glasgow), when appointed 
in 1820 to the moral philosophy cnair at 
Edinburgh, consulted him about tha plan of 
his lectures and the literature of the subject 
(see his reply, MemoirSy p. 255). Carpenter 
is caricatured in Harriet Martineau*s * Auto- 
biography,' 1877, vol. i. Till 1836 he took 
a leading part in all public work in Bristol, 
acting in politics as an independent liberal, 
and devotmg much time to the encourage- 
ment of physical science. He was one of the 
chief organisers of the Bristol Literary and 
Philosophical Institution in 1822. By 1839 
his constitution was completely exhausted 
under his unsparing labours. He left home 
on 22 July and was recommended by London 
physicians to travel. Accompanied by Free- 
man, a medical adviser, he went on the con- 
tinent, but his health did not revive. He 
was drowned on the night of 5 April 1840 
while going by steamer from Leghorn to 
Marseilles. He was not missed till morning, 
and it is supposed that he was washed over- 
board. His body was cast ashore near Porto 
d'Anzio, about two months afterwards, and 
was buried on the beach. He married on 
25 Dec. 1805 Anna (d. 19 Junel856), daughter 
of James Penn of Kidderminster, and had 
six children, of whom the eldest was Mary 
[q. v.l, the fourth William Benjamin [q. v.j, 
and the youngest Philip PearsaJfl fq. v. J His 
remaining son is Russell Lant,hi8 Diographer. 
Of Carpenter there is an excellent por- 
trait drawn by Branwhite, and engravea by 
Woodman, prefixed to his * Memoirs ; ' but 
perhaps the oest likeness of him is a small 
porcelain bust by Bentley, published in 1842. 
Among his publications, which numbered 
thirty-eight, besides four posthumous works 
and several contributed articles and works 
edited by him (see a fiill list in ' Memoirs,' 
appendix B), the most noteworthy are: 
1. ' Unitarianism the Doctrine of the Goe- 
pel,' 1809, 8yo, Srd edition 182S (ia the form 



(Iters to Veysie). 2, ' Systomatic Edu- 
jm,' 2 Tol8. 1815, Hyo, 3rd edition 182'2 
, conjiinction wilh William Shepherd, 
..J-Dt u)i1 Jeremiah Joyce ; Carpenter's 
part tncludcB the mental and moral philo- 
Mpbj). 3. ' An Eiaminntion of the ChaiTjres 
made ngtunEt Unitarians . . . bj the Ki^ht 
B«v. Dr. Magee,' &c. 1820, Svo. 4. ' Pnn- 
eiplec of Education,' 1820, 8vo (reprinted 
trom Kgmi'b ' Cydopaidia,' much commended 
by the EdgBWorths), 5. 'A Harmony, or 
STnnptieDl Arrangement of the Gospels, &c. 
Ifett, 8yo (tha second edition, 1WJ8, 8vo, is 
dedicated, by permisfiiou, to the queen). 
8. ' SetiBons on Practical Snhjecta,' 1 840, 8vo 
d by hU »on ; an nbridged edition was 
_ht out by Mary Carpenter in 1875). 
^■mnin. by Russall Lent Carpenter (bis 
.5). 18*S ; Memoiniof P. P. Cnrpentor, Ph.D. 
BSD (by the Kimc) ; family pedigrees are siten 
_n privately printed MBinoriale (1878) of Mary 
Oarpen Mr (sister of Lant CArpeottr); Mnnlhly 
Baires. 1817. p. *81 ; Murch'fl HiMory of Prwb. 
■ml Gtn. Bapt. Churches in West of Kngland, 
18S6, pp. 1 17 Bq.i 409. 664 : Chriatiiin Roforaier, 
1613, p. 371 : Headersoa's Memoir of Rev. G. 
ArrastroDg, 18S0 ; Autobio^mphicBl Recollac- 
tioMof S^r .1. Bowring, 187r.pp. *2-3; iirivate 
- - 1 A. C, 

I'OAEPENTER, MARGARET SARAH 
1783-1872), portrait-painter, daughter of 
_tol«in Alexander Geddea, bom at Salisbunf 
iiil793, first studied art from Lord Badiior's 
collection at Longford Castle, and obtained 
a gold medal from the Society of Artn for 
the study of s boy's head. She went up to 
London in 1814 and established herself as 
a portrait-painter of much reputalion. In 
1817 sbe. married 'William Hoohham Carpen- 
ter fq. v.], keeper of prints and drawings 
in the British Museum, upon whose death 
in 1806 her majeety granted her a pension of 
lOOAperimuum. She died in London 13Not. 
187:^. Between 1818 and 1866 she exhibited 
147 pictures at the Royal Academy, fifty at 
Britiab Institution, and nineteen at the 
iety of British Artjats. Her last work 
"' portraitof Dr. WhewelL .^.mongher 
irtreits were those of Lord Kilcouraie 
(18iaS. Mr. Baring ( 1815), Lord de Tabley 
(1829),aDd.\TchbishopSuniner(I852). Her 
portraits of Eraser Tyl.ter, John Gibson, and 
Boninffton are in the National Portrait Gal- 
lery. In the South Kensington Mnseum she 
IB represented by ' DerotJon — St. Francis ' 
(a lifoaiie study of tie bead of Anthony 
Stewart, thp miniature painter), 'The 8i»- 



liam Church ' {a sketch), and 'An Old Wo- 
man ^niiLiiiaj^,' and also by a water-colour 
tuidj tma nature. A tister of Mrs. Carpen- 



[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Bryan'a 
Diet, of Psintfirs (SraTea); Omvea'a Diet, of 
Artists; Catalogues of NationHl Portrait Oal- 
lory nod National Qallory at South Kensington 
Museum; Artists of Niaeteenth Century; Art 
Journal, 1873.] C. X.. 

CARPENTER, MARY (1807-1877), 
philanthropist, the eldest child of Lant Car- 
penter, LL.D. tq. v.], by his wife, AnnaPenn, 
was bom at Exeter on 3 April 1807. Her 
father's teacliinga and example inspired her 
whole career. From him she inherited her 
industiT. her warm benevolence, and simple 
piety ; her concentration of energy she drew 
from herself. At a very early age she was 
introduced to the wliole range of studies 
pursned in her father's school, gaining a 
Bound classical and scientific truning, and 
developing a taste for art. James Martineau 
sketches her as a schoolgirl (iV/V. 9). Ac- 
customed to assist in teaching, and even on 



1871'. 

m 



had completed her fifteenth year, she left 
home in (he spring of 1827 to act as a gover- 
ness, first in the Isle of Wight, then at 
Odsey, near Itoyston. In August 1829 she 
rejoined her mother, and began with her a 
girls' school at Bristol, shortly after tbeclose 
of Dr. Carpenter's school for hoys. To thjs 
she added in 1631 the superintendence of 
the nftemoon Sunday school. In 18.SS the 
presence of Rammohun Roy, who ended his 
days at Bristol, and the visit of Joseph 
Tuckerman, D.D., the Boston philanthropist, 
turned her sympathy towards India and the 
ragged urchinsof her own country. Shewas 
the means of founding in 183(i a 'working and 
visiting society,' of which she acted as secre- 
tary for over twenty years ; and to this was 
added in 1641 aministrytothe poor, to which 
she hadgiven the impulse in 1 838. Her father's 
death in 1840 gave her a new motive for phi- 
lanthropic work as hin representative. Aided 
by John Bishop Estlln and Matthew Daven- 
port Hill, she opened on 1 Aug. 1846 her 
ragged school in Lewin's Mead, one of tha 
worst parts of Bristol, removing it in De- 
cember to larger premiaes in 'a filthy lane 
called St. James's Back.' In August 1860 
she purchased the court in which the school 
was situated, improved the dwellings, and 
laid out a playground, ^liile thus engaged 
she was considering the nocMsity for echoola 
of a different cbaracter, in wbicli moral dis- 
cipline might be applied to the reformation 
nf young criminals. She corresponded on 
this subject with Matthew Davenport Hill 
and John Clay [q. v.], and published her 



Carpenter 



1 60 



Carpenter 



views in 1861. Iler book, and her inter- 
views in London and the north with ad- 
vocates of reformatory principles, prepared 
the way for a conference, w^hicn was held in 
Birmingham on 9 and 10 Dec. 1851. Mary 
Carpenter was the soul of the meeting, but 
did not speak in public; she was always 
somewhat slow to countenance any innova- 
tions on the recognised sphere of woman*8 
work. A committee was formed to carry 
out the resolutions of the conference ; but it 
soon appeared that there was a radical di- 
vergence of view on the question whether 
the disciplinary treatment of juvenile delin- 
quents snould be partly punitive or purely 
restorative in its aim. Mary Carpenter be- 
lieved that certain theological ideas fostered 
the demand for an element of retributive 
dealing, which she was anxious to exclude. 
She resolved to establish a reformatory school 
on her own principles. Meanwhile she gave 
evidence (in May 1852) before the parlia- 
mentary committee of inquiry on juvenile 
delinquency. On 11 Sept. her reformatory 
was opened at Kingswood. The house (built 
for school purposes by John Wesley) was 
purchased by llussell Scott of Bath, and fur- 
nished by Lady Byron. In December 1858 
a conference on a larger scale was held in the 
Birmingham town hall. At the beginning 
of 1854 the first report of her Kingswood 
school was issued. On 10 Aug. the Youthful 
Ofienders Act legalised the position of re- 
formatory schools under voluntary managers. 
On 10 Oct. a separate reformatory school for 
girls was opened by Mary Carpenter at the 
Ked Lodge in Park Row, Bristol, an Eliza- 
bethan mansion wliich had seen many vicis- 
situdes. It is no wonder that, with all these 
responsibilities accumulated upon her, her 
hedth suddenly failed. Just before Christ- 
mas 1854 she was seized with a rheumatic 
fever, which incapacitated her for six months. 
As she was recovering, she wrote a gently 
characteristic letter (3 June 1855) to Har- 
riet Martineau, expressive of her religious 
trust, and received a severely characteristic 
reply. The intercourse of the two friends re- 
mained unbroken. Mary Carpenter's religion 
was as little satisfactory to the Somersetshire 
magistrates as to Miss Martineau. The quarter 
sessions at Wells, moved by the diocesan board, 
refused (Marcb 1856) to take cognisance of 
the Red Lodge, though the government in- 
spector was fully satisfied with the religious 
teach ing. A year and a half after her mother^s 
death Mary Carpenter left the old home in 
Great George Street to occupy (December 
1867) a house in Park Row, bought by Lady 
Byron, who purchased also other property for 
the development of the Red Lodge plans. 



Meanwhile, Miss Carpenter was urging upon 
members of parliament the need of a measure 
such as the Industrial Schools Act, which be- 
came law in 1857, and the claims of existing 
ragged schools to participate in the educa- 
tional grant. Among her best friends in the 
. House of Commons were Lords Houghton 

Ssee MiLNES, Riohakd Monokton] anl Id- 
iesleigh. As if her hands were not yet full — 
she had resigned her Sunday school dutv in 
1856, but was still doing * the work of three 
people on thefood of halfa one' (Cobbe)— the 
dimculties in the working of the act induced 
her to undertake the establishment of a cer- 
tified industrial school, mainly in order to 
show in what way the government provisions 
needed amendment. This school she opened 
(April 1859) in premises in Park Row pur- 
chased by Fredenck Chappie, a Bristol boy 
who had made a fortune in Liverpool. Many 
of her proposals were adopted in the amended 
acts of 18i61 and 1866. A third conference 
on ragged schools at Birmingham on 23 Jan. 
1861 urged upon parliament their claims to 
further government aid. Although attacked 
by illness in the autumn of 1863, she planned 
and opened a workmen's hall in December of 
that year, and published a work on the con- 
vict system. 

In the autumn of 1860 her sympathy with 
India had been reldndled by the visit of 
Joguth Chunder Gangooly, a young convert 
of the unitarian mission at Calcutta. The sub- 
sequent visits of Rakhal Das Haldar (1862), 
and of Satyendra Nath Tagore and M. Ghose 
(1864) convinced her that the condition of 
Indian women could be improved by judicious 
education. On 1 Sept.l8o6 she left England 
for India, Ghose being among her travelling 
companions. Her pums and expectations 
were small, but no sooner had she arrived 
than her advice was sought by the Bombay 
government on the problems of education and 
prison discipline. At Madras and at Ofilcutta 
(where she interested herself in the mono- 
theistic movement of Keshub Chunder Sen) 
similar calls were made upon her judgment 
and experience. Here she became for the 
first time a public speaker. Her general im- 
pressions were summed up in a communica- 
tion (12 Dec. 1866) to the govemor-ffeneraly 
Sir John Lawrence, on the subjects of female 
education, reformatory schools, and the state 
of the gaols. She left India on 20 March 
1867. At home she took up again with zest 
all her old labours, but at once opened com- 
mimications with the India Omce, with a 
view to urge the home government to over- 
come 'the incubus of Indian led-tapeism.^ 
In March 1868 she had the honour of an 
interview with the queeiii and in October she 



agun etart(-d for India. Otrerin^ her gra- 
tiiiloUH wrvicea to the government as super- 
inlendeut oft fomtle nirmal school at Bom- 
bav, ski: wns eood in the midHi of a band of 
Udy miodJTitiirs, English and native. Her 
litultli mive way in Februivrj ISiiH, and in 
April bEu reliirniwi lo Englaad. Hlt third I 
viait to IndiH, id the winter of 1869-70, was ' 
somi'wiiiit dlMppoiutiu^. She made up her 
mind that more was to be done by tlie in- 
flaenee alic could vxen at headqiiart«rg in I 
thia cfluntry than by personal work in India I 
ttsel£ At Bristol, in September 1870, she I 

. iiuiigurated, in connection with a second I 
risit from Kushub Cbunder Sen, a 'National ' 
Indian ABsoctation,' of which tlie Princess ' 
Alice ultiinattily became president. Its ob- | 
joct was twiifold — to enaole Indian visitors ■ 
ta Mudv the institutions of England, and to ' 
ripen ^eliah opinlnn rciapecting the wants of , 
lodia. She was on the point of adding to her 
travels a vif it to Amerii^n to study the condi- 
tion of prisons tberp, when an invitation to 
Utend, ttB the gneet of the Princess Alice, a 
OODgreas (September 187:3) at Darmstadt on 
women's woA, opened the way for an exami- 
Rfttion of Eomeoi the reformatory systems of 
the continent. Her voyage to America was 
made in April 1873. She accepted an invi- 
tation to speak on priaon reform in the largest 
church Rt Hartford, all the other churches 
being closed for the occaaion. From the 
Uoitttd States she proceeded to Canada, point- 
ing; out the defects in prison arrangements, 
»IM interosting herself warmly in the condi- 
tion of the afaocivines. Returning borne in 
the autumn, she had a fresh subject for her 
■pplieations to government — the state of 
the Canadian prisons. Her luat journey to 
India was undertaken in Se]it«mber 1»76, 
and lasted tUl 27 March 1876. Her impres- 
aiona were now more hopeful. On all her 
great subjects she made careful reports to the 
autliorities in India and at home, and saw 
many of her suffgestions carried into law. In 
July 187U parliament at length authorised 
lior plan of^ allowing school boards to eata- 
bliahday-faedingindustriolschools. She died 
14 June 1877, and wna buriwl in tho Amo's 
Vale comeiury, Bristol, Among the mourufrs 
ir«re two TTindu boys whose education she 
wa«aap«TiDt«nding, A tablet to her memory, 
with an inscription by James Martineau, was 
placed in the north transept of Bristol Cathe- 
dral. An adrairabla likeness, engraved by 
C.H.Jeun!!, is prefixed to Iter 'I.i^.' Of her 
pnsoaal charBCtcriEticathereisabriefglimpse 
iXtft, p. ilS) by the Rev.W. 0. Gannett, who 
fpMhg of ' her great grey eyes, so slow and 
wiae, yet. bo hiDd aometimes j ' and a Toluable . 

, ilfiUilml account, doing justice to her quaint 



sense of humour and her capacity for art 
(TAf^Iegieal Jleiict. April 1880, p. -279), by 
Frances Power Cobbc, who was associaled 
with her for some time from November 1^58 
in herwork at Red Lodge. In Harriet Mar- 
tineau's autobiography there is a charming 
picture of Mary Carpenter acting as brides 
maidtooneofherRedLodceprot^g^es. Mary 
Carpenter was a familiar hgure at the Social 
Science congresses, and some of her ablest pa- 
pers were read at tbeaa meetings. Her 'Life' 
givea many evidences of a true poetic vein. 
In early life she had written poems in the 
anti-slavery cause, which were printed in 
America, but her most touching verses were 
called forth 1^ the loss of friends. Of her 
separate publications the following are the 
chief: 1. 'Meditations and Prayers,' 1845 
(1st ed. anon.; five subsequent editions). 

2. ' Memoir of Joseph Tuckerman,' 1848 (re- 
printed in ' American Unitarian Biogra- 
phy,' 1851, 8vo, ii. 29 sq., with corrections 
by Tuckerman's daughter, Mrs. Becker). 

3. ' Ragged Schools, their PHuciples and 
Modes of Operation, by a Worker,' 1849 (re- 
printed from the ' Iiiqnirer ' newspaper). 

4. ' Reformatory Schools for the Children of 
tlie Perishit^ and Dangerous Classes, and for 
Juvenile Olfenders,' 1851, 8to. 6. 'Juvenile 
Delinquents, their Condition and Treatment,' 
1853, 8vo (dedicated to 'my three helpers 
in Heaven, my dear Father, Dr. Tuckerman, 
and Mr. Fletcher,* i.e. Joseph Fletcher, 
U.M. inspector of schools). 6. ■ The Cl^ms 
of Ragged Schools to Pecuniary Educational 
Aid from the Annual Parliamentary Grant, 
&c.," 1859. 7. ' What shall we do with our 
Pauper ChildrenP'&c. 1861. 8. 'Our Con- 
victs, how they are made and should be 
treated,' 1864, 8vo, 2 vols, (this had the 

great honour ' of being placed on the Boman 
1 RiDUnrstoriiiB 1. 9. ' Tjlst Davn in 



'Index Espurgatorius ). 



' Last Days in 



8vo, 2 vols. She published also an abndg- 
ment of the ' Memoir ' of her father ; and a 
' Young Christian'sHymn Book,' withsupple- 



OARPENTER, NATHANAEL (15S9- 
1((28?), author and philosopher, son of John 
Cnrpenter (d. I5fil) [q. v.], rector of North- 
leigh, Devonshire, was bom there on 7 Feb. 
1588-9. He matriculated at St. Edmund 
IIoll,Oxford,on7June 1005; but was elected, 
on a re"jommendatory letter of James I, a De- 
vonshire fellow of Eiet«r College on 30 June 
1 607. A second Devonshire candidaterMicbael 



Carpenter 



162 



Carpenter 



Jermyn, obtained an equal number of votes, 
whereupon the vice-chancellor gave his de- 
cision m favour of Carpenter. The dates 
of Carpenter's degrees were B.A. 5 July 
1610, M. A. 1618, B.D. 11 May 1620, D.D. 
1626. During his residence at Oxford he is ' 
said to have become, * by a virtuous emula- ' 
tion and industry, a noted philosopher, poet, 
mathematician, and geographer.' One of 
his pupils at the university was Sir Wil- 
liam Morice, secretary of state 1660-8, a 
politician with religious views inclined to 
presbyterianism, which were probably in- 
spired by his tutor's Calvinism. Carpenter's 
attainments attracted the notice of the chief 
divines of the age. SutclifFe, dean of Exeter, 
nominated him a member of his new college 
at Chelsea, and Archbishop Ussher tempted 
him into Ireland, where he was appointed 
schoolmaster of the king's wards in Dublin, 
the wards being minors of property whose 

Sarents were Eoman catholics. Carpenter's 
eath is said to have occurred at Dublin in 
the beginning of 1628, and his funeral sermon 
was preached by Robert Ussher, a brother of 
the archbishop. On his deathbed he re- 
gretted that he had * so much courted the 
maid instead of the mistress,' meaning that 
he had spent his chief time in philosophy and 
mathematics and had neglected divinity. 

His writings were numerous. The earliest 
of them, * Philosophia libera triplici exerci- 
tationum decade proposita/ an attack on the 
Aristotelian system of philosophy, appeared 
at Frankfort in 1621, under the disguise of 
N. C. Cosmopolitanus. Later editions were 
issued under his name in 1622, 1636, and 1675. 
His treatise of * Geography delineated forth 
in two books,' published in 1625, and repub- 
lished in 1685, contains many eloquent pas- 
sages, especially a digression (p. 260 et seq.) 
in praise of the illustrious natives of 'our 
mountainous provinces of Devon and Corn- 
wall.' Embodied in it are some pages of 
poetry, in which his 'Mother Oxford' re- 
counts the advantages which he had derived 
from association with her, and reproaches 
him for his partiality to his native coimty. 
Three sermons entitled ' Achitophel, or the 
Picture of a Wicked Politician,' preached to 
the imiversity of Oxford and dedicated to 
Ussher, are stated to have appeared in 1627, 
1628, 1629, 16.38, 1638, and 1642. The first 
edition was called in, and the passages against 
Arminianism were expunged. Aft^er his death 
there appeared (1633 and 1640) a sermon, 
* Chorazin and Bethsaida's Woe,' which he 
had preached at St. Mary's, Oxford. The 
dedication by N. H. to Dean Winnifie asserts 
that but for ' a kinsman's (Jo. Ca.) friendly 
hand ' the manuscript might have ' perished 



on the Netherland shores,' as Oarpentei^s 
labours in optics did in the Irish Sea. A 
charisterium to Carpenter by Degorr Wheare 
appears in the appendix to the latter a ' Pietas 
erga benefactores,' 1628. A manuscript by 
Carpenter entitled ' Encomia Varia ' beiongB 
to Trinitv College, Dublin {Hist. MSS. 
Comm, 4th Rep. app. p. 590). 

[Wood's Athene Oxon. (Bliss),!!. 421-2, Fasti, 
i. 337, 393 ; Prince's Worthies (1810), 178-^, 
603 ; Boase's Beg. of Exeter Coll. pp. 55, 56, 

211.] w.p.a 

CARPENTER, PHILIP PEARSALL 

(1819-1877), conchologist, youngest child 
of Lant Carpenter [q. y.], was bom at 
Bristol in November 1819. His education 
began in his father's school, was continued 
at a proprietary institution called the Bristol 
College, and concluded at a presbyterian 
training college at York. He graduated B.A. 
in the university of London in 1841, and soon 
after became minister of a presbyterian con- 
gregation at Stand, whence he removed in 
1846 to a congregation at Warrington, and 
there remained for fifteen years. ISe did not 
confine his activity to preaching, but was 
concerned in endless philanthropic schemes, 
some wise and useful, others ill-considered 
and unfruitful. He established a printing 
press, and disseminated his opinions by fre- 
quent leaflets, letters, magazines, and other 
publications. He learnt to swim in the canal, 
and instituted a swimming academy ; he lec- 
tured on the necessity of proper drainage, and 
stood up for the preservation of ancient rights 
of way. He set a fine example of temperance 
in eating and of abstinence from wine, but he 
spoke of a public dinner to the officers of the 
militia as an expenditure for sensual opratifi- 
cation which could not be reconcilea with 
christian sobriety, and he refused to lend a 
copy of a song, ' Mynheer van Dunk,' to a 
Christmas glee party because he would not 
encourage the singing of bacchanalian verses. 
He had always thought it a sin to drink wine, 
and soon came to believe it foolish to eat 
meat. When his house was robbed he pub- 
lished a handbill describing the candlesticks, 
silver spoons, and other property stolen, and 
informing the thieves that he had forgiven 
them ; that if they liked to call he would 
converse with them, and that if they did not 
call they would have tb meet him on the day 
of j udgment . The current of his activity was 
at length turned into a definite channel. He 
had been instructed in natural science when 
a boy, had made a collection of shells, and 
had always had a taste for natural histoiy. 
One day, in 1855, while walldzig down a 
street in Liyeipooli Caipenter cauglit ta^l 



Carpenter 



of somii strange elieUa in b dealer's window. 
He went in, nnd found that tbe epecimena 
were [wirt of a vaat collection made by a Bel- 
gian nnturnlist named Reifcen at Maiatlan in 
California. The coUector had died, leaving 
hia shells unsorted and unnamed. Carpen- 
ttr bought them for 50/. There were foiir- 
'■'--- tons of ghella, each ton occupying forty 
! feet. The eiaminBlion, description, 
ninf, and class iS cation of these ehella wea 
• chief work of the rest of Carpenter's life. 
By the eompBriaon of hundreds of examples, 
104 previous species were shown to he mere 
Tarieties, while 222 new speeies were added 
to the caialogue of the mollusca. Thence- 
forward, though he sometimes prenched, 
made speeches, and wrote pamphlets, most 
of C«rpenttr*9 time was given to shells, and 
even when he received calls or paid visits 
he would wash and pack up shells during 
conversation. Their pecuniary value when 
named and arranged in serica was great, but 
he never tried to grow rich by them, and his 
- _yhoIe endeavour was to spread the know- 
n of them and to supply as manv public 
riUutions as possible witfccompiete collec- 
-IB of Hnxatlan mollusca. A full report on 
n oceupiea 209 pages of the 'British As- 
dstion Rpporls' f..r 1856, and further de- 
'i src to be found in the same reports for 
i, and in the 'Smithsonian Reports' for 
>. He visited America tu 1858, nnd in 
l880, after his return to England, married at 
Sfancheater Miss Minnie Meyer. At the con- 
clusion of the ceremony the wedded pair for- 
mally adopted a hoy whom Carpenter had 
found in n rafuge at Baltimore. In 1865 he 
laJled with wife and adopted sou for America, 
•etiled in Montreal, and there lived to the 
BBd of his days. He took pupils, ceased to 
be a pnwbyterian, and became reconciled to 
the doctrines of the Anglican church. Sheila 
occupied most of hia time, and he was work- 
ing at the Chitonidoe, of which he had formed 
■ gT»at collection, when he was »ei«ed with 
"■ II acute illness, and died on 24 May 1877. 
ter once spoke of himself as 'a born 
, a naturalist hy chance.' The de- 
lU should have been reversed. He had 
I fond of shells and of nnlural history 
from Barly hoy hood, and the chance was only 
in tb« incident which gave him the opiiortu- 
nity of following his natural bent. His teach- 
ing was spoiledljy his ignorance of what was 
ludicrous, und he used to imitate the move- 
mvnU of polyps with his arms and legs in a 
way which fixud his own frrotesque attitudes 
on the BWmoryof his pupils, hut which drove 
tb^ alUmtion nwny from poli-ps. He was 
« virtuous tuan end a laborious, but was 
fieitber judicioua nor profound. 



[Momoira (with portrait), edited by B. L. Car- 
poDter. 1S80; British Aeeociatian Reports. IS68, 
&C, ; personal kiiowledge.] N, M. 

CABPENTEB,RICHARD(15r5-ie27), 

divine, was born in Cornwall in 1875. He 
matriculated at Exeter Collie, Oxford, on 
28 May 1592, and took his degroas of B.A. 
on 19 Feb. 1595-6, B,D, 25 Juno 1611, and 
D,D. 10 Feb. 1616-17. He was elected to a 
Cornish fellowship at his college on 30 June 
1696, nnd retained it until 30 June 1606. 
during which time he devoted his attention, 
under the advice of Thomas Holiand, the 
rector of Exeter College, to the etudr of 
theology, and became noted for his preaching 
powers. In 1606 he was appointed by Sir 
Robert Chichester to the rectories of Sher- 
well and Loxhore, near Barnstaple, and it 
has been suggested that he was the Richard 
Carpenter wSio from 1601 to 1026 held the 
vicarage of Collumpton. While he was a 
tutor at Oxford, Chris tophcrTrevely an, a son 
of John Trevelyau of Settlecombe, Somer- 
set-shire, who married Urilh, daughter of Sir 
John Chichester of Devonshire, was among 
his pupils, and through this in^oduction to 
these families Carpenter married Susanna, 
his pupil's youngest sister, and obtained his 
benefice from Sir Robert Chichester. Ha 
died on 18 Dec. 1627, and was buried in the 
chancel of Loxhore Church, where a monu- 
ment was erected to his memory. 

Carpenter's literary productions were con- 
fined to theology. Hewastheauthorof: l.'A 
Sermon preached at the Funeral Solemnities 
of Sir Arthur Ackland,' 9 Jan. 1011-12. 
2. 'A Pastoral Charge at the Triennial Visi- 
tation of the Bishop of Exon. at Barnstaple,* 
1816. 3. 'Christ's Larum Bell of Love re- 
sounded,' 1616. 4. ' The Concionable Chris- 
tian,' three sermons preached before the 
judges of the circuit in 1620, London, 1623. 
His learning is hi; " • ■ - ~ - 

Fitigeoifry in his '. 
addressed to him by Dtgory Wheare in 1608 
and 1621 are in the ' Epislolie Eucharisttcffi ' 
subjoined to the Intlet'e 'Pietas erga Bnio- 
factores,' 1628, Some verses by Qirpenter 
are printed in the ' Funebre OIBcium in me- 
mcriam Eliiabethre AnglLiD regime ' of the 
universitv of Oxford, 1603, and in the collec- 
tion (' Pfetas erga Jacnbum Anglije regem ') 
with which that body in the same year wel- 
comed the new king. 

[Wood's Athon* 0x00. (Bliss), ii. 418; Boase's 
Reg. of Eietor Coll. pp. S2-3, 2ID ; Boose and 
Courtney's Bib]. Comnb. pp. 83, 1115; Troveljan 
Papera, pt, iii, {Camdeii 8oc 187^), pp. iivi, 77, 
84,1 10-13, 138-10;. irber'sStatianera'Regiitan, 
iii.498,fi9fl,iv, 81.] W.P.O. 



Carpenter r^4 Carpenter 



CABPENTEB. ribJUAlLb L l-J?':- r - i:-=«i izr=x :bir T*4r. W.»l. who wa* imi- 

".'zjic.'^'jcn^ S'.'iJ.'irhftn'f.' TTiLi -iii^!a."'=*i i: so^rlr *ci;iA£2t-,*Ji wi:h him. sajs *ihat he 

E.v,?^ i£ri I2. iKn rlrctrti *•:■ L «i!li'LLr^p \z iTis X iLc^AjC Lcil zxAZL 'hAC chftziged his mind 

Kirx? O^Ilr:?^- L*4zihr.i*--t. Ftoe. •.jic j*> -^iti his cl-rh*. and that for his juggles and 

VAiLZ, ^A him La :h/T ■Hi:cnp';Lii I>r»=:a- trj:k* i:i ^iazikT*- ^f religion he was esteemed 

:fca" :: U v> r>r izf-rrr^d :ii: bir I-r!!^ :b» a : hr* : L :ir-'::il niooniehar k . ' I>xid affirms that 

unlT'rT^i'rv wiTb-jii*: T;Lk:iijr ills ierr^r^r. la " 2fr W4a:*i Ei^i'her wit nor leanmur. which, 



Li^ w-.TE. • Erp»rrlr!i«>:. Hi*".:r>. tni EKvi- ii-:rw::bjrAn«iinj- lay oii'ier a firiizhtful ma- 
nirir.' h#r -aya than hr. • t^-Tiz tr^ x ?oL*Lkr ruj^nsea- :rir»:*ifch the ini'iaity rt?the times 



of Eav^n Oillie!?^ ani ifr-^rwari* 1 •T-iirrc: aai hi* own incinstanr tamper/ His chief 
in f'hsc}jrAx^. i-jz^j»-j'£ rir riEivi-r*:':y i=.i w:rk wsj: 1. • Experience. It*torie, and Di- 



imm.'^diatrlT rnTTiIed." In "tL^ -asi-r work vzni^L-e.'ic. 1»)4«>: republished with additions 

hr a&ms "La* Lr -ar*.* conrrrrir^i t:- R.3Ezi:in in 1*>4-'? as • Th(* D>wnfall of Antichrist/ a 

catLvlicL*m by an EarLib. mr-si in I-»'iid:n. qoeer m:it»ire •"<' aut'>bi'>eraphy and ivli- 

that h«i -TTidi-ini in Flan-i-er*. .Vrt-ri*. FrML-^r. zion. roll r-f clASeicai •^u^'^tations and absurd 

.Spiaiin. and Iraly. and tha' h-r wa.* ^-^^.^e- storlrs. _\iter the Resioration he wr^ne a 

fj'irnrlv ordain-:*! a prl-r*^ bv :be hini* of om-e^iv call-ed : '2. "The Prazmatical Jesuit/ 

thf: popr*"* i'ifctstLture in Rome. Havinz b»r»rn of which Lan^bftine speaks with some c«."»m- 

a Ben^i^icrinr monk at I>/'iay for «iOme time. meri-iicL-kn. Prvdied t.-» this play is his pir- 

h^ was ^nt a? a mis^si- nary ro En::L-in>i. rrai: in a Ioev; habit : a previous one, however, 

wher^, after ab-ut a y^ar. hrr r»r:umed to exhibit* him as a formal cleric with a sad 

the pr'A*r«ran* r*rlizi"'n. wa.* •i-riain-rd. and. and m«"»rtined c^^untenance. He also wr^rte : 

thp-j>u^h the int»;rven:i-»n ^>i thrr Archbish->p '^ ' The Anabaptist washt and washt, and 

of Canterbury 1 Ab]> -t i. was pre-sente^l t'^ the shrunk in the ^^ ashinff.' 165:1 4. * The tht- 

emall livin^r of F »linif, near .Vrin irl. in 1^3o feet Law >yi G»>1. bein^r a Sermi'tn and no >*>r- 

(Dallawat, Sa*jf^.i\ ii. ipt. L» *^)k I*urin^ mon. pp^ached and yet not preached/ \tyyl 

his incumbency he was much annr-ye^i by (published while he was an independent), 

the I^>man cath«»lics in Arundel. wh-» l>st •>. ' Astp:>l-vy proved harmless, useful, pittas* 

no op{^'>rt unity of slandering him or hoIdiUiT 1«>>3. 6. * The Last and Hi^rhest Appeul; 

him up to ridicule before his parishioners. «^r an Appeal t^ God against the new Keli- 

In his • Experience/ %Vc.. he ?i ves a hiirh- arion Makers. Dressers. Menders, and "N'endors 

flown account of his reus^ins f ''r bec«"»minir a amongst us/ &c. 7. * The Jesuit and the 

prrit»r5tant, but hi'» enemies affirmed that his Monk ; or the Serpent and the Drag«>n/ I606. 

chan^ of crfet<i was in • order to zain a wilV/ S. ' Kome and her Jesuits/ 1663. 
and tliat * he liad nin away with the wife of A RicUABO C.tRPENTEB is mentioned by 

the man with whom he lidged/ There is Elias Ashmole, who prints in his ' Theatrum 

no reaA'^tn to suppose that he was married at Chimicum Britannicum/ 1651, an English 

this time. At the outbreak of the civil war poem, detailing various alchemical prescrip- 

he threw up his living and became an it ine- tions. under the title of *The "W orke of 

rant preacher, hi* chief aim seeming to be to Richard Carpenter.* This is from the 'Sloane 

widen the br»*ach betwet/n the king and the MS.' :?S8, Xo. 8, where the piece is entitled 

parliament as much as p)ssible. Disappointed *The Proline of R. C. of tne Philosophers 

r>y hLs lack of .success, he quitted this way of Stone,' and described as the opening lines of 

life, and going over to Paris he again be- a lost work by Thomas Chamock (1524?- 

cam»; reconciled to the R<')mish church, and 1581) Tq. v.], doubtless Carpenter's contempo- 

made it his business to rail at protestantism, rary (TA>'2nBK, BibL Brit, ; Brit. Mu8, Cat,) 




according to the humour of the time, and 3rd edit.; Dodd*s Church History, 1737; Lang- 
iN^came a mere mountebank of religion. Ue baine's Account of the Dramatic Poets, 1691 ; 
sliortly afterwards married and settled at Baker's Biog. Dramatica, vol. i. pt. i. p. SS."! 
Avh-^sburj-, where he had relations, and used ^' ^* B. 

to* preach in a ver>- fantastical manner, to CA BPENTER, RICHARD CROM- 
the great mirth of his auditors.' Towards WELL (1812-1855), architect, was born 
tlie latter part of his life he became very , 21 Oct. 1812, educated at Charterhouse, and 
H(;rious, and, in company with his wife, em- articled to Mr. Blyth. He first exhibited ar 
braced Catholicism for a third time, which the Rojral Academy in 1830, sendinf a ' De- 
religion he is supposed to have professed at sign for a Cathedral Transept/ and between 
the time of his death. He is known to have tmit year and 1849 exhibited nine works, 
been alive in 1670, but is believed to have | Amonghis earliest baildingB were the churches 



t St. Stoplien and St. Andrew nt Birmiii^ 
.tan; among his later Si. PbuI. Brighton, and 
St. MuyMuj^alen, Muuater Square, Londoa. 
He &I9U mecuted rest-oratioiis ai Chichester 
Cathedral, Sherborne Abbey, and Si. John's 
College, Biirsrpieq>oint, SuMex. He died 
in I'pper Bediotd Place, Ruseell Square, 
27 Mutch 1S66. 

Diet, 

CAItPEKTER,\VILLIAM(1797-1674), 

miscellaDeriiis -n-rit^r, aon of n trndegmein in 
St. Jiunea'a, Westminster, wns bom in 1797. 
He received no gchtKi! educotion, but at an 
««rly oge enlert'd the service of 11 bookaeUer 
in Mnabuiy, first as an erraud'-boj, and then 
SB an a^ipn-ntict^. By ^rgeveting aelf-.study 
hi^ acquijvd Herenil Hnri<*r)t and modern Ian- 
^^uages, and devotwl himaelf with speeial 
eagerness to biblical aubjecta. ^MlUe at 
Finabury he made the iicauaintaiice of Wil- 
liam Greenfield, editor of Baaiatcr'a ' Poly- 
glot Bibles.' With him he edit^ for some 
titne Ihp 'Scripture Magaiine,' which was 
afterwarda ejipanded into the ' Critica Bi- 
blir«' (4 vols. l«;+-7). Devoting himaelf 
mtitiely to literary pursuits, he wrote a num- 
''~W of wotka on tiheologieal and general aub- 
^1, and was connected in auccession with 
.. roui periodicals. He waa editor of the 
-K&bippittf Gazette ' in 1836, of the ' Era ' in 
1S88, of the ' Railway Obaer\er ' in 1843, of 
•Lloj-d'a Weekly Newa' in 1844, of the 
'Court Journal' in 1848, of the ' Sunday 
Timua' and ■ Bedfordshire Independent' in 
1851. He alao edited a morning paper. Aa 
ft joiiraaliat he ieatied a publication entitled 
' Political LetterB'(1830-l'). Thiahemain- 
tained was not Uable to the stamp duty oil 
newB^pers, and he issued it pnrtly to try the 
question. A prosecution followed at the in- 
stauce of the authorities b the court ofex- 
eihwjuer. At the trial (14 May 18.SI) Carpen- 
ter defended himself, was convicted, and. was 
impriaoned for some time in the king's bench 
(Iteport. of Trial prefixed to Collected Poli- 
tical Lettert). From his prison he edited the 
'PnliticnlMnga«ine'{Septemberie31toJttly 
I'-.IJ, ri'iiublished as 'Carpenter's Monthlv 1 
I'.hih.a Mu(^ine,'1832). ' 1 

( ■iir].iiji..r thtflW himaelf with great leal ^ 
iiiio [III' i-iMiw uf political rvform. In con- 
nectiori witli this lie wrote ' An Address to 
the Working (lassiis on the lieform Bill,' 
1M1 ; 'Tlie People's Book, comprising their 
clutrtetcd righta and jiractieal wrongs, 1831 ,- 
' Thfi Elootors' Manual,' 18.S2 ; ' TIte Political 
Twt Book, comprising a view of the origin 
and objects of gortmment. and an examinit- 
Hoa ill tbu prineiiial social and political in- 



Mir« ' (4 
^_i«atitiely ti 
■&ofwo 
^Kta,Mid 

^R^dppinf 



of England," 1833 ; ' Peerage for 
the People," Ityl; 'The Corporaliim of Lon- 
don as it is, and as it should be,' 1847. Be- 
1851 and IS.'iS Carpenter was honorary 
iry to the Chancery Reform Asaocia- 
lion, for which he wrote a good deal. He 
also wrote a little treatise, 'The Israelites 
found in the Anglo-Saxons,' 1872. Carpenter 
was troubled with defective eyesight, and 
was, notwithstanding his remarkable activity, 
in somewhat poor circumstances foraome time 
before his death, which took place at his resi- 
dence in Colebrooke Row, Islington, 21 April 
1874. 
I Caroenter published: 1, 'Sancla liiblico' 
' (a collection of parallel passages), S vols. 
: 182.'), dedicated to OeorgB IV. 2. ' Calen- 
darium Palestine, exhibiting the Principal 
Events in Scripture History,' 1825, 3. 'A 
Popular Introduction to tfie Study of the 
Scriptures,' 182fl. 4. 'Old English and He- 
brew Proverbs explained and illustrated,' 
1826. 6. ' A Reply to the Acciisationa of 
Piracy and Plagiarism, in a letter to the Rev. 
. T. H. Home; 1827. 6. 'An Eiaminntion of 
-Scripture Difficulties,' 1828. 7. 'Scripture 
^Natural History" (1828, republished Boston, 
U.S., 18:13; Latin tmnalation, Paris^ 1841). 
8. 'PopiUarLecturesonBiblicalCriticiamand 
Interpretation,' 1829. 9. 'AGuidetotbePrac- 
iticalHeadingofthe Bible,' 1830. 10. 'Anec- 
dotes of the French Revolut ion of 1 830,' 1830. 
11. '.A.PopularHistorvof Priestcraftabridged 
from W. Howitfs Book,' 1834. 12. ' A Reply 
I to W. Howilt's Preface to Ihe Abridged His- 
tory of Priestcraft," 1834. 18. 'TheLifband 
I Times of John Milton,' 183fi. U. ' The Bi- 
blical Companion,' 1836. 15. 'Relief forthe 
' Unemployed J Emigration and Colonisation 
considered,' 1841. 16. ' Clark's Christian In- 
heritance ' (5th ed. 1813). 17, ' A Compre- 
hensive Diet ionary o f Englisli Synonyms '(8tli 
ed. 1865). 18. 'An Introduction to the Read- 
ing and Study of the English Bible ' (3 vols. 
1867-8). The following have also been in- 
cluded in a list of Carpenter's works; 'Mneio- 
phile, a Dictionary of Facte and Dates ; ' 
' Critical Dissertation on Eaekiel's Temple ; ' 
' Wesleyana ; ' 'Life of Cobbett' (whom he 
knew intimately) ; ' Small Debts, on Argu- 
ment for County Courts : ' ' Machinery and 
the Working Classes;' 'The Condition of 
Children in Mines and Factories.' He also 
edited and abridged Calmet'a ' History of the 
Bible.' His acrijiturol treatises have 
very popular in America. 

[Men of the Titno. 8th edit. IS72, pp. 1S3-3 ; 
SuDdny TirtiDS uewspnpeT, 3 May ISTi. p. S, col. 
t ; Brit. Mus. Col. ; PmfiiPO to Introdtictioo to 
the Reading aad Study of thi- Eagtiali Bibte.1 
F. W-T. 



Caq)enter i66 Carpenter 

CABPENTER, WILLIAM BEX J A- logy also. He found the anxieties of general 
MDi (1&13-1»$5 ). naturalist, iras the fourth meSiical ^rmctioe too great for his keoi sus- 
child and eldest «on of Dr. Lant Carpenter ceptihilities, and undertook further literary 
'q. T.~, and hrother of Mary and Philip Car- woiic, including a useful and comprehensiTe 
penter 'q. t." He was bom at Exeter on ' Popular Cyclopedia of Science,' 1843. In 
29 0ct.l813r His father removed to Bristol 1844 he remoTed to London, gaining the 
in 1817 ; young Carpenter reoeired his earlr poet of Fullerian professor of physiology at 
education there in his father s notable school, the Royal Institution, and being elected a 
and acquired both exact classical and scientific fellow of the Royal Society in the same year, 
knowledge. He was anxious to be a ciril He was appointed lecturer on physiology at 
engineer, but sacrificed his inclination when the London HospitaL and professor of forensic 
pressed to become the pupil of Mr. Estlin, medicine at UmTersity College. He was also 
the family doctor. He passed some time in for some years examiner in physiology and 
the West Indies as companion to Mr. Estlin, oomparatiye anatomy at the L^niversity of 
and his experience of social conditions pre- London, and Swiney lecturer on geoloffv at 
ceding the abolition of slayery led him to the British Museum. From 184 < to 1852 
be tlm>ughout life a cautious and moderate he edited the ' British and Foreign Medico- 
rat her than an ardent reformer. Chiruigical Reyiew.' and from 1851 to 1859 

After some preliminary work at the Bristol he was principal of University Hall, the 

Medical School,Carpenter entered University residence for students at University College. 

College. London, in 1833, as a medical stu- In 1856, on appointment as r^istrar of the 

dent, and it is significant of a mania for University of London, he resigned his lecture- 

lectures then encouraged that he often at- ships.and thenceforward was the chief worker 

tended thirty-five lectures a week, as his in the great development of that university 

note-books sLow. He also attended the Mid- till his resignation in 1879, when he received 

dlesex Hospital for some time. After obtain- the distinction of a CJ3. He was appointed 

ing the Surgeons* and Apothecarit^' diplomas a crown member of the senate on the next 

in 1835 he went to the Edinburgh Medical vacancy, and continued an active member 

School and commenced researches on physio- tiU his death, which occurred on 19 Nov. 

logy. He wrote papers which showed a 1885, from severe bums received by the 

marked tendency to seek larffe generalisations accidental upsetting of a makeshift spirit- 

and to bring all the natural sciences to the lamp while he was taking a vapour bath, 

elucidation of vital functions. His early Carpenter was one of the last examples 

papers, ' On the Voluntary and Instinctive of an almost universal naturalist. Some of 

Actions of Living Beings '('£dinbui|rhMedi- his most valuable and laborious work was 

cal and Surgical Journal/ xlviii. 1837, pp. done in zoology. In a series of papers and 

22-44), *On the Unity of Function m reports to the British Association, com- 

Organised Beings * (* Edinburgh Xew Philo- mencing in 1843, and to the Royal, Micro- 

sophical Journal.* xxiii. 1837, pp. 92-116), scopica^ and Qeological Societies, he ^ve 

' On the Difierences of the Laws repilating the results of his own and others' inquiries 

Vital and Physical Phenomena* {tb, xxiv. into the microscopic structure of shells. 

1838, pp. 327-o;3), which obtained the Stu- These were followed bv a set of four memoirs 

dents* IMze of 30/.. and ' The Physiological in the ' Philosophical I'ransactions,* 1856-60, 

Inferences to be deduced from the Structure on the foraminifera. In 1862 the Ray Society 

of the Nervous System of Invertebrated Ani- published his ' Introduction to the Study of 

mals ' (^duation thesis, 1839), the latter the Foraminifera,' in which he was largely 

of which obtained the notice of Johannes assisted by Professors W. K. Parker and 

Miiller, the first physiologist of the day, who T. Runert Jones ; it is a memoir of funda- 

inserted a translation of it in his ' Archives ' mental importance on the subject. As late 
for 1840, were the precursors of his great work, : as 1882 he contributed an important paper 

' The Principles of General and Comparative on Orbitolites to the ' I^ulosophical Irans- 

Physiologj, published in 1839. This was the actions.' Marine zoolo^ also largely inte- 

first Euj^lish book which contained adequate rested him, and out of his summer excursions 

conceptions of a science of biology. A second to Arran, when he studied the feather-stars, 

edition was called for in 1841, and it was grew a lai]ge scheme of deep-sea exploration, 

recognised that the author was a man of no In the spring of 1868 he studied the crinoids 
ordinary mental msp and range of study. { near Belfast with ProfessorWyyilleThomson, 

Before his graauation at Edinburgh Car- 1 and in the same year they explored the 

penter had become lecturer on medical ju- fauna and other phenomeaa of the 8ea4)Ottom 

risprudence at the Bristol Medical School, between the north of Ireland and the Faroe 

and he afterwards lectured there on physio- ialands in the Lightning. This wu followed 



16; 



Caqienter 



bv furtlivr explorstions ia tb« i'oruupi 
([669 and 1870), aad is the Shp&rw>il 
(1871), in -which he traversed the Mediter- 
mnean and the Atlantic bet-weun Great 
Britain and PortuKal, and hy the Challenger i 
leicpBdition under Wyrille Thomson, in the 
prejparBl.ioDe for nhicb Carpenter tiKik an 
active part. | 

Some of Carpenter's most importaDt eoo- i 
lozieaJ contributions related to the question ' 
ot the animal nature of Eozoiin canadaue, I 
OB found in maises in the Laurentian rocks 
of Canada. He contributed numerous papers 
on this subject to the Rojral Society, the 
'Canadian Naturalist' ^ii. 1865), the 'In- 
tellectual Obaerver" (vii. 1865), 'Philoao- 
^ieal Magac ine ' ( 1 ^6^ ),' Geological Society's 
Quarterly Journal,' &c. For some years 
before his death he had been collecting ma- 
terials for a monograph on Rnomi, which he 
did not complete. Another favourite sub- 
ject of hia research was llie structure, em- 
Itryology, and past history of tbe feathei^ 
^^rt«j» and crinoids, in which he demonstrated 
^^famortont facts of Btructure and physiology 
^^^^moh were long controverted. Ills chief 
^^PEa was 'On the Structure, Fhynology, 
^^pBM Development of Antedon rosaceus ' 
<'Philo8ophicalTrBnsactions,' 1866, pp 671- 
756). Among his eervicea to zoology, and 
ID a lesser deeree to botanjr.moj' be reckoned 
his work on 'The Slicroscope and its Reve- 
UtioDs,' 1866, which reached a sixth edition 
in 1861. His loologica! and botanical and 
other contribntione to the ' Cyclopu-'dia of 
Science' were afterwards published in sepa- 
rate volumes in Bohn's 'Scientific Library.' 
The 'Comparative Physiology' of hia early 
' PhysioloBy ' was pnbtished sepnrately as an 
rnluged [mirth e^tion in 1864. 

In addition to his principal book, Cor- 
penter'd contributions to phvsiology wore 
chietly to the mental and the pnysical aspects 
of the science. His early papers were followed 
hv others: 'On the Mntual Relations of the 
Vital and Physical Forces ' (' FhilnanpUical 
Tran8actions,'le50),and'OntbBAiniliciitL(in 
of the Principle of Conservation oi Force to 
Phvsiology' ('Quarterly Journal of Science,' 
i. 18<M). Hia great work on phvsiology 
atlflincd a fifth edition in 1866, and has sith- 
Sfajucntly been edited by Mr. itenry Power. 
\. amnller ' Manual of Physiology,' 1846, 
"ed a fourth edition in 1865. In 1874 
mter expanded the chapters of his pre- 

I work on "incntal physiology into a 

ttiae, 'The Principles of Mental ^hysi(^- 
JT ' (fourth edition, 1876). His views on 
the relation of mind and brain were acute 
and inodvanceof his time. While nnapuring 
>u Ilia cxpiwures of quackery in phrenology, 



Ltualism, ^| 
in sound 



meBUieriam, elect ro-biiilogy, and spiritualism, 
he did mucb to educate the public in sound 
views of mental processes, and especially to 
bring into ^prominence the importance of 
those ojterations of which * — 



Institution,' i. 147-63, he wrote 'On the I: 
fluence of Suggestion in Modifying and Di- 
recting MusciSar Movement, independently 
of Volition,' and in 1868 (i6. v. 838-46) 
On the UnconacioUB Activity of the Brain.' 



He made the subj 






i) a Bpeciality, further 
discussing it in a lecture at Glasgow in 1876, 
' Is Man on Automaton '( ' It is worth noting 
that while editor of the ' Medico-Chirurgical 
Review ' he published a criticism of Noble's 
' Physiology of the Brain," which had the 
effect of converting Dr. Noble. He was one 
of the editors of tue ' Natural History Re- 
view' (1861-6). 

Carpenter's deep-eea explorations led him 
into an extensive field of marine phvelcs. 
He developed in this country the doctrine of 
a general oceanic circulation, due largely to 
beat, cold, and evaporation, which had been 
previously little suspected. His more im- 
portant papers on this question are contained 
-- the 'Itoyal Society a Proceedings," xvii. 
,; 'Geographical Society's Proceedings^' 
. 1871 ; ' British Association Reports,' sli. 
xlii. xliii. His views were persistently as- 
sailed by Mr. James Croll and others, but 
have been sustained by many other writers. 
Carpenter's incessant industry enabled him 
I lake part in many public movements with 
effect. In 1849 he gained a prize for an 
essay 'On the Lise and Abuse of Alcoholic 
Liquors ' (I860), and he wrote further ' On 
the Physiology of Temperance and Total 
Abstinence' (1853). He was a wngularty 
lucid lecturer on scientific subjects, and orga- 
nised the Gilchrist scheme of popular science 
lectures, which has been of great value in 
spreading sound scientific knowledge and 
awokeninr interest in science among the 
working dosses. He was a zealous champion 
of vaccmntion and other scientific measures 
for checking disease, and wrote many maga- 
aine articles on such topics. Ho was a larj^ 
contributor to various eydoptedias. His 
labours received numerous marks of high 
distinction, including a royal medal of the 
Royal Societv (1861), the Lyell medal of 
the Oeolopcal Society (1883), the LL.D. 
of Edinburgh (1871), the presidency of the 
British Association (18(2), and the corre- 
sponding membership of the Institute of 
France (1873> 

In person Carpentor was above middle 
height, of quiet and somewhat formal man- 



Carpenter 



i68 



Carpenter 



ner, spare, keen-eyed, and tenacious-looking. 
He was an active member of the unitarian 
church at Hampstead, at which he played 
the organ and conducted the psalmody for 
some years. He regarded miracles not as 
violations of natural order, but as manifesta- 
tions of a higher order. His acceptance of 
Darwin's views of evolution was somewhat 
limited and reserved. He believed that 
natural selection leaves imtouched the evi- 
dence of design in creation. In philosophy 
he especially clung to the reality of an inde- 
pendent will beyond automatism. He was 
well versed in literature and philosoph;^, and 
this no doubt influenced his scientific writing, 
which was always lucid and often highly ra- 
tiocinative. Carpenter was married in 1840, 
and left five sons, including Mr. W. Lant 
Carpenter, B.Sc, and Dr. P. Herbert Car- 
penter, F.RS. 

[Obituary notices : Nature, 26 Nov. by Prof. 
Ray Lankester; Inquirer, 14 Nov., hysons of 
Dr. Carpenter; Times, Daily News, Standard, 
11 Nov. ; Pall Mall Gazette, 13 Nov., by Grant 
Allen, incorrect in several points; Athcnteum, 
Christian Life, Lancet, 14 Nov. 1885. English 
Cjclopsedia, Biography, ii. 91.] G. T. B. 

CARPENTER, WH.LIAM HOOK- 
HAM (1792-1806), keeper of prints in the 
British Museum, the only son of Mr. James 
Carpenter, a bookseller and publisher of some 
note established in Old Bond Street, was bom 
in Bruton Street, London, on 2 March 1792. 
He was apprenticed to his father's business, 
and was engaged in it until 1817, when he mar- 
ried Miss jlargaret Sarah Geddes [see Car- 
penter, Margaret Sarah] (second daughter 
of Captain Alexander Geddes of Alderbury, 
"Wiltsiiire), who obtained distinction aa a 
portrait-painter. He now set up in business 
tor himself in Lower Brook Street, and pub- 
lished, among other books, Spence's * Anec- 
dotes,' edited by Singer, and the first portion 
of Burnet's * Practical Hints on Painting ; ' but 
not succeeding, he again joined his father. Car- 
penter had considerable talent for drawing, 
and a taste for art, which was fostered bv his 
intimacy with Andrew Geddes, A.R,A., an 
accomplished etcher, and which had been 
first awakened by his own early associa- 
tions. His father had a large collection of 
paintings, and dealt largely in publications 
on art, while he also was acquainted with 
many artists and engravers, to whom he 
cave commissions for illustrating books. 
Frtnn the time when Carpenter gave up his 
own business till 1845 he seems to have had 
a good deal of spare time, much of which he 
spent in studying the prints and drawings of 
tue great masters in the British Museum. 



For a short time he held the post of secre- 
tary to the Artists' Benevolent Fund. Li 
1844 he published 'Pictorial Notices, con- 
sisting of a memoir of Sir A. Van Dyck, with 
a descriptive catalogue of the etchings exe- 
cuted by him, and a variety of interestinff 
particulars relating to other artists patronised 
by Charles I,' London, 1844, 4to (a French 
translation of this work by L. Hymans was 

Eublished at Antwerp, 1844, 4to). In 1845 
e was appointed keeper of the department of 
prints and drawing in the Britisn Museum. 
Carpenter held this post till his death, and 
dunng his twenty-one years' tenure of office 
very greatly increased the interest and value 
of the collections under his care. He got 
together a number of objects illustrating the 
history of engraving, especially the early 
niellated silver plates and sulphur casts. Cfif 
the latter he procured for the museum no less 
than sixteen : only twent^r-five are at present 
known to be anywhere existing. Besides fiU- 
ing many lacunae in the general collection of 
engravings and etchings, ne brought together 
a large series of etchings by modem painters, 
both English and foreign, and greatly in- 
creased tne series of engraved English por- 
traits. He made many important additions 
to the then existing collection of drawings, 
especially works by the great masters. He 
also formed an important collection of draw- 
ings bv deceased British artists. Among his 
acquisitions may be mentioned : The Coning- 
ham collection of early Italian engravings, 
obtained in 184o; selections of Rembrandt's 
etchings from the collections of Lord Aylesford 
and Baron Verstolk, and some valuable Dutch 
drawings procured from the latter collection 
in 1847; various fine drawings by the old 
masters, many of which had belonged to 
Sir Thomas Lawrence, procured at Messrs. 
Woodbum's sale ; some drawings of Michel- 
angelo, obtained from the Buonarroti family ; 
and a volume of drawings by Jacopo Bellini, 
purchased in 1855 at Venice. In 1864 Car- 
penter had been sent to Venice by the trus- 
tees of the British Museum to report upon 
the last-named volume. His attention to his 
duties was unremitting, and in the last month 
of his life he was watching with interest the 
progress of some public sales at which he had 
given commissions. He died at the British 
Museum on 12 July 1866, aged 74. 

Carpenter's knowledge of prints and draw- 
ings gained him a wide reputation in Europe. 
In 1847 he was elected a member of tne 
Academy of Fine Arts at Amsterdam, and in 
1852 a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, 
on the council of which he served in 1857-8. 
He was also a trustee of the National Por- 
trait Gallery from the time of its fonnation in 



s 






IMft In connection with tlio work of his 
deportnient, lie jiublislied 'A Guide to 
— and Prints eiliibiled to the Public 

ne's Library' [at the British ilu- 
.], of tSiich there were editions in 186(*, 
\, and 1863, 8vo. 
[0»nt. Mag. (4th ser, 1888). il 410, 41 1 ; Men 
ortheTinie(Sthnl.), tSSS; Froceeilinea of tho 
Soc. of Antiq. (2nd ser.), iii- 480 (Presidenfa 
Addnss, 30 April 1887); StMutm and Rules of 
tht British Museum, 1871 ; Cat. of Nat. Portrut 
Gnll.ry.] W. W. 

CAEPENTIERE or CHABPEN- 

TIERE, ((f, 1737 1, atatiiBry, was much 

emplojred bj the Duke of Chandos at Canoi 
He ivds till Bome years principal assieta 
to Van OhI, the modeller of tJie statue 
George I, once at Canons and afterwards 
Leiceiter Square. CorpentiSre afterwards set 
tip for himself, and towards the end of his 
life ke|)t a maitufuctoiy of leaden statues in 
PiecBdiUv. He was over sLxty when he 
diwi in 1>37. 



»ua Wura'm; 



ncoioti 



).J 

CARPENTIERS, CARPENTIER, or 
CHABPENTIEEB, ADKIEN (A. 1760- 
l?"-!), portrait painter, was one of thearlists 
who signed the deed of the Free Society of 
Artiste in 1763. He sent nicturas to the 
ezhjhitionsof that society and to those of the 
Society of Artists and llie Royal Academy 
(fourteen works id all) between 1700 and 
1774, both incluMve. He is said tn have been 
a native of France or Switzerland wlio set- 
tled in England about 1780. He died at 
IMmlicw about 1778 at an advanced age. 
Xo connection has been trara^l between Ihth 
and C'arpf'nlifire or Charpentiftre [q. v.] A 

tionrail ufRoubitiacbyhim isin the National 
'■jrtraii tiallety, which has been engraved 
br Chambers in line and by Martin in meizo- 
tmt. Uis own portrait is in Salters' Hall. 

IPyo'a Patronage of British An ; Cat. of the 
HatioDiiI Portmit Galli-ry ; Bryan's Diet, of 
Painton and EDgraven (Qravrs); BalgrarB's 
IHcl. of Artista, 1878: Pilkington's Diet, of 
FiinierH! Oravoi'a Did, of Artist*; Edwards's 
Aneedutei of PainicTB.] C. M. 

CAfiPUE, JOSEPH CONSTANTINE 
(l"ftl-184(f), sui^eon and anatotuisl, was 
bom in London on 4 May 1784. His father, 
mtleoan nf small fortune, lived at Brook 
1, and was dusounded fVoin a Spanish 
diofiunilr. Youi^; Carpue was intended 
le Tirii«tu<wd, and was educated at the 
Jdte'^OolU'p* at Douay. At the agp of 
piecn he eonimenced an pitended conti- 
1 tour. He saw much of Paris, both 
I and aiter thu revoluiion. Cnrpue 



was of a somewhat erratic disposition, and, 
Laving decided again^tl the church, thought 
firal of becoming a bookseUer, that he might 
succeed his uncle, Lewis, of Great Kusaell 
Street, Coveut Garden, the schoolfellow and 
friend of Pope. Later he felt strongly at- 
tracted in succession to the bar and the' stage, 
being an enthusiastic student of (Shakespeare. 
At last he fixed on surgery, and studied at 
St. George's Hospital. Onbecomingqualified 
be was appointed staff-surgeon to the Duke of 
York's Hospital, Chelsea, which appointment 
heheldfor twelve years, resigning on account 
of his objection lo foreign service. His a»- 
Bociation with Dr. Pearson at St. George's 
Hospital led to hia becoming an ardent vacci- 
nator. In order to promote vaccination he 
visited many Enfflish military depots; and 
finally, on lits resignation of iLe hospital, he 
was appointed surgeon, with Pearson, of the 
Natiouat Vaccine Institution, a post he held 
till hie death. 

Carpue was, however, moat distinguished 
as an anatomical teacher, although never on 
the stair of a medical ectiool. At the Duke 
of York's Hospital he spared no trouble in 
pertecting his anatomical knowledge ; and he 
commenced teaebing in 1800, owing to an 
accidental obseri-ation of a medical student. 
His fe* from the first was invariably twenty 
guineas. FormanyyearHhe had an overflowing 
class. He gave three courses of daily lectures 
on anatomy, and lectured twice ii week in the 
evenings on surgery. He made his pupils 
talie a personal shara in hia demonstrations, 
and bis readiness with chalk illustrations 
pnwured him the sobriquet of the ' chalk lec- 
turer.' Hetooka most affectionate interest in 
his pupils. Carpue lectured till 1*B2. Early 
in his career he carried out the wish of Ben- 
jamin West, P.R.A., Banks, and Coeway, to 
ascertain how a recently killed corpse would 
hang on a cross. A murderer just executed 
was treated in this manner, and when cool a 
St was made {Lancet, 1846, i. 167). 
In 1801 Oarpue published a ' Description 
of the Muscles of the Human Body,' and in 
1«I6 an 'Account of Two Successful (.)pera- 
tions for Restoring a Lost Nose from the In- 
tegument of the Forehead.' In 1819 he 
published a 'History of the High Operation 
Tor the Stone, hv Incision above the Pubis." 
He also studied, medical electridty, and in 
1803 brought out 'An Introduction to Elec- 
tricity and Galvanism, with Cases showing 
their Efl'ects in the Cure of Uiseaae. He 
kept a fine plalo (electrical) maeliine in his 
dining-room, and made many experimental 
researches on the subject, 

Carpue was introduced to and much appre- 
ciated by Qeoige IV, both before and after hii 



Carr 



170 



Carr 



accession to the throne. He was consulting 
surgeon to the St. Pancras Infirmary, but 
never received any recognition from the Col- 
lege of Surgeons, either by election to the 
council or to an examinership. He was a 
fellow of the Royal Society. He died on 
SO Jan. 1840, in his eightynsecond year, hav- 
ing been much shaken in an accident on 
the South- Western Eailway soon after its 
opening. 

Carpue was a warm and faithful friend, 
abstemious and re^^ular in habits, and a great 
admirer of simpbcity in manners and ap- 
pearance. He ordered his funeral to be of 
the simplest kind possible. 

J. F. South, many years surgeon to St. 
Thomas's Hospital, and twice president of the 
London College of Surgeons, gives the fol- 
lowing imcomplimentary account of Carpue. 
He speaks of a private school, * conducted by 
a clever but very eccentric person, Joseph 
Carpue, a very good anatomist, who had but 
few pupils, and carried on his teaching by the 
very imusual method of catechism — for in- 
stance, he described a bone, and then made 
each pupil severally describe it after him, he 
correcting the errors whilst the catechisation 
proceeded. . . . Poor Carpue*s school came to 
grief, and he then turned popular politician, 
but was not more successful in that character. 
I remember him, a tall, ungainly, good-tem- 
pered, grey-haired man, in an unfitted black 
dress, and his neck swathed in an enormous 
white kerchief, very nearly approximating to 
a jack-towel.* 

[Lancet, 1846, i. 166-8; Feltoe's Memorials 
of J. F. South, 1884, p. 102.] G. T. B. 

CARR, JOHN (1723-1807), architect, 
called Carr of York, was bom at Horbury, 
near Wakefield, in May 1723. He began life 
as a working man and settled in York, where 
he attained a considerable reputation as an 
architect of the * Anglo-Palladian ' school, 
and amassed a large fortune. Among the 
buildings he erected are the court-house and 
the castle and gaol at York ; the crescent at 
Buxton ; the town hall at Newark, Notting- 
hamshire; Harewood House, near Leeds; 
Thoresby Lodge, Nottinghamshire; Oakland 
House, Cheshire ; Lytham Hall, near Pres- 
ton; Constable Burton, Baseldon Park, and 
Farnley Hall in Yorkshire; the east front and 
west gallery of Wentworth Castle, near Be- 
verley; the mausoleum of the Marquis of 
Rockingham at Wentworth ; and the bridge 
over the Ure at Boroughbridge. He also 
built at his own expense the parish church 
of his native village, where he was buried. 
He was mayor of York in 1770 and 1785, 
and died at Askham Hall, near York, 22 Feb. 



1807, aged 84, leaving property to the amount 
of about 160,000/. 

[Redgrave's Diet of Artists, 1878 ; G^nt. Mag. 
1807 ; Fergosson's History of Modem Architec- 
ture.] 0. M. 

CARR» JOHN (1732-1807), translator 
of Lucian, was bom at Muggleswick, Dur- 
ham, in 1732. His father was a fifirmer 
and small landowner or statesman. He was 
educated at the village school, and then pri- 
vately by the curate of the parish, the l£ev. 
Daniel Watson. Subsequently he was sent 
to St. Paul's School. He became an usher 
in Hertford grammar school under Dr. Hurst, 
and succeeded him in the head-mastership, 
which he held until about 1792, with a good 
reputation. He is said to have been a can- 
didate for the head-mastership of St. Paul's, 
but to have failed from the lack of a univer- 
sitv degree. In 1773 he published the first 
volume of his translations from 'Lucian,' 
which reached a second edition in the follow- 
ing vear. He published a second volume in 
1779, followed Dy three more between that 
year and 1798. The reputation of this work, 
which on the whole is executed with accu- 
racy and spirit, obtained for him the degree 
of LL.D. from the Marischal College of 
Aberdeen, at the instance of Dr. B^ttie. 
He seems to have felt that his literary pur- 
suits had been too trifling, and he takes pains 
in the preface to the second volume of Lu- 
cian to assure the world that it was the 
work only of evening hours when graver 
duties were over; and that it was under- 
taken to put out of his thoughts the annoy- 
ances of the day, an excuse which school- 
masters will understand. Besides his Lucian 
he wrote : 1. * A Third Volume of Tris- 
tram Shandy,' in imitation of Sterne, 1760. 

2. 'Filial Piety,' a mock-heroic poem, 1763. 

3. ' Extract 01 a Private Letter to a Critic,' 
1764. 4. ' Epponina,' a dramatic essay ad- 
dressed to ladies, 1765, the plot of which is 
founded on the account of Epponina, wife of 
Julius Sabinus, given in Tacitus (H. 4, 67), 
and Dio Cassius (66, 3, and 16). He died 
6 June 1807, and was buried in St. John's 
Church, Hertford. His epitaph is given in 
the ' Qentleman's Magazine,' vol. Ixxxii. 

[Gent. Mag. Ixxzii. 602 ; Nichols's Anecdotes, 
iii. 168 ; Baker's Biog. Dram.] R S. S. 

CAER, Sm JOHN (1772-1882), writer 
of ' tours,' a native of Devonshire, was bom 
in 1772. He was called to the bar at the 
Middle Temple, but from reasons of health 
found it advisable to travel, and published 
accounts of his journeys in diffsrent Euro- 
pean countries, which, though without much 



^" nthi 



intriuaic merit, oblained a wide circulation 
on occi^unt of I heir Ugfat, gossipj style, 
and the fact that in this Epeciea of Lte- 
TAtuie there wna then comparutiTely little 
competition. In 1803 lie published 'The 
Stranger in Fmnci', a Tour from DevonBhire 

Paris,' which, meeting with immediate 
» followed in 1806 by ' A Northern 
Travelaround the Baltic, through 
•k, Sweden, Russia, port of Poland, 
and I'ruBaia, in 1804;' in 180(1 by 'The 
Strmnger id Ireknd, or a Tour in the South- 
era and Western parte of that country in 
1805,' soon after wfiicU ha was knightad by 
the Duke of Bedford, then Ticeroy of Ire- 
"" ' and in 1807 by 'A Tour through 
id, aloni: the right and left banks of 

Rhine, to the south of Qermany, in 1806.' 

1807 hia ' Tour in Ireland ' was mode the ' 
ntbiect of a clever jeu ifetprit by Edward 
SuDoia, entitled ' My Pocket Book, or Hints 
for B Kyghte Merrio and Conceited Tour in 
4to, to be called " The Stranger in Ireland 
Ib 18(^, by a Enight Errant," and dedicated 
to the paper-makers.' For this satire the 
' ' '■ ' Messrs. Veruor, Hood, & Sharpe, 
ited in 1809, but Carr was non- 
In 1808 therf appeared ' Caledouian 

itches, or a Tour through Scotland in 
which was msdo the subject of a witty 
T by Sir Walter Scott m the 'Quar- 
terly Reriew;' and in 1811 'Descriptive 
TraTels in the Southern and Eaatem parts 
of Spain and the Balearic Islea [Majorca and 
Minorca] in the year 1809.' Lord Byron — 
who had met Cart at Cadii, and had begped 
' not to be put down in black and white — 
refers to him in some auppressed slaujsaR of 
' Childe Harold ' as ' Green Erin's knight and 
Europe's wandering star.' Besides hia books 
of traTcls Carr was the author of ' The Fury 
of Discord, a poem,' 1803; 'The Seaside 
Htto, a dnuna in three acts,' 1804 (on the 
supposed repulse of an anticipated invasion, 
tli«i scene being laid on the coast of Sussex) ; 
and % Tolume of ' Poems,' 1800, to which his 
portrait was prefixed. He died in New Noi> 
folk Street, London, on 17 July 1832. 

[Gent. Mac. cii. pt. ii. 1B2-3 ; Annual Regis- 
ter. Iixiv. 311.] T.F.IL 



CARR, JOHNSON (1744-1705), Und- 
a pupil 01 Richard Wilson, 
mption in his twenty-second 



di2r< 



year on 10 Jan. 1766. He was of a respect- 

able family of the north, and obtained several 

premiuma given by the Society of Arts for 

^Hrjrawings bT youths under the age of nineteen, 

^HlMDBiving the first priie in 17l>:? and 1763. 

^^K'^dww^'s Ao«(dot«i; JtedgTsve's Uii^r. of 

^^KiM>, ma.] c. M. 



CABR, NIUHULAS, M.D. 1,1524-1668), 
classical scholar, descended from a good 
faintly, was bom at Newcastle in 1S24. At 
an early age he was sent to Christ's College, 
Cambridge, where he studied' under Cuth' 
bert Soot, afterwards bishop of Chester. He 
subsequently migrated to Pembroke Hall, 
where his tutor was Nicholas Ridley, and 
proceeded B.A. in 1540-1, being soon after- 
wards elected a fellow of Pembroke Hall, 
and commendna M.A. in 1544. On the 
foundation of Tritiity College in 1546 he 
was nominated one of the original fellows, 
and the following year he was appointed 
regiuH professor of Greek. His lectures on 
Demosthenes, Plato, Sophocles, and other 
writers gained for him a high reputation for 
scholarship. Although be bad formerly com- 
posed a panegyric on Martin Bucer, which 
was sent by him to John (afterwards Sir 
John) Cheke, he subscribed the catholic ar~ 
ticles in 1656, and two years later he was 
one of those who bore witness on oath against 
the heresies and doctrine of Bucer and Fagiua 
(FoxB,AcU and Monumealt, ed. Townsend, 
viii. 274). From this period he seems to 
have been attached to the ancient futh. He 
took the degree of M.D. in 1658, and began 
to practise at Cambridge as a physicuui, 
though for four years he continued to read 
the Greek lecture, at the end of which period 
he appointed Blithe of Trinity College to 
lecture for him. He was obliged to resort 
to the study of medicine in order to tnain- 
tain his wile and family, the stipend of the 
Greek professor being insulHcient for that 

Eurpose. He occupied the house in which 
^ucer died, and there Carr also died on 3 Nor. 
1606. HawashuriedinSt.Michael'aChurch, 
but as the congregation was very large, con- 
sisting of the whole university, the funeral 
sermon was preached at St. Mary's by Dr. 
Chaderton [q. v.], after which the congrega- 
tion returned 1^ St. Michael's. A handsotne 
mural monument of stone, with inscriptions 
in Latin and English, was erected to his me- 
mor? in St. Giles's Church. 

His works are ; 1. ' Epistola de morte 
Buceri ad Johannem Checum,' London, 1561, 
1681, 4tOi reprinted in Bucer's 'ScriptaAn- 
glicuna,' Basle, 1677, fol. p. 867, and in Con- 
rad Hubert's'Historia -vera devitnM. Buceri,' 
Strnaburg,1562,8To. 2. 'DuieepiBtolK Latins 
doctori Cbaderlono,' 1566. MS. CaL ColL 
Cantab. 197, art. 63. 3. ' Eusebii PampUili 
de vita Constontini,' Louvain, 1570, 8vo ; 
Cologne, 157U, fol.; es recensione Suffridi 
Petri, Cologne, 1681,foi.i exrecenaione Binii, 
Cologne, 'I6ia, fol. The fourth book only 
was translated by Carr : the others were 
translated by John Cbristopherson, bishop of 



Carr 



172 



Carr 



Chichester. 4. • Demosthenis Gneconim Ora- 
torum Principis Olynthiacse orationes tres, 
et PhilippicDB anatuor, e Greco in Latinum 
convers8B. Adaita est etiam epistola de vita 
et obitu eiusdem Nicolai Carri, et carmina, 
cum Giteca, turn Latina in eundem scripta,' 
London, 1571| 4to. Carr*s autograph manu- 
script of this translation is in the Cambridge 
University Library, Dd. 4, 56. 5. * De scrip- 
torum Britannicorum paucitate, et studiorum 
impedimentis oratio; nunc primum tedita. 
Eiusdem ferd argument i aliorum centones 
aojiciuntur/ London, 1676, 12mo ; edited by 
Thomas Hatcher. Carr left some other works 
in manuscript. 

[Life, by Bartholomew Dodington, prefixed 
to the translation of Demosthenes, and tne brief 
memoir, by Thomas Preston, at p. 68 of the 
same work; Addit. MSS. 5803, f. 49, 5865. f. 
63 b ; Foxe*8 Acts and Monuments (Townsend), 
viii. 262, 271, 274, 288; Blomofield's Collect. 
Cantab. 64 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, i. 262, 
555 ; Str>'pe'8 Memorials (foL), ii. 244, 282, 302, 
316 ; Strypo's Smith (8vo), 14 ; Strype's Cheke 
(fol.), 63, 74, 112; Smith's Cat. of Cains Coll. 
MSS. 114; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 165.] T. C. 

CARR, R. (/. 1668), engraver, imitated 
the style of Hollar with no great success. 
There is a map of England dated 1668 etched 
by him. 

[Strutt's Diet, of Engravers.] C. M. 

CARR, RICHARD, M.D. (1651-1706), 
phvsician, was son of Griffith Carr of Louth 
in "Lincolnshire. He was bom in 1651, and 
went from the grammar school of Louth to 
Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he en- 
tered as a sizar 31 May 1667, graduated B.A. 
1670, and M.A. 1674. He became master 
of the grammar school of Saffron "Walden in 
1676, but in 1683 went to Levden to studv 
physic, and in 1686 proceeded M.D. at Cam- 
bridge. He was created a fellow of the Col- 
lege of Physicians by James IFs charter, 
and was admitted in 1(587. He died in Sep- 
tember 1706, and was buried in St. Faith's 
Church, under 8t. PnuFs Cathedral. He is 
known as the author of ^Epistohe medici- 
nales variis occasionibus conscriptie/ which 
was published in 1691. The book is dedi- 
cated to the ('ollege of Physicians, and re- 
ceived the imprimatur of the president and 
censors. The epistles, eighteen in number, do 
not contain much medical information, but are 
written in a readable, popular style, as if ad- 
dressed to patient-s rather than to ])hysicians. 
The first is on the use of sneezing powders, 
the second on smoking tobacco, the third, 
fourth, seventh, fifteenth, and seventeenth on 
various points of dietetics, including a grave 
refutation of the doctrine that it is well to 



get drunk once a month. The eighth Tecom- 
mends a visit to Montpellier for a case of 
phthisis, while the fifth and sixth discuss the 
remedial virtues of the Tonbridge and Bath 
waters, and seven others are on trivial medi- 
cal subjects. The fourteenth is on the stroma, 
and in it Carr mentions that Charles II 
touched 92,107 persons between 1660 and 
1682, and respectfully doubts whether they 
all got well. The most interesting of the 
episUes is the third, which is on the drinks 
used in coffee-houses, namely, ' coff*ee, thee, 
twist (a mixture of coffee and tea), salvia, 
and chocolata.' Carr shows some acquain- 
tance with the medical writings of his time, 
and speaks with admiration of the 'Re- 
ligio Medici.' The impression left after read- 
ing his epistles is that he was a doctor of 
pleasant conversation, not a profound phy- 
sician, but one whose daily visit cheered 
the valetudinarian, and whose elaborate dis- 
cussion of symptoms satisfied the hypochon- 
driac 

[Trunk's Coll. of Phys. (1878). i. 470; C3krrs 
Epistolse; Magdalene Coll. Admission Book.] 

N. M. 

CARR» ROBERT, Earl of Somebset 
(d, 1645), or Kbr, according to the Scottish 
spelling, was a younger son of Sir Tliomas 
Ker of Ferniehurst, by his second wife, 
Janet, sister of Sir Walter Scott of Buc- 
cleugh. In Douglas's ' Peerage,' ii. 1S4, it is 
stated that he ' ser^'ed King James in the 
quality of a page, and, attendinjof his majesty 
into England, was invested with the order 
of the Bath at his coronation.' This last 
statement, though usually adopted, is erro- 
neous. A list of the knights made at the 
coronation in Howes's continuation of Stow's 
* Clironicle,' p. 827, gives the name of Sir 
Robert Carr of Newboth. If, as can hardly 
be doubted, Newboth is an English corrup- 
tion of Newbottle, the person knighted was 
(as stated in Nichols's * Progresses/ i. 222, 
note o) the Robert Ker who subsequently 
became the second earl of Lothian. 

Robert Carr accompanied James to Eng- 
land as a page, but, being discliarged soon 
after his arrival, went into France, where he 
remained for some time. Soon after his re- 
turn, being in attendance upon Lord Hay or 
Lord Dingwall at a tilting match, he was 
thrown from his horse and oroke his arm in 
the king's presence. James recognised his 
former page, and, being pleased with the 
youth's appearance, took him into favour 
(Wilson, m Kekvbt, ii. 686) and knighted 
him on 23 Dec. 1607. 

James was anxious to jprovide an estate 
for his new favourite. Somewhere about 



Carr 



173 



Carr 



this time Salisbury suggested to the king a 
mode of benefiting Carr without injury to 
himself (The King to Salisbury, undated, 
Hatfield MS. 134, folio 149). Though Ra- 
leigh had conveyed the manor of Sherborne 
to trustees to save it from forfeiture, a flaw 
had been discovered in the conveyance. The 
land was therefore legally forfeited in conse- 
quence of Raleigh's attainder (Memoranda 
of the King's Hemembrancer, Public Record 
Office, Mich. Term, 7 James I, 253), and on 
9 Jan. 1609 it was granted to Carr, the king 
making a compensation, the adequacy of 
which is a subject of dispute, to the former 
owner (Gabdineb, History of England^ ii. 47^. 

In the winter session of 1610, Carr, im- 
tated by the feeling displayed in the com- 
mons against Scottish favourites, incited his 
master against the house, and did his best 
to procure the dissolution which speedily 
followed {Correspondence in the Hatfield 
MS, 134). On 25 March 1611 he was 
created Yiscoimt Rochester {Patent JRollSy 
9 James I, Part 41,'l^on4), being the first | 
Scotchman promoted by James to a seat in ' 
the English House of Lords, as the right of 
sitting m parliament had been expressly re- 
served in the case of Hay. 

In 1612, upon Salisbury's death, Rochester, 
who had recently been made a privy coun- 
cillor, was employed by James to conduct 
his correspondence, without the title of a 
secretary (Chamberlain to Carleton, 11 and 
17 June, 2 July, Court and Times of James I, 
171, 173, 179). James seems to have thought 
that a young man with no special political 
principles would not only be a cheernil com- 
panion, but a useful instrument as well, and 
would gradually learn to model himself upon 
his master's ideas of statesmanship. He for- 
got that conduct is often determined by other 
motives than political principles. The new 
favourite was already in love with the Coun- 
tess of Essex, a daughter of the influential 
£}arl of SuflbUr, and a great-niece of the still 
more influential Earl of Northampton, the 
leader of the political catholics. 

In the beginning of 1613 Lady Essex was 
thinking of procuring a sentence of nullity 
of marriage, which would set her free from 
a husband whom she detested, and enable 
her to marry Rochester. Her relatives, the 
cliiefs of the Howard family, who had 
hitherto found Rochester opposed to their 
interests, grasped at the suggestion, and on 
16 May a commission was appointed to try 
the case.^ James threw himself on the side 
of his favourite, and on 25 Sept. the commis- 
sioners pronounced, by a majority of seven 
to five, m favoiir of the nullity {State Trials, 
ii. 785). I 



When Rochester began his courtship of 
Lady Essex, he had given his confidence to 
Sir Thomas Overbury, a man of intelligence 
and refinement. At first Overbury assisted 
Rochester in * the composition of his love- 
letters ' ( WiirwooD, Memorials, iii. 478), but 
afterwards, perhaps when he had discovered 
that his patron contemplated marriage in- 
stead of an intrigue with a lady whose rela- 
tions were the leaders of the Spanish party 
in England, Overbury threw all his influence 
into the opposite scale, and exposed himself 
to the fatal anger of Lady Essex. 

The king, too, was jealous of Overbury *s 
influence over his favourite, and suggested 
to him a diplomatic appointment. Overbury, 
on refusing to accept it, was committed to 
the Tower (Chamberlain to Carleton, 29 April 
1613, State Papersy Dom., Ixxii. 120). Tliere 
seems to be little doubt that both Rochester 
and Northampton were consenting parties 
to the imprisonment. Their object is a matter 
of dispute. On the whole, tlie most probable 
explanation is that they merely wanted to get 
him out of the way for a time till the divorce 
proceedings were at an end (see Gabdineb, 
History of England, ii. 178-80). 

Lady Essex's wrath was much more dan- 
gerous. She made up her mind that Over- 
bury must be murdered to revenge his per- 
sonal attack upon her character. She obtained 
the admission of a certain Weston as the 
keeper of Overbury in the Tower, and "VN'eston 
was instructed to poison his prisoner. Wes- 
ton, it seems, did not actually administer the 
poison, and Lady Essex is usually supposed 
— for the whole evidence at this stage is 
contradictory — to have mixed poison with 
some tarts and jellies which were sent by 
Rochester to Overbury as a means of convey- 
ing letters to him, the object of which was 
to assure him that Rochester and Northamp- 
ton were doing everything in their power to 
hasten his delivery. Rochester, too, occa- 
sionally sent powders to Overbury, the object 
of which was said to be to give him the ap- 
pearance of ill-health sothatliis friends might 
urge the king to release him. The evidence 
on the point whether the tarts were eaten by 
Overbury is again conflicting, but the fact 
that he did not die at the time seems to show 
that they remained untasted. Later on poi- 
son was administered in another way, and of 
this Overbury died. Whether Rochester was 
acquainted with the lady's proceedings can 
never be ascertained with certainty, tnough 
the evidence on the whole points to a favour- 
able conclusion (Gabdineb, History of Eng^ 
land, ii. 183-6). 

At the time, at all events, no one guessed 
at the existence of this tragedy, Rochester 



Carr 



174 



Carr 



was created Earl of Somerset on 3 Nov. 1613 
(Patent Bolls, James I, Part 5, No. 20, mis- 
dated in Nicolas, Hist Peerage), and on 
23 Dec. he received a commission as treasurer 
of Scotland (Paper Register of the Chreat Seal, 
Book I, No. 214, communicated by T. Dick- 
son, esqi^ chief of the historical department 
of the Kegister House, Edinburgh), and on 
26 Dec. he was married in state to the mur- 
deress. Courtiers vied in making costly pre- 
sents to the pair. 

Somerset was now trusted with political 
secrets above all others. His head was turned 
by his rapid elevation, and he threw himself 
without reserve into the hands of Northamp- 
ton and the Spanish party. At first he ad- 
vocated a plan for marrying Prince Charles 
to a Savoyard princess, but as soon as Sar- 
miento, the Spanish ambassador, whose later 
title was Count of Gondomar, arrived in 
England, he made overtures to the new envoy 
to secure an alliance with Spain. 

In the parliament of 1614 Somerset's vote 
was given, as might have been expected, 
against any compromise with the commons 
in the dispute on the impositions, and a few 
weeks after the dissolution he was made lord 
chamberlain, a post wliich brought him into 
immediate connection with the King. 

Somerset's importance mij^ht seem the 
greater as Northampton had just died. He 
was acting lord keeper of the privy seal in 
Northampton's place on 30 June 1614. His 
arrogance, combined with his open adoption 
of tlie principles of the Spanish party, set 
against him the statesmen, such as Ellesmere 
and otiiers, who wished to maintain a close 
connection with the continental protestants. 
By these men a new candidate for the post of 
favourite, George Villiers, who first saw the 
king in August 1614, was brought to court. 
Though James in November 1614showed that 
he Iiad no intention of abandoning Somerset, 
the fact that he made Villiers a cupbearer so 
irritated the favourite that he grew morose 
and ill-tempered even to James nimself. 

James was much hurt. Early in 1615 he 
pleaded with Somerset, entreating him to 
continue to return his friendship (James to 
Somerset, Halliwell, Letters of the Kings, 
ii. 126), and in April he consented to place in , 
Somerset's hands the negotiation which was 
going on with Spain on the subject of the 
prince's proposed marriage with the Infanta 
Maria, taking it from the ambassador at Mar 
drid, Sir John Digby, to whom it had been | 
originally entrusted. 

Though it was not likely that Somerset's : 
adversaries were aware of this secret trust, ! 
they must have perceived signs of James's 
continued favour towards him, and obtaining 



the support of the (^ueen, who was personally 
jealous of the favourite, they persuaoied James, 
i on April 13, to make Villiers a gentleman 
• of the bedchamber. Whatever may have been 
the exact reason of James's conduct, he had 
j no intention of abandoning Somerset, and 
I possibly only meant to warn him against 
persistence in his harsh and unreasonable 
temper. Somerset, exposed as he was to hos- 
tility both as a Scotchman and as a favourite, 
was made by his sense of insecurity more 

? querulous than before. In July James re- 
used to make an appointment at Somerset's 
entreaty (Chamberlam to Carleton, July 16, 
Court and Times of James I, i. 364), and 
about the same time sent him a letter in 
which his dissatisfaction was expressed. ' I 
have been needlessly troubled tnis day,' he 
wrote, * with your desperate letters ; you 
may take the right way, if vou list, and 
neither grieve me nor yourself. No man s 
nor woman's credit is able to cross you at 
my hands if you pay me a part of that you 
owe me. But how you can give over that 
inward affection, and yet be a dutiful ser- 
vant, I cannot understand that distinction. 
Heaven and earth shall bear me witness that, 
if you do but the half your duty unto me, 
you may be with me in the old manner, only 
by expressing that love to my person and re- 
spect to your master that God and man crave 
of you, with a hearty and feeling penitence 
of your by-past errors ' (James to Somerset, 
Halliwell, Letters of the Kings, 133). 

The knowledge of the existence of bad feel- 
ing between the favourite and his master 
made Somerset's enemies more hopeful of 
effecting his overthrow. Somerset accord- 
ingly directed Sir Robert Cotton to draw out 
a pardon sufficiently large to place him in 
satety. Upon the refusal of Yelverton, the 
solicitor-general, to certify its fitness for 
passing the great seal (Cotton's Examina- 
tions, Cotton MSS. Tit. B vii. 489), Somerset 
ordered a still larger pardon to be drawn up, 
which Ellesmere, the lord chancellor, refused 
to seal. On 20 Julv 1615 the matter was 
fully discussed at the privy coimcil in the 

Presence of the king, and at the end of the 
ebate James insisted upon Ellesmere's seal- 
ing the pardon. After the king had left 
the council, however, private influence was 
brought to bear on hun, and the pardon was 
left unsealed (Sarmiento to Lerma, 29 July- 
8 Aug. Madrid Palace Library MSS. 20- 
30 Oct. Simancas MSS,) 

Not many weeks after this scene informa- 
tion that Overbury had been murdered was 
brought to Winwood, the secretary of state, 
who was one of Somerset's opponents. Hel- 
wys, the lieutenant of the Tower, hearing that 



■something was Iniown, told his etory 
■wood, luid on 10 Sejil. repeated it lu 
to the ting, wlm directed Coke to i 
the affair, Ladv Somereet's name woe Boon 
implicated in I lie charge of poieoning, and 
that of ber huebond was BubBequently in- 
volved in it. On 13 Oct. a eommiBBion was 
issued to the chancellor and other persons of 
high rank to inquire. 

Af soon Bd Somerset knew himself to be etu- 
pect(^,he left James at Koyetonandcameup 
to London to jufittty himself. Ue wrote to 
James finding fault with the composition of 
ihe couitofiDq(iij;,nnd threatening him with 
the loas of the support of the Howard family 
if he persisted in the course which he was 
taking, James answeredthat the investiga- 
tion muet continue, and on 17 Oct. the com- 
misMoners wrote to the earl and countess 
directing them to remain in their respective 
apartments. On that evening Somerset 
burnt a number of his own letters to North- 
ampton, written at the time of the murder, 
uw directed Cotton to affix false dat es to the 
rs which he had received at the same time 
D Northampt-on and Overbury. Though 
» ordcrB were subsequently withdrawn, 

, « bet that they had been given was very 

damaging to Somerset ; but his conduct ia 
not absolutely inconsistent witli the suppo- 
eiliou that, being a man of littla judgment, 
he was frightened at the prospect of eeeing 
letters relating to tricks purposed to be put 
on Overbury interpreted in the light of sub- 
sequent discoveiiee. On the next day Somer- 
set was committed to the Dean of West- 
minsler's house. 

The inferior instruments, the warders, 
were tried and executed, and in the ordinary 
course of things the trial of Somereet and 
bis wife would have followed soon. It was, 
" r, postponed, apparently iu order that 

mtigation might be made into Somerset's 
Uions with the Spanish ambassador, and 
> perhaps because Lady Somerset gave 
•b at tlus time to a daughter, who altera 
e the mother m Lord Russell. 
^ ^le priHoneJB were to be tried in the high 
rt, A few days before the 
appointed, Somerset, who had been 
ul'gnd by the king to declare liimself guilty, 
tbreatened to bring some charge against 
Junes himself, James met the attack by 
refusing to hear ftirther from the prisoner in 

SrivBle till after the trial, and Somerset then 
pdarud that be would not come to the trial 
at all, on the pk<a, it would seem, of illness. 
^_ On M May the countess pleaded guilty, 
^^^Utd received sentence of death. On the 25th 
^^^pnneiwt, though he at first pretended to be 
^^■naUo to leave the Tower, to which he had 




Carr 



been removed some weeks previously, was 
brought to Westminster Hall. That Somer- 
set was accessory to Overhury's murder before 
the fact, and consequently guilty of murder, 
was strongly urged by Bacon, who, as attor- 
ney-general, conducted the prosecution, and 
Bacon was backed by Montague and Crew. 
Bacon had no difficulty in showing that So* 
merset had taken part in a highly suspi- 
cious plot, and he argued that there was no 
motive leadiug Somerset to imprison Over- 
bury unless he had meant to murder him, as, 
if Overbury had been nilowed to ' go beyond 
sea' as an ambussador, he would nave "been 
disabled by distance from throwing hin- 
drances in the way of the marriage. The 
argument throwe L'cht on Brian's habit of 
omitting to notice difficulties in the way of 
a theory which he has once accepted, but it 
is certainly not conclusive against Somerset. 
If Overbutj had wished to give evidence of 
the conduct of Lady Essex, which might 
have influenced the conuntssionerg wlio sat 
to decide on the nidlity of her marriage, lie 
might easily have done so by letter from the 
most distant embassy, while it would have 
been impossible for bim to communicate his 
kuow ledge from the Tower, where both Hel- 
wys, the lientenant, and Weston, his own 
immediate keeper, were Somerset's creatures. 
JU^ntague hnd charge of the most serious 
part of the case. lie proved that Somerset 
had sent powders to Overbury, and he tried 
to show, though not very successfully, that 
Somerset had poisoned the tarts which, had 

In a case of circumstantial evidence the 
business of the counsel of the defence is not 
only to show that the facta proveii do not 
fit the theory of the prosecution, but to show 
that they do fit another theory which iscora- 

¥itihle with the innocence of the accused, 
he main weakness of the argument of the 
counsel for the crown was that Ihey proved 
too much. Somerset, according to their 
showing, was constantly trying to poison 
Orerhurr. and yet all his efforts signally 
failed. Powder after powder, poison^ tart 
after poisoned tart, were sent, and yet Over- 
bury would not die, At last an injection 
was administered by an apothecary^s boy, 
and Overbury succumbed at once. Yet no 
tittle of evidence was advanced to connect 
this last act with Somerset, 

On the other hand, the proceedings become 
explicable if we suppose tliat Somerset, with 
Northnmptnn ne his adviser, merely wanted 
to silence Overbury wliile the nullity suit 
was proceeding, and to impress liim with 
the belief that he and Northampton were 
advocating liis cause with the king, in order 



Carr 176 Carr 



that wh»-n he w^ r*ri-Awrd Lv mizht not statemtrnT. often madt. ;La: J&=it« \h urL: 

brin^ w;:h him an anzrr felinz. Thi» would of takin^r him arain inT' favour wbrrn Le 

•rxplain ihK conr.an: Irtt-rr* and me&saar-r*, was displeased with BucklnrLaai'* c^i-niuc: 

and evrrn tLr ai^ndin^ of meiicin's to pr'.duce in l<5i'4. i* absolutrly wiil ou: f oundaii -:.. 
iiln«ir§e- which mizh: work uj^^n th- kinz's In 16:30 Somrr^t onc^ more c&m« br: re- 

fr^linz*. ^ j)ufclic noiic*r. as bein^ pr^«secui«*i in iLt? 

La/{y Elafirx w:ili n&tiirallr rErgar-l the .Star-chamU-r. toj^rihrr with oih-er ni->Tv irr- 

a3airfr-jniano:Lrri<:n: vf view, t.hrirrbury's portant ptrr^ona^^s. for hiTinz. in ih* i.r— 

attack up-on L-r ch&r4.:t-r was an insult to (wdin^ vrar. pass^ on :o the tarl >>{ «_ lirv 

\^ av-rn^ed. and ^hr mav v-rv w^-Il have a paprr written loajr beforv bv Sir R-.?.-— 



whether siie wa* ii.-iriy :■» pr«r«-rrve •iJrnce sequence of the b:nh '■•: ti:- cnrs s-r-a. wL» 
with h-r husband ev-n after Ler desizn was was afterwards CLarle* 11. the ~pr»x>:*r.i:nr* 
carrie-i on: or not. and :: :*. of course, auit^ would be dropped iSfat^ Tn'aU, i:i. a*ii. 




ever. Under these cirL.ims?aiiceV :h-re is CARR, ISOBERT JAMES 1 1774-1^41 1. 

no w:^nder.even if Ssm-rr^i-:: was not zuiltv, bish-ip ct( Worcester, the j-i'n '•*{ thr R»-v. r.-l- 

that his ir fence «h uld Lave br>ken iown in ston L'arr, a scbxdma^'rr at Twickenham, 

S'^me p."»:n:s. The only i^^uesrion wiJ^-h can who wa:* afterwards vicar of Ealing, was 

be raised is whether Lis Xikilure to STistain his bom in 1774 at Twickenham. nrceivVd his 

arsniment wis owin^ :o :h- rv-ality of his primary* -^^Jucation in his father's sch'>»l. and 

sniilt. or whe:Ler it was only what mizht afterwards went t-i Wnrcfs:er Collejr. r»x- 

Fairlv be expecte^i fr>n: a man calle^l on to f^rd. In 1797 he married Xanc%% daujhtrr 




favourer. *t. >PE:>:'i>'vi. Lr*t'?r>t and Ltff of present ^rd to tli»- vicaraje r*\ Bri^'ht.>n. In 

A'<i.> '«. v. oi?*'. IVi-.rvnoe* :'^ the original iN^Jhe ffraduate'l M.A. While ht? wa< vicar 

author-.: i-es are iriv'tii in b-ith the*^ w..rks. of Brighton his eloquence com mend»-d him !■» 

and mosT of them will b»> found in Ajcms. the prince regent, and a friendship was cnni- 

^r«!.* (^yeT ■./ i^t>.-'«'/<y. a IfXjk of no criti- menced which only terminated with the 

cal valii^>. The court. Wsid^-*, wa« hostile, death of Geor^ IV. In 1S20 he was np 

and tl:o vonlict i>i guilty, which was ulii- p-'int^rd dean iif Heivfi^rd, and in the same 

matoly civ en. was prulwibly inevi talkie. year he t«>:tk the degrees of B.D. and D.l». 

Jhuios had no intention of allowing either F«^ur years later he was consecrated bishop 




lol'uM'd to do this, and strongly reasserted , was the prelate who attended George I\' 
bti imuHvnce. Perhaps in consequence of . during his last illne&s. He devoted himself 
I hit tirmuess, l>oth he and his wife were kept almost entirely to his episcopal duties, and, 
lu tho Tower till .lanuar^* \&2'2, when they although constant in his attendance at the 

.» . ..II 1a. ...^1 .^..^v *1«^Zh AM«..*r..rx_. ^^^. XT^^v*... ^^^ T ^^JI^ A^^l. 1-AA.1 ^ ?^^ .. * 1* 



\^%>vx\ allowed to exchange their captivity for 

r««iiidoiico at ivrtain tixtni places. At last 

reoeivod a formal pardon. The 



Houde of Lords, took little interest in poli- 
tics. He was one of the bishops who voted 
against the Roman Catholic Rebef Bill, and, if 



be did not speak tu^nst the measure, nl lowed 
hifl opinions to be seen by the numbi^r nf 
petitions SKoinst it which he presunted. Al- 
though etiict in the enforcement of ri^ligious 
obBcrvances,he had a decided leaningtowards 
the emngelical school of thouffht. lie died 
io lft41, aged 67, at Hurtleburj- Palace, near 
Worcester, from p&ralyeiB, and was buried 
in the churchyard of the parish. His nnly 
published worhe were sermons preached for 
charitable objecls. 

[Annunl Beg)«tcr, 1841: Timesi Ituconl; 
WoKMUnhire pHpers.] A. C, B. 

CABR, ROGER (J. I(il2). divine, sup- 
paced to have been the son of a London 
printer of the same names, was matricuhited 
as B eizar of Pembroke JIoll, CambridEe, on 
23 Nov. 1566. and went out B.A. 1569-70. 
On 23 Jan. ) 573-3 he was instituted to tlie 
reictory of Little Kaine in Es^ei, on the 

frestmtation of Ilenrr Capel, esq. About 
&83hew»s suspended by Aylmer,biBhopof 
Liondon, for not wearing the surplice. Ho 
aubsequently conformed to the orders of the , 
chnrch, and held the before-mentioned bene- 
fice till his death, which occurred shortly ' 
before 20 Jan. 1611-12. 

It is believed that he was tlie author of: 
]. 'The Defence of the Soul against Che 
Strangest Assaults of Satan, by R. C.,' Lon- 
don, IB78, 8to. 2, ' A Sermon on Joh. xii., 
by R C.,' London (T. Lawe and T. Nelson), 
n. d., 8vo. 3. ' A godlie Form of House- 
holds Goiiemment : for the ordering of pri- 
vmte Families, whereunto is ndjoyned the 
senenll duties of the husband towards bis 
irife: and the wiues duty toward her hus- 
band, ftc. Gathered by R. C.,' London, 1698, 
1600. Sto. Dedicated to Robert Buigaine of 
EoJttU [RoxM-ell ?]. 

[Atn«s's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 707, 88B, 
ia04i Cooper* Atbenic L'acUb. iii. fi3; Daridti's 
Fill KulK.'Onformisty. Ill; Lowndca's Bibl. 
Han. (Bohn), 342 ; Mullliind'H Indsi of Early 
PrinUd Book* at I^inbeth, IS ; Newcourt's Be- 
pertorium, ii. 490.] T. C. 

OARB. THOMAS, alias Miles Pikknby 
(1."«9-I67il. [See CiRRE, Thokas.] 

CARR, WILLrAM HOLWELL (1758- 
1830), art connoisseur, was the eon of Ed- 
ward Hoi well, apothecary of Exeter, who 
died at Exmoiith on 28 March 1793, aged 66, 
by his wife, IsalwUii Newte. He was bom 
at Exeter in 1758, and baptised at St. Mar- 
tin'* CTiiirch in that city on 4 April 1759, 
tMeiving the christian narae of William 
^ter hi* uncle, the Rev. William Uolwell, 
vic«rof Thomhury, Olouoesterahire, and pre- 
bendary of Exeter. He matrioulated at Ex^ 



ter College on 2 March 1776, and was elected 
to a Petreian fellowship on 30 June 1778. 
His degrees were : B.A. 1783. M.A. 1784. 
B.D. 1790. While holding his fellowship 
he obtained leave to travel abroad (30 April 
1781 1, and it was during this foreign tour 
that he began to form his collection of pic- 
tures. The rich benefice of Menheniot in 
Cornwall became vacant la November 1791, 
and Holwellwas instituted on 13 Jan, 171)2, 
but he never resided at his living, and was 
said to have taken orders with the o^ect oi 
accepting this preferment. A year after his 
institution (14 Jon. 1793) he resigned his 
fellowship. On 18 May lf97 he married in 
London Lady Charlotte Hav, eldest daughter 
of James, earl of Errol, by Iflahelia, daughter 
of Sir WiUiam Carr of Etal, Northumbei^ 
land, and in I79S the estate of Etal became 
lier property. Shetbereupoo (20Nov. I79S) 
obtained royal authority for herself, her hus- 
band, and her male issue, to take the name 
and arms of Carr, but she died in London on 
9 Feb. 1801, three days after the birth of her 
only childjWilliam Carr. A protracted law- 
suit took place over the estate of EtiJ, but a 
settlement, mainly in favour of the rights of 
her husband and their child, was ultimately 
effected, and lasted until the death of the 
child at Rams^te on 16 Sept. 1806. Hol- 
well Carr died m Devoushire Place, London, 
on 24 Dec. 1830, and was buried at Withy- 
combe Raleigh, near Exmouth. Throughout 
his life he was a patron and connoisseur of 
the arts. From 1797 to 1820 he exhibited 
at the Royal Academy, as an honorary ex- 
hibitor, landscape views of his own painting. 
His collection of pictures, principally of the 
Itidian school, he left tjj the nation with the 
stipulation that a proper gallery should be 
provided for them. To Exeter College he 
gave in 1766 a pcture, painted by himself, 
of Sir William Petre, and to the college 
library he presented the editio princcps of 
Homer, printed at Florence in 1488. He 
left 500i. to Meiiheniot parish for the ednc&< 
tion of twelve boys and girls as a memorial 
ofhiswife. Io the church of that pariah are 
' for himself and his wiie. 






SOGDt.MBe.p. 3TO.IS31^Buase'sReg.ofExater 
L pp. liT, 111-12, 200, 216; Parochial His- 
tory of CoruwaU (1870), iii. 313-14; Kadgrave's 
Diet, of Artists. 1878, p. 71;MiBcell. GeneaLBt 
Herald, ii, 416-17.] W, P. C, 

aABBE,TnOMA8(1599-1674j. c atholic 
divine, whose real name was Miles PiNltNllV, 
belonged to on ancient family at Broomhill 
in the bishopric of Durham, lie was eent 
when very young to the English college of 
Douay, waa admitted among the clergy per 



Carre i 

tomiiram 13 June 5620, and was ordftined 
priest by Bpecinl dispensation 15 .Tuna 1025, 
AfterwarM he was appointed procurator of 
the college, and he held tliut office till 1634, 
-whea he undertook the project of founding s 
monastery of canonesses of St. Augustin at 
Paris, where he resided aa their conteasor till 
his death. The foundation of this monastery 
cost him much time and labour. > TJs re- 
corded that he crossed the aeaa sixty times 
between England and France to bring it to 
perfection, and bestowed all hia time, money, 
interest, learning, and piety for forty years 
t<]gether to the same purpose.' Being seised 
with a palsy he became almost unserviceable 
for nearly twelve years before his death, which 
occurred in the monosterj-, then situate in the 
Bue desFossfis Saint Victor, Paris, on 31 Oct. 
1674. 

Carre was for many years a canon of the 
English chapter, and the clergy never failed 
to i;on£ult him in matters of consequence. 
Jle was a great friend of Richard Crashaw 
the poet, Arras College in Paris was in 16Q7 
much augmented by him, though it 'n'as not 
completed till many years later, when Dr. John 
Bet nam [q. v,] was appointed t^ preside over 
it. Carre was greatly respected by the court 
of France, especially by Cardinal Richelieu, 
■who was a munificent lienefactor to the Eng- 
lish catholics abroad through his mediation. 

Hia works are: 1. 'A Treatise of the Love 
of God,' 2 Tola., Paris, 1 630, 8to, translated 
from the French of St. Francis of Sales. 
2. 'The Spiritual Conflict,' 1632, translated 
from the French of Biflbop Camus. 3. 'The 
Draught of Eternity,' 8vo, 1 (139, a translation 
from the Frenchof Bishop Camufl. 4. 'The 
Priucipall Points of the Faith of the Catho- 
like Cnvrch. Defended aRainst a writing 
Bent to the liing by the 4 Ministers of Cba- 
lenton. By the most eminent Arraand Ihon 
de Plessia, Cardinal Dvke de Riebelie v. Eng- 



Following of Christ,' written in Latin by 
ThomajiilKempis.Paris,1636,8ro. 6. 'Oeea- 
siona! Diflcourses,' Paris, 1646, 8to. 7. 'Tho- 
jnas of Kempis, Canon Ilegvlar of S, Avgvs- 
tine's Order, hia Sermons of the Incarnation 
and Passion of Christ. Translated out of 
Latine,' Paris, IftoS, 13mo. 8. 'Thomas of 
Kempis, his Soliloquies translated ovt of La- 
tine,' Paris, 1653, 12mo. fl. 'A Christian In- 
Btrvction composed longc agoe,hy that most 
eminent Cardinall iVrmand lohn de Plessis, 
Cardinall of Richeiiev,' newly translated, 3rd 
«d., Paris, 1662 (misprint for 1662), 10. 'Me- 
ditations and Prayers on the Life, Paasion, 
Reavrrection, and Ascension of our Saviovr 
lesus-Clmst. Written in Latine by Thomas 



8 Carrick 

ofKempi8,'Pari8,1664,12mo. U. 'Sweets 
Thought«s of Jesvs and Marie, or Meditations 
for ail the Sundays and Feasts of our B. 
Saviour and B. Virgin Mary ; for the use of 
the daught^^rs of Sion,' 2 parts, 8vo, 16(ki, 
12, 'Pietas ParisiensiSiOrashortdescription 
of the Ketie and Charitie comonly exer- 
cised in Paris. Which represents in short 
the pious practises of the whole Oatholike 
ChiTch,* Paris, 1666, 12mo. An abridgment 
of this work was published by Abraham 
Woodhead in 'Pietas Roniana et Pariaienf is,' 
Oxford, 1 687, 4to, which work elicited ' Some 
Reflections,' with a ' Vindication of Protec- 
tant Charity ' by James Harrington, Oxford, 
1688,4to. 13. 'TheFunerall&rmonof the 
Queen of Great Britanie,' Paris, 1670, 8ro. 

[Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 293; Addit. MS. 
24491, f. 261 b; Palatine Not«-biH>l[. iii. Itl!. 
17*; Jones's Popiry Tracts, 434; Huseabeth'a 
Colleges and Conveats on the Conttni^t, 18; 
Bibl. Heberiann, ii. 1016, 1017.] T. C. 

CARRE, WALTER RIDDELL (1807- 
1674), topographer, was descended from the 
old family of Riddell of Riddell, in the county 
of Roxburgh, immortalised by Scott in the 
' Lay of the Last Minstrel ' a« ' ancient Rid- 
dell s fair domains.' He was the second son of 
Thomas Riddell of Camieston, and was bom 
at Edinburgbon4AuK. 1807. After complet- 
ing bis education at the high school of Edin- 
burgh, he entered a mercantile house in Lon- 
don, where he remained till 1848, when he 
took up his residence in Hertfordshire. Some 
Years afterwards be succeeded by the will of 
his uncle. Admiral Robert Riddell Carre, to 
the eatat* of Cavers Carre in Roxburgh shire, 
when he assuiited the additional surname 
and arms of Carre, From this time he de- 
voted much of his attention to researches 
into family and county records, and the 
biography of ' worthies connected with the 
Homers, giving the result of his studies oc- 
casionally in popular lectures, and in contri- 
btitions to the newapapera and to ' Notes and 
Queries.' He also look an active interest in 
various Border societies. He was a justice 
of the peace and a commissioner of supply 
for the county of Roxburgh. He died in 
December 1874. He was the author of 
' Border Memories ; or, Sketches of Prominent 
Men and Women of the Border,' published 
posthumounly in 1876, with a biographical 
sketch by James Tait. 

[Tail's Memoir, aa above.] T. F. H. 



CABRICK, Eabl a: 

BBT DB VIL] 



[See Bbuch, Ro- 



CARRICK, JOHN DONALD (1787- 
1837), song writer and jounialist, wu bom 



^^^^^ Carrick i 

at Glaaeow in April 178" : liis fulher waa 



Carrick 



cotton-mill owner of tlinl dtv, l)y Ills wife, 
Mary Anderson. lie was educated dt the 
Carlisle grammHr ethool, and by his uucle, 
the Rev. John Topping. As an artist Car- 
rick was entirely self-taiight : hU fliill in 
portraiture was evidenced at on eitrnardi- 
narilj- early age. Having quarrelled witli 
one of tlia laemlwrs of his Ikmily, he sud- 
denly (juitted his home, and was taken into 
the emnlojment of a chemist in Carlisle 
named Brimet, who soon be^nn to take great 
■"* • ■" his advancement. Carrick e' 



gntphictJ Sketch' Ca CkSRicx.'t''Laird o/Zo- 
l/fff P' ix). Carrick ws« early put into tho 
office fif N icholsnn , a ( ! laagow architect, whi ch 
office hs left about 1806 for a clerkship in a 
coiintine-hriiise (i£. x). In 1807 he ran away, 
and walked to Iwondon, where a Scotch t rades- 
man gave him a trial as shopboj'. In J 809 he 
obtained employment with Spodes & Co., 
potters in Stafiordshire, who had extensive 
wurebouses in London ; and wilh them be , 

acquired sufficient knowledge of china to tuallybecnmehimself a chemist in his native 
return to Glasgow, 1811, and set up business ! city. Ilia heart was so entirely given over 
in Hutcheson Street. There he also took to I to painting, however, that he much neglected 
Tmting, producing several humorous Scotch I hia business. Hehndbeenpaintingmimaturea 
«inpi,Bndhi8'LifeofWallace'forthevoungi for several years before lie had ever seen a 
hut in 1825 a prolonged litigation W to his miniature from any hand but his own. The 
uuoltency. As agent to manufactaretB he first that then came under hia notice was one 
sulMMuently visited the highlands, and ac- from the easel of Sir Willium Charles Ross. 
quirvJ the Onelic language. On returning to , Carrick had already painted the likenesses 
Glangowiii tttgHhewasengagedassuh-editor I of many «'ell-known persons in the north 
of the "Sot* Times;' contributed articles to ! country; amonglhe«ewaaCharlesKean when 
the'Day.'aOlasgowdailypaper, which lasted ' lis ^^B just bi^nuing to win popularity as 
only six months; and produced, 1830, hJs ex- , a provincial actor. Carrick in 1829 married 
tended ' IJfe of Sir M lUiam Wallace of El- i S^ary Mulcaster, by whom he had five chil- 
derali*,' 2 vols., this forming vols, liii. and liv. i dren. Being by that time in thoroughly good 

ofConstahVs'Miscelianv.' InlSaaheedited - '^'-i-i ^-■- -- ■: . 

«nd partly wrol« ' Whistle-Hinkie, or the 
Piper elf the Party,' a collection of humorous 



toOKs. In 183Sheaccepted thefiilleditorship 
of tii«> Perth Advertiser,' but quarrelled with 
tb^ managing committee in a year, and in 
FebniarylSW started the ' Kilmarnock Jour- 
nal.' Carrick again fell out with the propri 
tors, and was attacked by paralveis of tl 
mouth ; in 1H.35 he returned to Glasgow, h 
Eieolth completely shattered. He edited ar 
contributed to the ' Laird of Logan,' a collec- 
tion of Scotch tslei and witticism, which , 
peered in 1 83t), From Rothesay he contributed 
•ome papers to the 'Scottish Monthly Mnga- 
■ioe,' and announced a new work. 'Tatoa of 
the HannockMen;' but he died 17 Aug. 1837, 
aged ■%. A comedy was left by him in manu- 
Miipt, wilh the title ' Logan House, or the 
LiuTdat Home.' A neweditionof the'ljaird 
of Logan,' Dccnropanied by an anonymous 

* l^ographical Sketch," came out in 1841 ; and 

• Whistle-Din kie' has appeared in numerous 
issues in 18U8. 1839, 1843, 18J5, 1816, 1853, 
Uld as late as 16T8, much enlarged. 

[Biographical Sketch <o the Toird of Logan, 
ed. im. pp, 9-12. H. 20-23. 2B. 87; Pn:f«w 
ta Oamck'* Life of Sir William Wallnca of E>- 
dardle, ed. 1 830. p. v>.] J. H. 

CARRICK, THOSI.^^ (lSft?-lfl75), 

miniaturr painter, was bom on 4 -Inly 180i 

St I'ppcrley, near Carlisle in Cumberland. 

j&t was the second child of John Carrick, 



repute at Carhsle as a miniature painter, he 
soon afterwards rave up his business, and in 
183fl moved to Newcastle-upon-Tyne. In 
November 1839 he removed with his family 
to London. Two years afterwards he began 
to exhibit at the Royal Academy. Among 
his most remarkable sitters were Sir Itobert 
Peel and Lord John Russell, the poets R^ra 
and Wordsworth, Caroline Norton andEb'ia 
Cook, Farren and Macready, Lablache and 
Longfellow. He was painting at the same 
time (in the early part of 18iJ) Daniel 
(.rConnell, Blomfield the bishop of London, 
and ISobert Owen the socialist. His vivacity 
as a conversational i.ft, and his store of anec- 
dotes, enabled him to awoken the interest of 
hia sitters and seize the characteristic expres- 
sion. His miniature of Thomas CarlvlewBfl 
notable ns one of his most brilliant successes ; 
yet while it was in progress Mrs. Carlyle 
more than once ciclaimed that she was sure it 
would never be like her buebnnd, seeing that 
she had never heard him laugh so much or 
heartily as when he was sitting to Mr. 
Carrick. Carrick was simple-minded and 
unambitious. Though more than once offered 
Bociateship in the Royal Academy, he 
iftbly declined it. From 1811 tol866he 
annually exhibited the full number, eight, of 
his miniatures. Photography having virtually 
annihilated the art of miniature painting, 
Carriek in 1868 abandoned his profession, 
withdrew to Newcastle. There, seven 
yearalater, hedied onSl Julyl675. Thirty 
s2 



Carrier 



i8o 



Carrington 



yean preTiouslj the prince consort had pre- 
Bented him with a medal in reward for his 
invention of painting miniatures on marble. 
Immediately oefore tne close of his career in 
the metropolis the Royal Academy awarded 
him the Turner annuity, which just then 
happened to be vacant. 

[Personal knowledge ; memoranda by Carrick's 
daughter, Isabel Allom ; Boyal Academy Cata- 
logoes, 1841-66.] C. K. 

CARRfRR, BENJAMIN. [SeeCABiSB.] 

OARBINGTON, Sib CODRINGTON 
EDMUND a7ed-l&49}, chief justice of 
Ceylon, was descended m>m an old Norman 
family, one of whom, Sir Michel de Carring- 
ton, was standard-bearer to Richard Coeur-de- 
Lion. The family at an early period settled 
at Carrington in Cheshire, but a branch 
afterwards emigrated to Barbadoes. Cod- 
rington was the son of Codrington Carrington, 
of the Blackmoor estate in that island, and 
the eldest daughter of the Rev. Edmund 
Morris, rector of Nutshalling, the friend of 
Lady Hervey, and was bom at Longwood, 
Hampshire, on 22 Oct. 1760. He was edu- 
cated at Winchester school and called to the 
bar at the Middle Temple on 10 Feb. 1792. 
In the same year he went to India, where, 
being admitted an advocate of the supreme 
court of judicature, he for some time acted 
at Calcutta as junior counsel to the East 
India Company, and made the acquaintance 
of Sir William Jones. He returned on ac- 
count of his health in 1709, and in 1800, 
while in England, he was called upon to 
prepare the code of laws for the island of 
Ceylon, and shortly afterwards was appointed 
the first chief justice of the supreme court 
of judicature thereby created, the honour of 
knighthood having been conferred on him 
before he embarked on his outward voyage. 
In 1806 he was compelled from ill-health to 
resign his office, and for the same reason had 
to decline other important colonial appoint- 
ments. Having purchased an estate in 
Buckinghamshire, he became a magistrate 
and deputy-lieutenant of that county, where 
he acted for many years as chairman of the 
quarter sessions. He was created D.C.L. 
and elected F.R.S., F.S.A., and honorary 
member of the Soci6t6 Fran^aise Statistique 
Universelle. On the occasion of the Man- 
chester riots he published in 1819 an * In- 
quiry into the L.aw relative to Public 
Assemblies of the People,' and he was also 
the author of a 'Letter to the Marq^uis of 
Buckingham on the Condition of Prisons,' 
1819, and other smaller pamphlets. In June 
1826 he was returned to parliament for St. 



Mawes, which he continued to represent till 
1831. During his last years ne resided 
chiefly at St. Helier'a, Jersey. He died at 
Exmonth on 28 Nov. 1849. 

[Annual Register for 1860 (zc), vd, 196-7 ; 
information from the family; G«nt. Mag. 1850, 
ii. 92-3 ; Brit. Mns. Catalogne.] T. F. H. 

OAKRINGTON, FREDERICK GEORGE 
(1816-1864), journalist, was the third son 
of Noel Thomas Carrington [q. v.], and was 
about fourteen years of age at the time of 
his father's death. He was placed under the 
protection of his eldest brother, Mr. Henry E. 
Carrington, the proprietor of the ' Bath Chro- 
nicle,' and devoted the literary talent of 
which he showed early promise to journal- 
istic literature. He was principally engaged 
in contributions to the West of Englsnd 
journals, such as the 'Bath Chronicle/ 'Felix 
Farley's Bristol Journal,' the * Cornwall 
Gajsette,' the 'West of England Conserva- 
tive,' the 'Bristol Mirror,' the 'Gloucester 
Journal,' and the ' Gloucestershire Chronicle.' 
He was for several years both editor and 
proprietor of the last-named paper. He also 
contributed to various magazines, and wrote 
treatises on 'Architecture' and 'Painting' 
for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful 
Knowled^. To the eighth edition of the ' En- 
cyclopffidia Britannica ' he supplied the to- 
pographical descriptions of Gloucestershire 
and other counties. He died at Gloucester 
on 1 Feb. 1864, aged forty-seven, and was 
buried in the cemetery at that place. He 
left a wife and six children. 

[Gent. Mag. 1864, zvi. (3rd ser.) 535 ; Glou- 
cestershire Chronicle, 6 Feb. 1864. J L. 0. 

CARRINGTON, Lobd (1617-1679). 
[See Prdcsosb, Sib Abchibald.] 

CARRINGTON, Lobd (d. 1838). [See 
Smith, Robbbt.] 

CARRINGTON, NOEL THOMAS 
(1777-1830), Devonshire poet, was the son 
of a retail grocer at Plymouth, where he was 
bom in 1777. Shortly after his birth his 
parents removed to Plvmouth Dock, and for 
some time he was employed as a derk in the 
Plymouth dockyard, but he found the occu- 
pation so irksome that he entered as a seaman 
on board a man-of-war. In this capacity he 
was present at the defeat of the Spanish fleet 
off C&pe St. Vincent by Sir John Jervis 14 July 
1797. After his term of service expired he 
settled at Maidstone, Kent, where for five 
years he taught a public school In 1800, at 
the solicitation ox several Mendsy he esta- 
blished a private academy at Flymoath Dock, 



■ Carrington 



i8i 



'which he comlucted with< 
UDtU ax months before his death, 2 Sept. 
1 830. At an early period of his life Carring - 
ton began to contribute occasional pieces in 
T(tis« to the London and proTincial papers. 
lIiB ppems are chie6y deacriptive of the 
ec«nery and traditions of his native county, 
and are characteriaed by no eamll literary 
grace, although without striking individu- 
nlity in matter or manner. In 1830 he pub- 
lished sepnrateiy ' The Banks of the Tamar,' 
tuid in 1636 'Dartmoor.' His colJecI«d poems, 
■with a abort memoir prefixed, appeared po»- 
thumoualy in two volumes in 1831. 

rMemoir prefixed to his Collected Poems; 
Oen(. Slag. ci. pt, i. 276-9 ; Brit. Mas. Cat.] 
T. F. H. 

CAKEINGTON, RICHAllD ClffilS- 
TOPHER (1836-]S7fi), astronomer, second 
BOTt of liicbard Carrington, the proprietor of 
alarge brewery at Brentford, WDS l>omat Chel' 
•«fton28M«y"l826. He entered Trinity Col- 
lege, Coinbriilge, in 1B14 ; but, though deetined 
for the church, rather by his father's than by hi s 
ovm desire, his scientihc tendencies gradually 
prevailed, and received afinaiimpidse towards 
practical astronomy from Professor ChaUis's 
lectures on the subject. This change in the 
purpose of bis life was unopposed, and he had 
the prospect of ample means ; so that it was 
purely with the object of gaining experience 
that be applied, shortly after tahing his degree 
Bs thirty-slsth wrangler in 1848, for the post 
of observer in the university of Uurhikm. 
He entered upon his duties there in October 
]84U, but noon became dissatisfied with their 
tiarrow scope. The observatory was ill sup- 
plied with mstruments, and the leisure left 
mm for study served only to widen his aims. 
Bessel's and Argelonder's star-iones, above 
sU, struck him as a model for imitation, and 
he resolved to complete by extending them 
to the Pole. Desirous of advancing so far 
beyond his predecessors as to include in his 
eurr«y stars of the tenth magnitude. 



Twnly applied for a suitable instrumec 
at last, hopelea 






compliahing any p 
of his design at Durham, or of benefiting 

a any furtiier stay, be resigned his position 
ire m March 18^2. He had not, however, 
beenidlo. Somrof hisoliBervtttions.espBcially 
tt minor planets and comets, mode with a 
inhofer wniatoreal of Oj inches aperture, 
1 been published, in a provisional state, 
' B ' Monthly Not ices ' and ' Astronomische 
iricbteD,'and the whole wore definitively 
1 & volume entitled ' Results of 
jnnomical Observations made at the Ob- 
ntorv of ibe University, Durham, from 
~ ir'l&lH to April 1862' (Durham, ISTjG). 



His admission as a member of the Royal 
Astronomical Society, 14 March 1JS51, con- 
veyed aprompt recognition of his exceptional 
merits as on observer. 

In June 1852 he fixed upon a site for on 
observatory and dwelling-house at Red Hill, 
near Keigate, Surrey. In July 1663 a Iransit- 
circle of SJ feet focus, reduced in scale from 
the Greenwich model, and on equatoreal of 
4} inches aperture, both by Simma, were lu 
their places, and work was begun. Already, 
9 Dec, 18u3, Carrington presented to the 
Astronomical Society, as the result of a pre- 
liminary survey, printed copies of nine dnft 
maps, containmg all stars down to the 
eleventh magnitude within 9° of the Pole 
{Monthli/ Notice), xiv. 401. Three yeara" 
steady pursuance of the adopted pluu pro- 
duced, in 1867, "A Catalogue 013,735 Oircum- 
Eolar Stars obsen-ed at Redhill in the years 
854, 1855, and 1856, and reduced xa Mean 
Positions for 1855,' The work was printed 
at public expense, the decision to that ell'ect 
of the lords of the admiralty rendering un- 
necessary the acceptance of I^everrier's Mnd- 
some offer to include it in the next forthcom- 
ing volume of the '.\nnales' of the Paris 
otraervatory. It was rewarded with the gold 
medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 
in presenting which, 11 Feb. 1859, Mr. Mam 
dwelt upon the eminent utility of the design, 
as well as the ' standard excellence ' of its 
execution {fit. tW 162). It included a la- 
borious comparison of Schwerd's places for 
680 stars with those obtained at Redhill, and 
an elaborate dissertation on the whole theory 
of corrections as applied to stars near the 
pole. Ten correepouding maps, copper-en- 
graved, accompanied the catalogue. 

Meanwhile Carrington had adopted, and 
was cultivating with his usual felicity of 
treatment, a 'second sul^ect' at that junc- 
ture of peculiar interest and importance. 
While his new observatory was in course of 
construction, he devoted some of his spare 
time to examining the drawings and records 
of sun-spots in possession of the Astrono- 
mical Society, and was much struck with the 
need and scarcity of systematic solar observa- 
tions. Sabine's and '^oif s discovery of the 
coincidence between the magnetic and sun- 
spot periods had just then been announced, 
a]id he believed he should be able to lake 
advantage of the pre-occupntion or inability 
of other obeervers to appropriate to himseU, 
by ' close and methodical research,' the next 
ensuing eleven-year cycle. He accordingly 
resolved to devote his daylight energies to 
the sun, while reaen-ing (lis nights lOr the 
stars. Solar physics as a whole, however, 
he prudently excluded from his field of view. 



Carrington 



182 



Carrington 



He limited his task to fixing the true period 
of the sun's rotation (of which curiously 
discrepant values had been obtained), to 
tracing the laws of distribution of maculfle, 
and investigating the existence of permanent 
surface-currents. Adequately to compass 
these ends, new devices of observation, reduc- 
tion, and comparison were required. Leaving 
photography to his successors as too unde- 
veloped lor immediate use, he chose a method 
founded on the idea of making the solar disc 
its own circular micrometer. An image of 
the sun was thrown upon a screen placed at 
such a distance from the eyepiece of the 
44-inch equatoreal as to give to the disc a 
diameter of 12 to 14 inches. In the focus 
of the telescope, which was firmly clamped, 
two bars of flattened gold wire were fastened 
at right angles to each other, and inclined 
about 45° on either side of the meridian. 
Then, as the inverted image traversed the 
screen, the instants of contact with the wires 
of the sun's limbs and of the spot-nucleus 
to be measured were severally noted, when 
an easy calculation gave its heliocentric posi- 
tion (tb, xiv. 163). 

In this manner, during seven and a half 
years, 6,290 observations were made of 954 
separate groups, many of which were besides ; 
accurately depicted in drawings. By the 
sudden death of his father, however, in July 
1858, and the consequent devolution upon 
Carrington of the management of the brewery, 
the complete execution of his project of re- 
search was frustrated. He continued for \ 
some time to supervise the solar work he I 
had previously carried on in person ; but in ! 
March 1861, seeing no prospect of release 
firom commercial engagements, he thought 
it advisable to close the series. The results 
appeared in a 4to volume, the publication 
of which was aided by a grant from the 
Royal Society. Its title ran as follows: 

* Observations of the Spota on the Sun from 
November 9, 1863, to March 24, 1861, made 
at Redhill' (London, 1863). Never were 
data more opportunely furnished. Perhaps 
more effectually than the pronouncements of 
spectrum analysis, they served to revolu- 
tionise ideas on solar physics. 

Efforts to ascertain the true rate of solar 
rotation had been continually baffled by what 
were called the * proper motions ' of the spots 
serving as indexes to it. Carrington showed 
that these were in reality due to a great 

* bodily drift ' of the photosphere, diminishing 
apparently from the equator to the poles 
(tb. xix. 81). There was, then, no single 
period ascertainable through observations of 
the solar surface. By equatorial spots the 
circuit was found to be performed in about 



two and a half days less than by spots at the 
(ordinarily) extreme north and south limits 
of 46°. The assumed ' mean period ' of 25*38 
solar days applied, in fact, only to two zones 
14° from the equator ; nearer to it the time 
of rotation was snorter, further from it longer, 
than the average. Carrington succeeded in 
representing the daily movement of a spot 
in any heliographical latitude /, by the em* 
pirical expression 865' + 165 . sin ^ (/— 1°). 
But he attempted no explanation of the 
phenomenon. It formed, however, the basis 
of Faye's theory (1866) of the sun as a 
gaseous body ploughed through by vertical 
currents, which flYially supers^ed Herschel'a 
idea of a flame-enveloped, but cool, dark, 
and even habitable globe. 

Carrington's determinations of the ele- 
ments 01 the sun's rotation are still of 
standard authority. The inclination of the 
solar equator to the plane of the ecliptic he 
fixed at 7° 16' ; the longitude of the ascend* 
ing node at 73° 40' (both for 1 850) . A curious 
peculiarity in the distribution of sun-spots 
cietected by him about the time of the mini* 
mum of 1856, afforded, as he said, ' an in* 
structive instance of the regular irregularity 
and the irregular regularity ' characterising 
solar phenomena (ib. xix. 1). As the minimum 
approached, the belts of disturbance gradually 
contracted towards and died out near the 
equator ; shortly after which two fresh series 
broke put, as if oy a completely new impulse, 
in comparatively high latitudes, and spread 
equatorially. No satisfactory rationale of 
this curious procedure has yet been arrived 
at. It is, nevertheless, intimately related to 
the course of sun-spot development, since 
"Wolf found e\'idence of a similar behaviour 
in Bohm's observations of 1833-6, and it was 
perceived by Sporer and Secchi to recur in 
1867. 

While still in his apprenticeship at Durham, 
Carrington repaired to Sweden on the occa- 
sion of the total solar eclipse of 28 July 
1851, and made at Lilla Edet, on the Gota 
river, observations printed in the Royal As- 
tronomical Society s * Memoirs ' (xxi. 58). 
The experience thus gained was turned to 
public account in the compilation of * In- 
formation and Suggestions addressed to Per- 
sons who may be able to pl^ce themselves 
within the Shadow of the Total Eclipse of 
the Sun on September 7, 1858,* a brochure 
printed and circulated by the lords of the 
admiralty in May 1858. The eclipse to which 
it referred was visible in South America. 
Besides his friend, Mr. Hodffson, he was the 
sole witness of the extraordinary solar out- 
burst of 1 Sept. 1859. His account of an 
observation memorable in the histozy of solar 



^ 



Carrington 



183 



Carruthers 



lytact isconUinedinthe'MouthJT Nciticea' 
November 1860 {xx. 13). A Tialc to tbo 
continent in 1866 gave bim the opportunity 
of drawing up a vulunble report on the con- 
dition of n number of Germiin obeervutories 
KMonlkhf NotUxe, xviL 43), (Lud of visiting 
Sahwab« at Dessau, to whose merits he drew 
explicit attention, and to whom, in the fol- 
lowing ;ear, be had the pleneure of trans- 
mitting the Attrononiical Society's gold 
medal. Ue fulfilled with great diligence the 
duties of Becrelsry to that body, 18.'i7-*32, 
and Vina elected a /ellow of the Royul Sucletj- 1 
00 7 June 1860. 

But the lease bj which be held liis powers 
of useful wofh waa unhappily running out. | 
A severe attack of illness in 1606 left bis 
health pennanentlj impaired, and, having 
disposod of the brewery, be retired to Churt, 
Surrey, where, on the top of an isolaled 
conical hill, 60 feet high, locally known as 
Middle Devil's Jiunp, in a lonely and 
iresque spot, be built a new observatory 
XXX. 48). lU chief instrument was a 
fi altaiimntb on Steinheil's principle, 
therci ar« no records of observations made 
with it. He no longer atU'ndod the meetings 
of the Astronomical Society, and his last 
communication to it, 10 Jan. 1873, was on 
thesubjcct of a 'double altazimuth' of great 
atxe wbich be had thoughts of erecting {ih. 
"i.118). A deplorable tragedy, however, 

n her 
it seemed, through an overdose of 
The event, combined perhaps nitb 
t censure on a supposed aeficiency of 
iT nuraing precautions conveyed by the 
;t of the coroner's jury, told heavily on 
her husband's spirits. He left his bouse on 
ibo day of the inquest, and returned to it 
after a week's absence, only to find it deserted 
by his servants. Hb was seen to enter it, 
2i Nov., but was ne\er again seen alive. 
Aft«r a time some neighbour gave the alarm, 
ihc doors were broken open, and his dead 
boily woa found extended on a mattress 
lof^ked into a remote apartment. A poultice 
of tea-leaves was tied ovw the left ear, aa 
if for the relief of pain, and a postr-mortem 
examination sbowed death to have resulted 
ffiTD an effusion of blond on the brain. A 
verdict of ' sudden death from natural causes ' 
waa relumed. Thua closed a life which bad 
not yetlaKted fifty yeare^and held the promise 
of even more than it liad already performed. 
Carringt.on's mnnuscript books of snn-epot 
obaerrationi and reductions, with a folio 
voluDiD of drewinffs, were purchased after 
hia death by Lord Lindsay (now Earl of 
Crawford), nud presented to the Royal Aa- 



trooomical Society \ib. xxxvi, :M9). To the 
eame body Carrington bequeathed a sum of 
^,000/. Among bia numerous contributions 
to scientific collectious may be mentioned a 
paper ' On the Distribution of the Perihelia of 
the Parabolic and Hyperbolic Comets in re- 
I ktion to the Motion 01 the Solar System in 
Space,' rend before the Astronomical Society, 
14 Dec 1860 {^Mem. H. A. Soc. jodx. 356). 
I The result, like that of Mohn's contempo- 
I raneoua investigation, proved negative, and 
I was thought to be, through unconiroUed con- 
ditions, nugatory; yet it perhaps conveyed 
an important truth as to the original counec- 
tion of comets with our system, 

[Monlbly Naticee, liv. 13, xriii. 23, 109, xix. 
UO, )61, iDuivi. 137; Mam. R. A. Soc. ixvii. 
139; Times, 22 Nov. and 7 Dee. 187fi; E. 3o«. 
Cut. Se. Papers, vols. 1. and viJ, ; InlrwiacIioDS 
to Works.] A. M. C. 

OARBOLL, ANTHONY (1722-1794), 
Jesuit, bom in Ireland on 16 Sept. 1722, en- 
tered the Society of Jesus at Watten, near 
St. Omer, in 1744, and was professed of the 
four vows in 176^. He had been sent to the 
Enghah mission about 1764, and for some 
time he was stationed at Lincoln. After the 
suppression of the order in 1773 he accom- 
panied his cousin, Father John Carrol] (after- 
wards the first archbishop of Baltimore), to 
Maryland, Itetuming to England in 177&, he 
served the missions of Liverpool, Shepton 
Mallet, Exeter, and Worcester. On 5 Sept. 
1794 he was knocked down and robbed in 
Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, and 
carried speecbleea to St. Bartholomew's Iloa- 
pital, where be died at one o'clock the fol- 
lowing uiocning. He translated some of 
Bourdaloue's sermons under the title of 
Practical Divinity,' 4 vols., London, 1778, 
8vo, 

[Foley's Records, vii. 117: Ocnt. Mug. Isiv. 
(ii.) IDSS; Oliver's Jemit CoUeetinns. 239; 
Oliver's Catholic p«ligioa in Cornwall, S59 ; 
Backer's Bibl. des Earivaias de la Compagnie do 
"sn«(l86B), llie,^.] T. C. 

CAKRTJTHER3, ANDREW (1770- 
1852), Scotch catholic prelate, was bom at 
Glenmillan, near New Abbey in the stewartry 
of Kirkcudbright, on 7 Feb. 1 770. He studied 
for six years in the Scotch college atDouay, 
whence he returned to Scotland on the out- 

eak of the French revolution. After a 
abort time spent in supcriutcnding the studies 
-" '"la seminorv of Scalnn, he was sent to 
ileta his theology at Aberdeen under 
the direction of the Rev. John Farquharsnn, 
late principal of the Scotch college at Doua^, 
and hu was advanced to the priesthood in 
"e was stationed first at Balloch. 



Carruthers 184 

near Dnunmond Castle, in Perthshire, then ' 
nt Traquur in FeebleB^ire, and ftft«rwiui}a 
at Munchea and at Dalbeattie in hie native 
county. In 1832 he was made vicar-apo- 
etolicof the eastern district of Scotland, and 
consecrated at Edinbui^h aa bishop of Cera- 
mU, mparUbut tn/idelmm, on 13 Jan. IS33. 
He died at Dundee on 24 Maj 1852. 

[Gordon's Qitholic Church in Scotland, 474, 
with portrait; Catholic Diroctory (1886), 61; 
Dick's BeaaODs foi embradng Che Catholic Faith 
(1848).] T.C. 

CAHRUTHERS, JAMES (1759-1832), 
hiatorian, brother of Bishop Andrew Car- 
ruthers [q. V,], was a native of New Abbey 
in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. He was 
educated in the Scotch college at Douaj, 
and on his return to Scotland was ordained 
priest and appointed to the eitensive charge 
of Glenlivet. Afterwards he was stationed 
successively at Buchan in Aberdeenshire, at 
Presholme in the Enzie, at Dumfries, and at 
New Abbey, where he died on 14 Feb. 1832. 
He wrote : 1. ' The History of Scotland 
from the earliest period of the Scottish Mo- 
narchy to the Accession of the Stewart 
Family, interspersed with Synoptical Re- 
views of Politics, Literature, and Religion 
throughout the World,' 2 vols., Edinburgh, 
1828, 8vo. 2. 'The Histon- of Scotland 
during the reign of Queen Mary until the 
accession of her son James to the crown of 
England,' F^inburgh, 1831, 8vo. 

[Catholic Magazine and Review (Birmingham, 
1832), ii. 379; Edioburgh Catholie Murine 
(1832-3), i. 24; Gordon's Catholic Church in 
Scotlaud, 633.] T. C. 

CARRUTHERS, ROBERT(17M-1878), 
mi.icellaneous writer, bom at Dumfries 5 Nov. 
17%. was the son of a small farmer in the 
parish of Mousewald. He received only 



Carruthers 

highlands, but to their antiquities and social 
history. In ISSl he became the proprietor 
of the ' Courier,' which he conduct«d on mo- 
derate liberal principles. In 1S43 he pub- 
lished selections from his contributions to it, 
■ The Highland Not«-book, or Sketches and 
Anecdotes.' In its columns appeared the 
' Iietters on the Fisheries,' the work which 
first made Hugh Miller Imown, and Ouru- 
thers otherwise befriended Miller. In 1861 



the Hebrides,' with useful notee upon the 
places and persons mentioned. In the ' Na- 
tional Illustrated Library' also appeared in 
1853 Carruthers's edition of ' The Poetical 
Works of Alexander Pope,' in four volnmee, 
the first of which contained a memoir of Pope, 

< with extracts from his correspondence. The 
memoir, much enlarged and partlv rewritten, 

I was published in 1857, in Bohn's ' Illnstrated 
Library,'as 'The Life of Alexander Pope, with 
Extracts from his Correspondence,' and in 

, the same library appeared in 1858 a revised 
edition of the ' Poems.* Carruthars is beet 



however, a ta8t« for literature, which pro- 
cured him the regard of McDiarmid, the 
well-known editor of the ' Dumfries Courier.' 
His apprenticeehip over, he removed to Hun- 
tingdon as master of the national school, 
and there he wrote and published what re- 
mains the only 'History of Huntingdon' 
(1824), for which the corporation of the 
borough placed its records at his disposal. 
In 1B27 appeared anonymously his selections 
from Milton's prose works, ' The Poetry of 
Milton's Prose. In 1828, on the recom- 
mendation of McDiarmid, he was appointed 
editor of the ' Inverness Courier,' which he 
made the most popular journal in the north 
of Scotland by the att«ntion which he mvo 
in it, not only to theiuat«rial interests ol the 



' Poems ' he added manv of his own, with some 

of Geoi^ Steevena and Wilkes notprevionaly 
printed. Even the first edition of the ' Life ' 
was fuller than any previous one, and wu 
enriched by interesting extracts from Pope 8 
correspondence with Teresa and Harthk 
Blount preserved at Mapledurham, which 
Carruthers had been permitted to examine,a 
privilege enjoyed by no other person then 
living. A second examination of this cor- 
respondence andthepublicationinthei nterval 
ofaomeofthe results ofMr. Dilke's researches 
into Pope's biography enabled hi'T to correct 
in the edition of 1857 grave errors of his own 
and of others. 

In 1843-4 was issued the Messrs. Cham- 
bers's ' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' in 
which most of the originafmatter was wTitt«n 
by Carruthers, co-operating with Robert 
Chambers ; the third edition, 1876, was ' ori- 
ginally edited by Robert Chambers, reviaed by 
Robert Carruthers.' For the same publishers 
he edited, nominally in coniunetion with Wil- 
liamChamhers, their Bowdlerised 'Household 
Edition'ofShakeBpeare,18ei-3. Tothethiid 
edition of Robert Chambers's ' Life of Sir 
Walter Scott,' 1871,C8rnithera furnished an 
appendix of interesting ' Abbotsfopd Notanda, 
or Sir Walter Scott and his Factor,' contain- 
ing letters and reminiscencesof Scott from the 
correspondence and papers of William Laid- 
Uw, Scott's factor and amanuensis at Ab- 
botaford, reprinted from 'Chambers's Journal* 
and the ' Gentleman's MagitMinft,* Oairathen 



■wits also ■ contributor to the ' North British 
ReTiew,' and wrote for the eighth edition of 
the ' Encycloptedia Britaonica' a number of 
biographies, among them those of Queen 
Elilcaheth, William Penn, Lord Jeffiey, and 
the Ettrick Sliepherd. He wrote the memoir 
of Fftlconerprefiied (o the ' Shipwreck' (1868 
and 1868), and of James Montgomerrn 880) 
and GraT (187«) prefixed to ecRtions of their 
poeina. He delivered Neveral series of lectures 
before the Edinburgh Philosopliical Institu- 
tion. In April ISzl he received the degree 
of LL.D. from the university of Edinbu^li, 
and in the November of the same year he 
was eDtertained at a public bouquet, when 
hewaa preiseuted with a portrait and bust of 
himael£ 

CoiTuthers wBBthoftiendor correspondent 
of several of his eminent contemporariea. 
B furnished him with some material 
IB edition of Pope, and Mni^aulay asked 
T and received from him on highiuud mat- 
■ informalion which was duly ockno^- 
a the ' History.' \V'hen Thackeray 
vUtted Inverness to lecture on the Four 
Georges, the acquaintance which he made 
■with Carmthers, who is said to have resem- 
bled him in face, ripened into considerable 
intimacy, CarrutherB died at Inverness on 
26 May 1878, busy to the last with thenews- 
ptiper wliich he had edited for more than half 
a centuiy. His fellow-townsmen honoured 
him with a public funeral. 

[Cirmthera's writingii ; nbitnsry noticas in iho 
InveniesE Courisr of 30 May and in the Scots- 
man of 2S May 1878.] F. E. 

[■ CAUSE, ALEXiVNDER (J. 1812-1820), 
^Bter, was a native of Edinburgh, where 
t «njoy»d a good reputation as a painter. 
"^«lit 1813 he came to London, and in the 
juing yMrs exhibited several pictures at 
B Ri^ol Academy and at the British In- 
" lion. His pictures chiefly represented 
a from Scottish domestic life, often of 
a humorous character. His colouring and 
diswinc met with very favourable criticism. 
Hti re«ded for some years in Grenville Street, 
Somers Town, but seems about 1820 to have 
returned to Bditibiirgh, whore lie continued 
to paint for some years. He is sometimes 
described aa'OldCarBo.'whicb seems to point 
tn bis being the father of William Curse 
[a. v.] The dale of his death has not been 
ajHUfrtaiued. A. picture by him lias recently 
lieun presented to the Scottish National 

I Tares'* Diet, uf Arlisls ; Cstalogoes of the 
ilAcadgmyitndlhe British Institution; Aa- 
of thH Fine Art*, i. 428, ii. 14 ; iaformntinn 
Mp. J. M. Oray.] L. C. 



CAUSE, WTLLLA.M ( tf. 1818-184r>), 

painter, was a native of Edinburgh, and 
seems to have been the son of Alexander 
Carse[c[.v.] In 1818 he was a student at 
the British Institution, and resided with 
Alexander Carse at Orenville Street, Somers 
Town. His first pictures were cattle pieces 
in the style of Paul Potter, but later he de- 
voted himself to subject pictures, chiefly 
scenes from lowlyScottisb life. In theveara 
1820-9 he exhibited pictures at the Royal 
Acadeniy, the British Institution, and the 
Suffolk Street Exhibition. During the latter 
part of his residence in London he resided 
m Southampton Crescent, Euston Square. 
About 1830 he returned to Edinburgh, and 
exhibited pictures in the Roval Scottish Aca- 
demy up to 1845, after which date he cannot 
be traced. 

[GravBB's Diet, of Artiste; Catalogues of tho 
Itoynl Academy and the British Institnlion ; 
Annals of the Fino Arts, iil, 668 ; iDformotion 
from Mr, J, M, Gray.] L. C. 

CAB8EWELL, JOHN (/. 1560-1572), 

bishop of the isles, was in his earlier years 
chaplain to the Earl of Argyll and rector of 
Kilmartin. When the assembly of the kirk, 
on -20 July 1500, appointed superintendents 
of the various districts of Scotland, Carse- 
well was appointed superintendent of Argyll 
and the Isles (Kitos, H'orij, ii. 87 ; Caldeb- 
wooD, History, ii. 11). He was also dean of 
the Ohapel Koyal of Stirling (Keith, Hit- 
tory, Appendix, p. 128). In his capacity of 
superintendent of Argyll he was appointed 
by the assembly, in 1507, to 'take satiafac- 
tion ' from Argyll for separation from lus 
wife, and for 'other heinous o&encea' (ClL- 
DEBWOOD. ii, 397). In July 16(19 lie waa re- 
buked by the assembly for accepting the 
bishopric of the Isles, and for attending a 
parliament ' holden by the queen after the 
murther of the king' (i4. ii, 491). He died 
Bome time before '20 Sept. 1572. 

[KBith'aScattifihBi9hops,307-8;Calder«ncid'B 
HiBtory of tho Cboruh of Sootknd, vols, ii, and 
iii.] T. F. H. 

CARSON, AOLIONBY ROSS (1780- 

1860), clossii^scholar and rector of the high 
school of Edinburgh, was born at Holywood, 
Dumfriesshire, in 1780. He was educated at 
Wallucp Hall endowed school, in the parish 
of Closebum, and at the university of Edin- 
burgh, which be entered in 1797. In 1601 
be was elected rector of the grammar school 
of Diimfrie«, and in 1806 a classical master 
of the high school of Edinburgh, of which he 
became rector in 1820, In 1828 he recwved 
the degree of LL.D. from the universi^of 



Carson 



1 86 



Carson 



St. Andrews. On account of failing health 
he resigned the rectorship of the high school 
9 Oct. 1845y and he died at Edinburgh 4 Nov. 
1850. He was the author of a work on ' The 
Helative, Qui, Quib, Quod/ and published | 
editions of * MaiPs Introduction/ * Turner's 
Grammatical Exercises/ ' Phsedrus/ and * Ta- | 
citus.' He was also a contributor to the | 
* Classical Journal/ the * Scottish Review/ 
and the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica.' His por- 
trait by Sir John Watson Gordon is in the 
hall of the high school. 

[Steven's History of the High School ; Ander- 
son's Scottish Nation.] T. F. H. 

CARSON, ALEXANDER (1776-1844), 
baptist minister, was bom near Stewarts- 
town, CO. Tyrone, in 1776. His parents 
were Scottish Calvinistic presbyterians, 
settled in Ireland, who consecrated their 
son to the ministry at an early a^e. He was 
sent to a classical school, and afterwards to 
the university of Glasgow, where he made 
himself a good Greek scholar — 'the first 
scholar of his time,' says Robert Haldane. 
He proceeded B.A and M.A. At twenty- 
two ne was ordained pastor of the presbyterian 
congregation at Tobermoro, near Coleraine. 
His rig^d Calvinism caused a disagreement 
with his hearers, who inclined to Arianism. 
After a time Carson resigned the pastorate, 
shook off the shackles of presbyterianism, and 
published his 'Reasons for Separating' in 1804. 
tart of his congregation followed him. For 
some years he preached in bams and in the 
open air. In 1814 they built a small meeting- 
house, in which he devotedly laboured for 
thirty years. In the intervals of his ministry 
he employed his pen in vindicating the prin- 
ciples of his belief, and published books on 
biblical interpretation, Transubstantiation, 
the Trinity, &c. In 1827 he had a sharp 
controversy with Samuel Lee, professor of 
Hebrew at Cambridge, and published a book 
entitled 'The Incompetency of Prof. Lee for 
translating the Holy Scriptures,' followed by 
a reply to Lee's answer. In attem^tin^ to 
refute Haldane's 'New Views of Baptism he 
converted himself, and aftersvards published 
(1831) a book on ' Baptism, its Mode and Sub- 
jects.' Of this he printed an enlarged edition in 
1844 ; it was subscribed for by &ur hundred 
baptist ministers. The whole impression was 
rapidly disposed of, and a new edition of ten 
thousand copies called for. By his writings 
and the publication of his books Carson be- 
came widely known ; and so much were they 
esteemed in America that two universities 
simultaneously bestowed upon him the hono- 
rary degree ot LL.D. He also became well 
known nearer home by travelling through 



most of the English counties, preaching as- 
he went on behfuf of baptist missions. Re- 
turning from his last tour in 1844, while^ 
waiting at Liverpool for the steamer to Bel- 
fast, he fell over the edge of the quay, dis- 
located his shoulder, and was nearly drowned. 
He was rescued and taken to the steamer ; 
but on his arrival at Belfast he was unable 
to proceed further, and after eight days he 
died, on 24 Aug. 1844, in the sixty-eighth 
year of his affe. His remains were removed 
to ' Solitude, his residence near Tobermore, 
and buried near the chapel where he had 
preached, and where six months before ha 
had buried his wife. A collection of Carsons 
works has since been printed in six stout 
volumes. At the end of the sixth volume is 
a copious collection of extracts from sixteen 
different notices of Carson and his writings, 
in which he is said to be a second Jonatluin 
Edwards, and the first biblical critic of the 
nineteenth century. 

[Coleraine Chronicle, 24 and 31 Aug. 1844 ; 
Baptist Magazine, 1844, pp. 185-91, 525 ; G. C. 
Moore's Life of Alexander Carson, 1851 ; Dou- 
glas's Biographical Sketch of Alexander Can-on, 
1884.] J. H. T. 

CARSON, JAMES, M.D. (1772-1843),. 
physician, a Scotchman, was originally edu- 
cated for the ministry, but his inclination 
leading him to the study of physic, he at- 
tended medical classes at Eoinburgh, and 
graduated doctor of medicine there in the 
autumn of 1799 (inaugural essay, ' De Viribus 
quibus Sanguis circumvehitur '). He then 
removed to Liverpool, where he remained for 
the greater part of his professional career. 
In 1808 his name came prominently before 
the public in connection with the case of 
Charles An^rus, a Liverpool merchant, who 
was charged with the murder of Miss Marga- 
ret Bums under what appeared to be circum- 
stances of peculiar atrocity. At the trial held 
at Lancaster assizes on 2 Sept. of that vear 
Carson in Angus's behalf stoutly maintaine<l 
his opinion as to the cause of death against 
that of the four medical witnesses called for 
the crown, among whom was Dr. John Bos- 
tock the younger [q. v.] In the result a verdict 
of ' not guilty ' was returned. Some angry 
pamphleteering ensued, and Carson defended 
himself in 'lUtmarks on a late Publication 
entitled "A Vindication of the Opinions de- 
livered in Evidence by the Medical Witnesses 
for the Crown on a late Trial at Lancaster/ * 
8vo, Liverpool, 1808. He continued at Liver- 
pool, and subseouentl^ held several appoint- 
ments there. He died at Sutton, Surrev, 
12 Aug. 1843 {Annual Begister, 1843, p. 28d). 
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society 



on 1 June 1837, liaviug manj yeiLta {irevioiialy 
conununicaled a paper ' On the ElaHticity of 
theLiing«H-PAiV./'™»i«.M.29-44). Carson's 
other "RTitings (tre : 1. ' Reawns for oolouls- 
ing the Island of Newfaimdlnnd,' 8va, 1313. 
2. ' A Letter to the Members of Parliament 
on the Address of the Inhnbit^iits of New- i 
foundlaad to the Prince Itegent,' Bvo, tSlS. ! 
S. 'Ad Euquiry into the Oauseeoitbe Motion 
of the Blood,' 8to, Liverpool, 1815 (second 
and enlargpd edition under the title of ' An 
Inquiry Into the Causes of Respiration,' &c., I 
8vo, London. 1833). 4. ' A New Method of 
BUuchi«rine Animals for Human Foodj'Syo, 
JUndon, 1839. I 



»JPi«. of 

^Ki. Cat.] 
^^BbottiBh 8t- 



IAR8TABE8. WILLIAM (1649-1715), 
lah stjitp.sman and divine, was the eldest 
children of John CareCnrea, minister 
of Oftthcart, new Glasgow, where William 
w»s born ou 1 1 Feb, 1649, Btid Janet Mure of 
OUinderston, a branch of the Mures of Cald- 
well. His fntber, who had been at the battle 
of Dunbar, where he was taken prisoner by 
Cromwell, was exchanged soon after for a 
prisoner in the hands of General LesUe, and 
became conspicuoua for his zealous preaching 
in Glasgow 'against the times,' whicn, in spite 
of the preabyterian clergy, had declared them- 
teWes in Scotland, as in Enj^lond, for Crom- 
well. ' Let the Lord own him for His ' is the 
dntt not iceof William Carstarea'sexiateneeis 
m letter from his father to his sisier-in-law, 
Katherine Wood, a few days after the birth 
of hia fir?t-bom. He was sent when young 
to board with Sinclair, the minister of Or- 
miston in Kaat Lothian, a scholar of repute, 
in whose family Latin was spoken. In 1663 
he entered the college of Edinburgh, wh^re 
he studied with credit luider 'V^'illiom Pater- 
son, then regent, and afterwards clerk of the 
privy eouncu, nnd grnduoted in 1667. Ilis 
uther — an ardent Itemonslmnt, as the JMirty 
was called which insisted on the acceptance 
of the covenant and extirpation of prelacy as 
well OS popery by Cbarles II against the 
resolutioners, who were content with the re- 
cognition of the presbylerian polity — took 
part in the rising at Rullion Green forwhich 
he was forfeited. He had to protect himself 
hy keeping out of the way, hiding probably 
Hte ^ tigEliULds, perhaps in nolland, but tbe 
^KlMe oThia life are obscure. To Ilollnnd, 
^^^wl events, the s&foat refuge from the per- 
^^MBtlini wluch Soutlund suffered, he sent 
^Thkhl '"William Carstares, Scoto-Britiin- 
nu».' appears in lb" 'Students' Album' at 
L'trwhl in 1669, nv<\ he was still there in 
JifwebUj^^ UMWdiedilsbtvwuBdwl^ua* , 



den, and divinity under Witsius, and was pro- 
bably ordained in the Dutch church, though 
the record of his ordination has not been pre- 
served. Id Holland he was introduced by 
the pensionary Faa^l to William of Orange, 
already on the look-outfor the ablest Instru- 
ments to further his designs in Britain, In 
1673 he went to London, and two vears later, 



tobe so eipensive to his parents byhiestudy 
there, expresses the hope that ' it may be 
at least in proridence I may have some door 
opened whereby I may be in a capacity to do 
some little service in my generation, aJid not 
always be inaignificant in my station; but, 
alas, wliat service can I do, in what will God 
accept from me who have lived for bo many 
years in the world and yet for no end.' Ills 
ambition was cut short bv his arrest and 
examination before Lauderdale on no despe- 
roie charge, probabiy on the suspicion that 
he had a share in distributing a pamphlet 
entitled ' An Aecompt of Scotland's Grie- 
vances by reason of the D. of Lauderdale's 
Ministrie,' and his connection with the exiles 
in Holland. Though nothitig was proved, hia 
answers were deemed unsatislactory, and he 
WHS sent to .Scotland, where he was h^pt 
prisoner in Edinburgh Castle without trial 
tor five yeaie, There is a pretty anecdote 
that a boy of twelve, aon of the governor, 
whose good-will be gained by telling him 
stories, supplied him with paper, pens, and 
ink, and carried his letters. He la aaid to 
have solaced his captivity by reading the 
' History of De Thou.' At last, in August 
1679, when Monmouth and James were tir- 
ing to conciliate the Scotch by clemency, be 
was released. During the next few years 
he seems to have lived chiefly in England, 
but made a visit to Ireland in 1680. Gn 
6 June 1683 he married Elizabeth, daughter 
of Peter Kekewich of Trehawk in Corn- 
wail. In 1682 and, after a visit to England, 
again in 1683 he returned to Utrecht, leav- 
ing his wife in England. Hismovementsat 
this time are difficult to trace with accitracy, 
as was natural, for he was actively engaged 
in the plots then rife, of which Holland waa 
the centre. He went by the name of ' Mr. 
Red' in the cipher correspondence of the 
plotters, but though cognisant of the Rye 
House plot it did not meet his approval. 
It was the buldi.'r scheme for a general rising 
in England and Scotland, of which Sbaftes- 
bury, Rnssell, and Argyll were the leaders, 
in wliich he acted as agent. At this time 
be appears to have visited Scotland, where 
his brother-in-law, Dunlop, was preparing 
to ewapa btai IJig OeuUea «f tlie tines b/ 



Carstares 



1 88 



Carstares 



emigrating to Carolina, and thence to have 
gone to London, where, along with Baillie 
of Jerviswood, Fletcher of Saltoun, and James 
Stewart of Coltness, he endeayoured to raise 
money for Argyll's contemplated expedition 
to Scotland. The necessary money, which 
Argyll had fixed at 30,000/., was not to be 
got, and it was thought expedient that Car- 
stares should return to Utrecht. He there 
had many meetings with both the English 
and Scotch exiles; but there was a want 
of unanimity in their counsels, and Car- 
stares advised delay. The discoyery of the 
Hye House plot, wnich led to the execution 
of Lord Kussell on 21 July, was followed 
in a few days by the capture of Carstares, 
who had again crossed the Channel, and was 
seized at Tenterden in Kent, where he was 
in hiding under his mother's name of Mure. 
On his refusal to take the corporation oath 
and abjure the covenant he was sent to prison, 
and after a fortnight's imprisonment removed 
to London, where he was twice examined 
before a committee of the council He was 
thence transmitted to Scotland, as he him- 
self thought, and the event proved, 'because 
it was judged that violent tortures which 
the law of England, at least the custom, 
does not admit of, would force to anything.' 
On 14 Nov. he was committed to the Tol- 
booth of Edinburgh. After lying there some 
time in the hope of a voluntary confession, 
Spence, one of nis associates, was, under tor- 
ture, forced to name Carstares as participant 
in Argyll's plot, and the same instrument, 
the thumbkms, with the threat of the boot, 
joined with Lord Melfort's assurance that his 
depositions should not be used against any 
person, induced him to make a deposition as 
to his knowledpre of the plot. (Contrary to 
the promise embodied in a minute somewhat 
modified in form, declaring only that Car- 
stares was not to be brought ' as a witness,' 
the privy council published an abstract, and 
used it at the trial of Baillie of Jerviswood, 
who was found guilty and executed. Car- 
stares expostulated, but without any effect, 
against the breach of faith in using his de- 
positions, and, declining payment of his ex- 
penses during imprisonment, returned by way 
of England to Holland. After a tour in the 
Low Countries and the Rhine, he settled for 
a short time at Cleve, and in the winter of 
1686-7 at Ley den, where he was appointed 
second minister of the Scottish congregation 
and chaplain of William of Orange. He ac- 
companied William in his voyage to Torbay, 
and conducted the thanksgiving service on 
the beach where the troops landed. From 
this time Carstares was seldom long absent 
from William. He had apartments at court. 



and accompanied the king as chaplain in his 
campaigns. When the jealousy of others 
attacked him, 'Honest William Caistaies' 
was the only answer the king deigned to 
make to these detractors. He was nick- 
named by the Jacobites ' the cardinal,' and, 
especially in Scotch affiiirs, his advice was 
constantly taken. He had the courage to 
offer it jBven when not asked if he deemed it 
useful to his country's interest. The revolu- 
tion settlement, by which the Scottish pres- 
byterian church was established, was pre-emi- 
nently the result of his counsels. William 
himself was disposed to favour the episcopal 
form of church government, or at least some 
compromise between it and presbyterianism, 
but Carstares satisfied him that this was 
impossible. His ' Hints to the Bang ' were 
founded on the argument that 'the episcopal 
party were geneially disaffected to the re- 
volution . . . whereas the presbyterians had 
almost to a man declared for it, and were. 
moreover, the great body of the nation. 
Carstares was sent to consult with Lord 
Melville, the commissioner in Edinburgh, 
and, having rejoined the king after the 
victory of the Boyne at the siege of lime- 
rick, returned with him to London. When 
there the draft of the proposed Scottish Act 
of Settlement of the church was forwarded 
by Melville and considered clause by clause 
by the king and Carstares, who suggested 
modifications embodied in remarks, which 
William dictated to him and which were 
adopted. One of them is a sufficient example 
of tneir tendency : * Whereas it is said their 
majesties do ratify the presbyterian church 
government to be " the only government of 
Christ's church in this kingdom," his majesty 
deems it may be expressea otherwise, tnus : 
''To be the government of the chujrch in 
the kingdom esta,blished by law." ' 

On the knotty point of patronage Car- 
stares advised against its abolition, but Mel- 
ville took the opposite view, and William 
^ve a reluctant assent to the act for repeal- 
mg patronage. 

In 1691 Carstares accompanied William 
to Flanders. It was at this time that the 
measures which led to the massacre of Glen- 
coe were determined on, but the only refe- 
rence to them in Carstares's correspondence 
is an apj^roval of Lord Breadalbane s scheme 
to distribute money among the chiefs, so 
that he appears to be free firom the stain 
which rests on the memory of the Master of 
Stair and W^illiam. The next two years he 
was apdn with the king in the Flanders 
campaigns, and received m>m him a gift of 
the ward of Lord Kilmarnock. * I am apt 
to think it will have much to do/ he writes 



to his broliier-in-iaw Uunlop, the priacipal 
of Glasgow, ' W da&ny two campftigna, But 
I twve a Terv good muster.' In the spring 
of IS94, having been Bb«ent from London 
when William had agroed to instructions 
bein^ sent to Si^olland for exacting the oaths 
of alle^anct) and assurant^e &om all ministeiB 
before admitting tbem to the church coufts, 
■nd to depose those who refused, Caratares 
amv«d bfSbre the messenger was despatched, 
and is said to have hod the courage ta counter- 
mand him. He immediately went, though 
it was midnight, to Uio king's bedchamber 
at Kensington, asked pardon for what he had 
dont*. and allcir explaining his reasons, founded 
on the abhorrence of the Scottish clergy to 
any civil oath, not only obtwned it, but was 
allowed to issue in the king's name an order 
dispensing with the oaths. Such is the stale* 
ment of his first bio^apher and relative, 
M'Cormick, who derived bis information 
from Mr. Charles McKie, afterwards pro- • 
teeuor of history in Edinburgh, who lived in i 
Carstares's house during his stadent years, 
and though possibly somewhat coloured it 
ia conaUleiil with the characters of both 
Carstares and William. Carstareswaa again 
with William on the continent in 1695-0, 
and continued to be consulted by him, as his 
-roluminous correspondence shows, on all 
Scotch biisine£s, including the appointment 
of the officers of state and judges down to 
his death. He was especially lealous in the 
interests of the ministers, but all he could 
procnre was a pittance of 1,2001. a year, taken 
from the Ihirdsof the benefices of the church, 
to be divided among the poor ministers, 
which it required renewed exertion in the 
next reign to get paid. He tried to per- 
suade his master, but without effect, to visit 
Scotland ; but he dissuaded him more suc- 
ceesfiilly from the appointment of a perma- 
nent council for Scotland in London. Car- 
stares was himself undoubtedly the best 
coiincilloi a foreign king could have, for he 
was inrimateiy acquainted with all classes 
of his countrymen, and gave his advice with- 
out fear, favour, or self-interest, regarding 
onlv the interests of William and of Scot- 

K, ' As for Mr. Carstares,' William said 
long before his death, ' I have known 
loDff, and I know liim thoroughly, and I 
r him I« be a truly honest man. 
vVith the accession of .'Lune the direct 
political influence of Carstares ceased, but he 
was appointed minoipal of the university of 
Kdinburgh in 1703, and showed his sterling 
tcter by devoting himself with equal 
Lo the duties of the smaller as of the 
T sphere. The large-minded spirit in 
' ' ' -■---■ured the uaiyeraity waa 



proved by bis exertions to obtain a chair for 
Oalamy, his sclieme for the education of 
Kngtiah noncouformists under the car^ of a 
warden in the university of Edinburgh, and 
his suggestion that Ola^w should get pro- 
fessors of theology and philosophy from Hol- 
land, ' for good men are to be found there.' 
He revised the statutes of the universitT, 
and by his courteous manner proved equally 
acceptable lo the students, professors, and 
town council, which was then the patron, 
and regulated the government of the col- 
lege. It appointed him minister of the Grey 
Friars' Church, and as the principal's otHce 
required him to give lectures on divinity 
once iL week during session, his life must 
have been a busy one. Hut though he was 
respected as a professor and preacher, his 
talents were those of an administrator and 
statesman, nod he led; no works to vindicate 
his fame as a man of learning. Aa might 
be expected, he used bis great influence to 
procure the passage of the Treaty of Union, 
which had been a favourite project of Wil- 
liam. It was chieSy due to turn that the 
opposition of the preahyterian clergy was 
overcome. An anonymous letter, supposed 
to be from a member of the cabinet, declared 
that 'the union could never have had the 
consent of the Scotch parliament if you had 
not acted the worthy part you did.' 

Aa a member of the assembly of 1704 he 
took part in the committee for preparing the 
forms of process which still, with some modi- 
fications, regulate the procedure in the courts 
of the church. Next year he was elected 
moderator, and for the first lime made a pre- 
pared speech on taking the chair, a practice 
which baa been eince followed. ' Lord Port- 
land,' writes Ijord Seafield to him, 'asked 
kindly about you. I told him you governed 
the church, the ministry, and all your old 
friends here. He said it was a satisiaction to 
him to know that you and I, in whom KinK 
William reposed so great a trust, were stiu 
in such consideration in the present reign.' 

In the Bimimerafter the Act of Union was 
passed Carstares went to London, where he 
had an audience with the queen, who thanked 
him for his services and presented him with 
oneof the silver medals cast in commemora- 
tion of it. 

Next year (1708) he was again chosen 
tDoderatoT of the assembly, and in Ids open- 
ing address prudently avoided reference to 
the union, still dietssteitil to many of his 
brethren, hut directed their attention to the 
danger of a French Invasion in support of 
' the pretences of St, Oermain.' Calamy, in 
bis 'Autobiography,' gives some interesting 
porticulara cu CaiataieB 4uxiog his Tiai£ m. 



Carstares 



190 



Carstares 



1709 to Edinburgh to receive the degree of 
B.I)., mentioning the respect with which he 
was listened to in the assembly, where he 
was usually ' one of the last to speak and for 
the most part drew the rest unto nis opinion/ 
his courtesy to opponents, and the * harmony 
between the prmcipal and masters of the 
college, they expressing a veneration for him 
as a common father, and he a tenderness for 
them as if they had all been children/ A 
trifling anecdote indicates his kindly and con- 
siderate charity. A poor ejected curate of 
the episcopal church was persuaded to accept 
a suit of new clothes Carstares had made for 
himself, under the pious subterfuge that the 
tailor had mistaken his measure. But Car- 
stares was a stout presbyterian, and could not 
show the same charity to the episcopal church, 
of whose Jacobite leanings he was no doubt 
honestly afraid. In the affair of Ghreen- 
shields, the Irish curate who ventured to 
read the liturgy in Edinburgh in public, for 
which he was imprisoned by the magistrates, 
whose decision was affirmed by the Scotch 
court, though reversed on appeal to the House 
of Lords, he drafted the address from the 
assembly to the queen, which though more 
moderate than some of his brethren desired, 
asserted the exclusive rights of the presby- 
terian establishment. In 1711 he was for 
the third time moderator, an honour without 
parallel, and in his address answered the 
charge of persecution of the episcopalians by 
the quotation, * Quis tulerit Graccnos de se- 
ditione querentes ? ' This assembly, alarmed 
by the conduct and character of the tory 
ministry and the queen's supposed favour for 
the Stuarts, passed an act recommending 
prayers 'for the Princess Sophia and the 
protcstant house * along with those for the 
queen. It also passed another requiring a 
stricter formula of subscription from the 
clergy. The question of the restoration of 
patronage having been mooted, Carstares was 
sent on a deputation to London to protest 
against it ; but in spite of their remon- 
strances an act for that purpose and another 
for the toleration of Scots episcopal minis- 
ters and the use of the liturgy in Scotland, 
to which they were equally hostile, were 
carried in the parliament of 1712. On his 
return home he counselled moderation to his 
Ijrethren, whose feelings, heated by these 
acts, had been brought to a climax by the 
requirement of the abjuration oath. This 
•oath, under cover of an engagement to sup- 
-port the line of heirs in the English Act of 
Settlement, by which the monarch must be a 
member of the English church, was deemed 
inconsistent with the presbyterian establish- 
iment. Carstares set tne example of taking 



the oath, with a declaration that * nothing 
was intended by it inconsistent with the 
doctrine, worship, discipline, or government 
of the church established by law/ and he 
induced the assembly in 1713 -to pass an 
act charging ministers and people to abstain 
< from aU diverse courses upon occasion of 
different sentiments and practices about the 
said oath.' The government appreciated so 
much his conduct at this dangerous juncture 
that they consulted him as to who should be 
named commissioner, and by his advice ap- 
pointed the Duke of Atholl. On the deaUi 
of Queen Anne, Carstares was sent on a de- 
putation from the assembly to congratulate 
George I on his accession, when Carstares 
made the usual complimentary speech* ' Some 
allege,' Wodrow writes, when the printed 
speech had come to Scotland, ' there is too 
much of compliment and the courtier, and 
too little of the minister in that to the king.' 
Since the days of Knox the ideal of the pres- 
byterian minister's address to the sovereign 
was exhortation and rebuke, not courtesy 
or ceremony. On his return Carstares was 
for the last time elected moderator in the 
assembly of 1715, and during its sittings 
distinguished himself as usual by conduct 
worthy of the title of his office. An attack 
of apoplexy in August ended in his death, 
which he awaited 'with great peace and 
serenity,' on 28 Bee. 1715. He was buried 
in the Grey Friars' churchyard, next to his 
father's grave, and beside that of Alexander 
Henderson. His wife was buried in the 
same place in 1724. They had no children, 
but Carstares usually had some young rela- 
tion or friend in his house who was studying 
at the university. He had a Scotchmian's 
attachment to his kindred, and his letters, 
especially to his sister, show an affectionate 
heart not injured by worldly prosperity. A 
benevolent scheme of his for the support of 
the deprived nonjurors was ruined tnrough 
the lukewarmness of the government, who 
would not grant the necessary funds. In 
the crowd at his funeral two ejected curates 
were observed lamenting the loss of their 
benefactor, who had supported their families 
out of his own purse. More a statesman 
than a divine, there has seldom been an eccle- 
siastic of any church who has taken part in 
politics with greater honour to himself and 
advantage to his country than Carstares. A 
portrait of Carstares bv Ackman has often 
been engraved. Another portrait is in the 
university of Edinburgh. 

[Carstares' State Papers, to which M'Cormick's 
Memoir is prefixed; Rev. B. H. Story's Life of 
Oarstares ; Sir A Grant's Story of the Univenity 
of Edinbmgh.] JR. K. 



MAASWELL, Sre ROBERT 1 1793- 

^»7),phTpieiannndpatholoBi9t, wasboni at 
'■ fcy.ScotUnd,on8Feb.l793. Heatudied 
IcjM at the univiTaityofOlusgow. While ; 
Eltudpnt he waa diatii^^shed for Uin skill : 
B^bnwing, and woe employed by Dr. John j 
[fc ompgnp of Edinburgh to make a collection I 
of dmiriiigs illustTflting morbid anatomy. In 
puriuuicv of this scheme Carswelt irent to 
the contineiil, nnd sptint two years (1822-3) 
working at the hoapitale of Paris and Lyons. 
He rotnmed to Scotland, and took his de- 
gn^of M.D. at the Marischal College, Aboi^ 
Se«n, in 1826. Afler Ibia he went again 
M Paris, and resumed hia studies in mor- 
bid anatomy under the celebrated Louis. 
About 18:J8 he waa nominat«d by the coun- 
cil of University College, London, professor 
vf pathological anatomy, but before entering 
on liis teaching duties waa commisBioned to 
prfpam a collection of )Hithological draw- 
ings. He accordingly remained at Paris after 
receiving this commiasion till 1831, when 
be hod completed a series of two thousand 
water-colour drawing of diseased structures. 
This collection is still preserved at Univer- 
Eily Collegv. Carswell then came to Loik- 
doa and undertook the duties of his profes- 
•orahip. lie wob in addition appointed at 
thw aame time, or soon afterwards, physician 
to the University College Hospital. He did 
not, however.at once engage in practice, but 
occupied liimaelf with the preparation of a 
great book on pathological anatomy, the 
plates for which were fumislied from his 
large storv of pathological drawings, and put 
tipon the stone by himself, This, the work 

published in 1837 as 'mustrations of the 
Elementorr Forms of Disease,' a fine folio, 
with remarhablv well executed coloured 

Slates, which still holds its place as a stan- 
ird work. The illustrations have, for ar- 
tistic merit and for fidelity, never been aur- 
passed , w b i le the matter representathehighest 
B<»nt which the science of morbid iinattimy 
lad reached before the introduction of the 
microscope. About 1836 Carswell entered 
on private practice, but did not meet with 
much succcsa, and oa, in additioD^ his beiUtb 
was not elroug, he was in 1840 induced to 
Tceign his profrasorsliip, and to accept the 
>nl of physician to the king of the 
The rest of his life was ajwnt 
I, near Brussels, and wna occupii'd 
|i-Offieial duties and clinritable medical at- 
j the poor, but interrupted by 
i jouroeys tu the south in search of 
Jtb. Carswell made no further coniribu- 
. ii to mMical science. He was knigbte<l 
iiQueea Victoria in acknowledgment of lus 




si^rvices to Louift-Philippe when un enile in 
this country, ile married Mile. Marguerite 
Ohardenot, wlio survived him, but left no 
issue. He died on 15 June 1867, after a lin- 
gering illness caused bv chronic lung disease. 
Carswell was highly distinguished as a mor- 
bid anatomist, andperhamnosuchanatiomist 
was ever a better artist. Hisworkhosperma- 
nent value, and be had considerable influence 
as a teacher, though the abrupt termination 
of his scientific career prevented him from 
taking a leading place in the profession. He 
wrol«, besides his great work : 1. ' On Me- 
lanosis ' (with W. Cullen), ' Trans. Med.-Chir. 



Stomach after Death,' ' Edinb. Med. and 
Surg. Journal,' u^^iv. 282, 1830, previously 
communicated in French to the Acud6mie do 
M^decins, Paris. 3. In Forbes's' Cyclopedia 
of Practical Medicine ' the articles : Indura- 
tion, Melanosis, Mortification, Perforation, 
Scirrhns, Softening, Tubercle. 

[Dictionnaire Encfclnpjdiqiiv des Sciences SU- 
dicales (Decbambre), lii. 701 {from commnniea- 
tionu by the widow, Lndy CarewBll); ProceiJingi 
Royal M«l.-Cliir. Soc. ii. 62. 1858.] J. F. P. 

CARTE, SAMITEL (1653-1740J, divine 
and antiquary, bom at Coventry m 1653, 
was educated at the grammar school of that 
town and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He 
was vicar of Clifton-upon-Dunamoor in War- 
wickshire, and afterwards of St. Martin's, 
Leicester, and rector of Eastwell, Lincoln- 
shire, and prebendary of Lichfield. He lived 
to a great age (87), 'dying on 16 April 17-ia 
He waa well known an an antiquary, and a 
manuscript description by him of t he antiqui- 
ties of Leicester ia preserved in the Bodleian, 
which, however, is said to be but a slight com- 
pnattion. He corresponded with the leading 
antiquaries of the day, and his assistance ia 
acknowle^ed by Browne Willis in the pre- 
face to his 'Mitred Abbots,' and by J. Throsby 
in bis ' History and Anliciuitiea of Leices- 
ter.' He published (1) two sermons in 1694 
and 1705. (i) ' Tabula Chronologica Atchi- 
episcopatuum et Epiacopatuum in Anglia el 
Wallia, ortuB, diviaiones, tranalationes, &c., 
brevitereihibens, una cum indice alpbabetica 
nominum quibus apud autborea iusigniuntur,' 
fol., without date. 

INicliols'flllluatnitions, ii. 471 , 726 ; Lowades's 
Bibl. Man.) E. S. S. 

CARTE, THOM.\S (1688-1754), histo- 
rian, son of Samuel Carte [q. v.], was 
bor^ at Clifton-ujwn-Dunsmoof, Warwick- 
fbire, where he was baptised bv immersion 
:>3Aprill686. He was admitted at Univer- 



Carte 



192 



Carte 



sity College, Oxford, 8 July 1698, and took 
his degree of B.A. in 1702. Afterwards he 
was incorporated at Cambridge, and took 
his M.A. degree from Kind's College in 1706. 
Shortly afterwards he took holy orders, and 
was appointed reader at the abbey church, 
Bath, in 1707. In 1712 he is said to have 
made the tour of Europe, as tutor to a noble- 
man. He was a strong Jacobite, and his 
opinions involved him in more than one con- 
troversy, and on several occasions got him 
into trouble with the government. The first 
of these controversies arose from a sermon 
preached by him at the abbey church, Bath 
(when he was reader\ on 30 Jan. 1713-14 ; he 
then defended Charles I frx^m the common 
charge of having secretly instigated the Irish 
rebeUion and massacre of 1641. For this 
he was attacked by Henry Chandler (or 
Chaundler), fieither 01 Samuel Chandler [q*v.], 
who was a dissenting minister at Bath. 
Carte's reply was published in May 1714, 
with the title : ' The Irish Massacre set in a 
Clear Light ; ' it is reprinted in the * Somers 
Tracts,' iii. 369. Carte, refusing to take the 
oaths to Qeorge I, adopted a lay habit. At 
the Jacobite rising of 1716 he appears to have 
been suspected by the government. He con- 
cealed himself in the house of a Mr. Badger, 
curate of Coleshill, and does not seem to have 
been molested there, for he acted occasionally 
at Coleshill as a cler^^man. His continued 
connection with the Jacobite party is shown 
by his intimacy with Atterbury, to whom he 
is said to have acted as secretary. In his de- 
fence before the House of Lords Atterbury 
denied having seen him, * except very rarely, 
for two or three years past.' But the bishop 
had crossed out this passage in the draft of his 
speech, and he acknowledges that he obtained 
a living for his brother, John Carte, from 
the chapter of Westminster (Nichols, Corre- 
spondence of Atterbury y ii. 140). Atterbury 
was committed to the Tower 24 Aug. 1722, 
and in the gazette of the 15th of the same 
month a proclamation appeared, offering a re- 
ward of 1,000/. for Carte's apprehension, in 
which he was described as * about thirty-two 
years of age, of a middle stature, a raw-ooned 
man, goes a little stooping, a sallow com- 
plexion, with a full grey or blue eye, his eye- 
lids fair, inclining to red, and commonly wears 
a light^oloured peruke.' The description, 
however, was declared by Dr. Hawlinson,who 
knew him, to be quite opposite to the truth. 
Meanwhile, Carte had escaped to France, 
where he lived under the name of Phillips, 
and gaining access to the best libraries, ne 
devoted himself to collecting materials for 
illustrating a translation of tne ' History of 
Thuanus ' (de Thou). These materials were 



purchased in 1724 at a considerable price by 
Dr. Mead for the edition of ' Thuaniu ' pub- 
lished at his expense in London, in seven 
folio volumes, in 1733, under the editorship 
of S. Buckley, and with a Latin address to 
Mead signed hj Carte, who appears also to 
have mi^e the index for the book. In 1728 
Carte was allowed to return to England on 
the intercession of Queen Caroline. He now 
devoted himself to an expansion of his early 
pamphlet, in vindication of Charles I, in 
regard to the Irish rebellion. This he did 
in his 'Life of James, Duke of Ormonde,' 
in 2 vols, fol., 1736, preceded by a third 
volume in the previous year, containing a 
collection of original letters of Wentworth, 
Ormonde, and others connected with Ireland. 
He labours to prove that the pretended com- 
mission given by Charles at Oxford (12 Jan. 
1644-6) to Lord Qlamorpm (Lord Herbert) 
for treating with the Irish catholics, was a 
forgery of Glamorgan's. The book is still of 
value from the mass of materials which his 
diligence collected. Yet Dr. Johnson's critic 
cism must be allowed to have some justifica- 
tion : ' The matter is diffused in too many 
words; there is no animation, no compres- 
sion, no vigour. Two good volumes in duo- 
decimo mi^t be made out of two in folio ' 
(Cbokeb, ^ostoell, v. 24, ed. 1859). In a 
letter to Swift, dated 11 Aug. 1736, on send- 
ing him his ' Ormonde,* Carte sketches his 
plan for his other voluminous work, * The 
History of England.' He complains that 
Kapin had had no knowledge of the docu- 
mentary sources of English nistory beyond 
those published in Rymer's * Fcedera ; * that 
the Cottonian MSS., the rolls of parliament, 
and the contents of the Paper Office had been 
quite neglected by him, and that therefore 
tnere was room for a history foimded on the 
study of these. In the midst of his work 
at tlus history he had to take action against 
some Dublin booksellers who were pirating 
his ' Life of Ormonde.' He found that the 
only way he had of defeating them was to 
serve upon them an order of the House of 
Lords, which had been passed in 1721 in re- 
gard to Curll's printing the * Life and Works 
of the Duke of Buckingham,' declaring it a 
breach of the privileges of the house for any 
one to print an account of the life, the let- 
ters, or other works of a deceased peer with- 
out the consent of his heirs or executors. 
This served Carte's immediate purpose, but 
he exerted himself to obtain a new act of 
parliament securing an author a property in 
his works, and in 1737 published ' Further 
Beasons addressed to Paniiament for render- 
ing more effectual an Act of Queen Anne 
remting to Vesting in Authors the Rights 



of CwpipB, for the Kncoumgement of Learn- 
ing. By It. H,' The encoiin^ement that 
CWie received in preparing £ja History 
WM extraunlinar}-. In Octol>er 1738 he 
aaye, ia a letter to Dr. Zachary Grey, that 
lie oLrcacly hfui bOO/. n year promised for 
seven years; that he hoped Slteen Oxford 



that then he ahaU try Cambridge. He had, 
in April of that year (1738), published ' A 
General Account of the Necewary Material 
for a History of England, the Society and 
Subscriptions propi^ed for the Expenses 
thereof, and the Metliod wherein Mr. Carte 
intends to proceed in carrying on the said 
Work,' 4to. Later in the sanie year he went 
to Cambridge to seek for mat^alsand help. 
Cambridge is not mentioned in liia dedication, 
and therefore he probably got nothing there 
of material aid. He was the gueat of Sir 
John Hynde C!otton at Madingley, whose 
great collection of pamphlets of the period 
of the great rebellion he reduced to order, 
■nd IiM bound in volumes. The next aix 
jean (1738-H) were almost incessantly em- 
BlOTcd ill pushing on his work.much of which 
be oaniea on in Paris, where be diligently 
anBohed the royal archives, then under the 
can of the Abbe ^ullier. This work was 
■varied aa usual with controversy. In 1741-2 
lie mote a tbick pamphlet of :!l4 pages, 8vo, 
in anawer to 'A Letter of a Itystander to a 
Member of Parliament,' which he called ' A 
Full Anawer to a Letter of a Bystander, 
'Wheiein hts Folae (.'aleulations and Misrepre- 
sentstiona of Facts in the Time of Charles IT ' 
areraRiIed. ByR.A.,Eaq,' Tliis was answered 
ngoin by a ' Oentleman of Cambridge ' in a 
* Letter to Mr. Thomas Carte,' London, 1744, 
in which the writer says : ' You were so rash 
ae to appear yourself publicly in the support 
of it at an eminent coffee-boaae ; you there 
declared you were Blr. Carte, the author of 
the " Full Answer to the Bystander," and 
that you came there on purpose to vindic-ate 
it bmn any observations. You know what 
followed. You were driven Ihence with a 
birchen rod. and abandoned the place with 
aliADie and confusion.' The ' birchen rod ' re- 
fers to &rgiunenl£ of I)r. Thomas Birch, who, 
among tui many books, bad written on 
Cberle« I and IrelaniJ in opposition toCartf- 
A Full and Clear Vin- 
.o a Letter from a 



o Carte. In March be bad 
a lawsuit with his brother Samuel and eiater 
Sarah about a clause in bis father's will 
which removed bim from bis executorship and 
mheritence in caae be were troubled by the 

TOE. IX. 



government. He, however, won 
(Atkyss, RfporU. iii. 174). Shortly nfler- 
wards, upon an alarm of a French invasion to 
support a Jacobil« risiuKi the Habeas Corpus 
Act was suspended, and Carte was arrested. 
, He was not long retained in custody, being 
1 released on 9 May, ' confined,' he aaid, ' for 
' he knew not what, and released he knew not 
j why.' His fiubeeriptiona, however, went on, 
I la July the common council of London 
,. voted liim oOi. for seven years, for which, ao- 
! cording lo UoraceWalpole, who ridicules the 
' proceeding, four aldermen and six common- 
. councilmen were to inspect his materials and 
the progress of his work {Letters to Sir S. 
^fann, I. 381). In October the Goldsmiths', 
Grocers', and Vintners' Companies gave 261. 
each for seven years. In August (1744) he 
printed ' A Oollectioa of the several Papers 

Bibliabed by Thomas Carte, in relation to his 
iatory of England,' 8vo. In 1746 be issucul 
proposaJa for printing his History; and the 
lirsC volume appeared in December 1747. It 
was not prepossessing in point of style ; but it 
was BO great an advance on previous histories, 
in the extent of the original material used 
and quoted, that it would have commanded 
succeaa but for an unlucky note, inserted at 
p. 291, on a passage concerning the unction 
of our kings at their coronation. In this 
note (which his friends vainly pleaded was 
not by his hand), he asserted his belief in the 
cure of the king's evil in the case of a man 
named Cliristopher Lovel of lirialol, by the 
touch of the Pretender, or, as he called him, 
'the eldest lineal descendant of a race of 
kiugs who had, indeed, for a long succession 
of ages cured that disease by the royal touch.' 
The cure was said to have been effected at 
Avignon in November 1716. This raised a 
storm among the ani i-Jacohite party. Carte 
was attacked in several pamphlet.s, and a 
writer in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' (1748, 
p. 13) professed to have investigated the 
case and found it, of course, entirely false. 
The man hod been temporarily cured by the 
change of air and regimen, but had suffered 
a relapse on his return and died when on & 
second voyaee. The practical result to Carte 
was the withdrawal of the grant from the 
commou council of London by a unanimous 
vote on 7 April 1748 (Gent. Mag. 1748, p. 
IBfi), and an munediate neglect of his work. 
In spite of such discouragement he persisted 
in his enterprise, and the next two volumes 
appeared in 1750 and 175i, and a fourth in 
1/56, after his death. Carte died of diabetes 
on '2 April 1754, at Caldecott House, near 
Abingdon, and was buried in the church of 
Yattendon, near Newbury, on 11 April. He 
was a man of mean appearance, but of cheer- 



Carter 



194 



Carter 



ful and social disposition. He worked with 
indefatigable industry from early morning 
until eveninjf . His historical collections were 
left to his wife, a daughter of Colonel Arthur 
Brett, who, in turn, left them to her second 
husband, Nicholas Jemegan, for his life, and 
afterwards to the Bodleian. Jemegan, after 
receiving large sums for the use of them, 
among others as much as 200/. from Lord 
Hardwick, and 300/. from Macpherson, who 
used them for his * History * and * State Papers ' 
(1775), finally disposed of them to the feod- 
leian for a good price, during his lifetime, at 
some period subsequent to 1776. Besides the 
works mentioned above. Carte published : 
1 . * Preface to a Translation , by Mrs. Thomson, 
of the II istory of the Calamities of Margaret of 
Anjou, Queen of England,* by Michael Bau- 
dier, 1 736. 2. 'Advice of a Mother to her Son 
and Daughter.* Translated from the French 
of the Marchioness de Lambert. 3. *The His- 
tory of the Revolutions of Portugal from the 
foundation of that kingdom to the year 1567 ; 
with letters of Sir Robert Southwell during 
his embassy there to the Duke of Ormonde,* 
1740. 4. * Preface to Catalogue des RoUes 
Gascons, Normands et Francois, conserves 
dans les Archives de la Tour de Londres,' fol. 
1743. This preface, according to Lowndes, 
was afterwards cancelled by order of the 
French government. A new edition of his 
History was published at Oxford in 1851, 
6 vols. 8vo. 

[Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 471-618, and else- 
where; Nichols's Illustrations of Lit. Hist. v. 
152-66; Gent. Manr. 1748; Biographia Britan- 
nica, ed. Kippis ; Hearne's Remains, ii. 154, ed. 
1869.] E. S. S. 

CARTER, EDMUND {fi, 1753), topo- 
grapher, was a poor disabled writing-master, 
who, while keeping school by St. IJotolph's 
(^hurch in Cambridge, conceived the design of 
compiling a historv of the university and 
county, an undertaking for which he was by 
no means qualified. Among others whom 
he applied to for aid was William Cole, who 
treated his humble labours with contempt; 
but afterwards he was greatly assisted by the 
Rev. Robert Smyth, rector of Woodstonel^near 
Peterborough, and occasionally by Dr. New- 
come, master of St. John's College, (?ambridge, 
who communicated some of Baker's manu- 
scripts, and by the Rev. Robt^rt Masters, to 
whom Carter us(»d to send the whole budget 
of his correspondence. Carter, * having a 
small family and a bad wife,' was forced to 
desert his school at Cambridge, and settled 
for some time during the compilation of his 
histories at AVare in Hertfordshire, whence 
he removed to Chelsea, where he taught a 



school as he had done at Ware. The date 
and place of his death are not known ; his 
widow died in Enfield workhouse on 15 Sept. 
1788 i^Qent, Mag. Iviii. ii. 841). 

Carter was the author of: 1. * The History 
of the County of Cambridge from the Earlieict 
Account to the Present Time/ 8vo, Cam- 
bridge, 1753 (reprinted and brought down to 
date by William Upcott, 8vo, London, 1819). 
Although badly arranged and full of errors, the 
book is not altogether destitute of interest. 
Under each parish are the particulars of the 
ravages committed in the churches by the 
wretched fanatic William Dowsing and his 
rabble soldiery, appointed, under a warrant 
from the Earl of Manchester in 1643, to de- 
stroy and abolish all the remains of popish 
superstition in them, a task which they pei^ 
formed very eifectuallv. 2. * The Historv of 
the University of Cambridge from its Original 
to the year 1753,* 8vo, London, 1753. In the 
British Museum is a copy filled with additions 
and corre etions as for a second edition in the 
author^s beautiful handwriting. 

[Manuscript notes by Craven Ord and Br. R. 
Farmer in copies of Carter's Hist. Univ. Camb. in 
Brit. Mus. ; Rough's British Topography, i. 193, 
218 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 694, v. 47, 48. Ti« 
112,201.] G.G. 

CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806), 

S>et and miscellaneous writer, was bom at 
eal in Kent on 16 Dec. 1717. She was 
the eldest daughter of the Rev. Nicholas 
Carter, D.D., perpetual curate of Deal Chapel, 
and one of the six preachers at Canterbury 
Cathedral, by his first wife, Margaret, only 
daughter ana heiress of Richard Swavne of 
Bere Regis, Dorsetshire. Her mother lost 
her fortune, which had been invested in the 
South Sea stocks, and died of a decline when 
Elizabeth was about ten years old. Her edu- 
cation was undertaken by her father, who ww 
a good Latin, Greek, and Hebrew scholar. 
So slow at first was she in learning the 
dead languages that, weary of teaching her, 
he frequently entreated her to give up the 
attempt. By incessant application, however, 
she overcame her natural incapacity for learn- 
ing. She read both late at night and early 
in the morning, taking snuff, chewing green 
tea, and using other means to keep herself 
awake. By this vigorous course of study 
she injured her health, and as a conseouence 
suffered from frequent and severe heaaaches 
for the rest of her life. Beginning with 
Latin and Qreek, she afterwaids learnt He- 
brew, French, Italian, Spanish, and Qerman; 
later in life she taught herself Portuguese 
and Arabic. She took a great interest in 
astronomy, ancient and modem history, and 
ancient geography, played both the spinnet 



anil Gemun fluti*, and woTked wllh her I 
nenlle ta the last, (Ibts of her life. That she ' 
wiui agtxvl hotuevrife we hare the authority 
of I>r. Johnsoii. It is related in Boswell 
(v. 22U) thttt the Doctor, on hearing a lady 
comuieiidtsl for her learalnf^, eaid, ' A man is 
in (j^net&l b«tt«r pteased when he has a good 
dinuer on hit) table than when his wife talks 
Giwli,' ' My old friend, Mre. Cnrler,' he 
•dded, 'conld moke a pudding as well as 
tnuisUteEmctetiiB from the Greek, and work 
« bandkerctiief at well as compose a poem,' 
Bcforn ahu was ieventeen ahe commenced 
irritiug veraas. and the riddle which appeared 
in the'Qentleman'sMaKBzine'for November 
1731 (p. 623) U probably her Erst published 
{liece. She continued to contribute to the 

* Gentleman's Magazine ' for some yearf, her 
cMUributiotiB ^nerally appearing under the 
name of 'Elua.' In ii38 'Poems upon 
particular Occasions ' (London, 4to), a small 
paraphkt of twenty-four pa;^ containing a 
«ollectiotiof eightofheriKMinis.waspHbliflhed 
b» Cave, the originalor of the ' Gentleman's 
ttsgaxine,' and a friend of her father's. Tliis 
iwmnhlet, which is now rare, bears the name 
neither nf author norpublisher, but contains 

• cut of St. John's Gate on the title-page. 
It was thrnngh Cave that Mrs. Carter was 
introdufed lo Dr. Johnson, who, being of 
opinion thai ' she ought to be cclebrBt«d in 
«• many diiTerent languages as Lewis le 
Grand ' '(JivaWELL. \. 93), wrote a Greek epi- 
gram (o Eliza, which appeared in the 'Gentle- 
duw'b Magazine ' for April 1736 (p. 210). 
The finendshiptfaus commenced last^ nearly 
fifty years, until Johnson's death in 17fti. 
Sbecontributedtwoariicleslo the 'Rambler,' 
Ku. 44 l>t>ing on ' Religion and Supersti- 
tion,' and No. 100 on 'Modish Pleasures.' 
In 1739 »he published her anonymous trans- 
lation of ' l^amen de Teaaav de Monsieur 
Pop«" BUT I'homme.'by Jean tierre de Crou- 
nji. This Imnelaliun, which had for its 
titk 'An E»ftminalioli of Mr. Pope's Essay 
on Man. translated from the French of M. 
Crousaz' (A. Dodd, lyindon, ISmo), was er- 
rouMUisly attributed to Dr. Johneon (Bos- 
TTBLLii. 1()7). In the same year appeared her 
anonymous translation of Francesco Alga- 
Kittia ' Newtonianismo per le dame,' under 
The title of ' Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy 
Explain'd for tJu.- ost- of tUo Ladies. In Six 
DiaJogiip.t on Light and Colour. From the 
Italian of Sig. Algarotti ' ('2 vols. London, 
Cave, lifaii)). Doth llieM translations have 
becuuie viry scarce ; and though Mrs. Carter 
never willingly referred fti them in after 
life, they were undnnblodly useful ta her in 
tnalung her known to her contemjiororiea. 

jn I74I she becAmo acquainted with Miss 



Catherine Talbot, granddaughter of Dr. Wil- 
liam Talbot, bishop of Durham, whici led to 
an introduction to Dr. Seeker, then bishop of 
Oxford, and afterwards arcjibishop of Canter- 
bury, with wlioa Miss Talbot resided. It 
was at the request of these friends that Mrs. 
Carter undertook the translation of Epicte- 
tus. This was commenced in the summer of 
1749, but was not finished until December 
1762. The translation was not originally 
intended forpublication.andwaa sent i n sheets 
as it was written to Miss Talbot. At the 
suggestion of the bishop, Mrs. Carter added 
an introduction and notes to the manuscript, 
and in April 1768, at the request of her friends, 
it wospubllshedby guineasubscrtption. The 
subscription was BO successful that 101 8 copies 
were struck off at once, and 250 more were 
printed afterwards, the result of the publi- 
cation being a gain to Mrs. Carter of nearly 
l,OO0i. The title of the first edition was 
' All the Works of Epictetiis which are now 
extant, kc' (London 4to), The fourth edi- 
tion, whici was published after her death, 
contains the lost idteratiansof the translator 
taken from her manuscript notes, and has a 
itlightly altered title. In 17t<2 she published 
her ' Poems on several Occasions ' (London, 
8vo), which ahe dedicated to WiUinm Pul- 
teney, earl of Bath, and prefaced with soma 
highly paneiryrioal veraesby I^ord Lyttelton. 
In this collection only two of the poems 
which appeared in the former volume, vi». 
' In Diem Natolem ' and the ' Ode of Ana- 
crenn,' are to be found. A second edition 
was published in 1766, and a third in 1776, 
the latter edition containing seven additional 

Gioms. A fourth edition was published in 
ublin in 1777. and in London in 1789. In 
the secniid volume of Pennington's ' Me- 
moirs ' the two collections of noems are 
printed, together with eight otner pieces 
which hadnotbeenpublishedbefore. During 
'' " months of 1763 Mrs. Carter, ao- 



I^ro , ,, 

Holland, an interesting account of the trip 
being given in her letters to Miss Talbot. 
In the following year she lost her friend 
l>ord Bath, in 1768 her old patron Arci- 
bishop Seeker, and in 1770 her correspondent 
Misa Talbot. On 23 Oct. 1774 her father 
died. Mrs. Carter had passed the greater 
part of her life with liim, and for the last 
twelve years of his life had lived with him 
in a house at Deal, which she had purchased. 
In October 1782, at the request of Sir Wil- 
liam Pulteney, who, out of regard for Lord 
Bath's old fnend, hod settled an annuity of 



Pulteney t 



Paris. This was her last visit 



Carter 



196 



Carter 



to the continent, she heing then sixty-five 
years of age, and no longer very active. For 
several years afterwards, however, she tra- 
velled through various parts of England with 
her friend Imss Sharpe. In 1791 Mrs. Carter 
was introduced to Queen Charlotte at Lord 
Cremome's house at Chelsea. In 1796 a 
certain Count de Bed6e, a stranger to Mrs. 
Carter, published * Twelve Poems translated 
into French ; Six in Prose and Six in Verse, 
selected from the works of Miss Eliza Carter, 
intitled Poems on several Occasions' (London, 
8vo). About nine years before her death 
she was attacked by an illness from which 
she never entirely recovered. In the summer 
of 1805, though her mental faculties remained 
unimpaired, her bodily weakness increased 
very much. In accordance with her annual 
custom, she went up to London for the winter, 
and on 19 Feb. 1806 died in her lodgings in 
Clarges Street, Piccadilly, in the eighty-eighth 
year of her age. She was buried in the burial- 
groimd belonging to Grosvenor Chapel ; and 
a monument was erected to her memory in 
Deal Chapel She was never married. In 
1807 her nephew and executor, Montagu Pen- 
nington, published her memoirs, in which 
were included the new edition of her poems 
before alluded to, some miscellaneous essavs 
in prose, together with her * Notes on the 
Bible,' and * Answers to Objections concern- 
ing the Christian Religion.' In 1809 *A 
Series of Letters between Mrs. Elizabeth 
Carter and Miss Catharine Talbot from the 
year 1741 to 1770, to which are added Letters 
from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Vesey 
between the years 1763 and 1787 ' (London, 
8vo, 4 vols.), appeared, and in 1817 * Letters 
from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Montagu, 
between the years 1765 and 1800, chiefly 
upon Literary and Moral Subjects ' (London, 
8vo, 3 vols.) 

Mrs. Carter was more celebrated for the 
solidity of her learning than for any brilliant 
intellectual Qualities ; and it is as a Greek 
scholar and tnc translator of Epictetus that 
she is now best remembered. She used to 
relate with pleasure that Dr. Johnson had 
said, speaking of some celebrated scholar, 
that 'he understood Greek better than any 
one he had ever known, except Elizabeth 
Carter.' Her poems have ceased to be read 
and are not of very high order, the ' Dia^ 
logue between the Body and the Mind ' being 
perhaps the most successful. Her letters 
display considerable vigour of thoucrht, and 
now and then a transient flash of humour. 
Though by no means a woman of the world, 
she possessed a large amount of good sense, 
and, though more learned than her fellows, 
was a thoroughlysociableandamiable woman. 



Her acquaintance with Mrs. Montagu com- 
menced at a very early period of their lives, 
and on the death of ner husband in 1775 
Mrs. Montagu settled an annuity of IQOL 
upon her friend. Among Mrs. Carter's other 
friends and correspondents were Burke, Rey- 
nolds, Richardson (who introduced her 'Ode 
to Wisdom' into his 'Clarissa'), Savage, 
Horace Walpole, Bishops Butler and Por- 
teus, Dr. Beattie, Hannah More, and most 
of the other literary characters of the time. 
Several portraits were taken of her by dif- 
ferent artists ; an engraving from a cameo by 
Joachim Smith will be found in the first 
volume of the ' Memoirs ' (L 601 note), and 
the National Portrait GhiUery possesses a 
pleasing crayon drawing of her by Sir Thomas 



Lawrence. 



[Pennington's Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. 
Elizabeth Carter (2nd ed. 1 808) ; Sir £. Biydges s 
Censura Literaria (1815), vii. 176-201, viil 
190-200 ; z. 277-95 ; Nichols's Literary Anec- 
dotes of the Eighteenth Centuiy, vols. v. and 
viii. ; BoBwell's Life of Johnson (Croker, 1831); 
Chalmers's Biog. Diet (1818), viii. 301-5 ; Oent 

SMag. 1806, vol. Izxvi.pt.i. pp. 190-1 ; Encrjrelo- 
BDCua Britannica (9th ed.), v. 141 ; Brit. Mus. 
at.] a. F. R. B. 

CARTER, ELLEN (1762-1815), artist 
and book illustrator, was the daughter of 
Walter Vavasour of Weston in Yorkshire, 
and Ellen his wife, daughter of Edward 
Elmsall of ThomhiU in the same county. 
She was bom in 1762, and baptised at St. 
Olave's Church, York, on 16 May of that 
year. At an early age, though a protestant, 
she was placed in a convent at Rouen, with 
which her family had been connected for 
some generations. Though strongly affected 
by the surroimding influence of the Roman 
catholic religion, she never actually forsook 
her own religion, and after her return to her 
native country became well known for her 
piety and devotion to her church. Li Novem- 
ber 1787 she was married at Thomhill to the 
Rev. John Carter, then curate of that place^ 
afterwards head-master of Lincoln grammar 
school, and incumbent of St. Swithin's in 
the same city. Mrs. Carter was devoted 
to artistic pursuits, and particularly excelled 
in drawing the human figure. She drew 
illustrations for the ' Archssologia,' the ' Gen- 
tleman's Magazine,' and other similar works. 
A ^rint was published firom a design by her^ 
entitled ' The Ghirdener's GirL' intendled as 
a companion to Thomas Barker's 'Wood- 
boy.' Her drawings are frequently met with 
in private collections. Her derotion to her 
art told on a constitution that was never 
strong, and the untimely death of her eldest 
son in the Peninaula gaye her a shock from. 



■which dhe never recovered. She died on 
fi2 S«pt. ISlo, and was buried in the church- 
j-srd of St. Peler'B in the East Gate, Lincoln. 
[Gsnt. Moff. ISlfi, Ixxxv. 374; Red^avo'i 
Diet, ot Engliah Artists ; Fosler"8 Torkabire 
PedigT«u ; information from Kev. A. B. Mad- 
<)eK>D.] L. C. 

CARTER, FRANCIS (rf. 1:83), traveUer, 
Biude a journey thtoiitth Moorish Spain in 
1772. lnl777hepubhBhed,intwovolume8, 
* A Journey from Uibraltar to Malnfra, with 
a view of thnt Gnrriion and its Environs, a. 
pnriicalar nceonat of the Towns in the Hoya 
of Malaga, the antient and natural History 
of these Cities, of the Coast between them, 
and of the Mountaina of Bondu. Illus- 
trat«d vdth medals uf each municipal town 
and a chart; perspective and drawings taken 
in the vear 1772. Richard Goueh, writing 
under <Iate'B March 1776/ aaya that 'Arabia 
Jones ' (i.e. Sir "William Jone«) corrected the 
proof-eheeta of the book. The plates were 
aold in a separate volume ; but the work was 
tvissaed in 1778 in two volumes, with the 
plates inserted. Carter was well known as a 
collector of Spanish coins and Spanish books. 
Miiny of the former he purchased from the 
ooUecIion of Flores, the well-known medal- 
list. He wns elected a fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries on 1 May 1777, and soon 
afterwards began an elaborate ' hiEtorical and 
critical account of early printed Spanish 
boolo.' His plan embraced a full history of 
Spanish lit«rature, nearly the whole of which 
WM represented in hia own library. He com- 
pleted the work in manuscript, and printed 
the Bnt sheet, but died immediately after- 
warda at Woodbridce, Suffolk, on 1 Aug. 
1783. A friend, 'Eiigenio," contributed to 
the ■ Gentleman's Magazine ' for October of 
the same year (pp. 843-6) a specimen of this 
undertaking, with the promise of a continua- 
tion, which was not frilhlled. A letter from 
Carter, ^ving anecdotes of Dr. "William 

Baltie f ' ' ' " " 

dot«s,' i 

[Gent. Mag. 1783, pi. ii. 716, 843 ; Niphols's 
lii. Aneixlotfs, iii. 237-8. iv, 607. viii. BIS.] 
S. L, L 

CARTER, GEORGE (1737 - 1794), 
|Mi^It^r, wsa bom at Colchester, and baptised 
on 10 April 1737 at St. James's Church in 
that town. He is described in the register 
U son of George and EliKabeth Carter. He 
received his early education at the local free 
•choalgund first came tti London as a servant. 
Ub then bwame shopman to a mercer of the 
name of KJiif;, and subsequently entered into 
partaersliip la the «anie trade in Chandos 



Street, Co vent Garden. This businesa proving 
a failure, he devoted himself to painting, 
and sent several pictures to the exhibitions. 
Having sained the interest and assiatance of 
other artists, he started on a course of foreign 
travel, eventually settling down at Rome to 
study and form his style. In 1778 lie re- 
' turned to London and set up as an 'historical 
I portrait painter.' He eihibited numerous 
', pictureson various subjectKBt the exhibitions 
I up to a few years before bis death. The^ do 
I not seem to have found purchasers or suited 
the taste of the public, for in 1786 Carter 
opened an exhibition in Fall Mall of a col- 
I lection of hia own pictures, thirty-five in 
number; these he described In a Catalogue 
in very extravagant terms, which eicit«d 
great hostility from his critics and much 
derision from the public. He stated that 
I they were all painted without commission 
and for the most exalted motives, and that 
, either the whole or any part of the collection 
I was at the disposal of any intending pur- 
chaser. Though grandiose in conception, and 
' of varying excellence of eieculion, his pi(>- 
, tures do not seem to merit the lack of appro- 
j bation which was their lot. Like many 
others of the same date and school their 
memory is preserved by the firat-clasa en- 
I gravers of tnat period, moat of them being 
engraved at the artist's own expense. Among 
the best known of his works are ; ' The 
Fisherman going out ' and ' The Fisherman's 
Return,' both exhibited at the Society of 
Artists in 1773, and engraved in mecsotjnt 
by John Jones ; ' A Wounded Hussar on the 
Field of Battle,' exhibited at the Royal Aca- 
demy in 1775, and engraved in meuotint by 
Valentine Green; 'Industry 'and 'Indolence,' 
both engraved in mezzotint hy John Jones ; 
' The Apotheosis of Garrick,' with portraits of 
contemporary actors, exhibited at the Royal 
Academy in 1790, and engraved in 1783 by 
S. Smith and J. Caldwall ; 'The Death of 
Sir Philip Sidnev,' engraved in meziotint by 
John Jones ; ' "fhe Death of Captoin Cook,' 
intended as a pendant to West's 'Death 
of General Wolfe,' and engraved by Hall, 
ITiomthwaite, and J. R. Smith ; ■ Two Chil- 
dren begging,' exhibited at the Society of 
Artists in 1774, and engraved in n)ei;totint 
hy.LR. Smith; 'The Adoration of the Shep- 
herds,' brought by the artist from Rome m 
1776, exhibited at the Royal Academy, and 
presented by the artist to his native church 
of St. James at Colchester, where it atill 
hangs. He also painted among many others 
some scenes from Sterne's ' Sentimental Jour- 
ney,' some views of ' Gibmltar," two scenes 
frnm Shenstone's 'Schoolmistress,' and nu- 
meroua portraits, ljit« in life he retired to 



Carter 198 Carter 

lieudon, and in 1791 published * ANurrative , continuance ended in a separation in 1800. 
of the L088 of the Grosvvnor, Eustludiaman/ In his career as an artist he first entered the 
with plates. Ho died at Hendon in 1794, establishment of the * Illustrated London 
and was buried there on 19 Sept. in that News/ whose engraving department was en- 
year, trusted to his charge, and liere he mastered 
[Redgrave's Diet, of Enpli9hArti«t8;EawardB'B the details relating to an illustrated paper. 
Anecdotes of Painters ; Heinekins Dictionnaire He emigrated to >ew lork m 1&48, and 
des Artistes, vol. iii. ; Fiorillo's Geschichte der shortly after his arrival had his name, Henry 
Mahlerey in Gross-BritAnnieii; Catalogues of the Carter, chanjged into 'Frank Leslie' by a 
Royal Aciidcmy and other Kxbibitions; Momnt's special act ol the legisli^ure. His first con- 
History and Antiquities of Colchester; Registers nection in America was with 'Gleason*s 
of St. James's Church, Colchester, and of Hendon Pictorial,' but in 1864, having accumulated a 
Church ; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books.] 1 small capital, he began publisninfl^ on his own 

^- ^- i account. He commencm with t-ue * Gazette 
of Fashion,' which was soon afterwards fol- 
CARTER, HARRY WILLIAM (1787- lowed by the ' New York Journal.' He 
1863), physician, was bom at Canterbury on purchased the 'Journal' for a low figure, 
7 Sept. 17*87,boiiig the son of "William Carter, and then by skilful management made it a 
M.D., formerly fellow of Oriel College, Ox- paying proj^rty. The w^, however, with 
ford. After education at the King's School, which his name is more intimately associated 
Canterbury, he went to Oriel College, Ox- in the public mind is * Frank Leslie's Hlus- 
ford, where he graduated B.A. 1807, M.A. trated Newspaper,' the first number of which 
1810, M.H. 1811. In 1812 he was elected a was issued on 14 Dec. 1855. In this periodical 
Radclifl*e travelling fellow, and spent several ^e produced illustrations of current history, 
years aftonv-ards on the continent. He be- together with pictures copied from European 
came fellow of the London College of Phy- joiumals. He mvented for his establishment 
sicians in 1825. He settled at Canterbury, a new system of engraving large pictuztfS. 
was appointed physician to the Kent and finding that the constant work ot an en- 
Canterbury Hospital in 1819, and retired graver was required for two weeks to pro- 
fn>m practice in l83o,afU*r this date residing ^y^ce a double-page illustration, he had the 
at Kennington Hall, near Asliford, where he wood block cut into thirty-two squares and 
died on 16 July 186.*^. employed an engraver for each S4|uare. By 

In 1821 Carter published * A Short Account this m'eans the work was done in twenty-four 
of some of the Pnucipul Hospitals of France, hours, and the success of this method was at 

been 
illus- 

.*«.^« newspapers. In 1865 he started the 

to the * Cyclopedia of l^ractical Medicine. « Chimney Corner,' the editing of which he 
plunk's Coll. of Phys. 1878, iii. 301.] entrusted to his second wife. He married 

G. T. B. her after the separation from the first had 
been legallv effected, she also ha^-iiig bt*en 
CARTER, HENRY, otherwise Fkvxk divorced from her husband, Ephraim George 
Leslie (1821-1880), son of Joseph Carter, , Squier, the archreologist. To her he assigned 
glove manufacturer, was born at Ipwich in likewise the editing of the * Lady*s Magazine,' 
1821. He pass^ed his boyhood in his father s a continuation and enlargement of the * Ga- 
factor}' to learn the glove-making business, zette of Fashion.' To these he then added 
andthuthemightiwrfect himself in it was sent in rapid succession the * Boys' and (iirls* 
t o London at seventet»nyt'ars of a^re to die care "Weekly,' 'Pleasant Hours/ the 'I-ady's 
of an uncle w' ' ' 
establishment, 
don he induljred 

ing, and engraving, partieularlv on wood, < Die illustrirteZeitung.' From these various 
and to escape the reproaches of his father publications, which proved crenerally pro- 
and uncle, who had destined him fortnide, fitable, he gathered a great deal of monev. 
he concealed his identity by the use of the From the * Chimney Comer ' alone he is said 
name 'Frank l»slie.' In his twentieth year to have cleared in one year 50,000 dollars, 
he began to practise art as his only pursuit The war between the Xbrth and South was 
in life. At this time also he married, the to him a field of most abundant harvest, the 
issue of the marriage being three s<ms ; this . circulation of his papers, chiefly those that 
union was, however, unfortunate from the , were illustrated, having during that period 
commencement, and afternearly twenty years i vezy greatly increased. He spent the money 





icUich poured iuto hia office with great I 
liberality. He owned a inBgnificent resi- i 
deuce About midway between Saratoga and 
Looeljr Lake, surrounded by an estate of six [ 
hundred acres. Here Le extended his hospi- 
nlitf to his numerous friends and fairly j 
cqu&ndeied hia money, and l.lie result wns . 
inavilable. In September 1677 be saw ruin 
ataiing him intheface. Ilia property had to i 
be mrrendered into the honda of a receiver, be 
Umaolf beingretainedns f^nera] manager of^ 
the publishing business, with an allowance of 
twenty percent, oftbe profits for his own use. j 
One of his heaviest trade losees was on tbe ' 

C' lication of the ' Historical RegisI er of the j 
t«nnial Exhibition, Philadcfpbia, 1870,' 
a Tftluable work, but far from a commerci j. 
success. In April 1879, by some judicial 
proceedings, he was enabled to recover a 
Mrge portion of his business. The American 
iDHtitutioii of New York awarded him the 
medal for wood-engraving in 1848 ; the state 
of New York appointed him her commis- 
sioner for the fine arts departmeot in the 
Paris Exhibition of 1867, and again in 1876; 
the state of New York named him commis- 
eioner to (he Centennial Exhibition at Fhila- 
dplpliia, where his brother commissioners 
from the other states elected him thoir presi- 
dent. His employes for some time numbered 
upwards of three hundred, and the money 
paid for their work exceeded 6,000 dollars 
weokly. Ue was beloved by them all, as 
the manner in whicii be treated them was 
■Iwnya remarkably kind, and whenever oc- 
casion oll'ered most discriminating and gene- 
rous. He died of cancer at hia residence, 
Fifth Avenue. New York, on 10 Jan. 1880. 
Other works brouglit out by him and not 
previously menlioned weru: ' 1". Leslie's Pic- 
toria] History of the American Civil War,' 
♦Mlited by E. G. Squier, 18fl2; 'F. Leslie's 
lUustrated Almanack and Repository, I860;' 
' The Paris Expoaition. Report on Fine Arts, 
hy F. Leslie.' 1808 : and ' California : a Flea- 
sant Trip from Gotham lo the Golden Gate,' 
written by his wife, M. Florence Leslie, in 
1877. 



tion after he quilted Rlr. Tyrrel. From 
1830 to 1840 he was employed largely on 
engravings for the aniiuaV, especiallv Jen- 
nings's 'Landscape Annual,' for which he 
executed several ]ilatea after Samuel Prout, 
David Roberts, and James HoUand. He was 
also employed by Woale, the fine art pub> 
lisher,innumeroiasarchitectural works. When 
the engravings from the Vemou Gallery ap- 
peared in the 'Art Journal,' Carter was en- 
tnisled with the task of engraving ' The Vil- 
lage Festival,' painted byGoodall. Thiswas 
followed in the same series by engravinifa 



, „nivmff3 

from ' The Angler's Nook,' painted by Na- 
smytb, and 'Hadrian's Villa,' painted bv 
Richard Wilson ; these works gave so mucu 



CARTER. JAMES (l79S-18r>5),engraver, 
was bora in the pariah of Shoredilch in 1798, 
vid in his youth gained ibe silver medal of 
the Society of Ana for drawing. He was 
Bnrt articled to Mr. Tyrrel, an architectural 
engmver, but later on abandoned this class of 
eogrAviDgforlandscnpesand figures. In this 
•Cyl« ho atlnined great proficiimcy, although 
Via iio p fl not uppac to have, lu*! uij inatruc- 



salisfactjon, that Mr, E. M. Ward specialty 
requested that he should be employed to en- 
grave his picture of ' The South Sea Bubble,' 
and subsequently employed him on his own 
behalf to engrave his picture of 'Benjamin 
West's First Essay in Art.' This plate ht> 
completed but a ebort. time before his death, 
which occurred at the eud of August 186G, 
probably hastened by his devotion to hia work. 
Like many workers in the same profession, 
Carter found it very unremunerative, and 
made no provision for a numerous family. 
Beaides the engravings already mentioned, ho 
engraved among others a plate from his own 
design of ' Cromwell dictating to Milton the 
Despatch on behalf of the W aldenses ' and 
a portrait of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei, after 
Samuel Drummond. 

[Hedgrare's Diet, of Arlista of the Endish 
School ; Le Blanc's Manuul da I'Amntaiir d'Ea- 
toDipes^ Alt Joumsl, ISfiS.] L. C. 

;q CABTEB, JOHN, the elder (1554-1635), 
divine, bom at Wickham, Kent, in 1554, was 
educated at Clare Ball, Cambridge, under 
Dr. Thomas Byng [q. v.], through the geue- 
rosity of a Mr. Rose of Cantflrbtiry. After 
talcing his degree Dr. Byng ofiered Carter 
rooms in his own house to enable him to con- 
t inue his studies, and be thus became intimate 
with Dr.Chadertonfq, v.], Lancelot Andrewes 
[a. v.], and Nathaniel Culverwel [q. v.] In 
1 o83 he became vicar of Bramfonl, Su fibllc, and 
performed bis pastoral duties with great Keal. 
His avowal of puritaiiisra raised up enemies 
in his parish, and after many disputes with 
his bishop be was removed to the reutorv of 
Belstead, also in Suffolk, in ItilT. Ue Aied 
on 21 Feb, 1634-5. Samuel Carter of Ipswich 
preached the fiinerol sermon. Hisson, John 
Carter the younger [q. v.], drew up an anec- 
dotal life of his father, which attests Car- 



' XUa Tombstone, or a Broken and. Imper&cl 



Carter 200 Carter 

Monument of that worthy Man, Mr. John to unfold itself in practising musick on the 
Carter/ London, with dedications to ' the English flute, and making attempts at draw- 
Lady Frances Hoharte/ and others. It was ing.' Carter had always a love for music, and 
republished in Samuel Clarke's 'Collection of mention is made of two operas named 'The 
the Lives of Ten Eminent Divines ' in 1662. ; White Rose ' and ' The Cell of St. Oswald,' 

A fine portrait, engraved by Robert 'which he not only wrote [apparently for 
Vaughan, is prefixed to each edition of the private theatricab], but set to musick, and 
life. Carter was the author of ' A Plaine painted the scenery adapted to them/ exhi- 
and Compendious Exposition of Christ's Ser^ \ oiting them ' upon a sniall stage.' Leaving 
mon on tne Mount/ London, 1627, and of an school when only about twelve, he went 
unpublished petition to James I for the re- home to his father, ' under whose roof he 
moval of buroensome ceremonies. ' prosecuted the art of design, making work- 

[Dayy'B Athen» Suffolc. i. 327. in Brit. Mus. ! ^ drawings for the meru' About 1764 

Addit. MS. 19166; Nears Hist, of the Pari- (*^ father having died). Carter was taken 

tans ; Clarke's Lives ; Carter's Tombstone, as ^^^ the office of a Mr. Joseph Dixon, sur- 

above.] S. L. L. veyor and mason, with whom he remained 

for some years. In 1774 he was employed to 

CARTER, JOHN, the younger {d. 1655), execute dmwings for the ' Builders Maga- 
divine, son of John Carter the elder [q. v.], zine,' a periodical edited by Newbeiy of 
bom in his father's parish of Bramford, was St. Paul's Churchyard, and for this he con- 
admitted to Corpus Christi College, Cam- tinned to draw until 1786. In one of its 
bridge, in 1596, proceeded B.A. 1599, and numbers he published a design for a sessions 
MA. 1603. He was chosen by the parishioners house, which was afteiwards copied by some 
curate or assistant minister of St. Peter Man- | unscrupulous person, who sent it in as his 
croft, Norwich, in 1631 ; was appointed one ' own original design, on the occasion of a 
of the four lecturers in 1633 to preach the ' competition for the building of a sessions 
Tuesday lectures at St. Peter's according to : house on Clerkenwell Green. This copied 
the order of the assembly ; and in 1638 be- I drawing was successful, and the building was 
came parish chaplain or head minister, which • erected in accordance with it, while a new 
post he retained for nearly fifteen years. In design which Carter himself sent in for the 
three sermons, preached before the Norwich competition was rejected by the judges. In 
corporation, in celebration of the guild festi- 1780, on the recommendation of the Rev. 
vals of 1644, 1647, and 1650 (see The Nail Dr. Lort, Carter was employed by the Society 
and the Wheel, 1647 ; A rare eight, or the j of Antiquaries to do some drawing and etch- 
Lyoriy 1650), he vehemently attacked the ing. BLe was elected a fellow of the society 
magistrates for their weak-kneed devotion to in March 1795, and worked much for it as its 
presbyterianism. The violence of his Ian- I draughtsman. In 1780 he had drawn for 
guage and his fanatical denunciations of i Richard Gough, afterwards his great patron, 
monarchy caused his removal from the mini- the west front of Croyland Abbey Church, 
stry, and at the close of 1653 he calls him- and manyother subjects, which were inserted 

in Gough's * Sepulchral Monuments ' and in 



self * preacher of the Gospel, and as yet 
sojourning in the city of Norwich.' He was 
afterwards minister of St. Lawrence, Nor- 
wich, and died in that city on 10 Dec. 1655. 
John Collings, B.D., preached the funeral 
sermon on 14 Dec. Carter wrote the memoir 
of his father entitled *The Tombstone' in 



his other works. Gough, in the preface to his 
* History of Croyland Abbey ' (1783), and in 
the prerace to his 'Sepulchral Monuments' 
(1786), speaks highly of Carter's abilities. In 
1781, and later. Carter also met with other 
matrons and friends, among whom were John 



1653. I Soane, the architect, the Rev. Dr. John Milner, 

Sir Henry Charles Englefield, William Bray, 
F.S.A., Sir Richard Oo\t Hoare, the Earl of 
Exeter, and Horace Walpole. His first im- 



[Davy's Athenae SufTolc. i. 393, in Brit. Mus. 
Addit. MS. 19166; Masters's Hist, of C. C. C. 
Camb. p. 264 ; Blomefield's Norfolk, iv. 188-9 ; 
Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. L. 



CARTER, JOHN (1748-1817), draughts- 
man and architect, the son oi Benjamin 
Carter, a marble-carver established in Pic- 
cadilly, was bom on 22 June 1748. At an 
early age he was sent to a boarding-school 
at Battersea, and afterwards to one in Ken- 
nington Lane, and at this period, according 
to one of his biographers, 'his genius began 



portant published work was his ' Specimens of 




graved title-page 
of the Antient Sculpture and l^ainting 
now remaining in this Kingdom, from the 
earliest period to the reig[n of Henry ye Vm, 
consisting of Statues, Bassorelievos • . . 
Paintinjp on Glass and on Walls. ... A 
description of each subject^ some of which 



bv Oentlemcn of Letflmrj [gif] abilities, nnd 
irell verted in the Antiquities of thie King- 
<loiii, whose names are prefixed t-o their 
Essays. . . . The DrtiwingB mode from the 
original Subjects, and Migniv'd by John Cap- 
tar, Nov. l*Ft, 1780.' The dedication of this 
volume is to Horace Wnlpole, the patron of 
the book, and is dated November 17S6. 
Vol. U. is dedicated to the Earl of Eieter, 
sad it« title-page is dated 1787 i a postscript 
to the whole work is dated 'London, May 
1794 ' (a new edition, with index, appeored 
ia lt<3S, 2 vols, in one. fcdio). In his intro- 
-dnetion to the 'Specimens' Carter states 
that, ' having explored at different times 
^B^ffious parts of England for the purpose of 
^HBnng sketches and drawing of the lemsins 
^^Bj^pncient sculpture and painting, liis aim is 
^fn perpetuate such as he has been so fortunate 
«a to meet with by enuring them.' While 
tie ' &»ecimens ' wm m progress, Carter also 
published ' Views of Ancient Buildings in 
KngUud ' (drawn and engraved by himself), 
C vols. London, 1786-93, 16nio (republished 
as *Spedmens of Gothic Architecture, and 
Ancient Buildings In England, comprised in 
IMTiewa,'-! vols. London, 1924, IBmo). In 
1785 he began another extenstTe work, ' The ' 
Anment Architecture of England' (1795- . 
1814, folio). Part i. deals with ' The Orders ! 
of Aichitectnre during the British, Roman, ' 
Sason, and Norman aeras ;' its engraved title- 
page is dated l>ondon, 1795, and its dedica- 
tion (to H.R.H. the Duke of York) 1806. 
Part ii., ' The Ordera of Architecture during 
the reigns of Henry HI, Edward HI, 
Richard H, Henry \l, Henry VII. and 
Henry VHI,' was not completed. Its title- 
page IB dated 1807, but the engravings bear 
-dBf*s from 1807 to 1814. A new and en- 
larged edition of this work was published in 
1845 (two parts, folio) by John Britton, who 
bse remarked that ■ Carter was the first to 
point out to the public the right way of de- 
lineating the component and detached parts 
cf theold buildings of England. His national 
work an Andent Arcbitooture occupied him 
more than tvrenty years.' The arrangement 
of the architectural specimens chronologi- 
cally was also an important feature in Car- 
ter's ho6kj and prepared the way for subse- 
ouent writers on the sequence of styles. 
Between 17i)5 and 1813 Clarter was further 
trngoged in preparing 'planii, elevations, sec- 
tions, and specimens of the architecture' of 
various ecclesiastical buildings, which were 
published at intervals by the Society of Anti- 
qnarie»,vii., St. Stephen's Chapel, Westmin- 
Bter, 179B,Se.i Eieter Cathedral, 1797, &c.; 
the aliber church nf Bath, 1798; Durham Ca- 
" 1, '1801 ; aloucester Cathedral, 1809; 



I St. Albans Abbey, 1813. One otherwork of 
Carter's, of considerable iroportance.'remains 
to be noticed, namely, the aeries of papers pub- 
lished in the 'Gentleman's MagaEine'&om 
1798 to 1817, with the odd title of ' Pursuits 
of Architectural Innovation.' These papers 
partly consist of a series of attacks upon his 
contemporaries, who had been, or were likely 
to be, concerned in the ' restoration' or de- 
struction of various ancient buildings and 
monuments. They were simply sigoed ' An 
Architect,' hut Carter's authorship could not 
well be concealed. In the first article of the 
series (Gent. Maff. vol. Ixviii. pt. ii. 1798, 
pp. 764-5) he declares that it is necessaty 
that the attention of antiquaries should be 
directed to 'those remains of our country's 
antient splendour which may, from time to 
time, give way to the iron band of architec- 
tural innovation.' It has been remarked by 
Pugin that Carter's ' enthusiastic real ' was 
' undoubtedlv eifectual in checking the muti- 
lation of ancient monuments.' 

Carter practised little as an architect; a 
list of some minorworks which were carried 
out from his designs may be found in the 
' Gentleman's Magazine ' for 1817 (pt, ii, 
p. 365 ; ct.Grnt. Mhg. 1816, vol. Ixxxvii. pt. i, 
pp. 273-fl). Towards the nutumn of 1816 his 
health began to decline. In the spring of the 
following year dropsy made its appearance, 
and he die3 in Upper Eaton Street, Pimlico, 
on 8 Sept. 1817, aged 69. He was buried 
at Hampstead, on inscribed stone to his 
memory being placed on the south side of the 
church. His collection of drawings, antiqui- 
ties, &c., was sold bv auction at Sotheby's 
on 23-6 Feb. 1818, and produced the sum of 
1,527/, 3«. Gd. It included a series of sketches 
'relating to the antiijnitiea of England and 
South Wales, from the year 1764 to 1816, in 
26 volumes,' the outcome of his summer ex- 
cursions during more than fifty years. 

Carter was a bachelor, and is described as 
being 'reserved' in manner.and 'frugal, even 
to parsimony.' He was rather irascible in 
temper, and had the reputation of being a 
quarrelsome man. He was dogmatic, and 
obstinate in maintaining his own antiquarian 
theories — habits of mind partly due perhaps 
to his very imperfect education. He knew 
no language but his own. and this want of 
knowledge also much int«rfered with his 
archieological inquiries, tbougli he bad the 
advantage of being assisted in bis published 
works by men more learned than himself, 
such as liichard Gough and Dr, John Milner. 
It is also recorded of )iim. however, that ' as 
a companion he was blamelft^s ' and ' pleas- 
ing,' and that ' his integrity was ineorrup- 
tible.* The statements that Carter was an 



Carter 



202 



Carter 



Irishman and of the Roman catholic reli- 
gion (Redobaye, Diet ; Mathiab, Pursuits 
of Literature (7th ed.), Dial. iv. 1. 297 and 
note) seem to be erroneous (seQ Gent Mag, 
1818, vol. Ixxxviii. pt. i. pp. 273-6). It 
has also been erroneously stated that there 
is a memoir of him by the Rev. W. J. Dam- 
pier. This refers to John Carter (1815-1850) 
[q. v.] 

[Obituary notices in Gent. Mag. for 1817 
(pt. ii.), pp. 368-8, and an additional memoir, 
chiefly extracted from the New Monthly Mag., in 
Gent. Mag. for 1818, rol. Ixxxviii. (pt. i.) pp. 
273-6. The G«nt. Mag. contains numerous other 
references to Carter, for which see its General 
Index (1787-1818), vol. iii., 8.v. 'Carter' and 
'Architectural Innovation ;' Nichols slllustrations 
of Lit. Hist, (several reff. in index to vol. viii.) 
and his Literary Anecdotes (reff. in the Indices) ; 
Redgrave's Diet, of Artists. For the biblio- 
graphy compare Lowndes's Bibliog. Manual ; 
Allibone's Diet. Eng. Lit. ; Univ. Cat. of Books 
on Art (South Kensington Mus.), and the Brit. 
Mus. Catalogue.] * W. W. 

CARTER, JOHN (1815-1850), a silk- 
weaver, who, having lost by accident the 
power of using hands, learned the art of 
drawing by holding the pencil or brush in 
his mouth, was bom of humble parents at 
Coggeshall, in the coimty of Essex, on 81 July 
1815. After attending the dame's school 
and the national school of the village, he 
was sent in his thirteenth year to an endowed 
school, where he remained two years. Here 
he gave some evidence of his remarkable artis- 
tic gifts by a tendency to scribble figures on his 
desk or copybook instead of doing his lessons; 
but, on account of untoward circumstances, 
his gifts were not developed further. On 
leaving school he was apprenticed to a silk- 
weaver, and after his mamag^in 1835 pursued 
the business on his own account. In May 
1836, while climbing a tree in search of birds, 
he fell forty feet to the ground, receiving 
such serious injury to the spine as to deprive 
him of nearly all power of muscular motion 
below the neck. Ilaving accidentally learned 
that a voung woman who had lost the use 
of her ^nd^ had learned to draw with her 
mouth, he resolved if possible to turn his 
artistic gifts to account in a similar way. 
By dogged perseverance he mastered all the 
technicalities of drawing without personal 
instruction, and acquired such proficiency as 
would have done credit to him even had ho 
possessed the use of his hands. He devoted 
himself chiefly to line-drawing, and, by hold- 
ing the pencil or brush between his teeth, 
was able to produce the most accurate and 
delicate stroKes. With the help of an at- 
tendant to supply his materials, he produced 



drawings of great beauty and of thorough 
artistic finish in every detail. On 21 May 
1850 the small carriage in which he was 
drawn was accidentally overturned, and his 
system received so severe a shock that he 
never recovered, dying on 4 June following. 
The Rev. VV. J. Dampier, vicar of CJogces- 
hall, published a memoir in 1850 (reissued in 
1875). A list of eighty-seven of Carter's 
drawings is given, with the names of the 
owners. They include drawings after Albert 
Diirer, Raphael, Rembrandt, Vandyke, and 
Landseer. They resemble line-engravings^ 
and, as Mr. Ricmnond teUs the author of the 
book, the power of imitation is most extra- 
ordinary. 

[Dampiers Memoir; Life by F. W. Mills, 
1868.1 T. F. H. 

CARTER, LAWRENCE (1672-1745), 
jud^, was bom at Leicester in 1672. His 
family came originally from Hitchin in Hert- 
fordshire. His father, Lawrence Carter, mar- 
ried Mary, daughter of Thomas Wadland of 
Newark, Leicester, the solicitor to whom he 
was articled ; was M.P. for the town in several 
parliaments of William III (see Luttreli*. 
vi. 6, 11, 14), of whom he was a firm sup- 
porter, and in 1685 projected and carried out 
a system of water supply for Leicester. The 
son became a member of Lincoln's Inn, and 
on 1 Sept. 1697 was unanimously elected 
! recorder of his native town in succession to 
; Sir Nathan Wright, which oflice he held till 
1729. He represented Leicester in parlia- 
■ ment thrice, m 1698, 1701, and 1722, and 
; Beeralston in 1710, 1714, and 1715 ; but no 
speeches of his are extant. In 1715 he was 
counsel for the crown against several of the 
rebel prisoners, first at Liverpool with Sir 
Francis Page, kin^^s serjeant, and then at 
Carlisle on a special commission with Mr. 
Baron Fortescue. Before leaving town For- 
tescue was promised a fee of 500/., and as 
Carter had had the same fee as Page at Liver- 
pool he applied to the treasury for the like 
treatment with Fortescue at Carlisle. In 
1717 he became solicitor-general to the IVince 
of Wales, afterwards Geor^ II, received the 
degree of seijeant-at^law in 1724, and was 
made king's seijeant 30 April, and knighted 
4 May in the same year. On 16 Oct. 1726 
i he was raised to the bench of the court of ex- 
chequer in succession to Baron Price, and 
continued in the office till his death. He 
lived in Redcross Street, Newark, Leicester, 
in a house built on the site of the coUegiate 
church, which was destroyed at the Refor- 
mation. He was highly esteemed in the town, 
and with his half brother Thomas was a trus- 
tee of the Holbech charity. He died 14 March 



Carter at 

1746, uid was buried in the church of St. 
Haiiy de Castro. He was never married, and 
hia eetates paased to his half brother Thomas. 
There is a portrait of him in Thoreshy'e 
' Town of Leicester,' p. 175. 

[Foffi'iLiTeaaf the Jndget; LeieeaterBoroaeh 
Kecords ; Pari. Histoij, 8, 219 ; Gent, M«g. xy. 
IS4; Nicholls'eLeicesterabire.i. 40,11.318; Be- 
dingCoD's Treaiury Papen, 17U, ccvii. No. 6.] 

CABTEE, MATTHEW (/E.1660),loyal- 
ist, WBB a gentleman of poeition end influence 
in the county of Kent. When the loyal in- 
habitants of that county rallied round the 
king's standard in May 1^8 in tbe last deape- 
rate attempt to defeat the parliamentarians, 
Carter was chosen quartermnster-general of 
all the forces, and in the memorable events 
that followed bore a conspicuous part. At 
the surrender of Colchester on the ensiling 
27 Aug. , after a defence of seventy-six days, 
he was thrown into prison by the parliament. 
During ilia long confinement he wrote an ac- 
count of the scenes of which he had been an 
eye-witness, under the title of ' A Most True 
and Exact Relationof That as Honourable as 
unfortunate Expedition of Kent, Essex, and 
Colchester. By M. C. A LoyaU Actor in 
that Engagement, Anno Bom. 1648, Priuted 
intheYeerel650,'12mo. This valuable tract 
was seen through the press by the author's 
friend, 'Sir C. K.,' possibly Sir Charles 
Kemeys, hart., of Kevanmably in Glamor- 
ganshire. It fearlessly exposes tlie cruel deeds 
of Fairfax and bis subordinates. An edition 
was issued at Colchester without a date, but 
probably about 1770, by the Essex antiqua- 
ries, the Revs. Philip Moront and Thomas 
LutTkin, with cumbrous additions, which do 
not add to the value of Carter's simple and 
telling narrative. Uf this edition several re- 
prints were publi»hed (GouoH, British To~ 
pography, i. 348-9). Carter was also the 
author of a useful little compilation from the 
best writers on heraldry, which be called 
' Honor RedivivUB ; or an Analysis of Honor 
and Armory,' 12mo, London, \^». It reached 
a second edition in 1660 (reprinted in 1669), 
and a third in 1673, and for many years 
continued to be the most popular text-book 
with all who studied beraldty . The pretty 
plates by R. Gaywood are reduced copies 
of the whole-length figures in Milles's ' Ca- 
talogue of Honour ' (Moi;le, Bibliotheca 
Seraldica, pp. 144, 153, 187). Carter died 
between the appearance of the reprint of the 
second edition in 1660 and the third edition 
in 1673. 



3 Carter 

vii. 147 ; Gent. Mag. Ixii. i. 299 ; Smith's Bibl. 
CaDtiana, pp. 72-3.] O. O. 

CARTER, OLIVER (;i640P-1606), di- 
vine, was probably a native of that j^rt of 
Riclimondsnire which is in the county of 
Lancaster. He was admitted a scholar of 
St. John's CoUege, Cambrid^, on the Lady 
Margaret's foundation, in I\ovember 1665; 
he was B.A. 1559-60 ; fellow, 18 March 
I662-S ; M. A., 1663 ; senior fellow, 28 April 
1564 ; and college preacher, 25 April 1666, 
William Fulke also serving in the same 
capacity. He was B.D. in 1569. Later in 
life the title S.T.F. is found attached to his 
name. His first iinown promotion wsa to a 

Sreacher's place in the collegiate church of 
[anchester. This was after June 1571 : his 
appointment as fellow there has been placed 
too early by Churton and others. His name 
first appears in the local records on the oc- 
casion of the baptism of his child Sarah on 
6 Oct. 1673, when he is called 'Mr. Olyi 



complaining of the bitter antagonism of the 
Roman catholic population ot the district, 
described in a letter to Lord Burghley, dated 
in April 1574, how 'our preacher, who is 
a bachelor of divinity,' was riding out on 
14 March to one of the neighbouring chapels, 
when he was assaulted and wounded. Carter 
seems at first to have connived with Herle 
in making unfavourable grants of the col- 
lege lands upon long leases and small rents, 
though soon after he resisted the spoliation. 
One of these questionable grants was that by 
which the warden and the fellow-chaplains, 
September 1676, bestowed the stewardship 
of the lands and property of the college 
I upon Edmund Trafforf, esq. and his heirs; 
this document, signed by the warden. Carter, 
I and two other fellows, is still prewrved 
among the muniments of the De Traftbrd 
family at Trafford Hall. Funds were not 
always available for the payment of the 
' stipends of the members oi the foundation ; 
and it is BUggestive to find, with respect to 
I Carter, that it was about this time that he 
' was assisted out of the money provided by 
the bounty of Robert Nowell. The executors 
I of that benevolent man, one of them his 
■ brother, the famous dean of St. Paul's, lent 
I ' to one Mr. Carter, a preacher at Alan- 
I Chester,' AOt., ' to be repayed again the 20th 
March A" 1575,' i.e. 1675-6. Soon after he 
' borrowed 40*. more, when his entire debt 
was 4!. On 20 Nov. 1676 there was a 
further loan of 5/. Carter's introduction to 
. the college occurred at a critical point in its 
I history, being then in so pitiful a condition 
that it was near dissolution. The warden, 
I said by some to hare been a papist, was non- 



Carter 204 Carter 

resident; the fabric of the church was in each deanery. In 1590 he instituted an action 
decay ; there had been no election of church- in the Duchy Court concerning the tithes of 
wardens from 1663 to 1571 ; painted pictures, ! his parish. In the same year he set his name 
in spite of the regulations to the contrary, | to a remarkable paper drawn up by the Lan- 
still adorned the walls ; and the only plate I cadiire ministers of his neighbourhood, de- 
the church possessed was one broken chalice. ■ scribing what are called the ' enormities ' of 
Carter bitterly complained to Burghley, with the ecclesiastical state, enumerating many 
whom he seems to have been intimate, on matters that called for reform; andhesuniea 
the condition of the college and parish; but | also a letter to the archbishop of xork 
he was unable to bring about any measures ' urging action in the same direction. Both 
of relief imtil he enlisted the sympathy of , letters, which give a curious picture of old 
Dean Nowell, in whom he found a ready ' religious customs, are printed in the ' Chet^ 
' compassion for the college, the town, and ham Miscellanies,' vol. v. On 31 May 1505 
country,' i.e. county. Carter was already it was charged against him, at an inquiry at 
a fellow, and acting apparently as sub- warden, his church, that being Hhe preacher there' 
when, in 1576, he was plaintiff in a suit in he made wills, and was a common solicitor in 
the Duchy Court against Herle, concerning temporal causes. He was highly shocked that 
his unpaid stipend. His great charges in year at the news of the coming of Dr. Dee to be 
this *most necessary suit' are alluded to by warden ; in July Dee notes tnat he had had 
Dean Nowell (28 Oct. 1576), who, with Carter, a letter from hun. On Dee's arrival a very 
was named fellow of the collegiate body by bitter hostility arose between them ; Carter 
the new charter of 1578. Carter is met with would not consent to the use of an organ in 
in 1579 as befriending Thomas Sorocold, the church, which Dee &youred, nor would 
* scholar of Manchester/ who aft^erwards he agree to the payment of money for Dee's 
wrote the popular ' Supplications of Saints.' house-rent. Other scandalous quarrels oc- 
The only book which came from Carter's curred in the chapter-house and the church, 
pen was of a controversial character, being In January 1597 Carter was threatening Dee 
a reply to a work by Dr. Richard Bristow, I with a prosecution in London. On Sunday, 
call^ 'Motives to the Catholic Faith,' 1574, 25 Sept. that year Dee alludes to Carters 
afterwards issued in 1576 and called ' De- < impudent and evident disobedience ' in the 
maunds to be proposed of Catholikes to church (not * dissoluteness,' as printed in the 
the Heretickes.' This double title explains Camden Society's edition of the * Diary'). 
Hollinworth's otherwise puzzling statement i The circumstances of Carter's death were 
that Carter * writ a book in answer to , long remembered in Manchester. * Hee fell 
Bristow's " Motives." ' The reply came out sicke in the pulpit as hee was preaching of 
in 1579, and wns entitled 'An Answeare God's providing a succession of godly mi- 
made by Oliver Carter, Bachelor of Divi- nisters, on Matt. ix. 38; and Mr. William 
nitie, vnto Certaine Popishe Questions and Bume went up immediately into the pulpit, 
Demawndes' (London, 8vo). It was printed and God assisting him, preached on the same 
by Thomas Dawson for George Bishop, and ; text — a visible andpresent proofe of Mr. 
was entered on the Stationers' Hall Re- , Carter's doctrine.' His health was probably 
gisters 4 Feb. 1578-9, by Mr. Bishop the \ affected by the visit of a pestilence that year, 
younger, warden of the company (ii. 346). \ of which there is a suggestive record in the 
It is a very rare book, tlie only known copies ; register of burials. He made his will on 
being those in the University Library, Cam- i 22 Feb. 1604-5. He was interred in the 
bridge, and the Chethamljibrary, Manchester. ■ chancel of the church on 20 March 1604-5, 
Dr. White refers to it in his * Way to the i being called * one off the foure ffellowes of 
True Church,' 4to, 1624 (If 13). Fulke also I ye colledg ; ' and three days afterwards Mrs. 



replied to Bristow's work. Carter dedicated 
his * Answer ' to his very good lord, Henry, 
earl of Derby, at whose houses in Lancashire 
in subsequent years he, with other promi- 



Jane Dee, ' wyffe to ye iRighte Wor. John 
Dee,' was buried. 

Carter's * Answer ' to Bristow shows him to 
have been a man of leaminfif and familiar with 



nent ministers, was a frequent guest or I books. His co-fellow, Jonn Buckley, near 



preacher. In 1581, during the wardenship of 
Bishop Chaderton [q. v.], Carter was confer- 
ring with Lord Burgnley about the surrender 
of the college leases granted in Herle's time. 
The bishopon 1 Sept. 1585 nominated * Mr. 
Carter, BJ)., and preacher of Manchester,' 
one of the moderators of the monthly as- 
semblies, called * Prophesyings,' to meet in 



whom he was buried, in 1593 bequeathed him 
a copy of Tremellius's Bible, and Carter ap- 
praised Buckley's valuable library. Richard 
HoUinworth, in the following century, who 
had conversed with persons who knew Carter, 
says that he preached solidly and succinctly. 
Campion, reterring to the muusters of the 
neighbourhood, singles out Carter aa one that 



ImOHtnl much of bis leantiiig, and as one who 
Inbouredto win converts. Canon Kaines says 
thftt it is ' clear that Carter was a man of ei- 
trasirereitdinp, and nTOte ably and strongly, 
though apon ttte wholo temperately, against 
hissobtleaQdhArnssingthfiologicalopponeulH. 
He thoroughly understood thcpoints of differ- 
ence between hioBelf and them, and was not 
disposed tolessentheiriiniiortAncej but there 
is no evidence that he was a vain man, or 
that he boasted of his attainments, although 
he bod lo thank Cambridge and hia own 
industTT for poseessin^ no mean store of 
learning'' He was twice married, his first 
wife, ' Eme,' being buried in lG90i the second 
wife true one Alice . . . . , one of his ex- 
ecutors. There were at lea«t seven cliiidren 
of the first marriace, of whom Dorothy, 
Abraham, John, andlilary aurrived. Ilollin- 
wurth Bays that the sons walked in the godly 
ways of their father. Abraham had property 
at Blackley, where the father frequently 
preached; hcmarriedandhad a child baptised 
there in 1603, and was buried there in 1621. 
John, baptised at Manchester on 36 Feb. 
1580-1, became in 1606 vicatwihoral of 
Christ Church, Dublin, and in the following 
ytMU' prelwndary of St. Michan's in the same 
cathecral ; but of the latter he waa deprived 
by Archbiahop Jones in 1613 (Cotton, Fasti, 
ii. 73, 83), when all record of him is lost. 
This apparently is the son HoUinworth re- 
fers to when he Bays that he was preferred to 
a bishopric iu Ireland, and that he was noted 
for thenumber of persons whom he baptised. 
The name Oliver Carter, it is curious to note, 
occurs iu the Irish ' Fasti ' in the following 
century. 

[StMlej Papers (Chetham Soc), ii. 128-32; 
Cooper's AiheoB Cantab, ii. 384. fiS* ; Mayor's 
8l John's, vol. i. 1 Rainei'a HISS. xxii. £4. 133, 
udv. 67. iKv. la*. ili. 103; Chethitm Miseol. 
T. 18-17 (Chetham Soo. vol. icvi.); Slrype's 
Anoals, 8va, ii. ii. 63, 6i$, SIS, 710-11 ; Stmie'a 
Fuker. ii. 12; Chnrton'a Nowell, 2S3^; Uol- 
UnwOTth'sMancuniensis, ed. 1830, pp. 87, 106-8 ; 
Hibbert-Ware'a Foondations of MindioBiflr, i. 
87, 106-8; J. E. Bailey's Dec's Diaiy, 4ta, pp. 24, 
80; ORMaH'sAccountoflheEiecntersoritolKirt 
SoweU, 160-70. S6S-7: Duchy Calendar, iii. 4, 
937. sae ; Booker's Hist. Bladcley, pp. 47, 
«*-«.] J. E. B. 

OAS.TER, OWEN BROWNE (1806- 
1869), architect and dmiightsman, Apent most 
of bis life at Winchester, where he had a large 
local practice as on architect. About 18:39-30 
ho travelled to Egypt in company with Mr. 
Hobert Hay of Linpliim, and resided for some 
U-ngth of time at Cairo. There be executed 
a larfcu number of architectural and topo- 
Ipvptiiual drawings, several of which are pre- 



served in the Print Iloum at the British Mu- 
seum. A selection of these drawings was 
lithographed under Carter's Buperinteiidence 
by J. C. iloume and others, and pubUsbed in 
1840 by Mr. Hay in a folio volume entttli^ 
'Illustrations of Cairo.' In 1845, when the 
ArchoBological Instituta visited Winchester, 
Carter acted as one of the secretaries to the 
architectural section. He read a paper on 
the church of East Meon, Bampsbire, and ai 
the final meeting he received a special TOt« 
of thanks for the drawings he had supplied. 
In 1&47 and 1849 he exhibited architectural 
drawings at the Royal Academy. He pub- 
lished some works of local interest, such as 
'Picturesque Memorials of Winchester ,'1830, 
He also contributed to ' Weale's Quarterly 
I'apersonArchitecture'urticles on the painted 
glass windows of Winchester Cathedral, on 
Beaulieu Abbey, and on the churches of 
Penton Meausey, Ileadboume, Wonhey, and 
Bisbopstone. All these articles were accom- 
panied by illustrative drawings. Carter died 
at Salisbury on 30 March 1859, aged 53. 

[Redgrave's Diet., of English Artist^a ; Graves's 
Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; Geot. Mag. 3rd 
ear. vi. ii&O ; Hampshire Chronicle, 2 April 
1850; Rojnl Academy Catnbgaes ; Weale's 
Quarterly Papers on Arehiteclura ; Pmceedings 
of the ArcbiEologicsl iDslitute, 1845 ; CalaloKue 
of the Library of the Royal Institute of Archi- 
toctfl.] L. C. 

CABTER, PETER (1S30P-I59O), writer 
on logic, was a native of Ijancashire, and took 
tbedegreeof B.A.at St. John's College, Cam- 
bridge, in 15fi3-^. In the following year he 
was elected a fellow of that college on Mr. 
Ashton's foundation. He commenced M.A. 
in ir)57, and aiterwarda became master of the 
school at Preston in his native county, where 
he waa buried on 8 Sept. 1690. Efe wrote 
' Aunotationes in Dialectica Joan. Setoni,' 
Loudon, 1663, 12mo, dedicated to Edward, 
earl of Derby, K.G. ; printed with Seton's 
book, London, 1570, 1572, 1574, 1577, 1584, 
1687, 1599; Cambridge, 1631, 12mo: Lon- 
don. 1639, 8vo. 

[TanDsr's Bibl. Brit.; Cooper's Athenre Can- 
tab. i.3B2; Ad(!it. MS. 24492, f. ISA; PaUtinc 
Note Book, iii. 46.] T. C, 



Cambridge in 167^, with Captain Herbert, 
afterwards Earl of Torrington, and to have 
been promoted from her by Prince Rupert 
to coacoand the Success, from which, early 
in 1673, he waa moved to the Crown of 4:^ 
guns. In April 1675 he was appointed to the 
Swan, and in Januorr 1677-8 was moved into 
the Centurion, whicu waa employed in the 



Carter 



206 



Carter 



Mediterranean, more especially against the 
Barbary corsairs, till she was paid off 24 Oct. 
1681 . In August 1688 he was appointed to 
the Plymouth, a third-rate, continued in her 
during and after the revolution, and com- 
manded her in the unfortunate battle of 
Beachy Head, 80 June 1690. During the 
summer of 1691 he commanded tlie Vanguard, 
a ship of the second rate, and early in the 
following year was promoted to be rear-ad- 
miral of the blue squadron. In April he was 
sent with a few ships to scour the coast of 
France, and returned to the fleet in time to 
take part in the battle of Barfleur on 19 May. 
At the beginning of the action the blue 
squadron was some distance to leeward, and 
hopelessly out of the fight ; but towards the 
afternoon a shift of wind permitted it to lay 
up to the enemy, and eventually to get to 
Tnndward of them,thu8 placing them between 
two fires. But in doing this there was for a 
short time some sharp fighting, in which Car- 
ter was killed. It was freely said by many, 
both before and after the battle, that Carter 
was in the interest of King James, that his 
taking service under William was a base pre- 
tence, and that he had received 10,000/. to 
take his division over to the French. In sup- 
port of this statement not one single piece of 
evidence has ever been adduced. In the Mac- 
pherson State Papers there is no mention of 
It. In life Carter was a poor man, and he 
died poor ; so far from attempting to hand 
his division over to the enemy, he fell while 
executing the manoeuvre wliich insured their 
ruin, and as he died his last words were an 
exhortation to his men to fight bravely, fight 
to the last. The whole story may, with ab- 
solute certainty, be pronounced an arrant 
falsehood, a base libel on a brave and worthy 
man. The body of the admiral was carried 
to Portsmouth, where it was buried with 
■everv mark of ceremonial honour. 

[Charnock's Biog. Navalis, i. 389.] J. K. L. 

CARTER, THOMAS (d. 1795), sculptor, 
worked at Knightsbridge, and there attracted 
the attention of the painter Jer\'as, who gave 
him some money and a breakfast, procured 
him patronage, and so helped him to fortune. 
In 1755, when a committee was first formed 
to consider the founding of a Royal Academy, 
Carter was a member of it. He was Roubil- 
liac's first employer in England. He ap|)ears 
to have been a man of great industry, if of 
inconspicuous merit. He worked chiefly upon 
tombstones, memorial tablets, &c. The bas- 
relief on Lord Townshend's monument in 
Westminster Abbey is by him. His name 
occurs once as the exhibitor of an architec- 
.tural subject (presumably a drawing) at the 



Roval Academy in 1787. He died 5 Jan. 
17§5. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Qraves's Diet, 
of Artists.] 

CARTER THOMAS (or C. T. Carteb, 
as he is called on the title-paffe to 'The 
Milesian*) (1736P-1804), musiciU composer, 
was bom in Dublin about 1735. He was 
the elder son of Timothy Carter, who became 
a member of the choir of Christ Church 
Cathedral in March 1740. According to 
O'Keefe (BecollectioM, ii. 36-7), Thomas 
Carter received his musical education as a 
chorister in Christ Church Cathedral. In 
December 1751 he was appointed organist ot 
St. Werburgh's, a post he neld until Septem- 
ber 1769, when he was sent by the l!«arl of 
Inchiquin to study music in Italy. Soon 
afterwards Carter went to India, where for 
a short time he was musical director of the 
Calcutta Theatre. On his return to Great 
Britain he settled in I^ondon, where he set 
music to Bate's ' Rival Candidates,' which was 

Produced at Drury Lane on 1 Feb. 1775. 
'his was followed on 20 March 1777 by * The 
Milesian,' a two-act opera written by Isaac 
Jackman. In 1782 Carter wrote music for 
Pilon's * Fair American,' which was played 
at Drury Lane on 18 May; for this work 
Baker {Biographia Dramatical ii. 210) says 
that Carter received no payment, and that 
Pilon had to abscond to avoid the conse- 
quences. For Palmer's Royalty Theatre, in 
Goodman's Fields, Carter wrote an incidental 
pastoral, * The Birth Day, or Arcadian Con- 
test,' and 'The Constant Maid,' besides several 
song^ and glees. His last operatic work was 
* Just in Time,' the book of which was by 
Thomas Hurlstone, Carter himself contribut- 
ing some verses for a song in the laat act. 
This work was produced at Covent Garden 
for Mimden's benefit on 10 May 1792, with 
Incledon in the principal character. Besides 
these works Carter wrote a song, * When we're 
married,' for Lord Barrymore's theatre at 
Wargrave, which was introduced by Mrs. 
Bland in ' The Surrender of Calais ' (1791) ; 
in 1783 he contributed an epilogue song to 
Mrs. Cowley's ' Bold Stroke for a Husband,' 
and at various times published several collec- 
tions of glees, catches, and songs, in one of 
which his best-known composition,' O Nanny, 
wilt thou gang wi' me,' appeared. Carter 
died in London on Friday, 12 Oct. 1804. He 
was undoubtedly a clever musician, but his 
improvidence and carelessness were such that 
he was in perpetual difficulties. An impro- 
bable story of his havixig forged a Handel 
manuscript and sold it for twenty g^uineas 
appeared in the 'Gentleman's Magazine after 



Carter 



207 



Carter 



his death, and has been often repeated by his 
biographers. 

Most of the accounts of his life which have 
appeared are full of extraordinary blunders, 
principally caused by there having been 
another lliomas Carter, also a musician, who 
was his contemporary. This individual died 
of liver complaint on 8 Nov. 1800, aged 82. 
The * Dictionary of Musicians ' (1827) and 
* Georgian Era ' (iv.526) have transferred the 
younger Carter's age, liver, widow, and chil- 
dren, to the elder musician, thus creating a 
remarkable confusion. Another error is the 
statement that in Italy Carter attracted the 
attention of Sir William and Lady Hamilton. 
Sir William Hamilton went as envoy to 
Naples in 1764, but was not made a G.C.B. 
until 1772, and was unmarried until long 
after Carter had left Italy. To add to this 
confusion, a third Thomas Carter, also a mu- 
sician, was living in Dublin at the begin- 
ning of the century. This individual can be 
tra^d to 1809, but there can be no doubt 
that the author of ' Nanny ' died in Lon- 
don at the date given above. In 1847 a 
claim was made by a grandson of Joseph 
Baildon on behalf of his grandfather as tne 
composer of * Nanny,' out this has been 
completely disposed oi {Musical Times , 1878, 
p. 502), as it has been proved that Baildon's 
setting is totally different from Carter's. 

Thomas Carter had a younger brother 
mamed Sampson, who was a chorister in St. 
Patrick's Cathedral until 1760. He subse- 
quently settled in Dublin as a music-master, 
took the degree of Mus. Doc. at the Dublin 
University, and in 1797 was appointed a vicar 
choral of St. Patrick's. He probably died 
about 1814. 

[Information from Major G-. A. Crawford and 
Sir R. P. Stewart ; Genest's Hist, of the Stage ; 
Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 317 ; Gent. Mag. 1800, 
1117; 1804.986, 1166; 1847, 376. 481, 604; 
Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. vii. 694 ; Cotton's Fasti 
Eccles. Hib. ii. 210; Townsend's Calendar of 
Knights; Quarterly Musical Mag. v. 127.1 

W. B. S. 

CARTER, THOMAS (<f. 1867), military 
writer, entered in 1839 as a temporary clerk 
at the Horse Guards, and subsequently rose 
to the position of first clerk in the adjutant- 
general's office. He assisted Mr. Cannon in 
the preparation of the historical records of 
the british army, and after that gentleman's 
retirement edited the published records of 
the 26th (Cameronians) and 44th regiments, 
and a new edition of the records of the 13th 
light infantry. These works, however, were 
not treated as official publications. Carter 
was author of * Cariosities of War,' London, 



1860, and * Medals of the British Army,' Lon- 
don, 1861-2, and was a constant contributor 
to * Notes and Queries.' He died on 9 Aug. 
1867. 

[War Office Lists ; Brit, Mus. CatJ 

H. M. C. 

CARTER, WILLIAM (d. 1584), printer, 
son of John Carter, a draper of London, was 
put apprentice to John Cawood [q. v.] for 
ten years from the feast of the Purification, 
1662-3, as appears from the register of the 
Stationers' Company, which, however, makes 
no further mention of him. For some time he 
acted as amanuensis to Dr. Nicholas Harps- 
field, the catholic divine, and he was concerned 
in printing and publishing several of their 
books. His secret press was at last discovered 
by the vigilance oiAylmer, bishop of London, 
who wrote thus to Lord Burghley on 30 Dec. 
1679 : * I have founde out a presse of prynt- 
ynge with one Carter, a verye lowed feilowe, 
who hath byne dyvers tymes before in prison 
for printinge of lewde pamphelets. But 
nowe in searche of his Howse amongest 
other nawghtye papystycall Books, wee have 
founde one wrytten in Frenche intyled tJie 
innocencey of the Scotyshe Qtiene, a very 
dangerous Book. Wherein he calleth her 
the heire apparant of this Crowne. He en- 
veyth agaynst the execucion of the Duck of 
Norfolke, defendeth the rebellion in the 
north, and dyscourseth against you and the 
late L. keper' (Lansd. MS. 28, f. 177). On 
this occasion Carter escaped prosecution, but 
three years later he was apprehended on a 
charge of printing a book entitled * A Trea- 
tise of Schism,' which was alleged to contain 
a passage inciting the women at court to as- 
sassinate Queen Elizabeth. The obnoxious 
work was seized in his house on Tower Hill, 
and he confessed that 1,260 copies of it had 
been struck off. Conflicting statement-s have 
been made concerning the authorship of this 
book. Camden says suspicion fell on Gregory 
^lartin, but Wood assigns the authorship to 
the Jesuit, Robert Parsons, and says the full 
title of the treatise is, * A Brief Disco urs con- 
tayning certayne Reasons why Catholiques 
refuse to goe to Church,' 1680. Dodd (Church 
History t ii. 122) indignantly denies that the 
alleged treasonable passage is to be found in 
any of Gregory Martin's writings, but in point 
of fact it occurs in sheet D ii of tliat author's 
* Treatise of Schisme. Shewing that al Ca- 
tholikes ought in any wise to abstaine alto- 
gether from heretical Conuenticles, to witt, 
their prayers, sermons, etc.,' Douay, 1678, 
8vo ; and it is in the following terms : — 
'Judith foloweth, whose godlye and con- 
stant wisedome if our Catholike gentlewomen 



Carteret 



208 



Carteret 



woulde folowe, they might destroye Holo- 
femes, the master heretike, and amase al 
his retinewy and neuer defile their religion 
by communicating with them in anye smal 
poynt/ Carter on being brought to trial at 
the Old Bailey contended that this passage 
in his reprint of Martin's book was not ap- 
plicable to Queen Elizabeth, and that its 
meaning was strained by the lawyers, but 
he was foimd guilty of treason. The next 
morning he was drawn from Newgate to 
Tyburn and there hanged, bowelled, and 
quartered, 11 Jan. 1583-4. 

[AqnepontaDiis, Concertatio Eoclesise CathoL 
in Angli&, ii. 127 a-133 a ; Wood's Athense Oxen. 
(Bliss), ii. 68, 69 ; Camden's Annales of Eliza- 
beth (1626-9), iii. 67; StoVs Annale8(1616), 
698; Strype's Aylmer (1821), 30; Strype's 
Annals (fol.), ii. 687, 688, iii. 281, append. 198; 
Challoner's Missionary Priests (1741), i. 160; 
Fuller's Church Hist. (1666), ix. 169 ; Dodd's 
Church Hist. ii. 122, 167; Fulke's Defence of 
the Transl. of the Scriptures (Parker Soc.), p. 
xiii. ; Clay's Liturgies and Occasional Forms of 
Prayer in reign of Eliz. (Parker Soc.), 696; 
Ames'sTypogr. Antiq. (Herbert), 1204 ; Morris's 
Troubles of our Catholic Fore&thers, 2nd series, 
13, 33 ; Notes and Queries, 6th scr. xii. 346.1 

T. C. 

CARTERET, Sir GEORGE (d, 1680), 
ffovemor of Jersey, was son of Helier de 
Carteret of St. Guen, Jersey. Collins in his 
* History of the Family of Carteret ' states that 
Sir George was bom in 1599, but this seems 
to be merely an inference from the statement 
that he was about eighty at the time of his 
death. On the other hand his mother, Eli- 
zabeth Dumaresq, did not marry Helier de 
Carteret until 1608 (Paywb, Armorial of Jer- 
sey, p. 113), and one of the comi)laints of the 
inhabitants of Jersey against Sir Philip de 
Carteret in 1642 charges him with entrust- 
ing the governorship 01 the island during his 
own absence in 1640 to George Carteret, * a 
nephew of his of about twenty-three years 
of age' (Fallb, Jersey, ed. Durell, p. 311). 
Georffe Carteret, therefore, was bom at some 
date Detween 1609 and 1617. According to 
Lady Fanshawe {Memoirs, p. 61) he was bred 
a sea boy, and he appears in the state pa^rs 
in 1632 as lieutenant of the ship Convertive. 
On 18 March 1633 he was appomted captain 
of the Eighth Lion's Whelp, and successively 
commanoed the Mary, Rose, and other ships 
of the king's navy. In 1637 he served as 
second in command under Rainsborough in 
the expedition to Sallee (Cal, State Papers, 
Dom.) Two years later he attained the rank 
of comptroller of the navy, and in 1642 was 
desired by parliament for the post of vice- 
admizal to the Earlof Warwick, butthe king's 



commands prevented his accejDtance (CLi- 
KENDON, HeoelHon, v. 44). When the wir 
began, Carteret at first attemnted to raise a 
troop for the king in Cornwall^ but was in- 
duced instead to undertake the duty of sup- 
plying the western royalists with arms and 
ammunition (ib, vi. 253). He aooordingly 
established himself at St. Malo, and made use 
of his own credit and his great local influence 
to supply both the western gentlemen and the 
fortresses of the Channel Lslands (HoexDra^ 
p. 85). On the death (August 1G43) of his 
uncle. Sir Philip de Carteret [q. v.J, whose 
daughter Elizabeth G^rge Carteret had map- 
ried, he succeeded to the office of bailiff of Jer- 
sey, the reversion of which had been granted 
to him by jpatent in lGSQ(Hist MSS. Comm. 
1st Rep. o4). From the king he received 
also his appointment as lieutenant-governor 
of the island under Sir Thomas Jermyn, 
and landing there in November 1643, recon- 
quered it and expelled Major Lydcott, the 
parliamentary governor, before the end of thp 
month (H08KIK8, i. 155-75). From Jersey 
Carteret carried on a vigorous privateering 
war against English trade, by virtue of the 
king's commission as vice-admiral, which he 
received on 13 Dec. 1644 (t&. p. 230^. The 
parliament termed this piracy, exduded him 
trom amnesty in subsequent treaties with the 
king, and passed a special ordinance making 
void all commissions granted by him (16 Sept. 
1645, Hu8BAin)8, folio Collection of Ordi- 
nances, p. 734). Carteret governed with great 
severity, imprisoning the persons and confis- 
cating the estates of parliamentarians [see 
BAif DiNEL, David], but developing with great 
skill all the resources of the island. These 
were strained to the utmost when in 1646 the 
island became the refuge of royalist fugitives, 
and the cessation of the war enabled the par- 
liament to turn their forces against it. In 
the spring of 1646 Prince Charles landed in 
Jersey, and rewarded Carteret by creating 
him knight and baronet (Hobkiks, 185, 285- 
367). Collins, however, states that he was 
knighted on 21 Jan. 1644, and created a baro- 
net by warrant bearing date 9 May 1645 
{History of Family of Carteret, p. 39). Hyde, 
who remained two years in Jenej as Carte- 
ret's guest, writes of Sir G^rge : ' lie was truly 
a worthy and most excellent person, of ex- 
traordinary merit towards the crown and na- 
tion of England ; the most generous man in 
kindness, and the most dexterous man in 
business ever known; and a most prudent 
and skilful lieutenant-governor, who reduced 
Jersey not with great^ skill and discretion 
than he kept it. And besides his other parts 
of honesty and discretion, undoubtedly as 
good| if not the best seaman of England' 



(HoBKIXS, i, 1T9, collecting Clnrendon's re- 
moika ; see also Cl4Ebkdo», Life, v. 4). 
Carteret, joined Capi^l andllyde in tht^articles 
of sssociatioD for the preservation of Jersey, 
drawn up when Jermjn was Buapeoted of de- 
BiKiiin)[ to sell the island to the French (Ci^ 
Oar. Stale Fapei-s, ii. 279). On the second 
viiit ofC^oileall to Jersey (17 Sept. 1640 to 
18 Feb. 1660) he wa,i further rewarded by the 
grant of the seignettriMofNoLnnont,Meleche, 
And Belle Ozanne. He woa aluo granted ' a 
certain island and adjacent ialeta in America 
in perpetasl inheritance, to be called New 
Jefaey.andheldat aaannualrentof 6/. ayear 
tolhecrown'(HoBKtNB,ii.385). Wiiitelocke 
recordi in 1650 the capture of a ship sent by 
Carteret to eAtnhlish the new colony (Menui- 
riaU, 455). But the growing nnvnl strength 
of the Commonwealth rendered liis positron 
mors difficult month by month; an attack 
threatened in May 1647 proved abortivt' (Ho»- 
Knrs, ii. 138), but a second proved successful, 
BudCarteretsuirenderedonl^Dec. 1661 (see 
the articles of surrender, Mercantu Polilicta, 
No. 82). He proceeded to join the exiles in 
France, and obtained acnmmandinthe French 
navy, apparently that of viee-adiniral, under 
tbe DuKe of Vendome (Mereiintw Politico, 
No. 126; Cal. Oar. State }^pfri,u. 275). In , 
Ausust 1667 he was arrested and imprisoned I 
in the Baatilleon the complaint of Lockhart, I 
in conseijueDce of some attempt to seduce 
the English forces then actinj; as auxiliaries 
of France in the Low Countries, or perhaps 
for griving secret intelligence to the Spaniards 
<;^TjtUELOE. vi. 421 ; ViUoHAir, PniUctorate, 
ii. 241). IJe was released in December 1667, 
but banished from France, and wen t to Venice, 
intending to take service tinder the republic 
(Thfbu)E, vi. 681), 

At the rCeiitoration Carteret became a mem- 
ber of ihe privy council and treasurer of the 
OAvy. and also obtained the post of viee- 
chambcrlaJn of tlu3 household, to which office 
lie bad been appointed by Prince Charles as 
early as 1647 (KBiraLT, Ri^U'ter, 167 : Hob- 
KtKB,ii.ll3). In 1601 he was elected member 
for Portsmouth, But itwasastreasurerofthe 
naryfrom 1661 to 1667 that bis most impor- 
tant work was done. He was not a pleasant 
superior, for Peuys speaks of Lim as the most 
pAAsionate man m the world, and Sir William 
Coventry describes him as one whose humour 
it wiualwaysto have tilings done bia own way. 
This led to a long stru^le between Coventry 
■nd Carteret, which lasted till the resignation 
of the latter. Yet Coventry ' did not deny Sir 
O. Carterel his due in saying- that he is a man 
that do take the most pains, and gives him- 
self the must to do business of any about the 
foart, without any desire of pleasure or di- 

VOL. IX. 



vertisements ■ (pEPra, 30l)c[, 1662). During 
the diiliculties of the Dutch war, Carteret's 
personal credit with the bunkers was of the 
greatest service. In 166.i, during the plaguts 
Cart«ret states that be borrowed 380,000/. 
on bis own credit, and thus kept the fleet 
abroad when it otherwise must have come 
home(ORnr, &fin(<M, p. 170; seealsoPBPis, 
25 June 1667). The fiJl of his friend Sand- 
wich and the miscarriage of tbe Dutch war 
undermined his position, and he was only 
maintained by liis great influence with iha 
king when in June 166" he eichonwd his 
office with Lord Anglesey for the place of 
deputy-tTflasureroflrekndd'A. 28 June 1667). 
' The king,' Carteret told Pepys, ' at his ear- 
nest entreaty, did with much unwillingness, 
but with owning of great obligations to him 
for his faithfulness and lon^ service to bim 
and his fiither, grant bis desire.' In spite of 
this retirement Carteret could not escape the 
censure of parliament. Tbe report of tbe 
commissioners for the public accounts re- 
vealed gross miamanagement in tbe navy dur 



keeping the accounts (Jfiit. MSS. Conrnt. 
8th Rep. 128-S:J). Tbe IIoubb of Lords ap- 
pointed a committee to examine into these 
charges, whose report, so far as it went, was 
favourable to Carteret (iA. 133). In the 
House of Commons, however, he was, on 
several articles, voted guilty of a misdemea- 
nor, and Anally, on 10 Dec. 1669, by 100 
ia B7 votes, sosjiended from sitting in tbe 
bouse (Grey, Debata, i. 214). Tbe pron>- 
gation of parliament put an end both to the 
prosecution in the commons and to tbe pro- 
ceedings of the lords' committee, In spite of 
this disgrace, when in 1673, on the resigna- 
tion of tbe Duke of York, the admiralty was 
put in commission, Carteret was appointed 
one of the commissioners. He also acted aa 
a member of tbe Tangiers committee, and aa 
one of the committee of trade andplBntations. 
Outside tbe admiralty colonial a&irs chiefly 
occupied his attention. In 1063 he appears 
as one of the originalpro^rietors of Carolina 
(24 March 1663), To him , in conjunction 
with Lord Berkeley, the Duke of York assigned 
the land between the Hudson and the Dela- 
ware, to be called, in honour of Carteret, New 
Jersey (Bancboit. ii, 69; Cat. Cot. State 
Pawn, 1661-8, 607, 337). 

By tbe government of Jersey, by success- 
ful privateering, and by the different offices 
he had held since the Restoration, Carteret 
had accumulated considerable wealth. Mat- 
vell terms him ' Carteret the rich,' and the 
' Flagolltim Parliamentariiim ' boldly accuses 
bimofrobhingthekingof300,000/. He him- 
self told Pepys in 16C7 ihot be was worth 



Carteret 



2IO 



Carteret 



50,000/. when the king came in, and was only 
15,000/. better than he was then. * I do take 
him for a most honest man,' adds the diarist 

il2 April 1667). He was ako a bold man, 
or he took the liberty of recommending to 
the king the necessity of preserving at least a 
show oireligion and sobnety (Pbpts, 27 July 
1667). His education was very defective. 
Marvell sneers at his * ill English,' and Pepys 
was shocked by his ignorance of the meaninjg 
of the device S.P.Q.K., ' which ignorance is 
not to be borne in a privy counsellor, me- 
thinks, what a schoolboy would be whipped 
for not knowing' (Dkiry, 4 July 1668). 
Carteret's death is announced in the ' London 
Gazette ' of 14 Jan. 1680, where it is stated 
that he was * near eighty years old, of which 
he had spent fifty-five in the service of his 
majesty and his royal father.' At the time 
of kis aeath the king was about to raise him 
to the peerage, and consequently granted to 
his widow, by warrant dated 14 Feb. 1680, 
the same precedence as if the promised crea- 
tion had actually taken place (warrant quoted 
by Chalmers). 

His eldest son, Philip, whose marriage with 
Jemima Montague is so amusingly described 
by Pepys (31 July 1665), had been killed in 
the battle of Solebay. But George, the son 
of this marriage, was elevated to tnejpeerage 
14 Oct. 1681 as Bnron Carteret of Mawnes 
(Burke, Extinct Peerage), 

[Calendar of Domestic State Papers ; Claren- 
don's History of the Rebellion ; Clarendon State 
Papers; Hoskins's Charles II in the Channel 
Islands ; Falle's History of Jersey, ed. Durell ; 
Coliins's History of the Family of Carteret; 
Pepys's Diary.] ' "^ G. H. F. 

CARTERET, JOHN, Earl Granville 
(1690-1763), was the eldest surviving son of 
George, first baron Carteret, by his wife. 
Lady Grace Granville, the youngest daughter 
of John, first earl of Bath. He was bom on 
22 April 1690, and when only five years old 
succeeded to the barony of Carteret on the 
death of his father on 22 Sept. 1695. He was 
educated at Westminster School, and Christ 
Church, Oxford, and was created D.C.L. on 
26 April 1706. He devoted himself with so 
much ardour to the pursuit of learning, that 
Swift humorously asserted that, 'with a 
singularity scarce to be justified, he carried 
away more Greek, Latin, and philosophy 
than properly became a person of^his rank ; 
indeed, much more of each than most of 
those who are forced to live by their learn- 
ing will be at the unnecessary pains to load 
their heads with ' (Swift, Works, vii. 476). 
In Mardi 1710 his younger brother Philip, > 
who had obtained his election into college in I 



1707, died at Westminster Schooli and was 
buried in the north aisle of the abbey, where 
there is a monument to his memory, the 
epitaph for which was written by Dr. Freind 
Carteret took his seat in the House of Lords 
on 25 May 1711, and soon became known as 
a staunch supporter of the protestant suoce^ 
sion. He was appointed by Gborge I one of 
the gentlemen of nis bedchamber on 18 Oct. 
1714 ; in July 1715 bailiff of the island of 
Jersey ; and on 6 July 1716 lord-lieutenant 
and custos rotulorum of the county of Devon. 
This last office he held until August 1721, 
when he resigned it in favour of ]migfa, four- 
teenth baron Clinton. His mother, who had 
succeeded as coheiress of the neat Bath es- 
tates on the death of her nephew William^ 
third earl of Bath, without issue in May 
1711, was on 1 Jan. 1715 created Viscountess 
Carteret and Countess Granville, with re- 
mainder to her son John and his heirs male, 
and a special remainder of the viscounty in 
default of his male issue to his unde Edwazd 
Carteret and his heirs male. His first re- 
corded speech in the House of Lords was 
made on 14 April 1716, when he spoke in 
&vour of the Duke of Devonshire's septen- 
nial Bill {Pari. Hist, vii. 298-9). In the 
following year, when the g^reat schism 
among the whigs occurred upon the dis- 
missal of Lord Townshend from office, Car- 
teret joined the Sunderland section of the 
whig party. On 25 Jan. 1719 he was a^ 
point^ ambassador extraordinary and mim- 
ster nlenipotentiarv to the queen of Sweden, 
but aid not leave England until 1 June. He 
successfully accomplished the objects of his 
embassy, obtaining both the promise of com- 
pensation to all British subjects who had 
sustained losses in the Baltic, and the liffht 
of freedom of trade and navigation in wmX 
sea for all British ships in future. His ofier, 
on behalf of the king, to mediate between 
Sweden and Denmark, and also between the 
former country and the czar, was readily 
accepted by tne queen. A peace between 
Sweden, Prussia, and Hanoverwas concluded 
through the instrumentality of Carteret, and 

5roclaimed at Stockholm on 9 March 17^. 
'his was a prelude to a reconciliation be- 
tween Sweden and Denmark. A preliminaiy 
treaty between these two countries having 
been signed, Carteret was appointed, in con- 
junction with Lord Polwarth, ambassador 
extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the 
congress of Brunswick for the purpose of 
finally adjusting the differences in the north 
of Europe. In June 1720 he left Gaiiberfr, 
and set out for Denmark. Arriving at FMe- 
ricksburgh, he had his first audience with the 
Danish kix)^ on the 19tlL Altera oonftmnee 



firer 

^f two days between Carburet and the Datush 
ministers, llie treaty which had alfeady been 
signed on tbe port of Sweden was concluded 
on -I JuIt by the king' of Denmark. Thia 
tre»ty, which waa ratilled on 22 Oct., prac- 



Ibr the czar afterwards concluded an agree- 
ment with Denmark without the interrun- ' 
tion of a mediator. Carteret, having accom- | 
pLiehe<l the objects of hia mission, returned , 
through Hanover on his way to England, i 
where he arrived on 5 Dec. 

(>n 19 Auff. 1720 he bad been appointed, i 
togetlier with Ear! Stanhope and Sir Bobert 
Sutton, aniba»iador extraordinary and mini- 
at«r plenipotentiary at the cougreae of Cam- 
bray. The meeting of the congress waa de- 
layed, and Carteret does not appear to have 
acted in this capacity. Soon after his arrival 
in England he took part in the debates on 
the state of the national credit occasioned by 
the fivilure of the South Sea scheme, and sup- 
ported Lord Stanhope's contention that the 
eata(«s of the crlminalB, whether directors 
or not, ought to be confiscated. During the 
diBcnssioua on this subject Cart«ret waa ap- 
p(nnt«d ambassador extraordinary to the 
court of France. He was on the point of 
aetting out, when the death of James Craggs, 
jnn., o<rciUTed. He was thereupon appointed 
secretary of state for afFoirs of the southern 
province in Walpole's adnunistration, and, 
being admitted lo office on 5 March 1721, was 
s<vom a member of the privv council on the 
■ameday. Itwae impoesibleiortwo such men 
■a Walpole and Carteret, neither of whom 
could brook any rivals, to act together in the 
umecabinel foranylengthof time. Carteret 
soon became jealous of Walpole's paramount 
aatboritj. and endeavoured to ingrntinte him- 
Bclf with the king. In this he quickly suc- 
ceeded, as George could speak no Enelish, and 
Carteret was the only minister t^io could 
speak German. Emboldened by the influ- 
ence which he had acquired over Georee, 
Oart«ret endeavoured to form a party of Eis 
own. Having secured the assistance of the 
CounlosB of Darlington, and gained over to 
hin side Lord Carleton, the lord pri\7 seal, 
the Duke of Boxbuwhe, the secretaty for Scot- 
land, and Lord Cadonan, the commander-in- 
chief, he endeavoured to onst Wnlpole from 
office. With this object in view he strongly 
supported the Hanoverian policy of the 
king, and professed to exercise a consider- 
able influtnce over Cardinal Dubois, the 
Frenth minister. 

Till- Mrujrgle for supremncy between Cnr- 
t«r<'i in the one hand, and Wnlpole supported 
fej'i'owuhaad on tko oiher, was uprolonged ' 



Carteret 

one. Though Carteret was appointed one of 
tbe lords justices of the kingdom in the ah- 
flence of the king on 26 May 1733, both ha 
and Townshend, the other secretary of state, 
followed George to HonoTer, and there a 
^reat part of these intrigues and counter- 
intrigues took place. The La VriUiSre inci- 
dent brought matters to a head. Sir Luke 
Schaub. a partisan of Carteret's, was recalled 
from his post of English minister at Paris; 
aud Cart«ret, being succeeded as secretary 
of state by the Duke of Newcastle, waa on 
3 April 1724 nominated lord-lieutenant of 
Ireland. That country was then in a very 
excited and discontented state. In 1723 a 
patent had been granted to Wood for the 
exclusive right of coining balance and 
farthing to the value of 108,000^ This pa- 
tent had been obtained through the influence 
of the Duchess of Kendal, and without any 
consultation with the Irish privy council. 
Carteret, by caballing with the Brodericka 
(one of whom was the lord-chancellor of Ire- 
land), and furnishing, it is said, the private 
history of the mode in which the patent hod 
been obtained, had greatlv encouraged the 
prevailing discontent. He had done this 
with the object of harassing Walpole, who 
now enjoyed the refined revenge of sendidg 
him to quell the disturbance which he ho3 
helped to raise. In 1724 Swift published the 
famous ' Drapier's Letters,' whidi aroused tha 
Irish to a pitch of fren*y. The new lord- 
lieutennnt did not go over to Dublin until 
October. Thefourth letter.addressed'tothe 
whole people of Ireland,' was published in 
this month, and one of Carteret's first acts 



Swift, who had made the acquaintance of 
Carteret some years before, had, on hearing 
of his appointment to the lord-lieutenancy, 

Sromptly written to him while still lu Lon- 
on about the patent. When Harding, 
the printer of the letters, was imprisoned, 
Swift went to the levee, and demanded of 
Carteret an explanation of this severity 
against a poor mdustrious tradesman who 
had published two or three papers designed 
for the good of his country. Carteret, who 
could have had little doubt of Swift being 
the real author of the letters, though he was 
probably not desirous that it should be di»- 
covered, replied by an apt quotation from 
Virgil: 
Uta duni, et regni novitas, ms tolia cognnt 
Moliri. 

After fin unsuccessful attempt had been 
made lo allay the popular ferment by means 
of a compromise, Carteret procured the re- 



Carteret 



212 



Carteret 



vocation of the patenty and the excitement 
speedily subsided. In accordance with the ' 
usual custom of lord-lieutenants in those 
days, Carteret only remained in Ireland ! 
during the sitting of the Irish parliament, | 
and in January 1 1 27 we find him speaking - 
in the House of Ijords on the East Indian , 
trade, and giving expression to views which 
in these days would be considered economi- 
cally unsound. 

On I June 1725, and again on 31 May ; 
1727, he was appointed one of the lords jus- ' 
tices of the kingdom during the kinff*s ab- ; 
sence from England. George I died sud- ' 
denly while on his way to Hanover at his . 
brother*H palace at Osnaburgh on 11 June 
1727. Carteret was one of the old pri\'y 
councillors who met at l^eicester House on , 
the 14th for the purpose of proclaiming 
George II, and on the same day was sworn ' 
of the new privy council. Having been reap- | 
pointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 29 July, | 
he returned to Dublin in November, when ho 
opened the n(»w parliament. Wliile in Ire- i 
land he lived on intimate terms with Swift, j 
from whom he frecjuently received advice : 
with n'gard to Irish affairs. The advice was 
not always taken, for it is related that *when 
Carteret had parried,with his usual dexterity, 
W)mo complaint or request of Swift, ho ex- 
claimed, " What in God's name do you do 
heroP Get back to your own countr>', and 
send us our lK)obi(».s again "' (Swii-t, tVork«, 
i. ;J72-.*i). Though Carteret declined to ad- | 
mil Swift to any otUce which would give 
him a right to iuttirforo in the affairs of the 
country, ho occasionally presented unimpor- 
tant pieces of prelernient to Swift's friends. 
On the appointment of Dr. Delany to some 

{)laces of small prolit, an outcry was raised 
)y t ho more vi(jU;nt whigs, who dwlared that 
extravagant favour had been shown to a tory 
divine. This gave rise to Swift's pamphlet 
entitled * A Vindication of His Excellency, 
John Lord Carteret, from the charge of 
favouring none but Tories, High-churchmen, 
and Jacobites,' which was published in 1730. 
Taktm as a whoK>, Cart^^ret's administration 
of Irish affairs during the six years he waa 
lonl-lieuUmant was generally i)opular — in- 
d(iod. Swift confossiHl in a letter to Gav, 
dated 19 Nov. 17;K), that Carteret Miad'^a 
gentooler manner of binding the chains of the 
kingdom than most of his predecessors ' (ib, 
xvii. 350). That Cartert»t appreciated Swift's 
commendation is clear from a letter written 
by him to Swift and dated March 1737, in 
the postscript of which he says: 'When 
peopk ask me how I governed Ireland, I 
say that I pleased Dr. Swift ' (t6. xix. 135). 
At the same time, as the seals were taken 



away from his old enemy, Lord Townshend, 
Carteret was dismissed from his post. He 
left Ireland in April 1730, and though offered 
the post of lord steward, left vacant bv the 
appointment of the Duke of Dorset as lord- 
lieutenant, he refused to take further office 
under AValpole. 

Upon his return from Ireland he joined 
the opposition, and, becoming a close ally of 
Pulteney, took a very prominent part in the 
struggle against AValpole. During this period 
he seixed every opportunity in the House of 
Lords of harassing the administration. His 
speeches, however, were not always consis- 
tent with those which he had delivered when 
in office. In a conversation with Lord Her- 
vey about Carteret, Sir Robert Walpole is 
reported to have said that ' I had some diffi- 
culty to get him out, but he shall find much 
more to get in again ' (Lord Hekyby, Me- 
moirSf 1884, ii. 128). Walpole kept his 
word, and the struggle was long and doubt- 
ful. Towards the end of the opposition, Car- 
teret was suspected by some of oeing desirous 
to make his peace with the court. However 
that may be, on 13 Feb. 1741 he moved his 
famous resolution in the House of Lords that 
an address should be presented to the king 
requesting him to remove Walpole from his 
* presence and counsels for ever {Pari. Hint, 
XI. 1047-85). His speech on this occasion 
was the longest, as well as the ablest, which 
he appears to have made, and was charac- 
terised l)y contemporary authorities as one of 
the most splendid orations which had l>H*n 
heard in the House of Lords. The debate 
lasted two days, and Carteret was beaten by 
108 to 59. A similar motion by Sandys in 
the House of Commons was, owing to dis- 
sensions among the heterogeneous opposi- 
tion, defeated by a still larger majority. In 
April parliament was dissolved, and Wal- 
pole met the new House of Commons with 
a diminished majority. Tlie opposition soon 
showe<l its strength, and on 29 Jan. 1742 the 
ministers were left in a minority of one in a 
division on the Chippenham election peti- 
tion. Upon the resignation of Walpole, the 
Wilmington administration was formed, and 
Carteret was appointed secretary of state 
for the affairs oi the northern province on 
12 Feb. 1742. 

Once again we find him changing his par- 
liamentary language, and supporting mea- 
sures which he had formerly opposed ; and so 
I far as the domestic policy of the government 
was concerned, matters went on much the 
same as under Walpole. Tlie foreign iK>licy, 
however, gained considerably in energy under 
Carteret s direction. He at once sent the as- 
I surance of his full support to MarU Theresa, 



«nd in September 1742 went. Iiinuelf to the 
Btnles-G«iienil in order to concert, meiisurea 
■witli them for the protection of the United 
ProvincpB. Though appointed one of the 
lords jtuticM of the kinffdom in the absence 
of the kins, he attended George during- the 
whole of the compftim of 1743, and wa« pre- 
eenl nt tie battle of Dettingren. Byfurtner- 
ine the king's Hanorerian policy, and other- 
wise flattering his prejudicsd, Carteret had 
now obtained complete influence over him. 
This period of Cortiret's aecendencv wus 
known by the name of 'The Drunken Ad- 
minis trat] on,' and the expression, as Macau- 
lay remarks in his ' Egsay on Walpole's Let- 
terB.'wBanotaitogetherngTiralivc. Tbewar, 
liowever, became very unpopiklar, as it was 
allied that the interests of England were 
eubordinnted to those of Hanover. The 
ministers were incensed at Carteret's arro- 
gance and his neglect in consulting them on 
foreign affairs — in short, he speedily become 
the most anpopulsr man in the country, In 
December 1743 Pitt, in tlie Jebata on the 
address, describiid him * as an eTecmble, a 
«i>lo minister, who had renounced the British 
nntiun, and seemed to have drunk of the po- 
tion described in poetic fictions which made 
men forget ibeir country' {Pari. Hut. xiii, 
135 note). 

On the death of Lord Wilmington in July 

1743, IleiiTy Pelham had become the prime 
xninistfr, and after a protracted struggle in 
the cabinet, Cart«ret, who bad succeeaed to 
the title of Earl Granville on the death of 
his mother on 18 Oct. 1744, being unable to 
■wttlistand the combined opposition against 
Hm. resided the seals, whicn were accepted 
by t he king with great reluctance on 24 Xov. 

1744. Carteret, howerer, accepted hie defeat 
with bis usual cheerftilneag, and, according 
to Horace Walpole, retired ' from St. James^ 
Ikiighing.' Earlyin 1746, beingatillin favour 
■with the king, he made another attempt to 
Tegain power. Under hia advice the king re- 
fiubd to admit Pilt I.o office. This advice 
-was far from distasteful to the king, as Pitt 
bad vigorously opposed the nanoverian 

Klicy on the continent. The ministers, being 
und by their promises to give office to l^tt, 
thereupon resigned, and the two seals of the 
AecmtAries of state were on 10 Feb. ir4fS de- 
livered to Granville that he and Lord Bath 
night fiinii an iidministrat ion as tbey pleased, 
leavour to form a ministry, he 
Tfniyiit'ii \ar- spoIs on the 14th, only four days 
»l't<^r hit appointment. His high spirits ^d 

Iforsako liim even on ihiii occasion, and he 
Liuned to laugh and drink ns before, own- 
thai the attempt was mad, but that he 
.«)nil« ready lu do it again. One of the 



Afi--r 



many squibs which were published at this 
lime, entitled 'A History of the Long Ad- 
ministration,' concludes with the following 
ironicml remarks; 'And thus endeth the 
second and last part of this astonishing ad- 
ministration, which lasted forty-eight hours, 
three-quarters, seven minutes, and eleven 
seconds ; which may truly be called the moat 
honest of all administrations ; the minister, 
to the astomshment of all wise men, never 
transacted one rash thing; and, what is more 

marvellous, left as much money in the If y 

as he found in it.' From this time he severed 
bis political connection with Lord Bath, 
who, he declared, bad forced upon him the 
short-lived administration, and by which he 
considered that he paid all his debts to 

He still continued in the kingVfavouJ, ' 
and having been elected on 22 June 1749"fc 
knight of the Garter, was installed at Wind- 
sor on 13 July 1750. On 17 June in the fol- 
lowing year he was appointed president of 
the council. When congratulated 'on his 
conciliation with his former opponents, he 
replied : ' I am the king's president ; I know 
nothing of the Pelhams ; I have nothing to 
dowiththem.' Notwithstanding the vanoua'' 
changes in the administration which occurred 
from time to time, by keeping himself aloof 
from the broils in which the other ifilnist^ 
engaged he continued to hold the post until 
his death. In 1756 the Duke of Newcastle, 
as a desperate effort to avert resignation, 
ofTeretl Granville the first place in a ministry 
of which be himself should be a subordinate 
member. Gtan-ville had, however, by this 
time lost his ambition, and refused the offer. 
The last recorded speech which ho made in 
the House of Lords was in the debateon the 
second reading of the Habeas Corpus Bill on 
9 May 1758 (Parl. Hut. sv. 900). During 
the last four years of his life his health gra- 
dually failed, though he still continued to 
S reside over the meetings of the council. In 
clober 1761, when Pitt proposed in council 
en immediate declaration of war with Spain, 
and tlirentencd to resign if his advice waa 
not taken, Granville is said to have replied : 
' I tind the M^ntleman is determined to leave 
us, nor can I say I am sorry for it, since he 
would otherwise have certainly compelled 
us to leave him; but if he be resolved 10 as- 
sume the right of advising his majesty, and 
directing the operations of the war. to what 

Jurpose are we called to tliiscouneilP When 
e talks of being responsible to the people, 
he talks the language of the House of Com- 
mons, and forgets that at this board he is 
only responsible to the king, However, tho' 
lie may possibly have convinced himself pf 



Carteret 



214 



Carteret 



his infalHbmty, still it remains that we 
shoidd be equiuly convinced before we can 
resign our imderstandings to his direction, 
or join with him in the measure he proposes' 
{Ann. Reg. 1761, p. 44). To the last he 
maintained his keen interest in foreign affairs. 
Robert Wood, in his * Essay on the original 
Genius of Homer * (1769, pp. i, ii), relates 
that, < being directed to call upon his lord- 
ship a few days before he died with the pre- 
limmary articles of the Treaty of Paris, I 
found him so languid, that I proposed post- 
poning my business for another tmie; but he 
msisted that I should stay, observing that it 
could not prolong his life to neglect his duty, 
and repeated the following passage out of 
Sarpedon's speech, with particular emphasis 
on the third line, by which he alluded to the 
conspicuous part he had acted in public life 
Co ninov, ic.r.A., II. xii. 322-8). His lordship 
then recovered spirits enough to hear the 
treaty read, and to declare the warm appro- 
bation of a dying statesman (I use his own 
words) on the most glorious war, and most 
honourable peace, this nation ever saw.' 
Lord GranviHe died at Bath on 2 Jan. 1763, 
in the seventy-third year of his age, and was 
buried in Westminster Abbey on the 11th of 
the same month in General Monck's vault, 
in Henry VII's chapel. He married twice. 
His first wife, Frances, the only daughter of 
Sir Robert Wor8ley,bart., of Appuldercombe, 
Isle of Wight, to whom he was married at 
Longleat on 17 Oct. 1710, died at Hanover 
20 June 1743. On 14 April 1744 he 



on 



married Lady Sophia Fermor, the second 
daughter of Thomas, first earl of Pontefract. 
His second wife, who is described by Lady 
M. W. Montagu as having * few equals in 
beauty or graces ' ( Tfie Letters and Works of 
Lady M. W. Montagu, 1837, ii. 376}, died of 
fever on 7 Oct. 1745 in her twenty-fifth year, 
a few weeks after the birth of her daughter 
Sophia, who afterwards became the wife of 
William, second earl of Shelbume. By his 
first marriage Granville had three sons and 
five daughters. He was succeeded by his 
only surviving son Robert, who died without 
issue in 1776, when the titles became ex- 
tinct. The barony of Carteret was re-creat«d 
in 1784 in the person of one of Lord Gran- 
ville's grandsons, Henry Frederick, the 
younger son of his daughter Louisa and 
Thomas, second viscoimt Weymouth, who 
had succeeded to the Carteret estates on the 
death of his uncle Robert. This barony 
again became extinct upon the death of John 
Aynne, third lord Carteret, in 1849. The 
correspondence and papers of the first earl 
GranviUe were presented to the British Mu- 
•eum by the late Lord John Thynne in 1858 



{AdditMSS. 22611-^). Though his career 
was, on the whole, unsucoessful/he poesemed 
the very highest reputation for ability among 
his contemporaries, and it ia £rom their repre- 
sentations alone that we are able to judge of 
his character, as we have no authentic re- 
cord of his speeches, and, with the exception 
of some despatches, he left no writingabdiind 
him. According to Lord Ghesteifidd, * Lord 
Granville had great parts, and a most uncom- 
mon share of learning for a man of qualitv» 

He was one of the best speakers in the House 
of Lords, both in the dedianatoiy and the 
arpimentative way. He had a wonderful 
qiuckness and precision in seizing the stress 
of a question, which no art, no sophistry, 
could disguise to him. In business he was 
bold, enterprising, and overbearing. He had 
been bred up in high monarchical, that is^ 
tyrannical principles of government, which 
his ardent and imperious temper made him 
think were the only rational and practicable 
ones. He would have been a great firet 
minister of France--little inferior, perhaps, 
to Richelieu ; in this ffoveminent^ which is 
vet free, he would have been a dangerous one, 
little less so, perhaps, than Lord Stafford. 
He was neither ill-natured nor vindictive, 
and had a great contempt for money: his 
ideas were all above it. In social life he was 
an agreeable, good-humoured, and instructive 
comnanion, a ^at but entertaining talker. 
He degraded himself by Uie vice of linking, 
which, together with a great stock of Greek 
and Latin, he brouflrht away with him from 
Oxford, and retained and practised ever after- 
wards. By his own industry he had made 
himself master of all the modem languages^ 
and had acquired a grreat knowledge of the 
law. His political knowledge of the interest 
of princes and of commerce was extensive, 
and his notions were just and great. His 
character may be sunmied up in nice preci- 
sion, ^uick decision, and unbounded pre- 
sumption ' ( The Letters of the Earl of Chester* 
fieldy 1846, ii. 456). The description which 
the same writer drew of him m the first 
number of * Old Enfland' is not, however, so 
flattering, but it should be borne in mind 
that this was written in the heat of political 
strife {ib. V. 233). Of the five great men who^ 
in Horace Walpole's opinion, lived in his time,. 
'Lord Granville was most a genius of the 
five ; he conceived, knew, expressed what he 
pleased ' ( Walpolb, Memoirs of the Reign of 
George II, 1846, iii. 85). Chatham himself; 
in the House of Lords, some seven years after 
Granville's death, said that 'in the upper de- 
partments of government he had not his 
e^ual, and I feel a pride in declaring that to 
his patronage, to his firiendshipi and instruo* 



tion. I owe whatever 1 am " (Par/. Hisl. xvi. 
1096). Swift, in hiB verge as weU as iu hia i 
letters and conversation, and Smollett in | 
' Rodenck Random,' have abo testified to hie 
talente. Though possessed of & siogiiliu'ly | 
TsrsatUe intellect, lie was quite unfitted for . 
the position of a purliumentarj leader. Fond 
of power as he was, he riewed with con- 
tempt the ordinary means hy which men 
were conciliated ; and, destitute of fixed poli- 
tical prindples, he treated polities more as a 
game than as a serious businees. His con- 
tempt of public opinion, and his unceasin? 
■dvococyoftheHanoverian policy, prevented 
liim tram ever becoming a popular minister. 
Though a great patron of literature, he has 
left no literary work of hia own behind him, 
and nothing is known of the history of his 
own time which he is supposed to have com- 
menced (Loan Hbrtjii, Memoirs, iii. 158). 
Careless of money, he was often hard pressed 
in his lifetime, and at his death his affairs 
■were left in a very embarrasaed condition. 
A portrait of Granville by Thomas Hudson 
-was exhibited in the Nalionnl Portrait Loan 
Collection of 1»67 {Cataloffue, No, 259). 

[In addition to the books refvrrad tu in the 
actiele, ths fullowing works araoag others have 
bem confialted : Biug. Brit. ITS4, iii. 270-80 ; 
CoUini's Poenige. 1768, iv. 400-10; The Mnrch- 
inoDtI^p«ni(ed. ^ir G. Rose), 1S31, vols, i.snd 
ii.; Walpole's Letters, ISoT ; Lord Mahon's 
History ot Eoglaod, 1S34, vols. ii. iii. and iv.; 
I.Bcky's History of Englaiu!, vols. i. aad ii. ; 
Ewsld's Sir Robert Wnlpole ; Macaulay's Ebsbjb 
wiWalpole'iiLettBra to Sir H.Mann and William 
Pitt, Earl of ChaCfanm ; Chesteir's Wsstminster 
Abber Boaters; The Georgian Em, 1832. i. 
289-93 ; Lyndon Gazettes.] G. F. B. B. 

CARTERET, Sir PlltUP be (15&1- 
1&48), koight, seigneur of St. Ouen and of 
Bark, Ueutenant-governor of Jersey, was de- 
scended from one of the most ancient and in- ; 
fluential families of the island, being the son i 
of SirPhilip de Carteret, governor of Jersey, | 
who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth, and of I 
Rachel, daughter and coheireas of Oeorge | 
Poulett, bajlly of Jersey, and niece of Sir i 
Amias Poulett, governor of Jersey, ancestor ' 
of the noble funily of that name. He was 
bom in February 16S3-1, and educated at | 
Oiford University. On attaining his majority ! 
he was elected a jurat of the royal court. 
In l(i26 he was appointed baillyof the island, 
and soon afterwards lieutenonl-govemor to 
Sir ITiomas Jermyu, which iilKce he held to 
thp end of hia life. Having been deputed 
by the slHtes to negotiate with tlie privy 
conncil for the eetabli^hnient of a set of . 
canons tobringbackthe island to conformity 
with the church of England, he conducted | 



the negotiation to a successful issue. William 
Prynne, in hia ' Lyar Confounded,' states 
that during his three years' close confine- 
ment in Jersey he received ■ eitraordinary 
favours and respect ' from De Carteret and 
his lady, when hy a special order from the 
lords all his friends and kindred were denied 
access to him. On accomit of the kind treat- 
ment he experienced Prynne inferred that 
De Carteret would be ready to support the 
parliamentary cause in the contest with the 
king, and states that he ' found him a real 
friend to the state and parliament of Eng- 
land in all his discourses and actions.' He 
also mentions that 'he was the only man 
that procured scholarships and fellowships 
in Oxford for tbe islanders of Jersey, with 
sundiy immunities both from Engltuid and 
France concerning trade.' At the period of 
the civil war the island was a prey to inter- 
nal dissensions among the principal inhabi- 
tants, and Be Cacteri^t was far Irom being 
generally popular. In X642, while he was 
in London, twenty-two articles signed by 
some of the principal inhabitants were pre- 
sented agunst him, and he was summoned 
to answer them before the House of Lords. 
On the ground, however, that Jersey was 
in danger from a French invasion, he was, 
chiefly through the representations of Prynne, 
permitted to return home. Prynne was thus 
the means of securing the island for the 
king; but for De Carteret's return the par- 
liamentary party would have been trium- 
phant. De Carteret's proclamation, which he 
made soon after his return, of his adherence 
to the royal cause, Prynne explains by as- 
serting that he had no other alteniative on 
account of the conduct of the parliamentary 
party towards him. There is, however, every 
reason to suppose that, though sympalhiaing 
to a certain extent with the aims of the par- 
liamentary party in England, he was opposed 
to extreme courses. Be this as it may, he 
held out for Charles with a resolution which 
nothing could shake. While he retired to 
the castle of Elizabeth, his wife and eldest 
son, Philip, took charge of the defence of 
that of Orgueil. All his efforts to treat 
with those in authority for the parliament 
were rejected, and when through the hard- 
ships of the siege his health broke down, . 
the last services of the church were denied ' 
htm in his dying hours. It was only a short 
time before he expired that Lady deCarteret 
could obtain access to the cascie to bid him 
final farewelL He died on Ii Au^ 1843. 
By hia wife Ann, daughter of Sir Francis 
Dowse of Browton and Nether Wallop, 
Hampshire, he left several children, of whom 
the eldest, Philip, was knighted by Charles II 



Carteret 



216 



Carthach 



in honour both of his father*8 and his own 
heroic defence of Jersey in 1643. 

[Ch6Talier*s Chronicle ; Falle's Acooant of the 
Island of Jersey; Payne's Armorial of Jersey; 
Prynne's Lyar Confounded ; Cal. State Papers, 
Dom. Series.] T. F. H. 

CABTEBET, PHILIP {d. 1796), rear- 
admiral, was lieutenant of the Dolphin in 
Byron's voyage, 1764-6 [see Btron, Johh, 
1723-1786]. He was appointed commander 
on his return, May 1766. To complete the work 
which Byron had begun, a second expedition 
was soon after his return despatchea to the 
southern hemisphere imder the direction of 
Captain Samuel Wallis, consisting of the Dol- 

Shm, commanded by Captain Wallis, and the 
wallow, commanded by Carteret. Carteret 
complained of the Swallow as entirely unfit 
for tlie voyage. He was, however, ordered to 
sail in her, but was separated from the Dol- 
phin while clearing the Straits of Magellan 
(11 April 1767). He resolved to proceed inhis 
ill-found ship, and after watering at Spanish 
Isle, Masafuero, discovered Pitcaim's Island 
on 2 July 1767, which in 1790 was occupied 
by the mutineers of his m^esty's ship Bounty 
[see Adajis, John, 1760P-1829J. Thence 
proceeding in a north-west direction, he dis- 
covered Osnaburg (named after the Duke of 
York), Duke of Gloucester, and Queen Char- 
lotte Islands, distinguishing the prominent 
features of each by names which they still con- 
tinue to possess. In his passage towards New 
Britain he discovered Gower's, Simpson's, Car- 
teret's, Hardy's, Wallis's, and Leigh's Islands. 
Arming at New Britain, he found that an 
inlet, supposed to be only a bay, was a strait 
dividing tne island into two, and to the second 
island he gave the name of New Ireland, dis- 
tinguishing the intersecting channel as St. 
George's. After discovering and naming the 
islands of Sandwich, Byron, New Hanover, 
the Duke of Portland's, the Admiralty, Den- 
ven's, Matty's, Stephen's, and Freewill, he 
proceeded along the coast to Mindanao, where 
Ins observations enabled him to check some 
mistakes made by Dampier in the survey of 
that island. He reached Macassar 12 Dec. 
1767, with a worn-out crew and unsea worthy 
ship. In June 17(J8 he reached Batavia, 
whence heproceeded round the Cape of Good 
Hope to England, arriving at Spithead on 
20 jNIarch 1769. On account 01 the state 
of his health and the condition of the ship he 
had latterly to contend with great difficulties, 
and found it impossible to carry his full pur- 
pose into execution, but his actual achieve- 
ments in his one voyage of two years and a 
half entitle him to rank among the greatest 
geographical discoverers of his time. 



In 1771 he was appointed to post rank, in 
1777 he oommandedt the Ihruid frigate in the 
West Indi^ and in 1779 was ajrpointed to 
the Endymion, 44 guns, with which he joined 
Eodney. He was too late for the campaign 
of that year, and finally returned with a con- 
voy from Jamaica in 1781. His health was 
broken. In 1794 he was retired from the ac- 
' tive list with the nominal rank of rear-ad- 
miral, and died at Southampton 21 July 1796, 
' having long been afflicted with loss of speech ' 
{Gent, Mag, Ixvi. ii. 622). His 'Journal' 
was published in Hawkeeworth's ' Voyages,' 
; 1773, which also includes the 'Voyages' of 
; Byron, Wallis, and Cook, and was published 
I in German and French the followmg year. 
Carteret contributed to ' PhilosophicalTrans- 
actions ' a note ' on the Inhabitants of the 
Coast of Patagonia,' whose height, he says, 
' varied from six feet to six feet seven inches, 
and an ' Account of Camelopardalis found at 
the Cape of Good Hope ' {Phil. Trans, ix. 20, 
27). 

[Journal as above ; Georgian Era, vol. iii. Ap- 
pendix, 460-1 ; Beatson's Naval and Mil. Me- 
moirs, voL vi. ; Navy Lists ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] 

T.F.H. 

CARTHACH, Saint, the elder (d. 680?), 
appears in the * Felire ' of CEngus the Culdee 
I (10th cent.) with the epithets of royal and 
Koman attached to his name (ed. Stokes, 
p. Iv). This is generally interpreted to 
mean that he was of roval ancestry, and had 
travelled to Rome [cf. Cainnech, Saint]. 
From the ' Vita Kierani ' (Bollandist A. SS., 
March, v. 396) we gather that he was the 
grandson of Angus, king of Munster, who 
would seem to be the king whose death is 
recorded in the 'Four Masters' under the 
year 489. Colgan, however, noting that he 
was the brother of St. Cuanna, quotes from 
an old genealogy to show that he was the 
great-grandson of Neill of the Nine Hostages 
{A. SS.y 249-61), who died about the year 
405 (but cf. the Lcabhar Breac notes to 
Angus, p. Ix). 

In the * Vita Kierani ' St. Carthach appears, 
before the death of St. Patrick, as one of St. 
Ciaran of Saighir's young disciples (p. 395) ; 
but there are some difficulties m the wav of 
accepting this statement in its entirety (Hict. 
of Christ Biog. i. 410). We read that Car- 
thach became engaged in an intrigue with a 
certain nun, in jpunishment for which offence 
St. Ciaran enjomed on him the penance of 
foreign travel. On his return he seems to 
have joined St. Ciaran once more, and is said to 
have oecn appointed his successor at Saighir, 
perhaps about the year 650 (ib. i. 644). It 
may have been a few years later than this 



Carthach 



Carthach 



thnt he found Lia namesake, Ihe younger Car- 
tliiLcb, on ihe banks of the Maag (P Mainne) 
tn Kerry, and ordained him prieat. From 
the latrer saint's life (A. SS., U May, 379), 
we learn thntit was tliehttbitof St.CaithBcn 
to Iraverse hia diocese singing the Psalms, 
in alteroation with his accompanying pcieats. 
Dr. Lanigan would date the first friendship tween court 
" '' " ' ' "he year 57/, 
« date for the 
s evident, how- 
ever, that this is hardly con«ateut with the 
admission that he was already one of St. 
Ciaran's disciples before 490. St. Carthach's 
principal church was at Saigbir in King's 
County, where he succeeded St. Oinran. To 
this tae authors of the ' Acta Sanctorum ' 
add (from the ' Martyrology of Tamlacht') 
t, ctiurch at Druim Ferdhaindi, a place which, 
according to the same authority, Uarianua 
C)'Oonnan located at Cnrberyin Kildare. A 
thinl church was at Inis Vaehtair on Lough 
Siltim (LeabharBrfae, an. Stokes's' Angus,' 
p. li), and tierhaps a fourth at Inis Carthach, 
near Lismore {A. 88., 393). The 'Dictionary 
of Christian Biography ' adds a fifth at Tir- 
Boghaine (Banagh Barony) in Tyrconnell 
(i. 411) ; and Mr. Shearman a eixtb dedica- 
tion at Cill Carthach, now Kiltcnr in Donegal 
^Xooi Patrieiana, p. 298 ; for other churches 
m Ossorv possibly founded by this saint, Eil- 
mocar, ^iunogar, and Stamcart y, see tlie same 
wriler). St. Carthach is said to have been the 
father of 8t. Motua (i;«iiAar.flrefle). There 
aeoms to be an unvarying tradition that 
mnkM him the tutor of St. Carthach the 
yoiinger; but as regards the details of his 
life liiRre can be no ahsolulc certainty. [See 
rfmnrk« on St. Caixsboh.] His day is 
6 March. 



^Wsbii 



BolUni). Aotn !^n<?iorum, fi March, 389- 
' id 14 May; Colgnn'a A«Ta Sanctorum, ZSD, 
Vita Kismni. 458-6fi; SUkee's CaUndar 
igna the Caliira; IxnigHn's Ecclesiastical 
try (if Irvland. ii. 98, li^. &c. ; SbpHTinan's 
Locn Pstriciaoa : Dictionary of Christian Bio- 
gr»pli7, i.l T. A. A. 

CAETHA0H,S*iKT,tlieyounger(d.63e), 

Bad alto MociJUDi, the founder of the fa- 
B monastery at Hahen,nndbiBhopof Lis- 
fl, was the son of Finnall (AnnaU Four 
rtCT», sub an. 6.11 ). According to his le- 
gendary Ufo, whicli, however. sRema to hnva 
prt^wrved much that islii^toriunl, hewnsbom 
in Kprry.of the rnci^ nl' Fergufi, ' iiui fuit for- 
tiwimus horos I'llDniin.' but had been driven 
fmm his native ploc" by Oid>^ll, king of Con- 
naught. His falser*! naroe, according (o this 
., was FiuBen of Kerry, his mother's, 
de geate Oorcoduidne ' (? Corcaguiny 



in Kerry). Fingen, swineherd on the Mainne, 
a man of some position under the king or 
'duke' of Kerrf, employed his ^oung son ; 
and while serving in this capacity the boy 
found favour with the king, Mooltule, and 
his wife, who was grranddauf^iter to the king 
of Munster. His time was now divided be- 
and pasturage, till one 
day, being ravished by the chant in([ of his 
namesake, Carthach the elder, he insisted 
; on foraokinff his worldly employment for 
that of God. It was in vain tliat Moel- 
tule called the young enthusiast into his 
presence and mode him offer of sword and 
shield and kjngly robes if he would only 
undertake his father's duties and position. 
After having received the priesthood, Car- 
thach was once more brought before the king, 
whom be blessed, and to whose descendants 
he promised long rule in Kerry, ' all which 
things,' says his biographer ( Vita, u. 379), 
' are being fulfilled according to that pro- 
phecy.' From hia cell in Kell-Tulaeh, ' be- 
tween the Mainne and Mount Mysis,' Car- 
thach set out for North Ireland, the home of 
his race, and spent a year with Comgall at 
his great monastejyof Bangor (in eo. Down), 
on leaving which place be acted as bishop in 
Kiirry. Lateran,passiiig through the sou them 

Earts of Leinster, he came to Clonfert, where 
e dismissed all his companions and pro- 
ceeded on bis journey alone, having on his 
shoulders two iet/ia full of books. By the 
advice of St. Colman-Ela be constructed 
himself a cell at Raithin — now Ilahen in 
King's County — somewhere about *.b. 590. 
This expanded into the great Irish monailery 
over which he ruled for forty years, and 
whither disciples — to the number of 867 — 
flocked from all parts of Ireland aud Briton. 
His rule appears to have been very strict, and 
we are told in his life that he forbade his 
monks to use cattleinlheiragricnlturul works 
till, at tlie request of St. Fintan, he relaxed 
the severityof tliisorder. Carthach appeara 
to have retained the bishopric of Kerry ^Fifei, 
11. c. iii. !24, with which cf. 14), relurnmg at 
times to his home at Hflhen, where we read 
that he was vjsited by St. Coluraha. Great 

Sjssessions were heaped upon the saint by 
athal, king of Munster (d. 620). Mean- 
while, Kahen was growing in fame as an 
ecclesiastical school, and among the opowd 
of Cartbach's seholara twelve names stood 
out with sjiecial prominence — ' the twelve 
disciples of Mochuda.' Of these the most im- 
portant tan Muchemog, .iltldan, and Mochua 
or Croaan. 

After forty vears of nuicl, Carthach was 
driven from Kahen with his company of 
monks about the year 631 {A. F. M., but cf. 



Carthach 



Carthew 



Chr. Scot. &c. for a. Elighllj different date). 
The causeB of this movement &ro hard to 
fathom, but it Beems that the jeslousy of a 
certain section of the clergy in Aleath urged 
flaithmac and Diarmit, iht; sons of Ajdh 
Slaue, to expel the whole community. Car- 
thach now commenced a wandenno; life. 
From Kahen he [mssed to Fircoll (in Kind's 
County), and from Fircall to lloscreu in Tip- 
jM^rary, where his former pupil, St. Cronan, 
entertained him. Theitce he journeyed south' 
-wards to King FaUbhe Flann at Casliel (633, 
j4. F. M.), hora which plax^e he traversed rhe 
district of Decies in Waterford as far as Li»- 
more, where Fail bhe'sson-in-law,Meloehtrig, 
gaye him a site for a new monastery (c. tS3:i). 
Here Carthach seema to have dwelt for a few 
years, till at last, as age drew on, he retired 
to a neigbbouring retrent to <he east of bis 
cbief foundation, uiid here lived for ti(;)iti-'eu 
months. At lasl, I'eeliiig that ib-ulli was 
upon him, and pitying the older members of 
his fiock whose weaklimba could hardly bear 
the toils of a journey to his secluded cell, he 
gave orders to be carried from the valley to 
a place of easier access. On the way he grew 
weaker, and called to his bearers to set him 
down in the valley. There he received the 
communion, gave his last injunctions to his 
brethren, and so died ' by the fountain where . 
the cross of migration (crux migratirmU) has 
been erected ' (14 May 636 ; but cf. Tioheb- . 
KiC, 637, and Chr. Scot. 636). Of Carthach'a 
writings none seem to be extant now, ex- 
cepting perhaps the rule for bis monastery of 
Sahen, which Ussher saw ' in codice auti- 
quiore . . . Hibemico sermoneantiquissimo 
ezarato ' (Anlig. p. 476). A long poem, 
ascribed to this saint, is stillpreserved m the I 
library of Trinity CoUege, Dublin {MS. If. 
ii. 16; Keeveh, CWtfeM,p.8; with which cf. ' 
CCubkt'b Lectures on Mamucript Mate- 
rials for Irish Ststory for an account of a . 
verse'Rule'sscrihedto Carthach, pp. 37 4^-6), 
Carthach is more generally known by the 
name of Mochuda, bis real name having pro- i 
bably been Chuda ( = Cuddy), to which the 
endearing prefix 'mo'(~ my) has been added, 
as in the case of so many other Irish saints 
(Lamioas, pp. 350-1). 

[Cartbaeb's Dame seema to occur first in the 
so-caUed Catalogue of Tirechan, seventh and 
eighth eeotury (Haddan and Stubbs, ii. part 2), 
the Stove MissHl, of perhaps the ninth century 
(Warren's Liturgy of the Celtic Church, p. 238), 
and the Uaityrotogy of (Ecgua the Cnldee (ed. 
Stokes), tenth ccuCqtt. fiia name is also to be 
fonnd on ths same day (14 May), according to 
the Sollandist editor, in the Tamlacht and other 
early Irish Martyrologiea. Two ancient lives 
ara printed in the Bollandist AetaBS., ons bon 



a MS. Sulmiinti cense at Bmasels, tbp other from 
an. ancieol Irish manuscript, which seems, if we 
may judge from Dr. Reeves's description of ths 
latter, to correspond with that contained in ff. 
94-lUO at the ao-called Codex Ejlkenniensie (or 
Codei ArmacbaDua) in Primate Manh'b library 
at Dnblin. Of these two lives the second, which 
is by for the longer, appears to contain the 
latBer amount of bisloHcal detnila. though miied 
wilTi much fable. It is noteworthy that tho name 
ofSt. Carthach the younger does not seem to occur 
in the lites of any of the contompoiary saints of 
Ireland.] T. A. A. 

CABTHEW, GEORGE AilTtEDClSO?- 

1862), antiouary, was bom on 20 June 1807, 
being the only son of George Carthew,Bolicitor, 
of Harleston, Norfolk, by his wife Ellzabi'lh, 
daughter of Peter Isaack, gent., of '\Vighlaa 
in the same county. Owing to his father's 
atraitened eircumstanci's, Curt hew had little 
school education. While yJi a Ikij he wa» 
articled to bis father, and &om him he in- 
herited not onlv the remarkable &cultj for 
genealogical and hiBtorical reBoarch which he 
exhibited throughout a long life, but a rich 
collection of ma teriaU. He had acceaa, while 
still in his articles, to a collection of charters 
once belonging; to Mendham Priory in Suffolk, 
and with but little assistance he spent ycara in 
deciphering, copying, and analysmgthe large 
mass of ancient documentsBO as to completely 
master the contents. Carthew was admilled 
a solicitor in Hilary term 1830, and, after 
practising for nine years at Framlingham in 
Suffolk, though still in partnership with hia 
father at Harleatou, accepted a partnerehip at 
East Bcrebam, where he fixed himself for i he 
rest of his life. At Dereham Carthew wTote 
the history of the hundred of Launditch, 



loss, was published with the title of ' The 
Hundred of Launditcb and Deanery of Brisley 
in the Countv of Norfolk. Evidences and 
Topographical Notes,' &c., three parts, 4to, 
Norwich, 1877-B. This admirable specimen 
of a county history, skilfully arranged and 
akilfally executed, illustrated by lithographs, 
plans, and facsimiles, is imrivallad for the 
completeness of the manorial descente. 

Carthew was nominated one of the local se- 
cretaries of the Norfolk and Norwich Archieo- 
logical Society instituted under the presi- 
dency of Bishop Stanley in December 184o, 
and at the first general meeting (1846) read 
apaper on the church of Great Dereham. His 
contributions to the ' Norfolk Archnology ' 
were numerous and important, the most 
valuable being perhaps the notice on ' North 
Creake Abbey in the seventh volume, pp. 
163-68, and that ' On the Right of Waidslup 




;hew ai9 Cartier ^" 

■nd the Ceremony of Homage and Fealty in ' 1683, and on 14 June 1688 wee culled to the 
ike Feudal Times ' in the fourth volume, pp. bar, Hals adding that he gained bia ndvance- 
S86-dl. In the second volume of the eame I inent 'by a mandamus from the lord keeper, 
aerial be had published ' Extracts from a A[S. | North,' with whom he was undoubtedly coB- 
Diajy of Peter Le Neve, Esq., Norroy King , iiected b^ marriage. lie was admitted to the 
of Arms, entitled "Memorand'in Heraldry, ' EamepoBiCion at the Inner Temple on 23 Nov. 
of such entries as relate to the County of i 1^8, and was created a Berjeant-at-law un 
Norfolk,' accompanied by an elaborate pedi- 7 Nov. 1700,whenhe was raised to the bHneb 
grei- of Le Neve and rsluabie genealogical of his inn. The same local hiatoriau pro- 
__.__ T)[ig manuscript had come into his phesied hia growth' into such great fame and 



pOBsession through his grandfather, the Rev. 
Tfaomas Caithew, F.S.A., of Woodbridge 
Abbey in Suffolk, to whom it was given by 
' Honest Tom Martin,' the historian of Thet- 
ford, who had married Le Neve'e widow. 
Some extracta previously appeared in the 
'Gentleman's Magazine.' Cartbewalao took 
part in editing for the society ' The Visitation 
of Norfolk in the year 1563,' of which only 
the first volume, published 
jet appeared. 

Later Carthew, in ill-health and suffering 
from severe domestic loss, prepared for pub- 
lication his collections for the liistory of the 
pariahea of West and East Bradenham, Nee- 
tan, and Holme Hale. In the event of his 
deatb Dr, Jessopp undertook to see the rest 
of his material through the press, and preface 
the work with an introduction. Carthew 
was found dead in hia chair on the morning 
of Saturday, 21 Oct. 1882, and was buried at 
Harleaton, 

Onrthew had been elected a fellow of the 
Society of Anliquaries in February 1664 ; he 
was n frequent contributor to the chief anti- 
quarian nnd genealogical periodicals. After 
hia death appeared : 1. 'A History of the 
Parishes of Svest and East Bradenham, with 
those of Necton and Holme Hale, in the 
County of Norfolk. With an Introduction 
by the Rev. Augnstus Jessopp, D.D.,' 4to, 
Norwich, 1863. 2. 'The Origin of Family 
or SuF-Nnmes, with apecial UeSrence to those 
of the Inhabitants oT East Dereham ii 
County of Norfolk,' 4to, Norwich, 1883. 

[Bort*BLaniledGBiitrr(I882).i. 278; Aihe- 
nsnm, i Not. IS82, p. 598.] Q. 0, 

CARTHEW, THOMAS (m7-l70i), 
seijeanl-at-law, eldest son of Thomas Car- 
thew of CannaligCT-, St, Issey in Corn- 
wall, who married Mary Baker of Bodmin, 
woa bnm on 6 April 1657. If the autho- 
rity of Hals, the Cornish historian, can be 
trusted, he was for some time ' in the in- 
ferior pactiec of the law under Mr. Tre- 
genna, without beiuj^ a perfect Latin gram- 
marian, always using the English words for 
nutters and things in his declarations where 
he undentooil not the Latin.' He became a 
t •Ik.tlw AlidiUa XsMjIa on 31 May 




_ , that he ia likely to make a 

sidenible addition to his paternal estat«,' but 
on 4 July 1704 Narcissus Luttrell records in 
his diarj-, ' 'tis reported Serjeant Carthew is 
dead,' and on 12 July he was buried in the 
Temple Church. John Colby of Banham 
in Norfolk married Ann, daughter and heiress 
of John Arthur of Wiggenhall St. Man-. At 
Colby's death his widow married Edward 
North of Benacre, Suffolk. Ann, one of 
Colby's two daughters and coheiresses, mar- 
ried a second Edward North, and the other 
daughter, Mary, married Setjeant Carthaw. 
By her the eerjeant had two aons, Thomas 
and John, both at the bar, and Thomas, the 
elder, inherited CunniliB^y from his father, 
and Benacre and Woodbridge from hia ma- 
ternal uncle, Edward North. The Cornish 
property he sold in 1720, and the Suliblk 
efltatea have long passed from the family, 
but a portrait of the eerjeant is said to be 
preseri'ed at Woodbridge Abbey. Avoluma 
of the Serjeant's, ' Reports of Cases adiudged 
'-■ the Court of King's Bench from 3 Jac. II 
12 W^ill. Ill,' was published by his son, 
Thomas Carthew, in 1/28, and reprinted in 
^nla^ged edition in 1741. A ' Reading on 
the law of uses by Seijeant Carthew at New 
Mlcbaelmas term, the third of Wil- 
liam and Mary, when he was deputy reader 
for the Middle Temple,' was included in a 
volume entitled 'Collectanea Juridica '(1791). 
The aerieunt's reports are praised by Kenjon 
and Willes, but condemned by Thurlow. 

[Beai^heiB of loner Temple (1SB3). p. fiS; 
Woohych'a Seijeanta, ii. 459_B3 ; Suckling's Suf- 
folk, ii. 123-4; Courtney and Boobp'b Bibl, 
Comub. 64, lllfl ; Misceli GoneHl. et Herald, iiL 
176; Parochial Hist, of Cornwall (1868), ii, 
236-7,241.] W. P. C. 

CARTIER, Sir GEORGE ETIENNE 

(1814-1873), Canadian statesman, youngest 
son of Jacques Cartier, lieutenant-colond in 
the Canadian militia, who died in 1841, by 
his wife Mai^ret, daughter of Joseph Paradis, 

bom at St. Antobe, on the Chambly 

, in the county of VerchSrea, Lower 
Canada, on 6 S>'pt."l814. He received his 
education at the college of St. Sulpice, Mont- 
real, where he went through a coune of 



Cartier 



220 



Cartwright 



study during eight years. Haying left coUegei 
he entered the office of E. E. Rodier, a lead- 
ing member of the Montreal bar, and in 
November 1835 became a member of the 
bar in Lower Canada. The same year he 
commenced practice, and soon succeeded in 
establishing an extensive and lucrative busi- 
ness. At. different times he had for his part- 
ners in the law J. A. Bert helot and M. Dum- 
merville. In March 1848, seven years after 
responsible government had been established 
in Canada, Cartier was elected a member of 
the legislative assembly for the county of 
VerchSres. He continued to represent that 
constituency until the general election of 
1861, when he contested Montreal, and after 
a hard struggle defeated M. Dorion, the 
leader of the rouge or Lower Canada party. 
On 25 Jan. 1850 he first held office as 
provincial secretary in the MacNab-Tach6 
ministry, and on 24 May 1856 was appointed 
attorney-general for Lower Canada on the 
formation of the Tach6-Macdonald adminis- 
tration. In November 1857 he was named 
leader of the l^wer Canada section of the 
government, the Hon. J. A. Macdonald be- 
coming premier, and the ministiy under its 
new phase being known as the 3lacdonald- 
Cartier ministry. A slight change in the 
wheel of fortune produced a trans]K)sition 
of these names, and on 6 Aug. 1858 the 
ministry became the Cartier-Macdonald ad- 
ministration. Asa legislator Cartier assisted 
to carry the bills for abolishing the seigniorial 
tenures, that for moking the legislative council 
elective, and that for secularising the clergy 
reserves. It was also owing to his exertions 
that several important measures were enacted 
by the legislature. To say nothing of the 
Victoria Bridge Bill, he in 1856 passed an 
act for the establisliment of tliree normal 
schools, and in 1857 carried a measure to 
provide for the codification of the civil laws. 
In the same session he framed an act to break 
up the system of judicial centralisation in 
Lower Canada. Two yeai-s later he introduced 
the l^Vench civil law into the townships, its 
operation having been previously confined to 
the seigniories. In the sitting of 1860 he 
passed the measures dividing the cities of 
Montreal, (Quebec, and Toronto into electoral 
divisions, and also introduced the admirable 
municipal bill which the lower province now 
enjoys. On 28 July 1858, being defeated in 
an attempt to make Ottawa the seat of 
government, he was obliged to resign. As 
a leader and member of the government he 
was one of the most honest and upright 
ministers who ever held office; his enun- 
ciation of French in parliament was the 
most distinct of any member in the house, 



and he had a perfect command of English. 
Every year of his official life he submitted 
to a sacrifice of professional emolument, 
which had the effect of making him a com- 
paratively poor man. The new ministry, 
under the Hon. Oeorge Brown, were only 
able to hold office two days, and Cartier 
immediately returned to power as premier 
in the month of August, and kept that 
position imtil May 1862. In 1864 he was 
again offered the premiership of the cabinet, 
but declined it, though he accepted the posi- 
tion of attorney-general. He was one of 
the delegates to England on the question of 
confederation and the intercolonial railway 
in 1865 and 1866. On the formation of the 
Dominion government in 1867 he was ap- 
pointed minister of militia and defence m 
the new cabinet, and retained this place until 
the reconstruction of the cabinet under Lord 
Dufferin in 1873. In 1854 he was made a 
queen's counsel of Canada, create a C.B. on 
29 June 1867, a member 01 the queen's privy 
council for Canada in July 1867, and a l>aro- 
net of the United Kingdom on 24 Aug. 1868. 
He died at his lodgings, 47 Welbeck Street, 
Cavendish Square, London, on 21 May 1873. 
The requiem mass was celebrated at the 
French Chapel, Portman Square, on 27 Mav, 
and his remains were then snipped to Canada 
for interment. He married, on 16 June 
1846, Hortense, daughter of Edward Ray- 
mond Fabre of Montreal, and had issue two 
daughters. He was the author of the popular 
French Canadian song * O Canada ! mon pays, 
mes amours ! ' which was set to music and 
published, and of other songs. 

[Morgan's Sketches of Canadians, 1862, pp. 
603-8 ; Appleton's American Annual Cyclopaedia, 
1873, p. 697 ; Times, 23 May, p. 5. 28 May, 
p. 10.] G. C. B. 

OARTWRIGHT, CHRISTOPHER 

(1W2-1(W)8), divine, was bom in the jmrish 
of St. Michael-le-Belfry, York, in 1002. He 
was admitted to Peterhouse, Cambridge, 
on 13 Dec. 1617; graduated B.A. 1020, 
M. A. 1624 ; was elected to a fellowship at 
Peterhouse on 30 March 1625, and was after- 
wards a clergyman in York. His writings 
are: 1. 'The Magistrates* Authority in matters 
of Religion ana the SouFs Immortality ^nn- 
dicated in two sermons,* 1647. The first 
sermon, published by a Colonel Leigh, is 
directed against some soldiers in the army at 
Y^ork, who had roused Cartwright*s indigna- 
tion by denying the power of the magistrate 
to restrain heretics. 2. 'The Doctrine of Faith 
. . .' 1649 (thirty-six sermons). 3. ' Certa- 
men Religiosum, or a Controversy between 
the late King of England and the late Lord 



Cartwright 221 Cartwright 



Marqnease ofWorceetefr concerning Ri=rliaion, he wL^ihed rxt hfsrjnmfi a canfli'lafe tor a ft^IIow'- 

witli a Vindication of the Protestanr: Caiue .^Kip ^ir }\ji^isL\*-n without havintr ffniduate*!. 

from the pretences of the Marqiieme hU hbat oonTr>*arK/n iCARTWicrGHr, ytenwriaL n-ml 

Papers, which the necessity of the Kimr'-t t^i rh^ T^tniht.y of Arrn, p. ^) pann^jfl an act 

affairs denied him opportunity to an^wp^r,' •rnahii.n^ hira to take hi.t H..V. flK(fre<: U'l'mv 

1651. JTie ' Certamen Religio^um,* pub^- 'hft r'rflr^iUr tim^. (tn nTCuivin^" it, in I7»U, 

lished in 1049 by Thomas Baylie I- ^.", he wm *lf:«rr»?fl a f»?liow of Mjijf'liJ'rn. pr»r- 




cated to Ussher. 6. ' Mellificium Hehraicum ttxa r^prinr^l in an anonymoiM volum*- of 

seu observationes diversimod« ex Hebrapo- poemii lAA'it-A bv him in I77;J. fn th»- H-^-ay 

rum, prsesertim antiquonim, monumrn^U on the im.'arton of the :inr:i*:nt riallAiN pn*- 

desumptse, unde plurimi cum W.eri- rum fixer! ^o *c,-z T.luri part of ').»; * Minitr»:Ii> of 

Novi Testamenti loci vel explicanrnr vri the .'•0'.tt:«i* iV/H^rr.'H rr W.-iIferS^-ort ^fit:iik«« 

illustrantur.' The last waA fir»r pi i bl i.-i> he^l of • A rrr. j n»: * nrl Kl '. » r;i ' a - a * fj»:a nU f n 1 \n*:t:*%' 

in the ninth volume of the 'Critici .'?a^.* anrl 4jiim.T*zfi by I;.jy.il'l .rrfrwart. Haitnt^ 

1060, and the eighth volume of the *^ii*ion of taken '.rit-r^ \r.ti rr.am#^l ;i lari y w ho appirnr* 

16d8. The 'Electa Thargumino- Rabbi nif:a' •ohav-ir.r.ent^:''! ppof*»-rt'. m i^m':a-'^r#;r,^'arr- 

was first inserted in the *Cririci .Sarri ' of •wr.;rh?i%*4 pr«r<#!nt#:*i to rh»: [Mrpfieriiai '••irary 

1698 (vol. i. pt. i.) Cartwriarhr ^h'-z-x-- ^ear of firaiar^fon, n^raf ^Aak'rri*'M, In \.77'.t h»- 

learning in illustrating the Bi bin from anf .if^Ti " t^^xtu *• t*'.<^* , .• o f ^ /ov: by .\f ;ir-A '^A.l^-n i*-.^ u-. r - 

rabbinical writings, and w reflpecrfu! It rri»rn- >h.r«:. an^: p'ibl:.fb<:'l ranonymouj^lv; *'Jhr 

tioned by contemporane:^. V^Ti-n fi«i x • er i'ri r.t *: o f I '^juj'..' ar . vIm 'i .- f j » o r j n / t i i •: f r:ir n - 

wrote his first woric, * Aphorirtra.'* of J.«.-f;!i- o-.'iai ry,r.*.:-.t ?h»:n ^/«:./;/ A-i^^.-fl by Lujinuti 

cation, &c.,' he submitt^ it to Carr^r/h* ■»•.•>. tr.i^: .\m»:firan r:/,i',f,..*.. At '/'*ii'iliv 

among others. Cart wrijrh t madi? vaho - i - r— .Nfa re vxi h e rna/le .i/'- ' ' ^ • * " •''*^' ' ■ * P* ■ ^"'^ ** ^' ' * 

marks, to which Baxter replied. Cumrr.jr.': on r.i* y:*?'-*- i^./.'i. ^:/.rirr; ',j'':'i ro rl.r * M'li.rbly 

then replied by some * exc»spr ion.-." Ba z v.* iie-s ..r -v.* *r. 'i fo.-rnr:f i -in . n t. :ua/: . - i r ii ' >;ibU-, 

lost the manuiscript, which turrirfi -.r, -orr.- xho r. 177;;^ f/»rra..'- : ...- fj»;i/].fi«,jr a* 'lo- 

years after Cart wrigh r % rlesit h . f n : ^i7»^; rr. -: - • >; ': r. *;, . ;t. n • o •...'■ I j , x •: ' j t K ■ i r i .in d Jit 

baxter publl-fhed hi.^ * Treat i.-^ ,f J i- - . : r r. / i'^-.'r.'r. 

Kighteousnes.^,' in two b"Kik.-. rhv -.•<'or. : ,:' fr. 17^1 Otr A.^i'^'. ;,'t.'i ^ I.o.j i.i -vi-jr r., 

which, ent it led ' A Fri^mdl r I>»:bHr- •*-. • :. * :»-: Wa". .-/-.k, r. *:«».• .\ .-x '- r . / . •. - -♦:i: . t a A * i: r < wn . 

learned and wort hy M r. ^.'h .n'.-! • ' .p :. - r ^'t r- t : .^ f :.'.. f i .:;./> . *. r.o r. - ;. . .-i r. . .. / r.. . . I .-: ;i r ' ." r ■ , r n - 

wright,' contains all the pre^re^i : r. / pti p*: • • . :\ .-; . i :. : •• : <^ .4 .-. y/ .-./.• \. t y^^u^A r , r .i v . r i 

together with Baxtr/^ final reply. 'T:--r -• .i> o.r. ve.--ar.or. •..**. A 'icvr./..*. • '.-. .>! Ij.i'/i; •#, 

stance of >Ir. Cartwri jh :.'* ^ibj ^* i o r..- r; . , r.- -e*. ;- . ', '. . '. • 'o -^ o .'/f v , . .-. ■.»::.•. t a i:^ ', i r. y -m . J . ' 

sidered/ It Uacuriou»ifi'i.i*rationof fi<ii-^-r- \rA >.r/ .^-a r.-.v /. ' ', .I'J no?. ^^: rnor«: 'J.rfi- 

dialectical subtlety and canrio-.-. ff-^ 'v,..- '^,.r "o r.'..-.rf.; a /.'r.i..:./-r/i. :'..;./.'■ th;in jr iia/i 

Cartwright a * very learned, peis/resi 'i .^. ir. 'i '^en ro ';o .v * .' . ':•. * .. - \ r... .;. >.• . r; '; b«- • ^pl;i v»t . 

godly man.' Cartwri^fh' di-^i a" V ..-^ .n f .-',:.'. ':..-. ':o.'. -.*:.•. a* .r. f^Mf./ fr**: in'j'i»:m 

1668, and left .v^mr bo^^k.- ro •:.-: .i^r^r. or' p^."A^.--.v.;.'.. Kft..r:.:./ ro r'.v rf'.Mi/.* v»:ar* 

Peterhouse. arvr/Ji*:. f.rr.. -;.•:': ',-, ^;%r a - ./f.r r.o *}..*■ 



rSvkej-tor's Barter, i. 50. 107: O...^ i .Vr-r. 
xlii. 'lOO, 136; K. I>t:gr.'^ T.-*A:.:*e '.f h^...j".'. 



v,r.\'. ', .ror o: ar. .tr..^,- or. •-.': '//•on rn-in-j- 

and Learning n6o6 . p. l.>>: W-<<^:'< A*..-.- .* .-'rr/.-r; .'.*:': ..'. \'^:.r. -'• - (l. ''•,.': • f •.'..- c/s*- 

OxoD. ii. 527. iii. 201. 4.3.J. 5^^. yrJ7 ; i.r?5i*.:: *. '/,/ .'.f;^,, ^.';._^.. .,.. j,-. vj*. .^j,. 

Eboracum, p. 37%; Ca:Ac:.rs Uax:*.-, . . ''^A., ri*/^,:. %.:*..• ;..: '-.•. ,-, j. .v... r>.r».-A-r: ;«•*.• 

GARTWBIQHT, KDM rVJi, h.\), •e*-.r. v.*: %• ..•^.:.^- or v.- •:.'.;..-■. ..i.'.i-lv.a.'. 

(1743-l>si;ij, the repired i.'i.TeT.V/T of 'r.e H.- '.; .:..=•-/ rr*A/.;..r.-: -/i-i- . r. >-■•:■ o ;.:V t- sn 

'•^'^.v-:1,'>1^r-•.:^.^r^e•.:»^';-:'An.. V^;-r- 
•^^r.j-- :.-: r^/.k vi* 4 p4'.r.'.- :,.-.:. ; Apr! 

ham, Nott i ngfaam.* h : r*. irhe.-* • \^. fifc.r* . I v r jvi i 7 r-*/. .-•: a; % •. . n ;? .n r >. ■: - % r/. •: •.« >. .- r o Jj*/ :. - 



power-loom, bom i^ Apr. I 17*-'i, -Khj". rr.e 
fourth son of William Carfi!T:^r.t of Ma.t.- 




went to UmTcnity Cdleg«y Oxford. Whan tirA of Lis yj^xt^ {uLrjtXiy commo^ 



Cartwright 



222 



Cartwright 



he yisited Manchester to have a model of ; tonished hj its magnitude (Life of Crabbe^ 
his improved machine constructed and criti- , by his son, 1847, p. 38). Li 1791 a Man- 
cised by skilful workmen, and to enlist the ; Chester firm contracted with Cartwright for 
aid of local manufacturers. Disappointed in the use of four hundred of his power-looms, 
this hope, and having taken out two more \ and built a mill in which some of them were 
patents, 30 Oct. 1786 and 18 Aug. 1787, for j worked by a steam-engine, at a saving, it was 
nirther improvements in his loom, he set up said, of half the wages paid to the hand-loom 
at Doncaster a fELCtorv of his own for weav- weavers. The Manchester mill was burned 
ing and spinning. The power-loom worked to the ground, probably by workmen, who 
there was the parent of tnat now in use, and feared to be displaced. This catastrophe 



in it an ingenious mechanism was substituted 
for the hands and feet of the ordinary weaver 
(see drawing of a portion of it, with the 
improvements subsequently patented in 1790, 



prevented manufacturers from repeating the 
experiment. Cartwright's success at l)on- 
caster was obstructed by opposition and by 
the costly character of his processes in that 



in appendix C to the Memoir of Cartwright^ early stage. By 1793, having spent some 

by his daughter, and description of it there, 30,000/., he was deeply in debt. He relin- 

pp. 64-6 ; also the drawings of it, with ex- quished his works at Doncaster, giving up 

tracts from the specification of 1790, in Bab- his property to his creditors, transferring for 
LOW, History of n caving , pp. 236-8). Cart- ' their benent also his pat-ent rights to his 

Wright's was not the earliest power-loom, but brothers, John and Charles, and recording 

it was the first by which wide cloth, such in a stoical sonnet his feelings at this de- 

as calico, was woven for practical purposes struction of his hopes. 

(Barlow, p. 229). In 1793 Cartwright removed to Liondon, 

Yorkshire had for centuries been a princi- where, in a small house nearly on the site 

pal seat of the woollen manufacture, and afterwards occupied by the Coliseum, he 

at Doncaster Cartwright invented a wool- built a room with the ' geometrical bricks,' 

combing machine whi<3i contributed greatly patented the year before, whose cost alone 

to lessen the cost of that manufacture. It would have prevented their general use. He 

was an invention more original than his constructed a new steam-engine, for which 

power-loom. No method of combing wool he took out a patent in 1797, and in which 

but by hand appears to have been so much alcohol was whoUy or in part to be substi- 

as thought of when Cartwright took out, in tuted for water (see drawings in Tredgold, 

1789, his first patent for a wool-combing Steam-engine^ i. 34-6). He now formed an 

machine. Its structure was essentially mo- intimacy with Robert Fulton, co-operating 

dified when he took out, in 1790, a second with him in experiments for the application 

and third patent, followed by a fourth in of steam to navigation. Cartwright was one 

1792. It substituted mechanical action for ' of the arbitrators appointed to settle the 

manual. Even in the earlier stages of its terms of the compensation to be given by the 



development one machine did the work of 
twenty combers by hand, and by the use of 
a single set of the machines a manufacturer 
could save 1,100/. per annum (see drawings 
and descriptions of it in Memoir y pp. 98-100, 
and in James, History of the Worsted Manur 
facture, where its initial value is spoken of 
disparagingly). Petitions against its use 
poured mto the House of Commons from the 
wool-combers, some fifty thousand in number. 
So formidable seemed their opposition that 
Cartwright, in a counter-petition, expressed 
his reamness to limit the number of his 
machines to be used in any one year. The 
House of Commons appointed a committee to 
inquire into the matter, and nothing came of 
the wool-combers' agitation {Journals of the 
House of CommonSf xlix. 322 ; Cartwright, 
Memorial^ read to the Society of Arts, p. 43). 
Cartwnght's Doncaster factory is said to 
have been on a limited scale, until the erec- 
tion of a steam-en^e in 1788 or 1789, 
though on visiting it Mrs. Crabbe was as- 



British government to Fulton on his sup- 
pression of a secret for blowing up ships by 
submarine navigation. In 1799 Cartwright 
was for a time candidate for the secretaryship 
of the Society of Arts, and prepared a 'me- 
morial,' afterwards published, which gives 
some autobiographical details. He had been 
appointed a prebendary of Lincoln in 1766 
(jLe Neve, Fasti, ii. 207) by Thurlow, then 
bishop of that see. 

In 1800 Cartwrieht's patent for the wool- 
combing machine nad only a few years to 
run. It was coming into use slowly, but in- 
fringements were frequent and costly to resist. 
He petitioned parliament to prolong his pa- 
tent for fourteen years, and circulated a 
' case ' in which he told the story of his in- 
ventions and his losses by them. After an 
inquiry by a committee of the House of 
Commons, a bill prolonging the patent for 
fourteen years was passed m 1801. When 
the prolonged patent expired, Cartwright 
mained a loser by his invention. 



C^nwiiglit hud berii »^in directing hii 
nlWnticin to agricuIiuriJ imiirovemeiita. In 
1793 had appeart>d a letter from him to Sir 
John Sinclair on a new reaping machine of 
hU invention, and in June 1801 he received 
a prize from the board of agricultiu« fiir an 
essay on fausbandrj. In 1800 iheninth diike 
of Bedford gave hint the management of an 
experimental farm at Wobum. The duke 
died in the following spring, and Cartwrigbt 
preached n funeral sermon which was severely 
ceneun^i, as improper from a clergyman, in 
apubliehed letter, signed ' Christian ub Laicus,' 
addressed t« Charles James Fox. The tenth 
dake of Bedford retained his services until 
1807. In that year appeared a volume of 
affectionately didactic ' Lettei^ and Sonnets' 
addressed by Cartwright to I^nl John Rus- 
sell, then a boy of fifteen. Diiritig his stay 
at Wohum, Cartwriglit's lealous promotion 
of Bgricultura] improvement procured him i 
distinctions from the Society or Arts and the 
board of agriculture. In 1806 the univeiv 
uty of Oxford conferred on him his B.D. and 
1>.D. degrees, and he olSciated as domeKtic 
chaplain to the Duke of Bedford, lie re- 
tnamed rector of Goadby Marwood until 1808 
at least. 

In 1804 Cartwright's patent for the power- 
loom expired. For several years after his 
sbandonmeDt of the DoncBSt«r factory his 
power-loom wss little used, but, with im- 
provements effected in it, it came gradually 
jnto some favour. About 1806 Cartwright 
found hiH invention to hare become a source 
of cojuiiderttbte profit to Lancashire manu- 
facturers. He wrote an indignant letter to 
A Monehester friend. In August 1807 some 
fif^ prominent Manchester firms signed a 
memorial to the Duke of Portland, as prime 
minister, asking the government to bestow 
a substantial recc^nition on the services ren- 
dered to the country by Cartwright's invention 
s power-loom. Cartwrigbt petitioned \ 
louse of Commons, which on 10 June | 
voted him 10.000/. 
CCartwright now became independent. He 
~'~ [ht a small farm at Hollander, between 
■noaks and Tunbridge, and occupied him- 
self during the rest of hia life in euttivating 
it and in useful InventioTis, ^ricultural and 
gene«l. In his eighty-third year he sent to 
the Itoyol Society, which did not publish it, 
a paper containinga new theory of the move- 
ment of the planets round the sun. At Hol- 
lander he was kind to the poor and active as 
ft m^strale. Crabhe's son speaks of Cart- 

Kt oa ' a portly dignified old gentleman, 
and polite, but fidl of humour and 
' Inventing to the last, he died at 
ngs on 30 Oct. 1B23, and was buried in 



th e Hon 
^^09 vo 

^^pwenoa 



the church of Battle, where his family erected 
a mural monument to his memory. Cart- 
wright left several children, among them 
Edmund, rector of Earnley : Elizabeth, wife 
of the Rev. John Penrose, bett«r known as 
the Mrs. Markliam of juvenile historical lite- 
rature; Frances Dorothy [q. v.l, the biogra- 
pher of her uncle, Major Cartwrigbt ; and 
Mary, the wife of Henry Euatatius Strick- 
land, nodoubt the authoress of the meritorious 
biography of her father, which was published 
anonymously, but to the preface of wluch its 
writer aiSied the signature ' M.. S.' 

[A Memoir of the Lifo, Wrilinga, and Mo- 
chaniiMiIInvGiitionsof Edmund Cartwrigbt, D.D., 
&c (1843) i Bennett Waodcroft's Brisf Biogra- 
phies of iDTeotors for tha Hannracture of Tex- 
tile Fabrics (1863) ; Abridgmenta of SpeciSea- 
tiona relating u> Weaving (ISflU; Report irom 
thu Commillee on Dr. Cartwrigbt's Petition re- 
ipectiog his weaving machtae, together with the 
ninuIeB of ovidecee : House of Commons' Fapem 
(IBflS); E-BaiBes'sHislOTy of Cotton Manufac- 
ture in Great Britain (tS33)i Barlow'e History 
and Principles of Weaving by Hand and l^ 
Power ( 1 878) : James's History ot the Worsted 
Manufacture in England from the earliest times 
(18S7); Tredgold's Steam-engine, its Invention 
and PTogrcesive Improvemenl, (1838).] F. B. 

CAKTWRiaHT, FRANCES DORO- 
THY {1780-1863}, uoetess and biographer, 

youngest child of tie Rev. Edmund Cart- 
wrigbt, D.D. h-T.J. inventor of the power- 
loom, &c., by his first wife, Alice, was bom 
28 Oct. 1780. She was adopted by her uncle. 
Major Cartwri^t [q. v.], the enersetic poli- 
tician, on her mother's death, while she was 
still an infant; and was sent to school at Rich- 
mond. Inl803Eheb^^towritesma11poemB, 
and In 1833, being much interested by the 
Spanish patriots received by her uncle, she 
learnt Spanish and translated a fewof lUego'a 
poems intoEnglish. Onthe death of her uncle 
in 1824Blie prepared berfirst published work, 
' The Life and Correspondence of Major Oart>- 
wright,' published in 1826. She retired with 
Major Cartivright.'s widow to Worthing, and 
published her poems there anonvmoiisly, in 
a little volume, 'Poems, chiefly bevotionol,' 
dated 13 Nov. 18.35. Her I'ranslatiouB of 
Riego's poems appeared, with her initials, 
in the poet's ' Obras Pdslumas Pofiticaa ' 
(1844). She died at Brighton 13 Jan. 1863, 
DgedSS. 

[I'mnMS Gaitwright'B Life of hor undo, i. I(i3, 
*M. 408-13, IL 163, 243, 245, 279. 301: her 
Poems. IB, 21-6. 41, 47, 48. 50; EI Itumancoro 
and Obras PiSBtamna Po^tlcns of E. A. del Siega 
y Nnfiei and R. del Riogo y Nniim, on colonred 
teavea, not paged ; Brighton Examiner, 20 Jan. 
1863.1 J. H. 



Cartwright 



Cartwright 



CABrWKIQHT, GEORGE (^. 1861), | He devised 
dramatiat, wma the author of a Bolttuy trafedj 
entitled ' The Heroick Lover, or the In»iDta 
of Spain,' London, 1661, 8vo, dedicated t« 



Charlee II. It ■was presumably unacted. 
The ftcene is Poland, and the author epeaka 
of it as ' a poem consistinc' more of fatal 
truth than flying fiutc;.' It ia in rttjmed 
Tene, and ie in all respects a poor produc- 
tion. CartwriRht is unmentioned by Laug^ 
btUne, Winstauey, and I^illipa. 'Die first 
reference to him occurs in Gildon's addition 
to Luiffbaine, 1609, vliere it is said that 
the author 'has writ a play called " Heroick 
Love," ' a mistake copied hj succeeding 
writers, and that he ' lived at Fulham.' 

[Baker, Re«d, aod Jonee's Biographiiii Drsma- 
tica; Qenest's Account of the Stage ; The Lives 
and Charactera of the English Dramatic Foots, 
first begun by Mr. Len^baine, improved and 
eoatinned down to this time by a careful hand, 
1S99.] J. K. 

OABTWRIGHT,JOHN(«.1763-1808), 
painter, was a member of the Free Society of 
Artists, and in 1763 signed the deed of enrol- 
ment of that society. He went to Rome to 
prosecute hie artistic studies, and there became 
Jcquainted with Henry Faseli. On his return 
to England he resided lor sevenl years at 
100 St. Martin's Lane, and when Fuseli re- 
turned to England mim Rome in 1T79, he 
for some time shared part of Cartwright's 
house. Cartn-right became a great personal 
friend of Fuseli, who gave him many hints, 
and occasionally assistance in his work. His 
historical pictures show much of Fuseli's in- 
fluence, wbich was, however, unsuited to an ' 
artist of Cartwright's calibre. He exhibited 
attheRoyalAcademyfroml784tol808; his 
pictures were not confined to any one class 
of subject, but represented landscapes, his- 
torical and domestic subjects, and pnncipaUy 
portraits. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the Enclish 
School ; Hedgraves' Century of Pttintori, vol. i. ; 
Qreves'sDict. of ArtisU, 1780-1880; Pye's Pa- 
tronage of British Art ; Cstalc^nes of the Kihibi- 
tiona of the Royal Academy and the Free Society 
of Artists ; Esowles's Life of Faseli.] L. C. 

CARTWRIGHT, JOHN (1740-1824), 
political reformer, was descended from an 
old Northamptonshire family, and was the 
third son of William Cartwright of Uara- 
hiun, and Anoe, daughter of George Cart- 
wright of Ossington. He was bom 17 Sept. 
17^, and educated at a grammar school at 
Newark, and a private academy at Heath 
in Yorkshire. At about the age of eighteen 
he entered the navy, and saw soma active 
•ervice under the command of Lord Hove. 



improvements in gaa 
exercise, afterwards incorporated in Fal-> 
coner'a ' Marine Dictionary.' Cartwright 
rapidly rose in the service, and in 1766 was 
appointed first lieutenant of the Ouemsey on 
the Newfoundland station, and the following 
year was made deputy commissary to the 
vice-admiralty court in that island. Here he 
took the lead in a short exploring expedition. 
He returned from Newfoundla^ in 1770, ia 
impaired health. His mind dwelt constantly 
on the improvement of naval efficiency, uid 
during several years he endeavoured to draw 
the attention of the government to plans for 
a perpetual supply of timber for the navy. 

Ahwut 1775 Cartwright 'began publicly to 
assert his opinions on political matters in 
' A Letter to Edmund Burke, controvert- 
ing the Principles of American Government 
laid down in his lately published speech 
on American Taxation, and in a tract od 
American independence. Two years later 
his sympathies hindered him &om joining 
Lord Howe's command in North America, 
' and a stop was thus put to his professional 
advancement. In 1776 Cartwright had been 
appointed major to the Nottinghamshire 
militia. He now began a series of writings 
on reform in parliament. From the first he 
advocated annualparliementa, universal suf- 
frage, and the baUat. His extreme notions 
hindered his acceptance by the wliigs, but his 
position as a country gentleman insured him 
respect. He was »eq«ently in correspon- 
dence with Mr. Burke and other leaders of 
opinion. In 1780 Cartwright began the agi- 
tation wliich earned for him the title of the 
Father of Reform. A county meeting in 
Nottingham was succeeded in March of that 
year by the historic meeting at Westminster, 
on which occasion the leaders of the whig op- 
position met Cartwri^t and his friends, tad 
passed resolutions on the inadequate repre- 
sentation of the people of England. Shortly 
after he promoted the estaUishment of the 
Society lor Constitutional Information. He 
had more than one requisition to stand for psp- 
liament, hut his candidature was vain, with 
the corrupt system of election then in vogue. 

Meanwhile be was actively engaged in 
agricultural pursuits and laying down prao 
tical hints for the encouragement of the 
farming interest. He was likewise in active 
cooperation with Clarkson, Granville Sharp, 
and the other anti-slavery leaders. During 
the alannist period Cartwright began to run 
some personal risk. Having attended a 

C' lie meeting to oeleht«te the taking of the 
tille, his promotion in the militia wis 
withheld, and nis commiwion kt lengtli klto* 
gethei cancelled. 



About 1800 a pliin was slarteil for erscfrng 
fk naval temple whieli should record ihe fear.s 
of British seaman. Cartivright produced one 
-wlilch -was considered to be tar ahe.id of 



elabomtB qiiBTto volume remnins ilb a re- 
cord of the scUeme, and, indeed, as t ba only 
¥irt of it which was ever carried out <■ The 
rident, or ihe National Policy of Xaval 
CeIebr«tioii ; describing a Ilieronauticon, or 
Naval Temple'). In 1803-i Cartwright re- 
neirvd hia repreaenditions rulalive to the de- 
fenc«leM atute of tbe country, particularlv in 
the eastern counties, and produced one of his 
more important works, under tlie title of 
' England's ^gia; or, the Military Energies 
of the Constitution.' He contributed many 
papers to Oobbett'a 'R^gistcr'on Ibis aait 
otber topics: He continued to publish nu- 
merous writings, of which tbe more impor- 
tant were; 'Tbe Comparison : in which Mock 
Reform, Half Reform, and Constitutional Re- 
form ore considered ; or, who are the States- 
men to prpsprve our Laws and Liberties' 
(1610); 'Sis Letters to tbe Marquis of Tavi- 
stock, on a Reform of tbe Commons House 
of Parliament' (1812); 'The Eoglisb Consti- 
tution prodiicedand iUustroted'(1833). He 
ttlso devotod himself during the later years 
of bis life to tbe cause of Spanish patriotism : 
nnd in 182L, at a time when the Greeks were 
making their struf^le for independence, lie 
nided t!ie public subscriptions both in money 
nnd by Uis pen in 'ffints to tbe Greeks' 
(a Kludv of pikes, ia default of bayonets). 
In Ifili be was arrested in the course of 
a political tour, but soon released ; nnd 
in 1820 was tried for sedition and fined 

loot 

In ISOo Cartwright left his Lincolnshire 
liome and came up vo the metropolis, resid- 
ing for some time at Enfield. In 1810 he 
removed to.Iamei! Street, Buckingham Gate, 
and in 1819 to Burton Crescent, where be 
noided tiU his d<N<th on 2H .Sept. 1824. A 
moQonient has Ijeen erected to his memory 
in the garden opposite. Cartwright was one 
of the most generous-minded public men of 
his time. He was tender to bis opponeul^, 
forffiTing to detractors, and always ojjen- 
handed. He saved persona from drowning, 
at the risk of his own life, on four differeiit 
occasions. His writings ore excessively dry 
to the ordinary reader, and quite significant 
of tbe enthusiast who could be earnest with- 
out being inSammatorj. * He was cheerful, 
agreeable, and full of curious anecdote. He 
was, however, in political matters, exceed- 
ingly troublesome, and sometimes exceed- 
ingly absurd,' acourding to Mr. Place (Add. 
JOZ. u. 




^«. 37850, fo!, 103), Other te^itimiay of bis 
contemporaries ae^mi to show tbe accuracy 
of this opinion. Upwardaof eighty tracts or 
other writings, besides the ab:>ve-m3ntioned, 
were published by him, a list of which is 
given to tbe hiognvphy by bis niece (ii, 399- 
301). Those which expressed a full state- 
ment of bis views are: 'Give us our RtghU: 
or, a latter to the present elect oraof Sliodte- 
eex and tbe Metropolis, showing what those 
rights are,'&c. {1782); 'The Commonwealth 

' in Danger: with an introduction, contoinitkg 
remarks on some latfl writings of Arthur 

, Young ' (1795). The rest of Ihem are mere 
reiterations. Cartwrlght mirried iu 1780 
Miss Anne Katharine Dashwood, of a Lin- 
colnshire family, but had no issue. 

[Alii. MSi 27850 tr. 1U8 st seq., 27fl3T ff 79, 
80, 62, 62. 30108 S. 33S, 3^3, 30109 ff. 01. Ui. 
I2d. 30 1 10 f. go. 3011! f. &-. Ths Liffe and Cor- 



wrigbt, tbe Rsforcaer, with a Likoness of that 
HooMt and Caawitent Patriot (1831); Tnit's 
Magasine, na. ser. i. i?7 (1384)1 LifB of a Ru- 
milly (3rd ed). ii. lOS, 218-21, SOS; Tiiaai. 
25 Kept. 182*; MmthW Chrotiiole. a* Sept. 
1821; Qent. Mag. xpiv, ii. 107-9 ; Uoathty Re- 
view. Ixxiii. 2ST et seq,] B. S. 

cARTWRiaar, Joseph (1789?- 

1829), marine painter, wasappareutlyanative 
of Dawlish in Devonshire, and was attached 
to the navy iu n civil capacity. When the 
Ionian Islands came into the possession of tbe 
English, be was appointed paymasl«r-soneral 
of the forces at Corfu, whiph post be held for 
Bomeyears. Thenaiureofhisdntiesafforded 
liim many opportunities for making sketches 
of those islands and the neighbouring coast 
ofGreece, OnhisreturntoEnglond hepub- 
lishedn volume entitled' Views in the Ionian 
Islands,' uud henceforth devoted himaelf to 
art, and especially to painting marine subjecta 
and naval engagements. He exhibited many 

fictures at the Royal Academy, the Brititm 
nstitution,audibe Society of British Artists, 
and obtained a great reputation in his par- 
ticular line. In 1825 be was elected a mem- 
ber of the Society of British Artists, and in 
1828 he was appointed marine pointer tn 
H.RH. the Duke of Clarence, lord high ad- 
miral of Eoglaud. He died, much esteemod 
and regretted, at his apartments at Charing 
Cross, on IU Jan. 1829, aged about forty. 
Among bisprtncipal pictures were 'The Burn- 
ing of L'Orient at the Battle of tbe Nile,' 
'The Battle of Algiers' 'The Battle of 
Trafalgar,' 'The Port of Venice at Carnival 
Time,' ' H.M.S. Greyhound and H.M.8. Hai^ 
rier engaging a Dutch Squadron in tbe Java 
Sana,' ' Frigates becalmed in tbe Ionian 



Cartwright 



226 



Cartwright 



Channel/ * A Water-spout off the Coast of 
Albania/ 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the Eoglish 
School ; Graves's Diet, of Artists ; Gent. Mag. 
xcix. (1829) 187; Annual Register, 16 Jan. 1829; 
Times, 17 Jan. 1829; Catalogues of Exhibitions 
at the Royal Acudeniy, the British Institution, 
and the Society of British Artists.] L. C. 

CARTWRIGHT, SAMUEL (1789- 
1864), dentist, was bom at Northampton in 
1789, and was originally an ivory turner. 
lie came to London at an early age, wholly 
dependent upon his own exertions for his 



of dissenters then called puritans,' was a na- 
tive of Hertfordshire, but his place of birth 
is not recorded. He was sent very young to 
Cambridge, where he was first entered as a 
sizar at Clare Hall, matriculating in Novem- 
ber 1647. On 5 Nov. 1660 he was elected to 
a scholarship at St. John's College. The col- 
lege was conspicuous for its attachment to 
the new doctrines of the reformation, and on 
the accession of Queen Mary, Cartwright, in 
common with most of those who refused to 
revert to Catholicism, was compelled to qnit 
the university. He obtained employment as 
a clerk to a counselloivat-law, an experience 



daily support, and commenced life in the | which he is said to have subsequently turned 
metropolis as a mechanical assistant to Mr. ' to account, owing to the skill in dialectical 
Charles Dumergue of Piccadilly. During | fence which he acquired from his study of the 
this senice he found time to ffive a regular ' common law. On the death of Queen Mary, 
attendance on anatomical and surgical lee- 1 the reformers returned to Cambridge in tri- 
tures. In 1811 he started in practice on his I umph. Among the most eminent of the Ma- 
own account at 32 Old Burlington Street, and ; rian exiles was Dr. James Pilkington, who 
soon acquired a reputation second to that of ; was now made master of St. John s, and to 
none, eit ner before or since, who have pract ised whose influence the growth of those puritan 
the same branch of the healing art. He was principles by which the university shortly 
as remarkableforthe correctness and rapidity ! after oecame distinguished is largely attn- 
of his jud^ent as he was for marvellous • butable. He is said to have alrwidy di»- 
dexterity m all manipulatory nrocesses. ' cemed Cartwright's remarkable promise and 
During a great part of his career he was in j abilities, and to have facilitated his readmis- 
the habit of seeing from forty to fifty patients gion into the college. From St. John's Cart- 



every day, and this for months together, 
standing constantly from seven o'clock in the 
morning until the same hour in the evening, 
and yet in every case doing what he had to 



wright removed in 1560 to Trinity College, 
but immediately after (6 April) returned 
to the former society on his election to a 
fellowship on the Lady Margaret founda- 



do without the slightest appearance of hurry ' tion. In the same year he commenced MA., 
or fatigue. He did mucii to improve ana ! and 16 Jan. 1562 was appointed junior 
elevate his profession, and is said for some dean of the college. In April 1562 he re- 
years to have been in the receipt of an in- | turned to Trinity CoUege as a major fellow, 
come of upwards of 10,000/. lie became a and not long after was elected a member of 
fellow of the Linnean Society on 19 Nov. I the seniority, or goveminj^ body. These suc- 
1833, a F.R.S. on 11 Feb. 1841, and was cessive changes may be interpreted as evi- 

/-«.._i__-._i ci_ _?_._- 1...^ dence of his reputation for ability and learn- 
ing, both colleges apparently having been 
desirous of securing his services. He was al- 
ready known in the university as an eloquent 
preacher, a rising theological scholar, and an 
able disputant ; and, owing to his skill in this 
last-named capacity, he was elected to take 
part in a theological disputation held in the 
presence of Queen Elizabeth on the occasion 
of her visit to the university in 1564 (printed 
in Nichols's Proffr. Eliz. iii. 66-8). It i* 
asserted by Sir Geor^ Paule (Ltfe of Jf'hit- 
gxft^ pp. 9-1 0) that Elizabeth showed a marked 

S reference for Cartwright's antagonist in the 
isputation (the eminent John Inreston), and 
that the former from that time cherislied re- 
sentful feelings, which ultimately led him ' to 
kick against her ecclesiastical goyemment.'^ 
lliis statement would appear, howerer, to be 
deserving of but little credit. 
Nearly all the colleges, at that time, were* 



also a fellow of the Geological Society, but 
never found time to make any contributions 
to the * Proceedings ' of these institutions. 
His pleasinff manners, liberal hospitality, and 
professional fame acquired for him the friend- 
ship of nearly all the most distinguished in 
science, literature, and art of his day. He 
continued in practice at Old Burlington 
Street until 1857, when he retired, and in 
the following year had an apoplectic seizure 
which resulted in palsy, under which he 
laboured for the rest of his life. He died at 
his residence, Nizell's House, near Tunbridge, 
on 10 June 1864. 

[Proceedings of the Linnean Soc. of London, 
1865, p. Ixxxiv ; British Journal of Dental 
Science. 1864, vii. 287.] G. C. B. 

CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS (1636- 
1608), described by Strype (Annahf 11. i. c. 1) 
as 'the head and most learned of that sect 



^^^^" Cartwrigh t 

diMntcted by the disputes between the de- 
fenders of the newty esCabliihed Anglican 
discipline and theolo^ and the supporters 
of ih« opposed conceptions derived from the 
discipline and doctrine of Oeneva. In 16(S5 
the tellows and scholars of St. John's, to the 
number of nearly three hundred, nppeDreil in 
the college chapel without their aurplices, imd 
iheir example was shortly after followed at 
Trinity. This latter breach of diftcipline is 
attributed by one writ«r(pAtrLE, Zift^JfAiV- 
ffift, p. 12) to the eflect produced by three 
Beimons preached in the coUej^ chapel by 
Cwtwri^ht. Hitherto, the puritanical ten- 
dency had been restricted to such mntterB as 
the use of vestments, (he posture to be oV 
mrved at diiTerent parts of religious service*, 
&C. ; but itnderCartwright's inBuence.ques- , 
tions now began to be raised wluch affected ^ 
tha whole clinrch orgaaisati 



Cartwright 



much to evoke that he retired in 1S65 to Ire- 
land. Anotherfellow of Trinity, Adam Loftus, 
had been nppotnted archbishop uf Armagh, 
and Cartwright accompanied him as bis chap- 
lain. They held the same theological views, 
and when, in March 15tt7, Loftus was raised 
to the see of Dublin, he took occasion strongly 
to urge that Cartwright should be appointed 
hia successor in the see of Armagh. In a let- 
ter written 5 Dec. 1667 he declares tbatCart- 
wright had ' used hym self so godly, during 
his abode with mo in Ireland, bothe in lyie 
and doctryne, that his absence from bence is 
no small greef and sorowe to all the godly 
and fkylhfuU beam ' (SniRLBr, Oni/inal 
Letteri, &c., p. 322). It would appear from 
thia letter that Cartwright had left Ireland 
in the course of 1M7. On his return to 
Cambrid^, we hear of him associating on 
terms of mlimacv with Eud. Cevallerius, the 
OTofessor of Hetrew, and the youthful Jo. 
Draaius fCoEJiSDEB, i'ita Jo, Dnuii, p. 4). 
The recommendation of I^oftus was not acted 
upon, but in 1509 Cartwright was appointed 
Lady Margaret professor w the university, 
and both in the chair and in the university 
pulpit he now began tocriticise and denounce 
the constitution and hierarchy of the Eng- 
lish cliurch, comparing them with those of 
the primitive christian organisations. In bis 
lectures, whan expounding the first two chap- 
tors of the Acts otlha Apostlea, his comments 
wore directed to similar conclusions. He was 
answered froM thepulpithyWhitgift, butio 
omtorical power Cartwright was generally 
acknowledged to be the superior. St.MarVa 
waa thronged with excited listeners, and the 
party which sympathised with bis views was 
^prubublyaltliistiinenumericallytLoflirougest 



in the university. The authoriiJes foreboded, 
not without reason, the development of a 
controversy and fresh dissensions which 
would prove fatal to the peace of the acade- 
mic community. Among those who severely 
censured Cartwrigbt's conduct were men of 
known moderation and learning, such as Wil- 
liam Chaderton, his predecessor in the pro- 
fessorial chair, and Grindal, archbishop of 
York. The remonstrances addressed to Ce- 
cil, the chancellor of the univeraity, were so 
strongthat he was roused to unwonted deci- 
siveness of action, and aildressed to the 
authorities a letter which was read in the 
Regent House on 29 June 1570. It was the 
same day that Cartwright was a candidate 
for the degree of D.D., and his supporters, 
fearing that the decision of the caput, or go- 
verning iKKly, would be adverse to him, non- 
placeted their election, which at that time 
look place on the assembling of every con- 
gjegtttion. The vice-chancellor, Dr. May, re- 
taliated by taking upon himself to veto Cart- 
wright's degree. Both Cartwright and his 
opponents now appealed again to Cecil, tbe 
fanner, in justification of his conduct, Pag- 
ing that he was altogether adverse from any 
disposition to sedition and contention, and 
taught nothing which did not naturallv flow 
from the text be treated, although he did not 
deny that he had pointed out that the mini- 
stry of tbo church had deviated in discipline 
and practice from the ancient primitive model, 
and that he would gladly see a return from 
this departure (SiSTPEg^nnab, II. i. Append. 
Xo. 1). His opponents, on the other hand, 
maintained that tlie manner in which he had 
inveighed against tha Anglican method of — 
choosing the ministers of the church, and 
against the dignities of archbishops, deans, 
urcbdeacons, Jtc, as impious and unacriptu- "" 
ral, was imperilling the English church itself, 
and required to be summarily suppressed. At 
nearly the same time, a memorial in Cart- 
wright's favour, signed by eighteen influen- 
tial members of the university (among thi> 
names are those of Bob, Some, Bi. Oreen- 
ham, Ri.Howland, Georee Joy, and Jo. Still), 
was forwarded to Cecil, testifying to Cart- 
wright's character as ' a pattern ofpiety and 
uprightness,' and also to his attainments; al- 
though, saya the document, as a Greek, Latin, 
or Hebrew scholar, he is not withoutbisequaU 
in the university, in his combined knowledge 
of the three languages he is without a rival. 
Moved by these representations, Cecil, early 
in August, addressed to the academic buailB a 
letter eoioining abstention, on thepart of boi b 
parties, from all reference to the question* 
which Cartwright had raised (ib. I. li, c. fi7). 
It was at this juncture that the great 
a 3 



Cartwright 



228 



Cartwright 



revolution was effected in the constitution of 
the university which resulted from the in- 
troduction of the Elizabethan statutes. The 
powers thus ffiven to the caput were more 
extensive, and less liable to be controlled by 
the general body ; and by virtue of this in- 
crease in their authority, the heads, led by 
Whitgift (who had succeeded May as vice- 
chancellor), deprived Cartwright of his pro- 
fessorship (December 1670). Following up 
this step, Whitgift (who had now succeeded 
to the mastership of Trinity) deprived Cart^ 
Wright of his fellowship (September 1671), 
his ostensible reason for the measure being 
that Cartwright was not, as required by the 
collefi^e statutes, in priest's orders, a pretext 
which the latter denounced as 'a mere cavil.' 
Cartwriffht now quitted England, and be- 
took himself to Geneva, where Beza had suc- 
ceeded Calvin as rector of the university. 
Beza is said to have pronounced Cartwright 
inferior in learning to no living scholar, but 
that the latter filled a chair of divinity at 
Geneva is a statement resting solely on the 
authority of Martin Marprelate {An Epitome, 
4*0., p. 62). His Cambridge finends, among 
whom were men like Lever, Wybum, Fulke, 
and Edward Bering, were extremely reluc- 
tant that such a scholar should be lost to the 
university, and at their pressing instance 
he returned to England in November 1672. 
Dering petitioned Lord Burghley that his 
friend might be appointed professor of He- 
brew in succession to Cevallerius, and had it 
not been for his own impolitic conduct. Cart- 
wright's return, both to the university and 
to office, would probably have been efltected. 
In 1572, however, the famous 'Admoni- 
tion to the Parliament' (the work of two 
London clergymen, John Field and Thomas 
\^ Wilcox) appeared. It declared open war- 
fare against all dignities, whether in the 
church or in the universities, and, together 
with the literature to which it gave rise, is 
generally considered to mark the point of de- 
parture of the puritan movement, its main 
object being to induce the legislature to as- 
similate the English church organisation to 
the presbyterian standard. The authors were 
both committed to prison ; but their views 
and mode of enforcing them so closely coin- 
cided with Cartwrignt's, that he did not 
scruple to express his sympathy, to visit them 
in prison, ana to support their arguments by 
* "^ wri ting * A Secona Admonition to the Par- 
liament.' To both these * Admonitions ' Whit- 
gift published a reply, to which Cartwright 
rejoined by writing *A Replye to an An- 
swere made of M. DoctorWhitegifte, agaynst 
the Admonition to the Parliament. By T. 
C ' (n. d.) This controversy, in itself 



sufficiently memorable, is rendered still more 
noteworthy by the fact that it was the proxi- 
mate cause of the composition of Hooker's 
* Ecclesiastical Polity ' (see pref. to Eccl. 
Polity f sect. 2). 

On 11 June 1573 a royal proclamation en- 
joined the suppression of both the ' Admoni- 
tion' and its *I)efence,* and on 11 Dec. the 
court of high commission issued a warrant 
for Cartwright's arrest. He again left the 
country, resorting in the first instance to Hei- 
delberg, then officiating as minister to the Eng- 
lish church at Antwerp, and finally settli^ 
down in a like capacity in connection with 
the conformist church of ' English merchants 
of the staple worshiping at the Gasthuis Kirk' 
at Middelbuig. ETis cussent from the Angli- 
can discipline was, however, still further de- 
clared about this time in a letterprefixed to 
the * Disciplina Ecclesiastica' of Walter Tra- 
vers (which afterwards became the recog- 
nised text-book of Puritanism), published at 
Kochelle in 1674. In the same year he issued 
a translation of Travers's book under the title, 
' A full and plaine Declaration of Ecclesiasti- 
call Discipline owt of the Word off God, and 
off the declininge of the Churche off England 
from the same (also published at Geneva, 
1680; Cambridge, 1584 and 1617). In 1676, 
in conjunction with Edward Snape, he visited 
the Channel Islands, for the purpose of assist- 
ing the Huguenot churches in those parts 
in their endeavours to establish a uniform 
discipline and organisation, and subsequently 
returned to Antwerp. In 1677 he married the 
sister of John Stuboe, the same who was con- 
victed in 1579 of 'seditious writing,* and \i'ith 
whom he had probably become acquainted as 
a fellow-collegian. On the appearance of the 
Khemish version of the New Testament in 
1682, Cartwright was persuaded by the Earl 
of Leicester, Sir Francis Walsingham, and 
others (at the pressing instance, it is said, of 
Beza and some of the leading scholars of Cam- 
bridge), to prepare a criticism of the work. 
Walsingham subsidised his efforts by a gift 
of 100/., and he eventually carried his labours 
as far as the fifteenth chapter of Revelation. 
Whitgift, however, fearful of the controver- 
sies to which the publication of the work 
would probably give rise, persistently discou- 
raged tne undertaking, and the manuscript 
remained unprinted until after Cartwrighrs 
death. It was published in 1618 under the 
title of *A Confutation of the Rhemist's Trans- 
lation.* The archbishop's apprehensions can- 
not be looked upon as groundless, when we 
consider that * to suffer Cartwriffht's " An- 
swer to the Rhemish Testament to be pub- 
lished is laid down by Marprelate as an in- 
dispensable condition of a satisfacto^ under- 



xEwight 



lag 



Cartwright 



sUuid'uig W'tli th-iVmhomiAn Epitome, ^c., 
p. »S). Nares (Life of Bari/hUy, iii. 210) 
cluracterieea ite book ub ' greatly fiivouring 
the Gpnevan discipline.' 

Oq hi« return to Aotwerp, Cftrtwright ac- 
cept^ ihe pastorate of tlie English church 
in tbat city, and his labouis were alleged by 

, him ta t reason for not accepting un invitn- 
tjini to a duLlr of theology in tha unirersity 
of St. Andrewg, which, on the recommenda* 
tion of King James, was sent to hiin in 1584 
(EiHBt. d«l. 10 Homitia in Lib. Sal. l3}. The 
cUuiateofl!ii)IjOwCountriesdidnot.,hoivever, 
SKTee with htm, and he earnestly petitioned 
tfiitt he might be permilted to return to Eng- 
land. His request was supported both by j 
Butghley ond bv the Earl ol Leicester, but ' 
Eliubetli refused her ai^ent. Early in 158.) he 
ventured to return without having obtained 
the royal permission, and was forthwith com- 
mitted to the Fleet by Aylmer, bishop of 
Londou. The bishop allied the royal war- 
rant in justification, but this he bad not ac- 
tually received,and, Elixabeih deeming it pru- 
dent, Co disavow the proceeding, Cartwright 
obtained hla release. His views at this tune 
appear to have remained nnallered, and in a , 
letter (September 15bdJ addressed to Dudley I 
Fttmer he begs bis friend to pray that he may ; 
ie enabled to pursue ' the path of sincerity ' 
to the end (Epist. prefixed to FmsEs's Sac. 

I Th»L) 

Shortly after he was appointed by the Earl 
of Lciccmer master of a nospital which the 
enrlhnd founded in the town of Warwick for 
tbcireccptionof twelveindigentmen,towhich 
I ii,f,i-i:.ij..it Worcester wasapTiointed visitor. 
t : . . I iiieLficeatersettleduponhiman 

. ".ii/.forlife(Zan*rfoiM(;2lfSS.ljiiv. 
ii:i ij. • ' I'Uvrightdidnol, however, restrict 
himself alt Hitherto bis duties at the hospi- 
tal, but frequently preached in the town and 
netgfabourhood, and is said to have been the 
fiiat among the clergy of the church of Eng- 
land to Introduce extemporary prayer into 
the services. 

Ill the suspicions attaching to the publica- 
tion of the Marprelaie tracts Cartwright did 
not iseape, although it is alKrmed that ' he 
was ablo to prove by sufficient witness tlmt 
fWim the biiginning of Martin he had on every 
occasion testified lus dislike and sorrow for j 
such kind of disorderly doings' (i&. Ixiv. art. i 
iO>fl). Tlie death of the Earl of Warwick j 
(158ftl, and that of the Earl of Leicester 
(lli89), also deprived him of his two most , 
powerful protectors, and at one time the re- 
venues of the hnepital wore in danger of 
alienation ; but through the influence of 
Burghley ii s possession was confirmed by the I 
^auae uf Oommons. 



The position of Cartwright in relation to 
religious parties was in some measure tbut of 
an eclectic. By Martin he is taxed with 
seeking the peace of our church no otherwise 



and Greenwood with contemptuous indiffer- 
ence, and in ViQO he saw fit to sever himself 
distinctly from the Brownists { and in a let- 
ter 10 his sister-in-law (ilrs. Stubbe) dis- 
suaded her from the doctrines of the new sect, 
arguing that admitted abuses in the church 
did not iuslify separation from its cnmuiu- 
nion. This conduct did not avail, however, 
to prevent hb being in some measure in- 
cluded in the persecution which was now di- 
rected against ihe puritanically inclined mini- 
sters of Northamptonshire and Warwickshire 
bv W'bitgift, ana it seems that he occasiou- 
ally afforded some justification for such sus- 
picion by his participation in certain ' secret 
conclaves ' of these ministers which aasem- 
bled fixim lime to time at Cambridge. On 
1 Sept. Io90 he was summoned belore the 
court of high commission, and eventually 
committed to the Fleet ; and In 1591, having 
refused the oath ejr officio, was remanded. 
Among his companions in prison wore Udal 
and other eminent members of the puritan 
party (Birch, Mfm. of Etiz. p. 61), but, ac- 
cording to Sutcliffe(£t-ainiii(if ion, <!i-c., p. 4G), 
Cartwright's confinement was mitigated by 
unusual indulgences. PoweHuI influence, 
including that of Ein^ James himself, was 
employed to procure his release { Eplst. pref. 
In Lib. Sat.), which he eventually obtained 
through the efforts of Burghley, to whom 
(21 May I.~i93) he addressed a letter of 
thanks. lie shortly after visited Cambridge, 
and preached there on a week-dny before a 
crowded audience. In 1595 I,ord Zouch, 
having been appointedgovemor of Guernsey, 
invited Cartwright to accompany himlhlther, 
and the latter remained in Ihe island until 
1598. His last years appear to have been 
spent in Warwick, where, according lo Hnr- 
ington {Brirfe View, p. 8), ho ' grow rich 
and had great maintenance to live u[)on,and 
WU8 honoured as u patriarch by many of tbot 

Sir Henry Yelverton (Eplst. prefixed lo 
Bishop SIortos'b Ejiitmiiary Jiislijieil) af- 
firms that Cartwri^ht's last words were ex- 
pressive of coDtrilion at tbe unnecessary 
troubles ho bud caused ihe church, and of a 
wish tlut he could begin life again so as 'to 
lesiify to the world the dislike be had of his 
former ways ; ' and it would appear that he 
and Whitgift werf on terms of amity before 
his death. Thai he renounced the views he 
had so long advocated is, however, rendered 



Cartwright 230 Cartwright 



improbable by the fiict that only six weeks fi«i eulogy. See also Strype's Annals and Life of 

before his decease, in a letter to Sir Christo- Whitgift ; Dexter's Hist, of CoDgregatioDalism 

pher Yelverton (the father of Sir Henry), he ^. ^^« ]*«{• Three Hundred Years ; MidliDger^s 

Ippears to have done his best to support the ^}^' ?{ ^^? ^niv. of Camb vol ii.; ColTile. 



ippears to have done his best to support 
enorts of those who were petitioning for re- 
form in the church. Among the abuses which 
he enumerates are : ' The subscription, other 
than the statute requires, the buitlen of cere- 



Warwickshire Worthies, pp. 92-100, 878.] 

J. KM. 

CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS (1634- 
1689), bishop of Chester, was bom at North- 



monies, the abuse of the spiritual courts — ampton on 1 Sept. 1634. His father, Thomas, 
€specially in the censures of suspension and had been a schoolmaster at Brentwood in 
excommunication — ^and the oath ex officio^ Essex. His grandfather was Thomas Cart- 
and such others of that kind your worship wright [q. v/j, the famous puritan of the 
understandeth to be contrary to the law of days of Euxabeth. Having been educated at 
the land ' (Letter of 12 Nov. 1603 ; Sloane the school at Northampton, Cartwright was 
MS. 826). I sent to Oxford, then under the domination 

Cartwright died at Warwick on 27 Dec. of the parliament, and entered at Magdalen 
1603, aft^r a short illness, having preached Hall. As at that period all who refused to 
on the preceding Sunday. The impression | take the covenant were summarily expeUed 
produced by his \iTiting8 is that of a mind in favour of the puritans, Cartwright ob- 
of considerable culture and power ; in learn- | tained one of the vacant places, and was made 
ing and in originality he was undoubtedly | tabarder of Queen's College. Here he was 
Whitgift's superior. His temperament was, placed under the tuition of Thomas Tully, 
however, impulsive, and in argument he a well-known puritan divine. Nevertheless 



was often carried away by his impetuosity. 
"Whitaker, a singularly competent and im- 
partial judge, spoke contempt uouslv of his 
performahce in tbe controversy with AlNTiitgift 
(Paule, Life of Whitgift, p. 21 ; Bancroft, 
SurvaUf p. 380). His ideal in relation to 
church oiscipline and organisation was es- 
sentially presbyterian, and this in direct 
conjunction with the civil power. That he 



on reaching the age for orders it was from 
an episcopal source that he sought them, 
and was ordained priest hy Skinner, bishop of 
Oxford, then living in retirement at Launton. 
For a time he acted as chaplain to the college, 
but before being admitted fellow he left 
Oxford, having been presented to the vicarage 
of Walt hamst ow. llere (accordi ng to Wood) 
he was a ' very forward and confident preacher 



would have been willing to recognise anv ; for the cause then in being.* In 1659 he was 
other form of church government as lawful, chaplain to Alderman John Robinson, sheriff 
or even entitled to toleration, we find no of London, and preacher at St. Mary Mag- 
evidence. But although wanting in the | dalen. Milk Street. At the Restoration he 
judgment and self-command essential in the ! professed an ardent loyaltv, and quickly ob- 
leader of opinion and of party, he gave sys- tained the vicarage of I^arking (11 Aug. 
tern and method to the puritanism of his day, ' 1660), and was made domestic chaplain to 
and must be regarded as its most influential Henry, duke of Gloucester. He obtained 
teacher during his lifetime. | the degree of D.D. from Oxford, though not 

Besides the works mentioned, Cartwright i of full standing; he was made prebendary of 
was the author of: 1. * A Christian Letter I St. Paul's (20 April 166.")), and vicar of 'St. 
of certaine English Protestants . . . vnto ' Thomas's. His stream of preferment con- 
that reverend and learned man, Mr. R[ichardl I tinued. He became prebendary of Wells, 
Hoo[ker]* — a criticism of the 'Ecclesiastical chaplain-in-ordinarj-, prebendary of Durham 
Polity.* 2. *In Librum Salomonis . . . Ho- (16/2), dean of Ripon (1675). ' During this 
miliie,' Lond. 1604. 3. * Comment arii ... period Cartwright managed to secure the 
in Proverbia Salomonis,* Ley den, 1617. firm friendship of James, duke of York, and 
4. 'Harmonia Evangelica,' Amsterdam, 1627. is said by Macaulay to have been, of all the 
<5. ' Commentarii Practica in totam llistoriam [ Anglican divines, the one who * had the largest 
Evangelicam,* 1630. share of his good graces.* Consequently very 

[A detailed account of Crtwrighfg life and !??f,f^*L*lK ''!!!T?'k"»'""^' '"' ''"*'"*■ 
Stings is given in Cooper'. Athens Cant. ii. • °"S?*f ^ *^„ "^ ^ of Chester, m succession 



360-6. There is a life of him by Benj. Hanbury 
prefixed to the author's edition of Hooker's Works 
( 1 830), i. czxxiv-ccvi ; the writer, howeror, speaks 



to Bishop Pearson. His appointment caused 
much scandal. Burnet says that his moral 
character was very bad, and his opinions 



of this as only *a sketch/ in anticipation of the ; openly in favour of setting the king above 



Memoirs by Benj. Brook which appeared in 1845, 
a work of some research, bat evincing little dis- 



€rimination« and conceived in a spirit of onquali- was consecrated by the archbiahop at Lam- 



law. An attempt was made to prevent San- 
croft from consecrating him ; but Cartwright 



l»etli (_17 Oct, laS6), together witL Llojd and 
Parker. At liia eonsecratina the arcLbishop 
tripped and fell during the ml uuni strati on of 
the tioly Rcimm union, which was held to be of 
evil omen. Curtwriglil was allowed to hold 
t he benefice of Wi^Tiii in mminendam with his 
(*o. He also retuiued that of Barking. We 
IruuTi from Cartwri^lit's 'Diary' (published 
by the Camden Society lu 1813) that Le waa 
in close and constant cotmnuui cation with the 
Itomanist Biahop L^iboiime and with Futhers 
Ellis nnd Petre, and that he waa deeply in- , 
volvediutbeplotforeatablUhingtbeKooiish 
reli^on. In October 1686 Cartwright went 
to hw dioCi'SB, where he eiercised great hospi- 
tality, especiull J to the Romaniat families, and 
••ntertained Lord TTrconnell on hia way to 
Ireland. In April l687 he returned to Lon- 
don, arriving four days afler the publication 
of the faaouj < Dzjclaration for Liberty of 
Uonscieitce ' in the ' Gazette.' He strongly 
t^plwld the king's policy, and uaed every en- 
deavour to obtain ^dresses thanking the king 
for tW promiae contained in the declaration 
«f protecting the chiurch of England. Ue 
was sblu to influence a few of the bishops to 
4a tliis. He also obtained s conjiratulatory 
^^Ajjdws* from the mayor and council of Wigan. 
^^^^uring the mmmsr Cartwright waa again 
^^^Boa dioceae, and received and entertained 
^HHi^ James at Chester daring his progress. 
^^Kwpal wu fitted up for the royal devotiona 
At the sbtre hall, and the kina toucbedgreat 
tuambers of persona for the ting's evil. In 
O,;tober Cartwrisht's servici» were called 
into active employment in support of the 
kiiu'e policy. Jame« by an illegal exercise 
of big supremacy bad establiahecl the court 
of high commlsaion for ecclesiastical causes 
-wliich had been apecinlly forbidden by two 
actsof parUamentnTCar. I,c. 11; 13Car.ir, 
c. 12), Sancroft liud been named a com- 
missioner, but had refused to act, and (on 
17 Oct. IIRHD Cartwright was put in bis 
place. Tiie famous iiuarrel between the king 
ftiid Mnedalen College, Osford (the fellows 
of wliicn had refused to elect as president 
the king'6 nominee, but had elected one of 
*■" '"ownbody,Dr. John Hough [q.v.]), waa 
in full progress. Cartwright, together 
C J. Wright and Ilaron Ji 



M 

^Et 



% oa A special commlsaion to Oxford to 

if llui fellows to order. The commia- 

noners reached Oxford on 20 Oct., and next 
day Cttrtwritfht summoned the fellows before 
liitD and tniule them a set speech, telling them 
thftt they had sinned against their own souls 

B their disobedience to so beneficent a 
laich, and bidding them at once submit 
is will. Ur. Uough was then called and 
that his election woa void, and orikracl 



by proxy, and the fellows were ordered to 
accept bim. As almost the whole of them 
refused to do tliia, (be coramissionera were 
obliged to visit O.iford a second time 
( 15 Nov.) Cartwright again made a speech 
asserting ibal the king was ' supreme ordi- 
nary,' and that his power overrode all laws 
and statutes. The fellows, however, were 
Bt'Jl contumacious, and all, with the excep- 
of three, were expelled. On 10 Dec. 
they were pronounced by Ibe commissionera 
sitting at Whiteliall to be incapable of oil 
preferment. Cartwright was probably one 
of those who advised King James to order 
theclergy to read the declaration for liberty 
of conscience in their churches, an order 
which led to such momentous conseqiiences. 
When the order was published ud the 
bishops were eonaulting as to their line of 
action, we find from Lord Clarendon's ' Diary' 
that they suspected Cartwright, and would 
not speak before him. He was ao ignorant 
of their intentions that be appears to have 
told King James, when the bishops came 
with their remonstrance, tbit they only 
wished to protest ai^inst baring duties 



they were readily received bv llie king, 
When the clergy generally refused to reiw 
the declaration, the Bisliop of Chester by 
vigorous exertions obtained an address from 
about thirty cleriry in his diocese censuring 
the conduct of the seven bishops, and ex- 
pressing their loval acquiescence in the king's 
policy. Cartwright and the ecclesiastical 
commiasioners also made an attempt to cen- 
sure the clergy who had refused to obey, 
and (13 July) made an order calling for re- 
turns of those who had read and those who 
had refused to read the declaration. No 
reluma being forthcoming, they repeated 
their order ^16 Aug.), but the storm of popu- 
lar indignation soon swept them away, one 
of the king's first acts ot concession being 
to abolish the illegal court. Cartwright was 
present wlien the king summoned the bishops 
to declare that they liad not invited the 
Prince of Orange. After the flight of tlie 
king the unpopularity of the Bishop of Chea- 
ter was so great that be did not dare to re- 
main in England. Some tim'j in December 
(16S8) he followed his master to Sainl-Oei^ 
mains, where lie was allowed to read the 
English liturgy to tbe few protvntaots who 
had rallied round tbe deposed monarch. On 
the death of Selh Ward, bishop oT Saliabury, 
James nominated Cartwright to this see, a 



Cartwright 



232 



Cartwright 



promotion which, it need not be said, never • 
took effect. Cartwright accompanied James 
to Ireland, landing t%ere on 12 March 1689. 
On Palm Sunday, 24 March, he went to 
Dublin with James, and on Easter day was 
present at the services in Christ Church 
Cathedral. Soon after his arrival in Dublin 
CartT^Tight was attacked by dysentery, of 
which he died on 15 April 1689. The greatest 
efforts were made on his deathbed to convert 
him to the Romish faith, but without success. 
Cartwright, though such a strong supporter ' 
of the Komanists, seems never to have been ' 
shaken in his ovm views. He was buried at . 
Christ Church, Dublin, with great state and ! 
magnificence, his funeral being attended by ' 
nearly the whole city. Cartwright married 
a lady of the name of "VN" ight, by whom he 
had a numerous family. His eldest son, 
John, was in holy orders, and obtained many 
pieces of preferment by the influence of his 
father, live other sons, Richard, Ger\'as, 
Charles, Thomas, Henrj", and two daughters, 
Alicia and Sarah, arc mentioned m his 
* Diary.' 

[Diary of Thomas Cartvrighf, Bishop of 
Chester, ed. Hunter, Camden Soc. 1843; King's 
Visitatorial Power ovf r the Universities asserted, 
Nut. Johnfrtone, London, 1688, 4to ; An Impar- 
tial Relation of the Illegal Proceedings against 
St. Mary Mngd. Coll. in Oxon., London, 1689, 
4to ; Henry Earl of Clarendon's Correi-pondence 
with Diary, ed. Singer, Oxford, 1828; Wood's 
Athense (Bliss), iv. 252, 874.] G. G. P. 

CARTWRIGHT, Sik TIIOMAS (1795- 
1850), diplomatist, eldest son of "William 
Ralph Cartwright, M.P., of Aynhoe, North- 
amptonshins by Emma Maude, daughter of 
Comwallis, first viscount Ilawarden, iKis 
bom on 18 Jan. 1795. He was educated at 
Christ Church, Oxford, and, after holding 
various diplomatic posts, was appointed mi- 
nister plenipotentiary to the court of Sweden. 
The foreign policy of Lord Palmers ton re- 
ceived his unqualified support, and he was 
warmly attached to him personally. He 
received the honour of knighthood in 1834. 
He succeeded to his father's property on 4 Jan. 
1850, but died at Stockholm on V7 April of 
the same year. 

[Gent. Mag. new series, zxziv. 91 ; Burke's 
Knightage.] T. F. H. 



CARTWRIGHT, WILLIAM (1611- 
1643), dramatist and divine, bom in Sep- 
tember 1611 at Northway, near Tewkesbury, 
was the son of a "William Cartwright who, 
after souandering a fair inheritance, had been 
reducea to keep an inn at Cirencester. This 

AVood's account {Athena^ ed. Bliss, ill. 



69), and is probably true ; but Lloyd 
(Memoirs, ed. 1668, p. 428) states that he 
was bom on 16 Aug. 1015, and that his 
father was a Thomas Cartwright of Burford 
in Oxfordshire. He was sent first to the 
free school at Cirencester and afterwards, as 
a kinff's scholar, to Westminster, whence he 
was chosen in 1628 student of Christ Church, 
Oxford. Having taken the degree of M.A. 
in 1635, he entered into holy orders, and be- 
came (in Wood's words) *the most florid 
and seraphical preacher in the university.' 
The lectures that he delivered as metaphy- 
sical reader (in succession to Thomas Bar- 
low [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Lincoln) 
were greatly admired. On 1 Sept. 1642 he 
was nominated one of the council of war, 
and on 16 Sept. he was imprisoned by Lord 
Say, but released on bail. In the following 
October Bishop Duppa appointed him suc- 
centor in the church of Salisburv ; and on 
12 April 1643 he was chosen junior proctor 
of the university. He died at Oxford on 
29 Nov. 1643, of a malignant fever (called 
the camp-disease), and was buried on 1 Dec. 
at the upper end of the north aisle of Christ 
Church Cathedral. The king, who was then 
at Oxford, being asked why he wore black 
on the day of Carfwright's funeral, replieil 
that * since the muses had so much mourned 
for the loss of such a son it would be a shame 
for him not to appear in mourning for the 
loss of such a subject.* Fell said of him, 
* Cartwright was the utmost man could come 
to ; ' and Ben Jonson declared * Mv son Cart- 
wright writes all like a man.' "Langbaine 
gives him this character : * He was extreamly 
remarkable both for his outward and inward 
endowments; his body being as handsome 
as his soul. He was an expert linguist, un- 
derstanding not only Greek and Latin, but 
French and Italian, as perfectly as his mother- 
tongue. He was an excellent orator, and yet 
an admirable poet.' Lloyd is still more en- 
thusiastic in his praise : * To have the same- 
person cast his net and catch souls as well 
in the pulpit as on the stage ! . . . A miracle 
of industry and wit, sitting sixteen hours a 
day at all manner of knowledge, an excellent 
preacher in whom hallowed ^incies and rea- 
son grew visions and holy passions, raptures^ 
and extasies, and all this at thirty years of 
age!' 

Cartwright's plavs and poems were col- 
lected in 1651 by ifumphrey Moseley in one 
vol. 8vo. No less than fifty-six copies of 
commendatoiT verses are prefixed, among the 
contributors being I)r. John Fell, Jasper 
Maj-ne, Henry Vaughan the Silurist, Alex- 
ander Brome, Izaak Walton, &c. There is 
nothing in the volume to support the re- 



■Uth. 



piilnticm ihat Cartwrigbt gained among tits 
pontemporiries for extrnordirnry ubilitv. 
'I'hvK Me four pitiyi of whit^li iLa ' Onli- 
noiy ' is I he beet ; and tile rpBt of tliu vil iiine 
chielly conBisU nf compIJineutary epiello?, 
loTe-verBcs, and Imnslnlions, The 'Royal 
Slave, fi Tragi-C'omedy,' which had been 
printed ei'niU'Btely in '1639 and 1640, was 
pfTformpii Wore the kine and quetn bv ihe 
Btudents of Cbritt Churtb on 30 Aug. 1630. 
^enrj Layres -wrote the music lo the Bongs, 
unong lh» uclors was Uichard Busby, 

'approv'd himself a second Roeciiis.' 
play was mfjunti-d at conaidemblu coat 

aclors appearing in Persian coatume), 
iad gnvn such sariafaction that the court 
' unanimously acknowledfj'd that it did ex- 
ceed all limigs of that nalurt! wliich ihcy 
had cvpr seen.' The quc^eu wua so charmed 
with the 'RotbI Slave' ih.it in llie fol- 
lowing November the kinp's oompimv was 
ordered ro represent it at IlaBiptnn Ciiiirt ; 
but iho pernirmuice of the proft'^eioual 
players was judged iar inferior to that 
of the amateurs. The 'Ordinary,' which 
has been included in all the cditiona of 
Doddey's old ^lays, is a lively comedy of 
■ ■ ' lie, conlHiniug some arousing eatiro 
e puritans. The otlier plays aie; 
Lady-Errant, a Tragi -Conie<ry,' and 
Siegv, or Luve'a Convert, a Tragi- 
ledy.' Among ibe poems are an elegy 
on Ben Jonson, that had previously apjicared 
in ' Jonsoniw VirhiiiB,' 1«38; two copies of 
commendatory verses on Fletcher, which had 
been pn-fixed to tbe 1&4T folio ol Benumont 
and Fletclier, and coinmMidutorv verses on 
two plays of Thomas KiUigrew. '' Clnricilln ' 
and 'Thi? Prisoners.' In one of the verse- 
■ddressrs to Fletclier, Cartwright writes :— 



I [Wood's AthfliK. ed. Bliai. iii. 09-72 ; I'astl. i. 

' 468, 478. li. 66 ; XJoj-d'ti alvinuirs, od. lOeH, pp. 
42:i-fi ; Langtiaiiie'it Ilramaliak Poets, with 
Oliiys's Mbi. anaotationit: Welsh's Alumoi Wcet- 
monnelerieusr!!, ed, I8fi2, pp. 100-1 ; Evelyn's. 
Diuiy, ed, ISfiO, i. 421 ; Cumur's ColleclaQea.] 
A. H. B. 
CARTWMGHT, WUXIAM id. 1687), 
actor and bookseller, was prcBumably the sou 
of "SVilliam Cartwrigbt, also an actor, who 
flourished at the end of the aixleeutb cen- 
tury and the beginning of the geventeentb, 
is mentioned under lue date 169H in the 
diary of Philip Uenslowe, and hod a close 
intimncv with Edward Alleyn, from whom, 
31 Oct.'l618, together with Edward Jubye, 
"William Bird, and others, he leased tlie Foe- 
tune Theatre. Cartwright the younger was 
B member of Prince Charles's company act- 
ing at the private house in Salisbitiy Court, 
otherwise known astheWliilefriars Theatre, 
the second of that name. Of his early per- 
formances no record exists. During the civil 
-war and the Commonwealth he become a 
bookseller at tbe end of Turnstile Alley, and 
published, under ibe title of 'The Actor's 
Vindication,' London, 4to (_? 1(15^1, b re- 
print of Thomaa Heywood's ' Apology for 
Actors.' After the Restoration bo resiuned 
bis old profession, joining the company of 



took 



ThomaaKilliffrew, known as tbe king's 
"' &8t recorded perfoi 






I dull. wh'iSL' bea 



kU' ladies' qaostions and ibo fouls' 
K moat copies there are blanks at pp. 301, 
"^ 306, whem the lines are too royalist in 
itiment for the times. Carlwrighl's other 
1. 'An Offspring of Mercy iasu- 
g out of the Womb of Cruelty, or a Pas- 
.Ui Swmon preached in Christ Church,' 
96S, 8to. 2. 'November, or Signal Dayes 
served in that MoniU in relation to ibe 
own utd Rovol Family,' 4lo, written in 
_Pfl4S, bnt not published until 1671. At the 
end of Dr. Jolin C^lop's 'Poesis Redivlva,' 
I6fi6, Humphrey ftloseley anuonncei) for 
nm-dy publication n volume of ' Foemata 
Oneca et X«UnB' by Cartwrigbt, hut the 

Inise waa not fulfilled. A |)ortrait of 
Inright by Lomburt is prefixed lo tbe 



Ce in the Theatre Royal built i. 
ry Lane. He played about 1063 Oorbac- 
cio in the 'Fox' of Ben Jonson, and aub- 
sequeutly Morose in the ' Silent Woman,' 
and Sir Epicure Mammon in the 'Alche- 
mist' of the same author. Lygones in 'A 
King and No King,' Brabantio in the ' Moor 
of ^"enice ' (' Ot beUo '), and Fabtotf in ' King 
Henry IV ' followed. (Jther characters in. 
which he waa seen were the Priest in Dryden'a 
'Indian Emperor,' Major Oldfox in the ' Plain 
Dealer,' ApoUonius in ' Tyrannick Love,* 
Mario in the ' Aasi gnat ion," and Ilurmogenas 
in 'Marriage i\ la Mode.' W'ith Mohun he- 
heads, in the 'Koscius Anglicanus,' the list 
of the members of the king's company wbi> 
joined the duke's company in tlie famous 
union brought about by Betterton [q. v.] in 
1082. Bis name only once appears m stage 
records afl«r this date, though, according to 
Oenest, it stands onpoaite the character of 
Baldwin in an edition of ' Hollo,' a^ the 
' Bloody Brother ' of Fletcher was re-named, 

Brintedinieae. In I he 'Rehearsal' (Theatre 
oyal,7 Dpc, lori) Cartwright, who played 
Thunder, is addressed by name by Dayes, 
' Mr. Cartivrighl, pr'yibee speak that a Uttle 
louder, and with a hoarse voice.' It is pro- 
bable that Cartwrigbt, who waa a man of 



Carus 234 Carve 

isubstance, retired soon after the union of the j office till his death, the date of which is un- 
twu companies. He died in or near Lincoln's certain, but is probabbr 1572, a succestjor 
Inn Fields about the middle of December | being appointed on 14 Miy of that year. IE* 
1687, leaving to Dulwich College his books, ' name, nowever, is not given in Dver s or 
ictures, &c. This bequest became the sub- Plowden's reports after Easter term lo70. lu 



pictures 

ject of a curious lawsuit between the master, 
warden, fellows, &c., of the college, and 
Francis Johnson and Jane his wife, the lat- 
ter a servant to Cartwright, who after his 
•death had seized upon his property, includ- 



1569 (10 Feb.) he, with Sir James Dyer, chief 
justice of the common pleas, Mr. Justice 
Weston, and Mr. Justice Harper, heard and 
determined a controversy between the presi- 
dent and council in Wales and the chamber- 



ing clothing, books of prints and plays, with < lain of Chester as to the jurisdiction of the 
other goods and 490 broad-pieces of gold. A I county palatine of Chester, the question 
portion only of the property was recovered, , arising in Radford's case. He left a daughter, 
the portion lost including * two Shakspare's , Elizabeth, who was second wife to Sir ^icho- 
playes, 1647 ; three Ben Jonson's works, ye , las Curwen of Workington, M.P. for Cum- 
1st vellum; one Ben Jonson's works, 2nd berland. 



vellum' (Warner, Dulwich College MSS, 
p. 154). Among the portraits bequeathed by 



[Foss's Lives of the Judges; Qreen's Sut* 
Papors, Addenda; Hutchison's Camberhmd. ii. 



Cartwright, and still m the college, are : 168, 145.] j^ j^ H 

■Old Mr. Cartwright, actor ; 234, * My picture ' 
in a black dress, with a great dog;' 78, * My ■ CARVE, THOMAS (1590-1672 .5), tra- 
first wife's picture like a shepherdess ; ' 116, ^ veller and historian, was bom at MobemoD, 
•* My last wife's picture with a black veil on co. Tipperary, in 1590. His correct name is 



her head ; ' 169, Young Mr. Cartwright, actor, 
is lost. The identity of its subject with the 
<lonor cannot accordinglv be established. The 



Came or Carew, and the Irish call him 
O'Corrain (Eesponsio veridica, 145). He 
himself states that Sir Ross Carew, his bro- 



catalogue, one leaf of which, containing 186- 1 ther, was married to the great Clarendon » 
^09, is wanting, is believed to be in the hand- sister. Lady Hyde, and he also boasts of his 
writing of Cartwright. It is illiterate in ancestor Sir Thomas Carew, who in the fif- 
epelling. Cartwright's collection of plays ' teenth century had held high authority in 
alter quitting Dulwich became the nucleus of ; Munster. In many respects his 8ympatlii» 
the famous Garrick collect ion. Downes speaks j were anti-Irish, and though he was skilled in 
of Cartwright as a good actor ; Davies {^Dra- , the Irish language he expresses his preference 
Tnatic Miscellanies) mentions his Morose and | for English. Ills early years appear to have 
!iis Falstaft*, and says * little is heard of him ; * | been passed among the Butlers, to whom be 




[Downos's Roscius Auglicanus; Wright's Tlis- his edition of Ware's 'Writers of Ireland,* 
toria llistrionica ; Gent»t's Account of the Eng- : asserts that Carve was educated at Oxford, 
lish Stige; Duvies's Dramatic Miscellanios ; In- ^ but there does not seem to be anv confirma- 
troduction to Hoy wood's Apology for Actors, ; tion of this statement. He took priest's 
reprinte<l for the Shakesptvire Society. 1841 ; orders and appears to have been stationed 
C<.llicr'8 Memoirs of Alloyn, 1841 ; Collier's jn the diocese of Leighlin. He left Ireland 




'^ ' * I then serving as colonel of an Irish regiment 

CARUS, THOMAS (d, 1572 ?), judge, \ in the army of Ferdinand II of Austria, he 
was of a Lancashire family, long settled at j returned to his native country. In 1630 he 
Ilorton and elsewhere in that county ( (rran- | again set out on his travels, and at this date 
^eur of the Law, 253 ; Cal. State Papers^ , his curious and valuable * Itinerary * was be- 
Dom., 1 July 1(KH)). He joined the Middle gun. He remained with W^alter 'Butler for 
Temj)le, and was ai)pointed reader in Lent two years, and returned at the period of the 
1 4 Tin 1556. Towards the end of Mary's reign battle of Liitzen ; but afler a short visit to 
he was summoned to the degrt^e of Serjeant- his friends in Ireland he started again for 
<it-law, and actually received it after Eliza- Germany in 1633. On arriving at St uttj^ 
beth's accession, 19 April 1559. He was about September 1634 he heard of the death 
appointed a judge of the queen's bench pro- of his patron Walter Butler, and he tran»* 
foably in Trinity term 1566, in succession to , ferred Lis services as chaplain to Walter 
3Ir. Justice Corbet, and continued in that : Devereux, formerly the chief officer and now 



ttwBucceesorofBuiler. Ht^ accompanied tLe 
armj- of CliarlM III, diiki- of Ixirrame, in its 
inceseaiit moveuienlB, and af^rwards joined 
the main forces under Gsllag. In AjirU lti-t9 
he tioished the first port of liis ' Itineracy,' ' 
and had it printed ftt Mniox, with a dedica- 
tion to the Marquis of Ormonde, in which he 
says: ' Not in the quiet ebamberofitudy has 
it be«a compostid, but beneath the tenta of 
war, where mv busy pen found no peaf^e from 
ih^ ominous clangour of the hoarse trumpet 
and the loud roll of the battle-drum ; whure 
tny ear was stunned by the dreadful thundt-r 
of tlie CAnnon, nnd tiie futal leaden hail hissed 
round the onper on which I was writing.' 

In imOhe was appointed chnplain-gejierBl 
<tt all the Englisli, bcoteh, and Irish forces, 
And in that capacity continued to sorvewith 
the army after the death of Devereui. It is , 
probable that about 1043 he went to reside 
at Vienna inhlscboracterof notary apostolic 
and vicB]>choriil of St. Stephen's Cathedral in 
that city. Hp brought out the third part of ^ 
hia ' Itinerary ' at Sp-res in 1646, The scar- 
city of this work it not ite ont^' value. It | 
^ives important detaiU concetnina- Wollen- 
«tein, the civil war in England, and the gene- , 
ral history of Chrislendom at the period ; and 
all writers upon the thirty years' war who , 
could procure a sight of it have used it, 
though seldom with acknowledKmenl. Tlie ; 
work contains an interesting description of 
Ireland and a curious ac^^ount of London and 
its buildings. Carre's latest publication ap- I 
peared at SuUboch in 1872, when he wan 
-flighty-two years old. The date of his death i 

All hia works are extremely rare. Their 
titledate: 1. 'ItinerariumRD.ThomfeCarve 
'Ilpperorienflis, Sacellani majoris in fortissima 
juxta ut nobilissima legione strenuissimi Do- 
mini Colonelli D. Wolteri Deveronx sub Sac. ' 
CtBSHT. MajuHtate stipendia merentis cum , 
historii facti Butleri, Gordon, Lesly, et alio- | 
nnn. Opera, studio, et impensis authoria,' i 
part« i. and ii., Mainx, ltl39-~ll, 18moi part i 
iii., Spirea, ]&4<1, 16mri ; third edition, in one i 
vol.. Main*, 1610-1, ISrao. The third edition | 
of tne first part is the same as the first, page | 
for page, excepting ihiil the tliird edition has 
AD aduJIJonal dedication, and at pp. 113, II J, | 
two additional epilAphi> to Wallenetein, and 
«1m an additional »i)th chaptar at the end. 
The rarity of I he book, particularly the third 
volume, IS whU known to bibhographers ; it 
is quoted with great praise bv llarte in his 
•Qustavui! AdoJphus,' ii. 39 n. The three 
part« wiTe reprinted at London in lCtt!)9 in 
one quartet volume, under the editorial super- , 
VLsionofMioliaelKeruev.tlieimpressionbeine ' 
, '3tlBtl«i to one hundred copies on paper and ^ 



peared under the title of ' Heyshiichloin dess 
ehrwiirdigcnllerrnThomeD Carve. Aussdem 
Latein: ins Teulech vbersetKt durch P. R., 
continuirt imd fortgesetK studio W. S, a 
\'orburg,' Mayence, l&tO, 8vo. U'hia trans- 
lation contains a preface with some account 
of the work, and nine additional chapters not 
to be found in any of the three original Lotin 
parts. -. ' ILerum Germanicarum nb anno 
1617 ad annum 1641 geatamm Epitome' 
[«»e/.«o], 1641, 12mo. 3. 'Lyra, sen Ana- 
ce|)lialieosie llibemica, in qua de exordio, scu 
ongiue, nomine, mortbiis, ritibusque Gentis 
Ilibemicffl succmcte tractatur; cui quoque 
Bcccssere Annaleeejusdem Hibemiwnec non 
lierum gestarum per Kuropam ab anno IHS, 
ueque ad annum 16>'>0,' \ lenna (1661), 4to; 
' eaitio aecunda multis additomeiitis locuple- 
tata et k mendis repurgatu, cum brevi rerum 
colamitosS coulingentiiun priecipuAque Tur- 
cicarum Relatione A 50 ustjue ail 66 annum, 
fflneis etiam tessellis insignit-a,' Sulzbach, 
1666, 4to. The first edition is rarer than the 
second, and differs much from it. 4. * Gala- 
teue, seu de Morum elegantii,' Nonlhausen, 
1669. 5. "Enchiridion Apologeticum,' No- 
ribeipc, 1670, 12mo. 6. ' Responsio veridica 
ad iliotum libellum,cui nomen Anatomicum 
eiamen F. Autonii Bniodioi Hibemi Urd. 
Jlin. Strict. Observantin;, sub ementito no- 
mine P. C:omelii 6 Mollonii editum,' Suli- 
bach, 1673, 8vo. This is a violent reply lo 
Bruodine [u. v.], who had attacked him in 
a work entitled 'Propugoaculum Catholicn 
Fidei.' A flue portrait of Carve, engraved 
by M. Vliemayr, is prefixed to the "" Lyra.' 

[Memoir by Hicbaol Komfy profiled lo the 
ItiDumrium (1839); Ciemeot, Bibl. Curieuae; 
Dibdin's Lii>mry Companion, i. 2M ; Gran^nr's 
Biog, Hist, of England (182*). v. 97; Bibl. 
GrearillUna. i. tIB. 110, ii, 92; Cat. of the 
Huth Ltliniry, i. aS8, 269 ; Lowndes's Bibl. Uan. 



141, 161.] 



T. C. 



CAE.VELL, NICHOLAS (d. 15(1<1), poet, 
was elbcted from Eton to King's College 1646, 
was B.A, 151U, if.A. 155a, He was at Zu- 
rich during the reign of Queen Mary, but 
returned after Elizabeth's acoesaion atul died 
in the Bummerof 1560, The following poems 
in the ' Mirror for Magistrates,' signed *Ca- 
vyl,' have been attributed to him : 1, ' How 
the two Mortimers for their sundry vicei 
ended their days unfortunately.' 2, 'The 
WilfuU fall of the blacke Smith and the 
foolishe ende of the Lord Awdeley in June, 
anno 1496.' He also conlributv<l to the col- 
lection on the death of Bucet in 16ol. In 



Carver 



236 



Carver 



Harwood*s 'Alumni Etoneuses/ p. 161, he 
is confounded with James Calf hill [q. v.] 

[Strype's Memorials, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 233 ; 
Zurich Letters (Rirker Society), i. 194; Trou- 
bles of Frankfort, pp. 16, 66, 169; Mirror for 
Magistrates (Hasluwood), ii. 23, 396 ; Warton's 
English Poetry, iii. 185, 186, 225; Cooper's 
Athens Cant. i. 232.] 

CARVER, JOHN (1575 ?-16l>1), leader 
of the * pilgrim fathers,' was an Englishman 
and agent of the English congregational 
church at Ley den in IloUand. When he 
sailed in the Mayflower (1620) he was * of 
good age,' father of several children, one 
daughter being aged 14. In his time the name 
of Carver, alias Calver, was common in the 
midland coimties, and the best conjecture is 
that he came from Nottinghamshire. He 
was one of the chief exiles who took refuge 
in Holland in 1607-8. Carver became a 
deacon of Robinson's church at Leyden, and 
was agent for the expedition to New Eng- 
land. In 1619, through Sir Edward Sandys, 
the exiles obtained a patent for South Vir- 
ginia. Carver made agreements with Lon- 
don merchants to assist the expedition with j 
shipping and money, the emigrants mort- 
^ging their labour and trade for seven years. 
Carver's estate and others were thrown into 
one common fund. The Speedwell, of Hol- 
land, 60 tons, and the Mayflower, of Lon- 
don, 180 tons, were provided. The pastor, 
Robinson, addressed his parting letters to 
Carver. The Speedwell proving unfit for 
the voyage, the Mayflower after various de- 
lays left Plymouth on 6 Sept. 1(J20, with 
Car^-er and a hundred other emigrants. After 
a difficult passage they reached Cape Cod har- 
bour in Massachusetts, where a new compact 
was drawn up and signed by 42 persons, who, 
with 18 wives, 4 spinsters, 7 serv'ing-men, 
23 boys, and 7 girls, constituted the colony 
of 101 persons. 

Carver was chosen governor for the first 
year, and was in the three boat expeditions 
to discover a site for a settlement. On 
11 Dec. a fine bay was found with a good ' 
site for buildings. Carver, Ilowland (his . 
future son-in-law), Standish, Bradford (se- | 
cond governor), and fourteen others stepped ! 
from the shallop on to a rock at the foot of , 
a cliff in the district called Patukset. The ' 
upper portion of that rock now stands as a 1 
memorial in the public square of New Ply- 
mouth, built on the spot, and is known as 
the 'Forefathers' Rock.' Having brought 
the ship round, in five days they commenced 
building the town of Plymouth. On 31 Dec. 
divine seryice was hela ashore for the first 
time, and the first American independent 



church was established, in accord with the 
church of Scrooby in England and Leyden 
in Holland. The winter was mild, liut a 
heavy mortality followed. Carver suffered 
much from January to March. On 22 March 
1621 Carver made a treaty with the Indian 
chiefs. The next day he was confirmed go- 
vernor for the ensuing year ; but on 5 April, 
the dajr the Mayflower returned to En^l&nd^ 
he received a sunstroke while toiling in the 
field, and died soon after. 

By every writer Carver is described as 
grave, pious, prudent, self-denying, and ju- 
dicious. His wife survived him six weeks 
only. The records of Leyden church show 
that her christian name was Catharine. Car^ 
ver's family in the Mayflower consisted of 
eight persons — himself, his wife, his daugh- 
ter Elizabeth, John Howland, Jasper (called 
* Carver's boy '), who died in 1020, and three 
others who died before 1027. At the latter 
date there was not a person named Carver 
in the colony. Many pedigrees have been 
constructed asserting lineal descent from 
Carver. The William Carver who died in 
1700, aged 102, leaving many descendants, 
could not have been Carver's grandson, as 
reputed, though probably a relation. John 
Howland, grandson of a brother of Bishop 
Howland, married Carver's daughter Eliia- 
beth, and shared with his children in the 
earlv 
last 

died in 1(587. Their four sons and four 
daughters have left numerous descendants. 

Carver's chair is preserved in the Pilgrims' 
Hall, Plymouth, and his broadsword is in 
the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical 
Society, Boston. In 1790 a to^\^lship of 
Plympton, county Plymouth, was incorpo- 
rated as * Car\'er's Town.' 

[Belknap's American Biog., ed. Hubbard, ii. 
29o ; Hunter's . . . Founders of New Plymouth ; 
Prince's Annals («1. 1736), p. 160; New Engl. 
Hist, and Oeueal. lleg. i. 60, 63. ii. 187, 262, iv. 
106, 192, 259, 367, v. 47, 81 ; Historical Maga- 
zine, 2nd series, i. 261, vi. 226; Stone's Life of 
John Howland (a descendant, &c.), 1 857 ; Young's 
Chronicle {2nd ed. 1844), pp. 22, 468 ; Hutchin- 
son's Massachusetts, ii. 456 ; tkldison's "Worksop ; 
Farmer's Genojd. Register, p. 64; Scott's Hist. 
Lecture on Pilgrim Fathers ; Everett's Cape Cod 
Centen. Celebr. p. 7 ; Rolxirtson's America, a.d. 
1620-1 ; Notes and Queries, 6th series, ix. 167; 
Hubbard's . . . New England (2nd ed.), p. 41 ; 
Massach. Hist. Soc. Collections, v. 42, viii. 203- 
237, ix. 43, 74; Westm. Rev. No. cxc; Har- 
per's Mag. liv. 180 ; Congreg. Quarterly (Boston, 
U.S.), iv. 58; Palfrey's New England, i. 184; 
Holmes's Annals, i. 162 ; Summer's . . . Pilffrims 
at Leyden ; Smith's Virginia, pp. 230-8 ; Mor- 
ton's New Eng. Mem. pp. 1-25 ; Cotton Mather's 



I, aiXVA OIlUiUVA l^lllX Julio VUIA\AX^It KXl. IJLAV 

y divisions of property. He died, the 
of the pilgrim fathers, m 1672 ; his wife 



MngiMlU. ii. 40 : Joeaplyo'i Vo.vnses, p. !1S ; 
Uden. Gocliichte iler CungreKAlioiuiJiKten, Hm., 
Leipzig, 1846; Tlmteher'* Piymouth, p, ['29: 
Purchaa, His Pil(triiUHge, bit, i. ch. iT. 1625; 
Miulitai's Bridgwat«T, pp. 129, 362.} 

J. W.-G. 
CARVER, JONATHAN (1732-1780), 
trareller, bom at Stillwater, Coiineeticut, 
In 1732, was the son of WiUidm Joseph \ 
Carver af Wigac, Lancashire, captain la ' 
AV'klliain m's nnnf, who was rewarded for 
senices in Ireland with the government of 
Connecticut. Ue studied under a phyaieian 
in Elitabetli'B Town, hut nflerwarda pup- 
cbaaed an enBiKTicyi was in commana of 
ti company iu the expedition against the 
French in Canada, and had ft naiTOw escape 
in the massacre at I'ort William Henry. He 
served in five campaigua frnm 1757 to 1763, 
and retired from the army on the conclusion 
of peace. Carver then dettiratined to explore 
the territory beyond the Mississippi, and to ^ 
find B north-west land passage between the | 
Attantio and Facitlo Oceans. Starting irom 
Boston in June 1706, ha trarelled thirteen 
buodred miles to the most remote British post, 
«ad surveyed the bays and rivers of Lake Su- 
perior. Then with goods for Indian trading 
M stmek into the north-west of the Missis- 
mppi further than uny traveller had been ex- , 
««pt Hennepin in 1 680, and afterwards pro- . 
«eeded westward to the sources nf the river ' 
St, Pierre, dwelling among the Indians and ; 
le«nung their languages. l£e relumed to j 
BoflVOnm October 1708,having visited twelve 
Indian nations and travelled seven thousand 
miltH. While proceeding in 1737 with (he I 
Indiana to their great council, he reached a 
point within the present sit« of St. Paul s, 
Minnesota, on 1 May, and there, stepping 
ashore opposite the xreat cave, Wakan-teete 
(Dwelling of the Great Spirit), now called 
' Cari-er's Cave,' he was dected a dakotah 
(allied) chief, and made his almost prophetic 
apeoch to the three hundred 'braves. Carver 
haring mediated a peace between the Nado- 
msaies (Siouxland Chippeways(0;jibewiiyB), 
the formertribe is said to have made him an 
extensive grant of land near the Mississippi; 
but this is not mentioned in the account of 
his travels. The great wilderness which 
Owrer traversed is now called, from its 
beauty and fertility, in Indian phrase, 5Iin- 
nesota, He liud down a scheme by which 
thi> St. Paul's district might become the 
e«ntre of a great internal intercouiBe between 
the eaxt and the west, and his plan of a 
water eommuniealion by canals between 
New York, St. PaiiVs, and Canada is now 



of ihu Great Ene Canal. 



In 17(19 he came to England lo publish 
his journal and charl.H, und hoped thai the 
British guvemmeuC would recognise his ser- 
vices, lie underwent a long examination 
by the lords conunissioners of trade and 
plantations, and received permission to puh- 
liah his papers, but, being afterwards ordered 
lo delivur them up to tbe board, he hod to 
repurchase them irom his bookseller, with- 
out receiving compensation forloss. Fortu- 
nately he had sav^ copies of his manuscripts 
and maps, which enabled bim to publish his 
work ten years after, About 1774, in con- 
junelinn with Uiehard Whitworth, M.P. for 
Stafford, he had arranged his scheme for the 
overland route. Ilimselii Whitworth, and 
Colonel liogers, with fifty or sixty artificers 
and mariners, were to make the party. Grants 
and other requisites were nearly completed 
when the troubles in America put a atop to 
the enterpriaa. la 177S appeared the first 
edition of 'Travels Wi the Interior Parts of 
North America,' Jtc. illustrated with copper- 
plates and maps, London, 6vo. The second 
part of the worK is ' The Origin, Manners and 
Customs, Religion and Langnages of the In- 
dians,' and there is an appendix describing 
the uncultivated parts of^America. It is 
dedicated to Sir Joseph Bonks, F.R.S. In 
1779Baecond edition appeared, London, 8 vo. 
A Dublin edition was published in the same 
year, 8to. Edilions appeared in 1784 (with 
an account of his life by Dr. Lettsom) and 
in 1796. A French translation appealed in 
1764, 8vo. The ' Travels ' also appeared in 
' Moore's .... Collection of Voyages and 
Travels,' vol. ii., London, 1785, folio, and in 
Campe's ' Kinder- und Jugendechriften,' Bd. 
20, 1831, 8vo. In 1779 Carver published 
' A Treatise on the Cultivation of the To- 



lin. 8vo: and under bis name was puUished 
' The New Universal Traveller,' London, 
1779, folio, of which fifty-five weekly num- 
bers came out with fifty-six engravings and 
maps. In the winter of this year Carver, 
■with awife and two children, had to subsist 
on his wages OS a lottery clerk. His original 
fortune had been long exhausted. Ue died on 
31 Jon. 1780. He was buried at llolj^ell 
Mount, Dr. Lettsom found an unnegotiated 

Cnt of ten thousand square miles among 
papers. Lettsom interested himself for 
Carvers family, supported them, collected 
subscriptions, and paid all expenses of the 
third edition of the • Travels ' in 1T81. His 
letters to the ' Gentleman's Magaiine ' — 
' Hints for establishing a Society for Pro- 
moting Useful Literature* — were suggeste<l 
by this unfortunate author's cose, and helped 



Cancer 



238 



Carver 



to suggest the establisliment of the Literary 
Fund. 

A mezzotint portrait of Carver, from a 
picture in Dr. Ijettsom^s possession, is the 
frontispiece of the * Travels,' 3rd edit. He 
was somewhat above the middle stature, 
with a muscular frame. He was a very 
aflpreeable and picturesque writer, as the story 
01 his adventures shows. But there is one 
stain on his character; at the time of his 
marriage in England he had a wife and five 
children living m America. 

The deed found by Dr. Lettsom (now 
lost) was dated 1 May 1767, the day of the 
* long talk ' in the cave. It bore the totems 
— beaver and serpent — of two great chiefs, 
and the Indians are made to speak, in Eng- 
lish, of the grantee as * our good brother 
Jonathan,' whence possibly came the name 
of the Americans collectively. The heirs 
by his first wife transferred part of their 
rights in 1794 to Edward Houghton of Ver- 
mont for 60,000/. After careful inquiry the 
land commissioners dismissed the claim in 
1825. Dr. Hartwell Caner's claim in 1848 
for * a hundred miles square ' met with the 
same fate, as did also that of Carver's grand- 
sons, Groom and King. Martha, one of the 
daughters by the English wife, was brought 
up by Sir Richard and Lady Pearson. She 
eloped with a sailor, and a few days after 
their marriage conveyed her rights to a 
London firm for a sum of money and a 
tenth of the profits. The agent sent out to 
get a confirmatory grant from the Indians 
was murdered in New York, and the scheme 
collapsed. George III is said to have ap- 
proved the grant, and Dr. Samuel Peters, an 
episcopal minister, who had purchased some 
rights in 1806, testified to the committee 
in 1825 that the king had given Carter 
1,371/. 13*. 8rf., and ordered a frigate and 
transport-ship with a hundred and fifty men 
to proceed with him to take possession, but 
the battle of Bunker's Hill had prevented it. 
In 1839 Lord Palmerst on stated in parliament 
that no trace of a ratification of the Carver 
grant was to be found in the Record Office. 

There is a Carver town and Carver county 
in South-eastern Minnesota; and Carver 
river is the name of a branch of the St. 
Peter's. The Can-er centenary was cele- 
brated by the Minnesota Historical Society 
on 1 May 1867, the hundredth anniversary 
of the council and treaty of Carver with the 
Indians at * Carver's Cave,' which is now 
within the suburbs of the important city of 
St. Paul. The proceedings were published 
at the expense of George W. Fehnestock of 
Philadelphia. 

Carver's description of the funeral of a 



' brave '- sujroested Schiller's ' Son^ of a Na- 
dowessie Cnief/ of which both Sir Edward 
L3rtton Bulwer and Sir John Heischel have 
given translations. 

[Carver's works; Nichols's lUustrations, ii. 
680 ; Neill's English Colonies in America, 1871 ; 
Neill*8 Hist, of Minnesota, 1882; MiDnesoU 
Historical Society (Carver Centenary), 1867; 
Bishop's Floral Home ... in Minnesota, 1867 ; 
Niles's Register, 25 Feb.. 1825 ; Harper's Maga- 
zine, 1875, p. 630; Gent. Mag. 1780, p. 183; 
family papers.] J. W.-G, 

CARVER, ROBERT (d, 1791), landscape 
and scene painter, was a native of Ireland and 
the son of Richard Carver, an historical and 
landscape painter of some merit, who painted 
an altar-piece at Waterford. Robert Carver 
received instruction from his father, and ex- 
hibited several small pictures in water-colourp 
in Dublin with some success. He also painted 
scenes for the Dublin Theatre, which attracted 
so much attention that Gkirrick commissioned 
him to paint one for Drury Lane Theatre, 
and eventually invited him to take up hi? 
residence in London as scene-painter to that 
theatre. Carver was a firiend of his com- 
patriot, Spranger Barry, and when that actor 
quarrelled with GarricK, and transferred him- 
self with a rival company to Covent Gar- 
den Theatre, Carver followed in his train, and 
continued to paint scenes for that theatre in 
coiy unction with John Inigo Richards, RA., 
and other artists. One of his scenes w&i 
known bls the * Dublin Drop,' and is described 
as follows by the painter Edward Daves: 
* The scene was a representation of a storm 
on a coast, with a fine piece of water dashing 
against some rocks, and forming a sheet of 
foam truly terrific ; this, with the barren ap- 
pearance of the surrounding country, and an 
old leafless tree or two, were the material? 
that composed a picture which would have 
done honour to the first artist, and will be 
remembered as the finest painting that ever 
decorated a theatre.' Besides scene-painting. 
Carver obtained great success as a landscape- 
painter, and from 1765 to 1790 exhibited 
numerous landscapes in oil and water-colours 
at the exhibitions of the Incorporated Society 
of Artiste. He was a fellow of this society, 
and in 1772 was appointed director. He also 
exhibited at the Free Society of Artists, and 
later on at the Royal Academy. His pict ures 
always excited attention and favourable cri- 
ticism, and in the newspapers of the time he 
is spoken of as the ' ingenious and celebrateil 
Mr. Carver.' He particularly excelled in 
atmospheric effects, such as those of the early 
dawn. Generally the same (qualities which 
brought him so much success m scene-paint- 
ing were apparent in his smaller pictures. 



Oarver w»8 of a Renerous and eonTivial 
lein|wraineut, a free liver, and fond of society. 
— ivyeara hewns a martj-r tolbegoiit, 



fanionkl Sketches of Uodera Artists ; SuntiM j 
TbjW* Orion, Proerrsa, &o,, of tin Fine Aril | 
ia Great Bntun sod Irolimd; Somerset House 
Gazetta; GratcH's Diet, of Arcials, IZIO-lSSOi 
Gdvaidi's Ar(>c<lotes of tUntera; CBtalo^eaof 
the Socictj of Artists, Royal AcnJemy, &c. ; tan- , 
DDScript iofumiatioa in l&e Print liooia. BrUish 
Utueum.] L. C. 

CARVOSSO, BEKJAMIN(ir89-lS54\ 
Wesley on minister, was eon of William 
Cart o«so, bom near MouBehoIe, in Mount's 
Bay, on 11 March 1750, first a ftehennan, 
then a tanner, and afterwards for siily years 
a most aclJTe class leader and local preacher 
in the Wealeyan methodist connection, who 
died at Dowstal, in the parish of Mvlor, on 
13 Oct, 1834. The son was bom in 'Gliiviaa 
pariBh, Cornwall, on 29 Sept. 1789, and, 
although brought up by v^ry pious parents, 
«ras not converted unlil hia twenty-second 
]Fe«r. Ue viia admitted as a probationer by 
th« Wesleyan conference in 1814, and, after 
labouring for five years aa a minister in 
England, offered himself as a missionary. 
Un arrived in Van Diemen's Land in 1820, 
being the second minister of the Wesltyan 
denomination sent to the Australian colonies, 
utd on 18 Aug. introduced methodism into 
that island by a public service in Hobort 
Town, It was not long before he proceeded 
to New South Walea, where, in the towns 
of Windsor, Sydney, and ParnmBtla, he 

C;d the next five years of his mlnietrBtion. 
bad n high sense of the importance of 
the press as a means of promoting religion, 
and in conjunction with his brethren com- 
menced in 1820 the publication of the ■ Aus- 
tralian Klagaibe,' the first of its class seen j 
in the colony. In 1825 he removed to Hobart 
Town: here hia labours were arduous; in 
the pulpit, the prison, the prayer meeting, 
the class meeting, and the family, he was 
constantly engaged. Retumlngtobisnative 
land in 18S0 he continued in the full dls- 
cbarge of his ministerial duties in various 
parta of England throughout (he remainder 
of his life, He died at Tuckingmlll, Corn- 
wall, on 2 Oct. 1864. 

Tlie titles of the works written by him 
are; I. 'TliBGreat Effieaeyof SimpleFaith, 
a Memoir of William Can-oaao,' 1835, which 
piuwd through many editions. 2. 'Drunken- 
ness thi- Em-my of Hrtinin arrested by the 
.Oisnd of God/ 1H40. S. 'An Account of. 



Miss Deborah B. Crtrvosan," 1840. 4. ' At- 
traclh'e Pii'iy. or Memorinls of William 11. 
Carvosso,' 1S44, several editions. 

[W»le>-ttn Muibodi»t Mag. iSfiS, April, p. 382, 
Peplember. p. SM; Blencowe's Memoir of llev. 
B, CnrroBBo, ISflT ; Bo*»e and Courtney's BibL 
Conini), i. as, ui. 1118.] G. C. B. 

CARWARDINE, PENELOPE (1730?- 
1800 ?), aftenvards Mes, Bdtlbk, minialun* 
painter, born about 1730, was the eldest 
daughter of John Cflrwardine of Thinghills 
Court, Wltbington, Herefordshire, by his 
wife Anne Bullock of Preston Wync, m the 
same parish (^Bekri, -Ewer Pedigreet). Her 
father having ruined the family estates, ahit 
took to miniature painting, instructed by 
Oiias Humphrey, and had acquired her art 
by 1754. She exhibited at the Society of 
Artists in 1761, 1762, 1771, 1772 (Graves. 
ih"c(. of ArtuU, p. 42). She was a closv 
friend of Sir Joshua and Miss Keynolds; 
and among Sir Joshua's works is a portrait 
of one of her sisters, painted by him as a 
present for her. Many of her miniatures 
remain in the possession of her family, to- 
gether with three portraits of herself; one- 
by Bardweli, 1750 ; one by a Chinese artist, 
about 1756; the third by Romney, about 
1790. She married Mr. Butler, organist of 
Bane1a^(BFBNKT, £iVr^ of Mvsie, iv, 669), 
andSt, Murgnret'e, andSt. Anne's, Westmin- 
ster (^EnwiRDS, Atifcd. of Painting, p. 13) ; 
after ibis marriage she relinqiiisUed her pro- 
, fession. She di»l a widow, without issue, 
about 1800. 

I [Berry's EsBax pBiligrooa; Gravaa's Diet, of 
Arlistfl, p. 42 : Buriiey's History of Uasic, ir. 
66B ; Eii*ard»'s Anecd. of Paiuling, p. 13 ; pri- 
vate information.] J. H. 



CAKWELL, THOM-iS (1600-1064), 
Jesuit, whose real nnme was Thokold, be- 
longed to an ancient Lincolnshire family now 
eitinct. He was bom of protestont parent? 
in 1600, and became a catholic in 1 632. Aher 
studying in the Jesuit college at St. Omer, he 
entered the English college at Kome in I(tii9, 
and in 1633 he was ordained priest. In tlie 
latter year he entered the Society of Jesus nt 
St. Andrew's, Rome, and in 1643 be became 
a profe-*sed father. For several years he was 
employed as professor of pbllosopby and tliei>- 
logy at LiJge, In 1017 he was sent to the 
English mission, and during many years he 
was missioner in the London district, of which 
in 1655 he was rector. He was nlsti at one 
period vice-pro vinciBl of his order. His death 
occurred in London on 9 Aug. 1664. He 
wrot« a bulky controversial work, entitled 
'LoliyTlntbrsCuntvnriensia:orDociorL8wd'» 
Lub)'rtnth. Bci'Ing un Answer to tho lute 



Gary 



240 



Gary 



Archbishop of Canterbvries Relation of a 
•Conference between himselfe and Mr. Fisher, 
etc. Wherein the true grounds of the Roman 
Catholique Religion are asserted, the princi- 
pall Controuersies betwixt Catholiques and 
Protestants throughly examined, and the 
Bishops meandrick windings throughout his 
whole worke lavd open to publique view. By 
T.C Taris, 1658, fol. 

[Foley's Records, t. 609, vi. 324, vii. 774; 
Southwell's Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu, 761 ; Oliver's 
Jesuit 0)llectioDs, 67 ; Backer's Bibl. des Ecri- 
Tains dela Society de J^os (1869), 1100.] 

T. C. 

CARY. [See also Cakbw and Caret.] 

GARY, EDWARD (d. 1711), catholic 
'divine, son of John and Lucy Cary, was 
bom at Meldon, Suffolk. He left England 
in 1646 with the intention of joining some 
foreign army, but afterwards changed his 
mind and entered the English college at 
Rome, where he was ordained priest in I60I. 
He was then sent back to England on the 
mission. On the accession of James II he 
^became chaplain-general to his majesty's , 
•catholic forces, and after the revolution he ; 
was employed in confidential communications 
with the friends of legitimate monarchy. His 
death occurred in 1711. He was the author 
•of * The Catechist catechized concerning the 
Oath of Allegiance,' 1681, 12mo. 

[Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 481 ; Oliver's Cji- 
tholic R(tligion in Cornwall, 261 ; Foley's Re- 
cords, vi. 368.] T. C. 

CARY, ELIZABETH, Viscountess 
Falkland. [See under Cakt, Sib Henry.] 

CARY, FRANCIS STEPHEN (1808- 
1880), artist and art-teacher, was a younger 
•son of the Rev. Henry Francis Cary fq. v.] 
He was bom at Kingsbury in WarwicKshire 
on 10 May 1808, his father being then vicar 
of that place. He was educated at home, 
•chiefly by his father, and at the age of eighteen 
became a pupil of Mr. Sass at the Art School 
in Streatham Street, Bloomsbury. He after- 
wards became a student at the Royal Aca- 
demy, and for a short time painted in the 
studio of Sir Thomas Lawrence, with a view 
of becoming his pupil; this intention was 
frustrated bv the death of that artist. In 
1829 he studied in Paris, and afterwards in 
Italy and in the Art School at Munich. In 
1833, 1834, 1836 he accompanied his father, 
to whom he was much devoted, in a course 
, of foreign travel each year. In the following 
years he exhibited several pictures at the ex- 
hibitions of the Society of British Artists 

^ others. In 1841 he married Louisa, 



daughter of Charles Allen Philipps of St. 
Briae's Hill, Pembrokeshire, and in 1842 he 
undertook the management of the Art School 
in Bloomsbury, in which he had formerly 
studied under Mr. Sass. He continued to 
exhibit pictures for some years at the Royal 
Academy and elsewhere, and was a candi- 
date in the Westminstor Hall competitions 
for the decoration of the houses of paniament, 
held in 1 844 and 1 847. Cary was oest known 
as the head of the Bloomsbury Art School. 
This school was founded by Mr. Sass on the 
model of the school of the Carracci, Bologna, 
and under his care, and subsequently under 
Cary*s, many of the most prominent painters 
and sculptors of the day, such as Cope, Millais, 
Dante Ilossetti, Armstead, &c., received their 
early art education. In 1874 Gary retired to 
Abinger in Surrey, where he died on 6 Jan. 
1880. He left no family. In the early part of his 
life his continual devotion to his father was 
the cause of his enjoying much of the lite- 
rary society of that day. He painted an 
interesting portrait of Charles Lamb and his 
sister Mary, now in the possession of Mr. 
Edward Hughest 

[Times, 9 Jan. 1880; Athenseum, 17 Jan. 1880; 
Art Journal, 1880, p. 108; Builder, xxxriii. 
81 ; Catalogues of the Exhibitions of the Bojal 
Academy, &c. ; Life of the Rer. Henry Francis 
Gary; information from Mrs. Cary, and frqm 
Mr. Eyre Crowe, A.R.A] L. C. 



CARY, Sir HENRY, first VrscorNT 
Falkland (d, 1633), lord deputy of Ireland, 
descended from a family long seated in Somer- 
setshire and Devonshire, was the son of Sir 
Edward Cary, knight, of Berkhamstead and 
Aldenham, Hertfordshire, by his wife, Cathe- 
rine, daughter of Sir Henry Knevet, knight, 
master of the jewel office to Queen Elixabsth 
' and King James, and widow of Henry, lord 
Paget. At the age of sixtoen he entered 
1 Exeter College, Oxford, where, according to 
I Wood, by the aid of a good tutor he became 
highly accomplished. Subsequently he served 
in France and the Low Countries, and was 
taken prisoner by Don Louis de Velasco, 
probably at the siege of Ostend, a fact referred 
to in the epigram on Sir Henry Cary by Ben 
Jonson : 

When no foe, that day. 
Could conquer thee but chance who did betray. 

In the following lines Ben Jonson draws a 
very flattering portrait of him : 

That neither fame nor love might wanting be 
To greatness, Cary, I sing that and thee. 
Whose house, if it no other had. 
In only thee, might be both great and glad ; 
Who, to upbraid the sloth of this our twie, 
Dost valoar make almoat if not a crime. 



On liw return to England be wa 
duce<l to court, and becume on^ of tlie gentle- 
men of the bedchamber. At the creation 
of Hem7 prince of Wales in 1008 he wm 
created a knight of the Bath. In 1617 he 
became comptroller of the household and a 
member oF tlie privy council, and on 10 Nov. 
1020 he was created in the Scottish peersge 
Viscount Falkland in thu county of Fife, 
which title, with hia naturalisBtioii, wa^ oon- 
fkmed br Charles I by diploma in 1027. 
Chiefly through the favour of Buddngham 
he wasttppointed to succeed Viscoimt Grandi- 
eon aa lord deputy of Ireland, being awom 
18 Sept. 1622. In office he ahowed himself 
both bigotiid in his opinions and timid in\ 
canjringoutapoUcy which continually dalhedl 
with extremes; though conscientious, he was 
easily offended, and he lamentably failed to 
conduct himself with credit when confronted 
with any uniisual difficulties. Ur^d on by a 
sermon of Uasher on the text 'He beareth 
not the sword in vain,' Falkland, greatly dis- 
tre«eed at the number of priests in Ireland 
and their influence over the people, issued a 
proclamation, 21 Jan. 1623, ordering their 
baniahment from the country. Such a pro- 



received an ordtjr from tho Eu^Uah privy 
conncil to refi^in from mor« eKtreme mea- 
aure9thanpreventingtLi.>eri'ction of religious 
houses and the congregation of unlawful as- 
semblies. On account of the difficulties of 
maintaining the English army in Ireland, an 
assembly of the nobihty of Ireland was con- 
vened by Falkland, 22 Sept. 16^6, before 
whom he laid a draft of concasalonB promised 
by ChortKH, which were subsequently known 
KB the ' Graces." They promiwd the removal 
at certain religious (usabilities and the re- 
cognition of sixty years' possession as a bar 
to all claims of lae crown based on irregula- 
rities of title, The negotiation was not con- 
ducted by Falkland with much skill, and for 
a long lime there seemed no hone of a Mti»- 
foctoty Bi!ttlement, but at last, ui May 1628, 
a deputation from the nobility agreed, before 
the king and privy coimcil at Whitehall, on 
certain additional concessions in the 'Qraces,' 
then confirmed . that Ireland should providei 
a sum of 4,000', for the army for three years.l 
Falkland behdvod that his difficulties with 
the nobility hod bei-^n largely due to the in- 
trigues of the lord clianceiloT, Lord Loflusof 
Ely,aiid, afUr the dissolution nf the assembly 
of the nobility in 1027, brought a charge 
against him of malversation, and of giving 
encouTftffvmenl lu the nubility to refuse suji- 
pUm. AfVer ihe case had been heard in 



pUM. After I he 



London. Lord Loft us was allowed ton 
hisduliespendingfurtherinquicy. Meantime 
Falkland Lad for some years been engagedin 
tracking out what he supposed was a dan- 
gerous conspiracy of the Byrnes of Wicklow, 
and in August 1628 was able to announce lu 
the king that the result of his protracted in- 
vestigations had been successful, a true i)iU 
having been found against them at the Wick' 
low assizes. The aim of Falkland was to 
set up a plantation in Wicklow on the con- 
fiscated estates of the Byrnes, but as his de- 
signs were disapproved of by the commis- 
sioners of Irisli causes, the king appointed a 
(committee of the Irish privv council to in- 
vestigate the matter more ftillv, one of the 
members of committee beine tue lord chan- 
cellor, Loftus. At this Falkland took deep 
offiince, refusing to atTord any assistance in 
the investigation on account of the ' high 
indigiuty ' ofiered to himself (see ' A Oopie of 
tbeApollogieoftbe Lord V iscount Faulkland , 
Ijord Deputie of Ireland, to the Lords of his 
Majesties Privie Counsell, the 8th December, 
1628,' printed from the Harlolan MS. 2306, in 
GlLOEET'e Hilton/ of the Irish Coiifederation, 
i. 210-17). When, as the result of the in- 
quiry, it was discovered that the Byrnes had 
been the victims of false witnesses, Falkland 
was, on 10 Aug. 1629, directed to hand over 
his authority to the lords just ices on the iire> 
text that his services were required in Eng- 
land. The king, recognising Ilia good inten- 
tions, continued him in favour. From having 
accidentally broken his leg in Theobaldi 
Park, he died in September 1033, and on the 
25th of that month was buried at AJdenham. 
Falkland continued throughout his life to 
cultivate his literary tastes. An epitaph by 
him on EUtabeth, countess of Huntingdon, 
is given in Wilford's 'Memorials.' Among 
his papers was found 'The History of the 
most unfortunate Prince, King Edward H, 
with choice poUtical observations on him and 
his unhappy favourites, Oavest«n and Spen- 
cer,' which was published with a preface at- 
tributed to Sir -lames Harrington in 108O, 
Falkland was in the habit of ingeniously con- 
cealinglhpyearof hisa^in a knot flourished 
beneaui his name, a device by which he is said 
to have detected a forger who hod failed to 
recognise its significance. 

ElIZABBI'H CaBY, I.ADT PiLKlANB (1585- 
1639), famous for her learning and her devo- 
tion to the catholic religion, was the sole 
dniwhter and heiress of Sir Lawrence Ton- 
field, lord chief baron, of the exchequer, and 
Elizabeth, daughter of Oiles Symondes of 
CUye, Norfolk, and was bom at Burford 
Priory, Oxfordshire, in 1685, In very early 
years she manifested a strong inelinotion for 



Gary 



242 



Gary 



the study of lanffua^, mastering French, 
Spanish, Italian, Latin, Hebrew, and Tran- 
sylvanian. At the age of fifteen she was mar- 
ried to Sir Henry Gary. As the result of her 
Btudy of the fathers, she, when about nineteen 
years of age, became a conyert to the catholic 
^aith, but she did not acknowledge the change 
in her opinions till twenty years afterwards. 
She accompanied her husband to Dublin, 
where she took a great interest in the esta- 
blishment of industrial schools. On her hus- 
band learning her change of faith they quar- 
relled, and sne left Dublin in 1025. She was 
allowed by the priyy council a separate main- 
tenance of 600/. a year. After her husband's 
return to England they became reconciled, but 
continued to liye separately. On account of 
her change of faith her father probably passed 
her oyer in his will [for the circumstances 
see under Cabt, Lucius]. When her hus- 
band died she had only tne annuity of 200/. 
a year giyen her by her parents. She died in 
October 1639. One of the most intimate 
friends of Lady Falkland was Chillin^orth, 
but after his conyersion to protestantism she 
blamed him for endeayouring to peryert her 
children. She published a translation of 
(cardinal Perron's reply to the attack on his 
works by King James, but the book was 
ordered to be burned. Afterwards she trans- 
lated the whole of Perron's works for the 
benefit of scholars at Oxford and Cambridge ; 
the translation, howeyer, not beinff printed. 
She also wrote in yerse the lives 01 St. Mary 
Magdalene, St. Agnes the Martyr, and St. 
Elizabeth of Portugal, as well as numerous 
hymns in honour of the Virgin. The collected 
edition of the works of John Marston (1633) 
is dedicated to her. 

Of the eleven children of Lord and I^ady 
Falkland there are records of eight, four sons 
and four daughters. His son Lucius, second 
viscount, is the subject of a separate article. 
The father's petition to the king praying for 
the release 01 his son, who had been confined 
in the Fleet prison, is preser>-ed in the Harleian 
MS. 1681, where there are also four letters 
to Falkland from the Duke of Buckingham, 
has been printed in the * Cabala.' The second 
son. Sir Lawrence, was killed fighting under 
Sir Charles Coote at Swords in 1642. The 
other two sons, Patrick [o- v.], who was the 
author of some poems, and Placid, took orders 
in the catholic church. The four daughters, 
Anne, who had been maid of honour to the 
<]ueen, Lucy, Elizabeth, and Mary, ultimately 
became nuns in the convent of Cambray. 

[Wood's Athens (Bliss), ii. 565-6 ; FulWs 
Worthies (ed. 1811). pp. 43U2; Lloyd's State 
Worthies; DongWs Peerage of Scotland (Wood), 
i. 567-8 ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis), iii. 290 ; Chal- 



mers's Biog. Diet. yiii. 835-6 ; Walpole's Bojal 
and Noble Authors, v. 65-8; ThelAdj Falk- 
land, her Life, from a Manuscript in the Imperial 
Archives at Lille ; lafe, by Lady OeorgianaFol- 
lerton, 1873 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. Serin, 
containing many letters both of Lord and Ladj 
Falkland; Oal. Irish State Papers. 1615-25; 
Cal. Carew MSS. ; Harleian MSa 1581. 2305; 
Add. MS. 3827 ; Oilbert's History of the Irish 
Confederation, i. xi, 24, 170-6, 210-17; Gardi- 
ner's History of England, yiii. 9-28.1 

T. F. H. 

GARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844), 
translator of Dante, was bom at Gibraltar 
6 Dec. 1772. His father, an officer in the 
army, and grandson of Mordecai Cary, bishop 
of Killala, shortly afterwards settled as t 
country gentleman at Cannock in Stafford- 
shire. Young Cary received his education at 
local grammar schools, Rugby, Sutton Cold- 
field, and Birmingham. While at the latter, 
being only fifteen, he published an ode to 
Lord Heathfield on his defence of Gibraltar, 
the youthful writer's native place. The ode 
was greatly admired, and 1m to Cary*s be- 
coming a regular contributor to the * Gentle- 
man's Magazine,' and publishing a small vo- 
lume of odes and sonnets in the following 
year. It also procured him the notice of Miss 
Seward and her literary coterie at Lichfield. 
He corresponded assiduously with Miss Se- 
ward, ana one of his letters (ii/*, i. 42-4) 
is especially interesting as disclosing the germ 
of his attachment to Dante. It is written from 
Christ Church, Oxford, where he had entered 
in April 1790. In 1796 he took orders, was 
presented to the vicarage of Abbot's Bromley, 
Staffordshire, and married the daughter of 
James Ormsby of Sandymount, near Dublin. 
His time was* chiefly employed in study, of 
which his diary, publishcKi bj his son, givrt 
a detailed account. His pnncipal publica- 
tions during his residence at Abbot's Bromley 
were an ' Ode to Kosciusko * and three ser- 
mons, contributed to the publication of a 
clerical friend who * was driven by his neces- 
sities to publish a volume of sermons by sub- 
scription, but had not energy to write them 
himself.' In 1800 he removed to the living 
of Kingsbury in Warwickshire, to which 
he had been presented in addition to Abbot *8 
Bromley, ana in May of that year commenced 
his translation of the * Inferno,' which was 
published in 1805. It attracted little atten- 
tion, partly owing to the neglect into which 
his author had fallen (* his fame,' said Napo- 
leon of Dante about this time, ' is incieasuig 
and will continue to increase, because noooe 
ever rMids him '), partly firom being weighted 
by a reprint of the original text, but eyenmora 
from Car/s own independence of the corrupt 



poetic&l ta«te of the day. He bud DotBhrimk 
from Teproducing Danle's homeir eipresaions, 
and in go dotDf: exposed himself to difti^ of 
tkmiliarity, uid even vulgarity, from tiia old 
«s, Misa Seward, whom he anawered 



daughter occasioned a state of mental pmvtm- 
tion scarcely dintinguiahable from insanity, 
tlie precuTKor of suwequent aim-ilar afflictions. 
He removed to London, became reader at 
Berkeley Chapel, ret^ninghis country bene- 
fices, and after a lime was able to continue 
bis translation of Dante. It waa completed 
on 8 May 1613; but the ill success of the 
* Inferno ' had discouraged the booksellers, 
and Gary, whose fiimily was large and whose 
means were moderate, was obliged to publish 
the sequel, along with e. reprint of its prede- 
ceseor, at his own expense. It at first excited 
no more attention than the 'Inferno,' hut ere 
long the whole translation came into notice, 
in great measure jrom the warm applause of 
Co&ridffe, whose acquaintance Gary made as 
he paced the beach at Littlehampton, reciting 
Homer to his son. ■ 8ir,' aaid Coleridge, at- 
tnu^ted by the sound of the Greek, ' jours is 
« fikce I Mould know. 1 am Samuel Taylor 
Ooleri'lge.' During the rest of the day the 
-wondrous stranger discoursed on Homer, i 
UMtldnK young Caiy ' feel as one from whose 
«yest£escales were just removed,' and in the 
evening carried home the translation of Dante, 
of which he had nevereven heard. The next 
day he waa able to repeat whole pages, and 
his winter course of lectures gave it celebrity. 
A new edition was published in 1819, and 
over since, notwithstanding thecomjietition 
of more exact versions of no mean poetical 
power, it has remained the translation which, 
on Dante's name being mentioned, occurs first 
to the miitd. 

- During this interval Cary had resigned his 
readership, and become afternoon lecturer at 
Chiswick and curate of the Savoy. His ac^ 

SuUDtOQce with Colerid([e bad introduced 
im 10 Ohnrles Lnmb, with whom be con- 
tmct'Cd an intimate friendship. He became 
» member of the circle that gathered around 
the publishers Taylor and Hesaey, and con- 
tributed ballada and critical essays to their 
' London Magazine.' Several of his ctmtri- 
hutions were on the eartv French poets, the 
taaterials for which ha collectod in a visit to 
Fnnce in 1821. These were republished 
titer hi* death, as also were a series of lives 
of English poete, snnplementory to Johnson, 
likewise contribut«d to the ' Liondon )Iaga- 
linc.' In 1824 npupared his traiulation of 
•the Birds.' on elegant performance, but 
g tlui roJlickiiig fuu of 'Vristophuuee. 






E. 



In the stiDi^ year be begun Ids translnlion of 
Ptudar. In 1836, after on unsuccessful appli- 
cation for a vacancy in the antiquities depart- 
ment of the British Museum, be wns ap- 
pointed assistant-keeper of printed books. A 
claused catalogue of the library was at that 
time in preparation, and Cary was appropri- 
ately entrusted with the poetry. After some 
time it was given up, and be waa mainly 
employed in cataloguing new purcbases and 

--itiona by copyright. The numerous 

extent in bis handwriting show that 
s both an industrious and an accurate 
workman. Nothing occurred to vary the 
even tenor of his life until the completion 
of bis translation of Pindar in the autumn 
of 1632, almost immediately followed by the 
sudden death of his wife. The etiiwt upon 
him waa ' an amazement of all the faculties 
of mind and body,' followed by attaoks of 
delirium. Having partially rallied, he under- 
took a long tour on the continent, and re- 
turned restored to comparative health ; yet, 
in the opinion of all but his family and 
himself, disqualified for promotion to the 
headship of the library of printed books, to 
which, mdeed,the shy recluse echolarwould 
hardly have been equal at any time. The 
post became vacant in 1837, and the prefer- 
I ence over Cary given to Antonio Panizzi, a 
foreigner who had not yet overcome preju- 
dice by the demonstration of bis extraordi- 
nary capacity, and whose promotion was re- 
garded by many as a piece of party patronage, 
occasioned much criticism at the time. It 
was, however, moat ful^ vindicated before 
the royal commission of 1848, and, entirely 
apart from the question of Panixzi's merits 
and Gary's infirmities, the latter placed him- 
self out of court by the ground on which be 
reBt«d bis claim. ' My age,' he said, ' it waa 

filain, might ask for me that alleviation of 
sboiir which is gained by promotion to a 
superior place.' A curious ideal of dutv must 
have prevailed in the public service when, as 
baa b«en remarked, ' on honourable and re- 
spected oHicer could, without conscious ab- 
surdity, urge as n plea for promotion that he 
would tliereby have less to do,' X'pon the 
failure of his application Cary resigned, and 
owing to another serious blot in the admini- 
strative system of the time, his eleven years 
of fkithfiil service were unrecorapensed by 
any retiring pension. The death of his aged 
father, however, had recently placed him in 
easier drcumstances, aud though consenting 
to work for the booksellers, he does not seem 
to have suiFered from pecuniary embarrass- 
ment, fie edited several standard English 
poi'ts with much judgment, and prepantd a 
series of critical observationa on the Italian 



Gary 



244 



Gary 



poets, which were published in the ' Gentle- 
man's Magazine * aner his death. A crown 
pension of 200/. a year was conferred upon 
him in 1841, principally through the influence 
of Bogers. He died, after a short illness, 
on 14 Aug. 1844, and was buried in West- 
minster Abbey by the side of SamuelJohnson. 
Gary's literary fame is almost wholly iden- 
tified with one work. There will probably 
always be two schools of Dante translation 
in England, the blank verse and the terza 
rima, and untU some great genius shall have 
arisen capable of thoroughly naturalising 
the latter metre, Johnson^ terse remark on 
the translators of Virgil will continue to 
be applicable. * Pitt,' ne says, * is quoted, 
and Pryden read.' Gary's standard is lower, 
and his achievement less remarkable, than 
that of many of his successors, but he, at 
least, has made Dante an Englishman, and 
they have left him half an Italian. He has, 
nevertheless, shown remarkable tact in avoid- 
ing the almost inevitable imitation of the 
Mutonic style, and, renouncing the attempt 
to clothe Dante with a stateliness which does 
not belong to him, has in a great measure 
preserved liis transparent simplicity and in- 
tense vividness. In many other reacts 
Gary's taste was much in advance 01 the 
standard of his day ; his criticisms on other 
poets are judicious, but not penetrating. His 
original poems and his translation of Pindar 
scarcely deserve a higher praise than that of 
elegance. A translation of Valerius Flaccus 
was never completed, and nothing more 
seems to have been heard of the ' Romeo and ^ 
other Poems ' which his son announced his 
intention of publishing. The extreme ten- ' 
demess and affectionateness of Gary's cha- 
racter appears sufficiently from his history. ; 
It woula nardly have been inferred from ms ] 
correspondence, which is in general rather 1 
commonplace, and tinctured with a reserve | 
which can only have arisen from extreme 
sensitiveness. 

[Memoir of the Rev. H. F. Gary, by his son, 
Henry Gary, 2 vols. 1847; Gent. Mag. April 
1847; Edwards's Lives of the Foimders of the ' 
British Museum, pp. 547-52.] R. G-. 

GARY, JOHN (d. 1395 ?), judge, son of 
Sir John Gary, kniglit, bailiff of the forest of 
Selwood in Wiltshire, knight of the shire for 
Devon in 1362 and 1368, who died in 1371, 
by Jane, daughter of Sir Guy de Brien, knight, 
was put into commission as warden of the 
ports for Devonshire in 1373, and was made 
commissioner of array tliree years later. He 
was commanded by the king in 1383 to take 
the rank of 8erjeant-at>-law, but refused. 
Three years later (6 Nov. 1386) he was 



created chief baron of the exchequer. In 
1387-8 he underwent impeachment ror having 
answered, in a sense favourable to the king, 
the interrogatories addressed to the judges 
at Nottingham in the preceding August, re- 
lative to tne action of the parliament in dis- 
missing Michael de la Pole, and vesting the 
supreme power in a council of nobles [see 
Bealknap, Sib Robert]. He was condenmed 
to death, but the sentence having been com- 
muted for one of banishment, he was trans- 
ported to Waterford and confined within a 
circuit of two miles round the city, but was 
otherwise permitted to live at his own will, 
being allowed a pension of 20/. per annum 
for maintenance. He died about 13d5 or 
1396. His estates at Torrington and Cock- 
ington, which had been confiscated, were re- 
stored to his son, probably in 1402. Bv his 
wife, Margaret, daughter of Robert Holway 
of Holway in Devonshire, he had two sons, 
Robert (now represented by Robert Shedden 
Sulyarde Gary of Torr Abbey, Torquay) and 
Jolm, sometime bishop of Exeter, llie fa- 
mily has given origin to three peerages, of 
which one, held by Viscount Falkland, oaron 
Hunsdon (b, 1803), is still extant. 

[Cal. Inq. P.M. iii. 196, 308 ; Abbrer. Bot 
Ong. ii. 281, 317, 323; Devon's lasnes of ths 
Exch. (Hen. IH-Hen. VI), p. 236 ; WillisV Not 
Farl.ii. 251 ; Foss'sLivesof the Judges; Rymer's 
Feed. (ed. Clarke), iii. pt. ii. 976, 1046 ; Du^dale*s 
Chron. Ser. 53 ; Hist Angl. Script. Decern Col, 
2727; Cobbott*8 State Trials, i. 119-20; Rot, 
Pari. iii. 484.] J. M. R. 

GARY, JOHN (d. 1720 ?), merchant and 
writer on trade, was the son of Thomas Gary, 
vicar of St. Philip and St. Jacob, Bristol. He 
was engaged in tiie West Indian sugar trade, 
the rising importance of which in the latter 
part of tne seventeenth century led him to 
take a political interest in commercial matt erti. 
In 1687, when the mayor and council were re- 
moved on account of their opposition to the 
abolition of the penal laws, he was placed on 
the substituted council (see Seteb, BrisMf 
ii. 534). At the request of some members of 
parliament he pubbshed in 1696 an essay on 
trade, which attracted a good deal of atten- 
tion, and brought him into correspondence 
with Locke. It * is the best discourse,' Locke 
wrote to him, * I ever read on that subject.' 
It is * written with so disinterested an aim,' 
wrote another correspondent, ' that no man 
can possibly tell where your trade lyes bv it/ 
Gary was evidently esteemed by his feflow- 
citizens as a man of sound practical jud^ent, 
for he acted as an arbitrator in commercial dis- 
putes, and was chosen by the Bristol commit- 
tee of trade as their representatiye in Ixmdon 
to advise the city members in m&ttexs aflfoctiog 



Cary 



Cary 



e was app 
of the tru«t«e5 for tie sale of fortui 
in Ireluul (M. C. JoumaU, xiii. 307 ; Kabris, 
WmiamZn, f.i7S). In 1704, being known 
to liKTB given much attention to the subject, 
he was inTit«d by the ministry to Uy before 
them his views on the question of encourag- 
ing the linen manufsctureH of Ireland. The 
only later references to luin itre in connection 
■with two chancery auitfl m Ireland, Carey v. 
White, and Boyle-Moor v. Mattocks, in both 
of which, on appeal to the House of Lords, 
bie was unsuccessful (Index to JourTialt, vols. 
iL and iiL ; and 5 Bro. P. C. 325). In each 
case be was atlached for non-payment of 
GOits, being imprisoned for a few days in 1717 
(Maoqbben, Practice in the Souse of Lords, 
p. 271), though he seems to have evaded a 
similar order in 1719 (if. X. JoumaU, ssi. 
130). He died soon after (advertisement to 
174fi edition of the Essay on Trade). Cary 
advocated a national policy in trade. It is 
possible, he said, for the public to grow poor, 
while private persons increase their fortuuea; 
therefore it is important to discover what 
tmdes are protitable to the nation and should 
be enooumgud, and what are not profitable 
And should be discouraeed. Ue haa been 
lidicuted for putting such a question, but to 
nearly all bis contemporaries it seemed a , 
most, reaaonable one. In the instructions to 
the eommiwioners of trade in 1696 it is set 
Jown, almost in Gary's words, as the first , 
flubject of inquiry (Miophebson, Commerce, ' 
ii, 6S2). The policy which he advocated was 
the stimulating of home manufactures. To 
this end he was in favour of discouraging 
the importation of manufactured commodi- 
ties, and of encouraging, by freeing (rom 
customs and otherwise, that of raw material. 
For the same reason he proposed that the 
laws against the exportation of wool should 
be strengthened, and that some check should 
be put upon the woollen manufactures of 
Ireland. The Irish trade, he said in a letter 
of 1696, threatens to eat up ours. ' Lauds in 
IreUnd will advance to twentv yeers' pur- I 
chase, and lands in England fall to twelve.' 

Among bis other proposals whs a plan for | 
providiufr workhouses for the poor, whicli 1 
through his efforts was brought into opera- ! 
tion in Bristol by an act of lt>97. In one at 
his pamphlets Gory described the success of . 
the experiment, and the exaniple of Bristol 
vrB« followed by a number of other towns 
(see Edbk, Stale of the Poor, i. ^63, 275 ; 
NlCirOLLfl, JJhv/lish Poor Law. i. ^73). A ; 
growing belief in the system led (o the pass- 
ing of a general act iu 172.1, oiiabliufr sepu- | 
Srishus to combine for the purnoae of | 
hing a common workhouae. 'Though | 



the idea of such a combination lind bei'n 
already suggested by Hale and other writers 
I on the poor, Cary has been justly credited 
with showing how it could be carried out. 

The following is a list of Cary'a works : 
1. *An E^ssay ou the State of England in 
relation ro its Trade, its Poor, and its Taxes, 
for carrying on the present War against 
France," 1895; 2nd ed. 1719, 'An Essay to- 
wards regulating the Trade and employing 
the Poor of this Kingdom ; ' 3rd ed. 1745, 'A 
Discourse on Trade, and other matters rela- 
tive to it,' &c. The later editions differ con- 
siderably from the first one. The edition of 
1745 was translated, with additions, into 
French in 1755, and from the French into 
Italian in 17tt4. In Gary's lifetime parts of 
the essay were extracted and published as 
separate pamphlets : the 'Irish and Scotch 
Trade' (Bristol, 1(196; London, 1696), the 
' East India Trade ' (Bristol, 1695 ; Loudon, 
1690 and 1699), the 'African Trade' (n. d.) 
and the proposals relating to the poor. A 
pamphlet having appeared entitled 'The Lin- 
nen Drapers' Answer to that part of Mr. 
Cary his Essay on Trade, that concerns the 
East India Trade ' — a plea for free trade — he 
published a short reply. 3. ' An Essay on 
the Co3Ti andCredit of England as they aland 
with respect to Trade' i^ Bristol, 1696), 'to 
show the necessityufsetllinga well-founded 
credit in this nation, for supjiort oT the go- 
vernment and carrying on its trade ' (see 
MiCLEOD on Banking, i. 403). In ' An Es- 
say towards settling a National Credit' (1696, 
reprinted alongwilb 2nd and 3rd editions of 
the ' Essay on Trade 'Y and in ' A Proposal 
for pa;ying off the I'ublick Debts by erecting 
a National Credit' (London, 1719), he ad- 
vocated a national bank, ' the profit or loss 
thereof to redound to the nation.' In the 
'EsflayonTrade'(2nded.)he said that 'the 
famous Mr. Laws ' drew his scheme from this 
proposal. 3. 'An Account of the Proceed- 
ings of the Corporation of Bristol, in Execu- 
tion of the Act of Parliament for the better 
employing and maintaining the Poor of that 
City,' London, 1700 (anonymous), reprinted 
along with 2nd and 3rd editions of the ' Es- 
say on Trade.' 'A Proposal to raise 150.000/. 
per annum, and to give Employment to the 
Poor' (n.d.); a leaflel^ su^eatbg an addi- 
tional duty on tobacco. 4. ' Some Conside- 
miions relating to the Carrying on iheLinnen 
Manufactures of Ireland,' liOi; rt^nted 
along with 2nd and 3rd editions of the ' Es- 
say on Trade.' The effect of absenteeism on 
' the balance of trade' is discussed. 6. 'A 
Vindication of the Parliament of England, in 
answer to a book written by WiUiam Moly- 
netUE of Dublin, Esq., intituled '*The Case 






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p-i^idftrir/r, an'l it ha-j \j^.*-n BUfirir<^7t'*d That pained by tht* quarrel thus forced upon him, 
hin inflii^tnc*; may have had g'im»:-thing to that hv wont over to Holland with the in- 




iiiirt. 1, N'»- '*^ compHn* proljale of will at was more fitted than for that of a soldier 

Hrim*^rrt«'t. n^»'if^'jl»'''l*''*^'^*'^*'**^ *^®™*"^^ ^'** *• '^^ ' 'NVooD, Athena Oxon, ed. Bliss, 

of nn-at/IVwaiid Hiirford,tog«;tli»-r with the ii. 570). On his return to England Can* 

riftory of <ln!Ht T^w, should Iw convevedto retired to a country life at Great Tew, de- 

t rimti-eH and lMih*;ld by th«?m, first to the use daring that *he would not see London in 




i.r hiH daughter, Lady Falkland. It is pos- 



By his father^s accidental death in 1633 he 



•f Visconni l''alklanU, (uid was obliged, 
much sgalnsl. his will, to go to London on 
bosineas connecled with hie father's property, 
which waa so heuril; mortgaged that, aa Cla- 
rendon Bays (16. i. 40), lie was compelled to 
»eU n liner eeat of his own in order to release , 
it, Wood(.4(Ant«(Xcun.ii.603)throwBdoubt 
oil the Blatemeut given in the 'MTSteryof 
the tJood Old Cause' (1660), that Lenthall 
had Burford given to him hj the Long |)ar- 
llament, on the ground (hat he had purchased . 
it ^m Falkland in 1634 for about 7,000/. 
Thiastatement tallies wilb-Clarendon'saBBer- ! 
tion, and oa Lenthall was one of Falkland's 
trustees under his grandfalher's deed, be was I 
a likelj person to make the purchase. As 
under that deed Falkland had only a life 
interest, the Long parliament no doubt con- 
tinued to Lenthall the proprietorship after 1 
FaUtland's death, which otherwise would .1 
have gone to bis eldest son. Falkland spent '■ 
with his mother the winter aftur his father's 

tith. She was now a declared catholic, 
J was naturally anxious to convince her 
children of the truth of her own creed. If 
■we may trust her recollections of this period 
embodied in her biography, written proba- 
bly by one of her younger sons, Falkland 
was very nearly giving way. lie was. it 
ai-ema, ' so whoUy catholic in opinion then 
that he would amrra he knew nothing but 
what the chnrch told him; pretending, for 
his being none, that though ttiia seemed to 
him to he thus — and that he always disputed 
in the defence of it — yet he wotud not take 
upon him to resolve anything so determi- 
luitedly HS to change his profesvon upon it 
till he was forty years old' (Zi/t of Lady 
falklaad, p. 55). It is hardly likely that. 
this is a complete account of the state of , 
Falkland's mind. He may very well have ' 
been sulliciently diaaatiafied with popular 1 
protestantism to listen with sympathising 
attention to his mother's arguments, while 
the light answer about his youth might 
wmily nave concealed a feeling of repi^rnance 
whicn he was too courteous to express. ' 
Lady Falkland accounted for her son's sub- ' 
sequent defection (>A. y. G6) by his ' meet- ' 
ing with a book of Socinus.' This charge of 
Sociuionism here brought against Falkland | 
was also brought against Chillingworth, 1 
whom Falkland met at his mother's house, 
Dud with whom he contracted a lasting 
friimdahip. There is probably a misconcep- 
^""D attheroot of theaenunciationatowhich 
g has been subjected. The term 
.in is at [iresent applied to a certain 
in the second person of the Trinity. 
nfs time, na appears from Cbey- 
n, Growth, and Danger of Socinian- 



ism ' (ISiS), it was rather a habit of apply- i 
ins reason to questions of revelation wuieb | 
led up to that special doctrine as its most 
i^tartliog result. There can be no doubt that 
in this IiLrger sense both Falkland and Chil- 
lingworth had, as Cheynell sulwequentlyj 
asserted of Chillingworth, the Socinian way] 
of regarding religious questions, and Ladyl 
Falkhnd's assertion that they were led in 
that direction by reading a book of Socinusl 
may very possibly be true. After this Folk- 
land's relations with his mother were for 
some time strained, especially as she sent 
over two of her sons to De educated as catho- 
lics abroad, and used her motherly influence 
to procure the conversion of her daughters. 
There were also some monetary difficulties 
between them, but the first meeting was 
enough to put an end to all estrangement 
between mother and sou, especially as Falk- 
land made over to her and to some of her 
chddren a port of his father's estate which 
he had iiimself redeemed and which had 
originally been set apart by her husband ftir 
her jointure. In later vears Lady Falkland 
was once mure in diihculties, but as tliei^ 
had been agum some ill-feeling between the 
mother and son, she did not apply ~ ' 
for help. When at last Falkland 
formed of his mother's condition, he a 
hurried to her assiijtance. He found h^ 
her deathbed, and did all that wasjl 
power to soothe her in her last boiji 
o/Laau Falkland, 108, 111). 

Fal^and's own life had been an^Kyahle 
one. ' As soon,' writes Clarenda^mLife, i. 
41),'as he had Qnisbed all those tighxctioaa, 
which the death of his father hS made it 
necessary to be done, he retired again to his i 
country life and to his severe course of studyj 
which was very delightful to him as soon aa 
he was engaged^k it, but he was wont to 
say that he nev^Bound reluctancy in any- 
thinK he resolveSto do but in his quilting 
London, and depafing from the convereatibn 
of those he enJD Ja there, which was in soma 
degree preser^^nnd conRnued by Sequent 
letters, and jFen visits, which were made 
by his frienijffrom hence, whilst he conlinuGid 
wedded to the country; and which were so 

Kuteful to him, that during their stay with 
m he looked upon no book, and truly his 
whole conversation was one continued convi- 
viuTu philotophmim or eonvivitim IheQlogicum,! 
enlivened and relreshed with all the facetious- 
ness of wit and good humour and pleasant- 
ness of discourse, which made the gravity 
of the argument itself (whatever it whs) 
very delectable. His house where he usiiatly 
resided (Tew or Burford in Oxfordshire), 
being within ten or twelve miles of the uiu- 




Gary 



248 



Gary 



versity, looked like the university itself, by 
the company that was always found there. 
There was Dr. Sheldon, Dr. Morley, Dr. 
Hammond, Dr. Earles/ i.e. Earle, * Mr. Chal- 
lingworth, and indeed all men of eminent 
parts and faculties in Oxford, besides those 
who resorted thither from London, who all 
found their lodgings there, as ready as in 
the colleges ; nor did the lord of the house 
know of their coming or goinff, nor who was 
in his house, till he came to dinner, or sup- 
per, where all still met; otherwise, there 
was no troublesome ceremony or constraint 
to forbid men to come to the house, or to 
make them weary of staying there, so that 
many came thither to study in a better air, 
finding all the books they could desire in his 
library, and all the persons together, whose 
company they could wish, and not find in 
any other society.* 

That the persons who resorted from Lon- 
don — the poets and thewit& — took up a larger 
part' in Falkland's mind than Clarendon ac- 
knowledges is evident from Suckling's * Ses- 
sion of the Poet«.' Yet the lines which Suck- 
ling devotes to Falkland draw, in the main, 
the same picture as that of the historian : — 

Hales set by himself most gravely did smile 
To see them about nothiDg keep such a coil ; 
Apollo had spied him, but, knowing his mind, 
Past by, and called Falkland that sat just behind. 

But he was of late so gone with divinity, 
That he had almost forgot his poetry, 
Though to say the truth, and Apollo did know it. 
He might have been both his priest and his poet. 

We here get Falkland's modesty combined 
with intellectual activity, which no doubt 
constituted the main charm of his character 
as a host. We get too the impression which 
he made of being a man who could do much 
more than he actually did, an impression 
which has kept its hold upon subsequent 
generations, and which is at the bottom of 
most of the misconceptions of Falkland's 
life which have since prevailed. 

Fortunately we are able to bring this con- 
ception of Falkland to the test. During 
this period of his life he wrote some poetry, 
and lie also wrote something, if not mucli, 
on a theological subject. In his poetry 
(ed. Grosart in Fuller Worthies Miscellany, 
vol. iii.) there is much that is pleasing, but 
there is no trace of imaginative power. The 
same is true of his religious writingrs. In the 
* Discourse of Infallibility ' (published in 1651 
by Dr. Triplet), which was not printed till 
after his death, and in the answer to the let- 
ter in which Walter Montague announced 
his conversion to his father, written in the 
end of 1086 or the beginning of 1636, there 



is ability without originality. His thought 
on the subject bears the distinct impress of 
Chillingworth's mind, in a way which the 
writings of Hales do not. Yet it would be 
a grave mistake to speak of Falkland's per- 
sonality as unimportant in the historical de- 
velopment of religious thought. Because he 
was not himself a cutter of new paths, he 
was all the more a representative man, and 
he stands forth as the central figure of a 
special phase of progress. In his uurge wis- 
dom, his gentle tolerance, his sweet reason* 
ableness, even in his very impetuosity, there 
was more of 'human nature's daily find' 
than was to be found in men intellectually so 
superior to him as Chillingworth and Haks. 

Durine: the years of retirement at Gnat 
Tew, FaUcland gave but little attention to 
questions of state. In 1637, in some lines 
written by him on Ben Jonson's death, he 
went out of the way to compliment the king 
on his claim to the sovereignty of the seas, 
though in the same year his name appears on 
the list of defaulters in respect of ship-monev' 
for one of his estates (' Ajrears for Hertford- 
shire,' State Papers f Dom. ccclxxv. 106). As, 
however, we hear nothing of his omission to 
pay ship-money in Oxfordshire, it may perhaps 
be concluded that he had no deliberate in- 
tention to oppose the court. The same con- 
clusion must be drawn from the fact that he 
applied for the command of a troop of horse 
in the expedition a^inst the Scots in 1639, 
and that, upon receiving a refusal, he 'went 
as a volunteer with the Earl of Essex' 
(Clare>T)0N, Hist. vii. 230). 

Cowley, in the lines which he addressed 
to Falkland on this occasion, felt that there 
was something incongruous in the appear- 
ance as a solaicr of 'this great prince of 
knowledge,' while paying tribute to that 
utter fearlessness which Clarendon ascribes 
to him. No one, however, suggested that 
there was anything out of place in Falk- 
land, who was one of the least puritanical 
of human bein^, taking part in a campaign 
against the puritan Scots. 

In the year after his return he sat in the 
Short parliament for Newport in the Isle 
of Wight. ' From the debates,' Clarendon 
says (Jlist, vii. 222), 'he contracted such a \ 
reverence to parliaments, that he thought it 
really impossible that they could ever pro- 
duce mischief or inconvenience to the king- 
dom, or that the kingdom could be toleraUv 
happy in the intermission of them; ancl 
from the unhappy and unseasonable inter- 
mission of that convention, he harboared, it 
may be, some jealousy and prejudice of the 
court, towards which he wfis not before im- 
moderately inclined.' The statement is pco* 



babl^ tinged by Clarendoii'B later feding, 
fcut it is extremelj? probable that from the 
coDTBrMtion of hia feHow-Boldiere in the 
camp in the north, hb well as from thnt of 
his fellow-members of Westminster, Falk- 
land realised what the Laudian eyatem really 

'I'was, and that he generously threw himseu 
V into the elmg^le shiest it for the sake of the 

' conaciences of others, though it ie unlikely 
th»t it e*er pressed very heavily on Lis own. 
Such, at least, is a fair explanation of the ' 
jmrt laken by him when, at the opening of 1 

ith» Long paHiameDt, he again found himself | 
member for Newport. The self-wiiled bo- | 

I ■vernnient of Strafford was as little to his 
tnsir aa the self-willed government of Lnud, 
nnd he, with all the warmth of bis nature, j 
flung himselfheortily into the opposition. If, [ 
KB has been suggested, Falkland was predis- 

1 pcised to take part against Strnfibrd on ac- 

; count of the earl's conduct to the first Lord ' 
Falkland, it is all the more creditable to him ' 
that on 11 Nov., when the question of the 
unpcnctunent of Strafford was under con- ' 
ridemtion, he asked thnt the accusation 
etiould b« held back tu give time for a fiill , 
inquiry into its truth (iA. iii. 8). At a later ' 
Bt»(fe of thn proceedings, on 18 Feb. 1641, ' 
wfaeD the conunons was much excited by the ' 
concuesion made by the lords to Stmllbrd of 
fbrlhertimeforthe preparation of his defeuee, 
Falkland calmed Ihem by reminding ihem 
that the lords had ' done no more than they 
Winceived to te necess^ injustice,' and thnt 
it would only eerve Straffordiftheyq uarrelled 
withtbenpperhotine(D'Ewes'8'Diary,'-ffar/. ' 
Jlf5.oliii.fol. 237). \Vhen, on 21 April, the I 
final issue was raised on the third reading 
nf the bill of attainder, Falkland not only 
voted but spoke in favour of the s 
(ciphered entry in D'Ewea's 'Diary, 
^fk 164, foL 188 fl). 

On another great political question, that 
of Bhip-monoy. Falkland took an equally de- 
cided part. His speech about ship-money 
(RirsinroMTn. iv. 86) was in reality on attack 



1 the judges who had perverted the law, 
idmoro eapecioUyuponLord-keeiierFin ' 
lu the division on the rdigioiis questi 



which ultimately split up the Long parlia- 
ment into two hostile sectionsi Falkland 
took from the beginning the side which gra- | 
jnaUydevt-laped into an episcopnlian-royaJist ' 
pnrtT. In the great d^>b«te of 8 Feb, 1641 
(a. 'iv. 184, whem the date of 9 Feb. h 
wrongly ^lon) he mode a vehement attack 
upon the tiishopH on account uf their cldim 
(o divine right and that of oppression of the 
people both in religion and liberty. He 
urged thnt the cinrgv should be subjected to 
1 the control of the cuvil uagislrute, and that 



episcopacy, thinking that triennial parlia- 
ments would be suffltiently powerful to keep 
the bishops in check. It was not desirable 
to remove bishops merely for the sake of 
change. Later on, if Ularendon's authority 
is to be accepted, Ilampden assured Falk- 
land that if a bill for depriving bishopa of 
their seats in the House of Lords and of 
other civil offices became law, ' there would 
be nothing more attempted to the prejudice 
of the church.' The pconoaed measiire was 
wrecked in the House of Lords, and Falk- 
land foimd himself compelled to give a vote 
on the so-called root-and-branch bill for the 
total eitinetion of episcopacy^ In a speech' 
delivered eitlier on 27 May on the second 
reading, or on some subsequent day when 
the bill was in committee, Falkland, in ad- 
dition to the argument that the change was 
undeistrahle oncl not sought for by the ma- 
jority, spoke of the abolilion as injurious to 
learning. Evidently, however, bis strongest 
feeling woe that of dread of the establiBh- 
ment of presbyt^rianiam, which he believed 
to be the Inevitable consequence of the bill 
before the house. Tlint svatem claimed as 
strongly as the bishops ha<l done to exist by 
divine right. Presbyterianism would, if once 
admitted, lay claim to an unlimited and in- 
dependent authority. ' If it bo said,' Falk- 
land continued, 'that this unlimitedness aud 
independence is onlj' in spirilaal things, I 
an3wer,first, that arbitrary government being 
the worst of governments, and our bodies 
being worse than our souls, it will be strange 
to set up that over the second of which we 
were so impatient over the first. Secondly, 
that Mr. Solicitor, speaking about the power 
of the cler^ to make canons to bind, did 
excellently inform us what a mighty inSu- 
enee spiritual power hath upon temporal 
affairs. 1^0 thai if our clergy had the one, 
they had inclusivelv almost all the other; 
and to this I may add the vast temporal power 
of the jKine, allowed him by men who allow 
it him only in ordine ad rpiritvalia, for the 
fable will tell you, if you make the lion 
iudce (and the clergy assisted by the people 
IB linn enough), it was a wise fear of the fox's 
lest he might call a knub [i.e. a knob] a horn. 
And more, sir, they will in this cose be judges 
not only of that which is spiritual, but of 
what it isthatiaso; and the people receiving 
instruction from oo other, will take the most 
temporal mutter to be epirtlual, if thev tell 
them it is so' (a speech printed in Tnplet'a 
second edition of /hVourae qf It\fallibihtj/). 



Gary 



250 



Gary 



Falkland's political course was thus traced 
out. The desire to secure intellectual liberty 
from spiritual tyranny was the ruling prin- 
ciple of his mind. His claim to our reve- 
rence lies in the fact that his mind was as 
thoroughly saturated as Milton's was with | 
the love of freedom as the nurse of high > 
thought and high morality, while his gentle 1 
nature made him incapable of the harsh ; 
austerities of Milton's combative career. As 1 
an efficient statesman Falkland has little { 
claim to notice. He knew what he did not : 
want, but he had no clear conception of < 
what he did want ; no constructive imagi- ' 
nation to become a founder of institutions in 1 
which his noble conceptions should be em- 
bodied. It was this deficiency which made | 
him during his future life a rollower rather 
than a leader, to choose the royalist side ' 
not because he counted it worthy of his 
attachment, but because the parliamentary 
side seemed to be less worthy, and to accept 
a political system from his friend Hyde as 
he had accepted a system of thought from 
his friend Chillingworth. Falkland's mind 
in its beautiful stren^h as well as in its 
weakness was essentiaiLly of a feminine cast. 

If the moral tendency towards a great 
achievement were not as meritorious as the 
intellectual discovery of the means by which 
that achievement may be rendered possible, 
one might easily grow impatient over the 
remainder of Falkland's career. While he 
remained in the Long parliament his advice 
was purely negative. He was, as might 
have been expected, hostile to the Scotch, 
and wished that the English parliament 
should take no interest in the incident at 
Edinburgh, and should refuse to allow Scot- 
tish troops to take part in the Irish war 
(D'Ewes's * Diary,' llarl. MS. 16l>, fols. 
l'2b, 60 b). He resisted tlie second Bishops' 
Exclusion Bill (ib. fol. 31 6), and in the de- 
bate on the Grand Remonstrance complained 
of the hard measure dealt out to the bishops 
and the Arminians (Vernet/ Notes, 121). 
Not a hint is to be found that during these 
fateful months he suggested any practical 
remedy for the evils 01 whicli he was pro- 
foundly conscious. 

It is probable that no one was more sur- 
prised than Falkland himself wlien, on or 
about 1 Jan. 1642, the king offered him the 
vacant secretaryship of state. It required 
all the persuasive powers of his friend Hyde 
to induce him to accept it, and he seems to 
have given way rather because he thought 
the party which he had joined to be on the 
whole better than the one which was opposed 
to it, than because he had great conndence 
in Charles's character. Whatever his motive 



may have been, his resolution was not affec- 
ted by the incident of the attempt upon the 
five members. Yet if Falkland ke^t his 
place, there are no si^pis of his ac^uinng or 
attempting to acquire political influence. 
His name is, as might be expected, to be 
found among those appended to the deck- 
ration of 15 June 1642, in which the peers 
and others assembled at York protest that 
they abhor all designs of making war (Cia- 
BENBON, V. 842) ; and on 5 Sept. he was the 
bearer of the second message sent by Charles 
to the parliament after the standaxd bad 
been raised at Nottingham. We learn from 
D'Ewes that, in addition to the public decla- 
ration (Lord£ Joumah, v. 388) with which 
he was changed, Falkland was directed pri- 
vately to iniorm the parliamentary leaders 
that Charles was prepared to ' consent to a 
thorough reformation of religion,' as well as 
to anything else that they ' could reasonably 
desire ' (D*Ewes*s * Diary,' HarL MS. 16^ 
fol. 814 b). The rejection of this overture no 
doubt determined Falkland to throw himself 
on the royalist side more heartily than he 
had done before. 

Of Falkland's career as secretary we know 
little. A well-merited reproof given to Ru- 
pert — ' in neglecting me, you neglect the 
king ' ( Wabburtox's Mem. of Rupert, i. 368) 
— is evidence of the spirit in which he mag- 
nified his office, while a letter written on 
27 Sept., soon after the fight at Powick 
Bridge, in which he predicts a speedy end 
to the rebellion, because Essex's army was 
filled w^ith * tailors or embroiderers or the 
like,' shows, as does his remark to Cromwell 
before the debate on the Grand Remonstrance 
— that the subject would not need a long 
discussion — that he had little conception of 
the forces opposed to him {^Civil War Tracts 
in the British Museum, press mark £, 9 March^ 
121, 22). Later on we have the fact that he 
conducted the secret correspondence with the 
London partakers in W^ alter s plot, but it is 
impossible now to say whether he did so as 
a mere matter of duty, or because he con- 
sidered that all was fair against enemies who 
were also rebels. At all events, by the sum- 
mer of 1643 Falkland was weary of the war. 
At the siege of Gloucester, when among his 
friends, after a deep silence and frequent 
sighs, he ' would with a shrill and sad ac- 
cent ingeminate the word Peace! Peace I 
and would passionately profess that the very 
ag^ny of the war, and tne view of the cala- 
mities and desolation which the kingdom 
did and must endure, took his sleep from 
him, and would shortly break his heart' 
(Cla^rendon, Hut. vii. ^38). 
• The misery of the spectacle around him. 



•buttered Falkland's ex UtencL', all the 
1>ecaLUi:) there was no capacity in liis own 
mind to formulate a policy which might 
tend in the ilirecticrn of peace. As \m could 
not heal his country's disease, he longed for 
death, that he might cea«e lo be a witness 
of her sgonieK. At GlnuceBler he exposed 
himself in vain lo danger. Oa the morning 
of the battle of Newbury, 20 Sept. 1(143, he 
knew that the desired hour hud come. Dress- 
ing himself in clean linen, as one going to a 
banquet, he explained to the bystanders the 
grounds of the joy which was rooted in 
sorrow. He was weary of the times, he 
said, but be noidd ' be out of it ere night ' 
(Whitihocsb, 73). Hacing himself as a 
volunteer luider Sir John Byron, he chose 
bis opportunity. Riding ut a gap in a 
hedge through which the enemy s Dullets 
were pouring, and from which all his cora- 
ladee stood aloof, he was itriick down in 
an instant (Byron's 'Narrative,' printed in 
Monet's Tico Battles of Keirhury). 

By a death which is scarcely distinguish- 
able from suicide Falkland closed hia eyes to 
the horrors which he loathed. If his me- 
mory is never forgotten in England, it is not 
for what he did, but for what he was. Throw- 
ing hinueli' ftom side to side itt party strife, 
bis mind was at least too large permanently 
to accept mere party watchwords, and his 
heart was eren greater tlian bis mind. 

Falkland's published works are: 1. 'A 
I>i8C0urseoriQfDl]ibilitv,with Mr. T.White's 
atuvrer to it, and a reply txi him. . . . Also 
Mr. W, Montague ... hia Letter against 
Protastanlism, and his lordship's luiswer 
tl)er«imto ... to which are now added two 
IS of Epiz^copac;? by Viscount Folk- 
1 and William ChiUingworth, edited by 
tTMplet,' London, 1660. The lost men- 
^"^d disctiurses are not included in the 
IT ediriun of 1661. '1. 'A speech made 
in the House uf Commons concerning Epi- 
•covacy/ Undon, 1641. a. 'The speech of, 
the Lord Falkland . . , upon the delivery of , 
the anicle« . . . against the Lord Fincb,' 
Ijondou, 1611. 4. 'A letter sent from the 
Lord Falkland . . . 30 Sept. 1642, concern- 
ing the lute conflict before Worcester,' Lon- 
don, 1 642. 6. ' The poems of L. Carey,' col- 
lected and edited by A. B. Grosart, 1970. 

[The Rlifhorttira oitrd ia text; FalkUnd'a 
bJogmpliy in Tulloch'a Bittional Beltgion.] 

S. E. G. 

iOABY, PATRICK {Jl. \mi), poet, wasa 
r Bon of 8ir Henry tary [q. v.j, first 

It Falkland, by Eliiabelh, only daugh- 

UdheirvM of Sir Lawrence Tnnfield, chief 
IB of the exchequer. Ataneatlyagehewos 



i, that he might be brought iq^ 
in the catholic religion, to which bis mother 
wasaconverti ondafterstaying there three 
years was removed to Italy, where he resided 
for twelve years. For some time he received 
a small but suHicieDt pension from Queen 
Henrietta Maria, and Hubseqiiently he was 
better provided for by I'ope Urban VIII, 
who he says, 'upon her m^esty's recom- 
mendalioii, conferred upon me an abbey and 
a priot^ in cummeadam; and besides, some 
pensions on other benefices, wherewith I 
subsisted well.' Evelyn, being at Rome in 
16^, notes that lie was especially recom' 
mended to ' Mr. Patrick Cary, an abbot, 
brother to our learned lA)rd Falkland, a 
wdlty young priest, who afterwards came 
over to our church.' The diarist was mis- 
taken, however, in supposing that Ibe abbi 
was in holy orders. On 18 March 1650 
Carv wrote from Brussels to Sir Edward 
Hy^e, afterwards Earl of Clarendon, stating 
that he was in great distress, and that he 
was unwilling to take orders because of the 
death of bis nephew, Lucius, third lord Falk- 
land, but that if Sir Edward could not help 
him soon he must enter a convent. In his 
reply Hyde asked Gary to wait a little time. 
Afterwards Cary assumed the Benedictine 
habit at Douay, but threw it off' within a year, 
his constitution not being able to bear the 
kind of diet which the rules enjoined. He 
then come to England, in the hope of obtain- 
ing a pension from hia relations here. Being 
disappointed of this also, he desired Sir Ed- 
ward Hyde's interest to procure for him 
some military post in the Spanish service. 
His Iriend endeavoured, by very good argu- 
ments, to dissuade him frmn this course, and 
advised him to lie by a little while, in 
the expectation of some favourable change. 
After this it does not appear what became 

Mr. (afterwards Sir) Walter Scott edii,^!, 
from a manuscript in the author's autograph, 
'Trivia! Poems and Triolets. Written in 
obedience to Mrs. Tomkin's commands. By 
Patrick Carey, 20th Aug. 1061,' London, 
1820,410. Theflrstpartconsiatsof 'TriviaU 
Ballads,' and the second part, dated from 
Wamefurd. 1661, of ' Triolets,' hymns ori- 
ginal and translated, and other relicious 
poem«. The author was clearly a catholic 
and a cavalier, and there is no reason to 
doubt that he was the son of the first Lord 
Falkland. Scolt was not aware of this when 
he edited the poems, though he made the 
identification subsequently, as appears from 
a note in 'Woodstock;' neither was he 
aware that some of the poems had been ptie- 
viously published under the title of * Poems 



Gary 



252 



Gary 



from a manascript written in the time of 
Oliver Cromwell* London, 1771, 4to. This 
maniLscript waa in the poaseasion of the Rev. 
Pierrepoint Cromp, and in the 'advertiae- 
ment ' to the poema it is said that * they ap- 
pear to have been written about the middle 
of the last century by one Carey, a man 
whom we now know nothing of, and whose 
T<*putation possibljr in his own time never 
went beyond the circle of private friendship.' 
This first edition contains nine, and the 
second thirty-seven poems, some of which 
possess considerable merit. 

[Addit. HS. 24487t f. 19; Clarendon*8 State 
Papers, ii. 535-9 ; Lady Lewis's Lives of the 
Fnfnds and Contemporaries of Lord-cfaancellor 
Cbirendon, i. 239, 246 ; Life of Lady Falkland 
(1861). 185, 187-9; Evelyn's Diary, i. 101; 
Lowndes's BiM. Man. (Bohn), 372; Gent. Mag. 
xli. 325; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. viii. 406, 
X. 172, 2nd ser. vi. 114; Chappell's PopuLir ! 
Music of the Olden Time, 183, 257, 290, 291, 
359, 368.] T. C. 

GARY, ROBERT (1616P-1088), chrono- 
log»;r, bom at Cockington or Berry-Pome- 
roy, Devonshire, was the second son of 
Georjre Gary of Cockington by Elizabeth, 
daughter of Sir Edward Seymour. He was 
admitted a commoner of Exeter College 
4 C)ct. 1(J31 ; became scholar of Corpus Christi 
College in October 1(J34, and graduated B.A. I 
1 OiiT), M. A. 1 638-9. He was probably fellow 
of his college. His kinsman, William Sey- 
mour, marquis of Hertford, chancellor of the 
university, procured for him the degree of ' 
D.C.L. in >»ovember 1644, and afterwards 1 
proscmted him to tlio rectory of Portlemouth , 
near Kingsbridge. He became intimate with > 
tli(» pn'sbyterians and was made moderator of 
his division of tlie county. On the restora- 
tion, however, he was one of the first to con- ■ 
gratulate the king, and was installed arch- i 
deacon of Exeter 18 Aug. 1602. He was , 
* frightened ' out of his preferment by ' some . 
great men then in power' in 10(>4, and re- ' 
tired to his rectorv, where he lived quietly ' 
till his death, 19 Sept. 1(J88. His chief work 
was *Paljeologia Chronica; a chronological 
account of ancient time, in three parts, (1) l)i- j 
dactical ; (2) Apodeictical ; (3) Canonical,* , 
1677 — an attempt to settle ancient chrono- 
logy. John Milner, B.D.,of Cambridge, pub- ' 
lished, in 1094, a * Defence of Archbishop ' 
TJssher against Dr. Robert Gary and jVE. Is. 
Vossius.* Gary also translated some of the 1 
hymns from the church services into Latin 
verse, and printed them on folio sheets. 1 

[Wood's AthensBOxon. (Bliss), iv. 243; Prince's 1 
Worthies of Devon, p. 1 98 ; Kennet's Register , 
(1728), p. 744 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 396.] | 



CABT, VALENTINE (dL 1636>, buhop 
of Exeter, was bom st Berwick-on-Twee^ 
and either himself believed, or found h eoo- 
venient to encoorage the belief in others, 
that he was connected with t he C«zey8y barons 
of Hnnadon. His college life was pinnrd in 
the two foundationaof St. Jolui'a mnd Christ's 
at Cambridge. He was first Admitted at 
St. John's, but migrated to the latter oollm 
in 1585, and took the degree of "BJL, i^e 
there in 1589. In March 1591 he was elected 
to a Xorthumbrian fellowahip at St. Jchn% 
but four years later a fellowahip at Chriit's 
College was bestowed upon him. His old 
friends at St. John's were not inclined to 
lose his services, and in March 1599 they 
elected him to an open fellowahip in their 
college. On a vacancy in the mastership of 
Christ's College in 1609, Gary waa chosen, 
chiefly, it is said, through the influence of 
the Archbishop of Canterbury, aa its head. 
The coUeg^ waa at that time one of the chief 
seed-plota of Calvinism, and as CSaxy waa op- 
l^osed to its principles, the majority of the 
allows were out of sympathy with their 
new master. He soon set mmaelf to the task 
of purging the college from these doctrines, 
with the result that several of ita fellows, 
William Ames being the moat conspicuous 
of the number, were either deprived ol^ or 
withdrew from, their fellowships. When 
Richard Clayton, the seventeenth master of 
his old college of St. John's, died in 1612, 
Cary preached the funeral sermon in his 
honour, and expected to have been chosen as 
his successor, but he was disappointed, and 
rumour assigned to Williams, afterwards the 
bishop of Lincoln, the chief part in the defeat 
of Cary. If this rumour were correct, their 
differences must afterwards have been com- 
posed, for Cary waa at a later period the 
medium of the bishop in his benefactions to 
St. John's College, and it is equally clear that 
Cary could not nave felt any lasting resent- 
ment to the colle^, as he himself gave seve- 
ral law works to its library. His ecclesiasti- 
cal prefermenta were as numerous as the 
changes in his academical career. Among 
the livings which he held were Tilbury East, 
1603, Gh^at Pamdon, 1606, Epping, 1607, 
Orsett and Toft in Cambridge, 1610. In 
1601 the prebendal stall of Chiswick in St. 
Paul's Cathedral was conferred upon him, 
and from 1607 until 1621 he retained the 
prebend of Stow Longa at Lincoln. The 
archdeaconry of Salop was bestowed upon 
him in 1606, but he resigned this preferment 
in 1613 on the ground that the official of the 
archdeaconrv swallowed so much of the few 
profita that it was not worth his keeping. On 
o April 1614 he was elected into the deanexy 



of St. Paul's, and he remained in tliat poai- i 
tion until Lis elevation to the episcopal bench 
■Q 16*21. Far the greater part of this tiae 
he retained the masterahip of Christ's Col- 
lege, bnt in 16S0 he resigned this post into 
the hanila of its fellows. Cory's promotion 
to the sec of Exel«r nas obtained through 
the influence of Lord Hunsdon and the 
then M&rquie of Buckingham. He was pre- 
sented to the bishopric on 14 Sept. Ifi21,but 
s difficulty hod arisen which delayed his con- 
secration. Archbishop Abbot [q. v.] had acci- 
dentally killed a gamekeeper, and Gary, with 
several other divmes who had been nomi- 
nated to Tacant bishoprics, hesitated to re- 
ceiTe consecration at the archbishop's hands, 
A commission was appointed to inquire into 
Abbot's alleged disability, and the new 
bishop of Exeter was one of its members. 
Owino; to this cause Carr's consecration was 
retarded until 18 Nov. Even when the cere- 
mony noa completed, his personal troubles 
were not finished. The king insisted that 
he should be mode a justice of the peace for 
the city of Exeter, but the mayor and alder- 
men refused their consent as involving a 
breach of their charter, and when Gary ob- 
tained the honour, it nas at the cost of much 
ill-feeling. A second difference with the cor- 
poration arose through his desireito obtain a 
private door through the city wall, so that ha 
might pass in private from the palace into 
the open fields around the city. The muni- 
cipal body refused its consent. The ro^al 
authority was again invoked, and the pnvy 



his liti> of Lord-keeper Williams, calls 
Cary ' a prudent courtly man.' Hia wife, 
Dorothy, was sister of Mr. Secretary Ciwke. 
An abstract of the bishop's will and some par- 
titulars about him are in 'Notes and Queries,' 
8rd ser. vi. 174, 217, 312-13, vii, 117, 205. 

[Boker'a Hut. of St. John's (Mayor), i. 197-8, 
208-9, 261-2. 291-2,339.11. 616, 67S;Le Neve's 
Fnsti (HHrdy).i. 380. 119, 675, ii. 21JJ, 316,378 ; 
Yougo's Diary(Camd. Soc).44, 51; OUvHr's Bi- 
shops of Exoler, 144, 267-8, *83 ; FoIlar'sWoc- 
Lhiea (1810). ii. 546 ; Mullinger's UnJT. of Camb. 
153&-lfi3fi, pp. 475-6, 608- U ; KurtuBCua Pnpers 
(Camd. Sop.), 160-4, 1B4.] W. P. C. 

CASY, ■\VT1.LIAJI (1759-1825), philo- 
sophical instrument maker, was a pupil of 
Ramsden, and set up before 1790 a separate 
business, which he pursued energetically 
until his death at the age of sutty-six on 
16 Nov. 1825. He constructed for Dr. Wol- 
laston in 1791 a transit circle— tlie first 
made in Enjflond — two feet in diameter and 
provided with microscopes for reading off. 
In 180G he seut to Moscow a transit-instru- 
ment described and figured in Pearson's 
' Practical Astronomy ' (ii. 362-5), for the 
safety of which Bonaparte provided in 1312 
by a special order. A circle of 41 centi- 
metres, ordered from Gary by Fear about 
1790, is still preserved at the Ziirich obsap- 
valory. He was, besides, the maker of the 
24-foot altitude and azimuth instrument 
with which Bessi^l began his observations at 
Kiinigsberg, and of numerous excellent sei- 
.,-,„", , , - ■ I- ■ tants, microscopes, reflectinir and refracting 

conned finaUy closed the controvwsy by | telescopes, kc. A catalogue of the instru- 
orderuig that, object Wcertam restrictions, I ^p^jgi;^! J |j i^ at 182 Strand, London, 
the bishops wishes should be carried mto -^ j„ ,^^^ possession of the Naturforschende 
effect TKelraceaof th^ struggles were g^,gU3^1,5t of Zurich. His name occurs on 
effaced by time, and when the oty was , (j^gg^tij^j ^fj^g^bers of the Astronomical 
vmted by the plague a few years later ■ g^i^^ „^ i,^ ^„„„ii,uted for several years 
Gary s bounty to the sufferers was noted with ^■^^^ Meteorolopcal Diary to the 'Gentle- 
praise. From 1622 to 1624 he held m com- m^^-g Magazine ' 

mrudamtiit chancellorship of the cathedral, ■ G««;h.'d. Aiitr. p. 562 (1877); Gent, 

ai^ in the latter year he was appomte.1 to j^l "^^^ ,5^ , ^jg Mem. H. A. 800. ii! 632.] 
the vicarage of Exminster. Cory died at his ^ \ / ■ A M C 

bouse in Drury Lane, London, on 10 June I 

1626, and was buried under a plain stone in CARYL, JOSEPH (1002-1073), noncon- 
the south aisle of old St. Paul s, a cenotaph ' formist leader and commentator, bom in Lon- 
beingerectedtohis memory in Exeter Cathe- don in 1602, was educated at Exeter College, 
draL He was a high churchman, and when Oxford, where he soon became eminent as a 
he attended King James into Scotland in I speaker and debater. Entering into holy 
1617, imprudently commended the soul of a ' orders, he held for some time the office of 
" peroon to the mercies of God, ' which he j preacher to Lincoln's Inn, and was frequently 
d to retract.' Fuller praises Cary | called to preach to the Long parliament at 
implete gentleman and excellent : their solemn feasts and thanksgivings and 
«,' and gratefully adds: ' He once im- I on other occasions. HJs eminence and «e&l 
•ctedly owned my nearest relation in the in his profession procured his api>ointment 
' commission court when in some dis- | in 1043 as a member of the assembly of 
_,'8kindly8Ctlowardsatheologic*loppo- I divines at Westminster. In eoclesiastical 
it'which should not be forgotten. Hacket, connection he was a moderate independent, 



Caryl 



254 



Caryll 



and at the same time zealous for the cove- 
nant. In 1645 he was appointed minister of 
the church of St.Magnus, near London Brid^. 
For a considerable number of years he dis- 



CABTLL, JOHN, titular Lord Cabtll 
(1626-1711), diplomatist and poet, came of 
an ancient Roman catholic family, which 
had been settled, from the cloae of the six- 



charged the duties of this sphere with great teenCh century, at West Harting in Sussex. 
zeal and success, beinjg especially esteemed His father, John Caryll, was a royalist, who 
as an expositor of Scripture. Among other i suffered fine for his opinions; his mother was 
work committed to him at this time, he was i Catharine, daughter of Lord Petre. He was 
appointed by the parliament, along with partly educated at St. Omer. Succeeding to 
•Stephen Marshall, ctiaplain to the commis- a fair estate, and endowed with a literaiy 
sioners who were sent to the king at Holmby taste, he figures among the minor poets oi 
House in order to arrange terms of peace. Charles n*s reign as the author of a few pkja 
The chaplains never had a chance of inifluen- and other pieces. He is briefly noticed by 
•cing the king, not being even invited to say Macaulay {Htsfory, ch. vi.) as * known to 
grace at m€^, which the king always did his contemporaries as a man of fortune and 
himself. Caryl and John Owen were aft«r- fashion, and as the author of two successful 
wards nominated to attend Oliver Cromwell ' plays/ The first of these plays was * The 
in his journey to Scotland. Caiyl was also Engli8hPrincess,or the Death oi Richard HI, 
•one of the triers for judging of the quail- a tragedy^, written in the year 1666, and acted 
fications of ministers of the gospel. After at his Highness the Duke of York's Theatre.' 
the restoration of Charles II, Caryl was Pepys saw it acted on 7 March 1667, ' a most 
ejected from the church of St. Magnus by the sad, melancholy play, and pretty grood, but 
Act of Uniformity in 16C2. He continued, nothing eminent in it, as some tragedys are.' 
however, to live in London, and he does The other was a comedy, in imitation of 
not seem to have been interfered with in Moliere's ' Ecole des Femmes,' which was 

fathering a congregation in the neighbour- | published in 1671, with the title, ' Sir Salo- 
ood of his former charge. In this he was mon, or the Cautious Coxcomb ; a comedy, 
so successful that when he died the number as it is acted at his Royal Highness the Duke 
of communicants was 1 36. He died 10 March of York's Theatre.' In '^ Ovid's Epistles, trans- 
1672-3 at his house in Bury Street. On his lated byseveral hands,' first published in 1680^ 
death his congregation chose Dr. John Owen Caryll appears as the author of the * Epistle 
as his successor, uniting with a previous flock ; of Briseis to Achilles ;' and in the collection 
of Dr. Owen's. Another of his successors was of * Miscellanjr Poems,' put forth by Drvden 
Dr. Isaac Watts, for whom the congregation in 1683, he is the translator of the First 
built a new meeting-house in Bury Street, j Eclogue of Virgil, and the writer of a short 
near St. Mary Axe. | copjr of verses on the Earl of Shaftesbury, 

About a dozen of Caryrs sermons were entitled * The H3rpocrite,' and dated 16f 8 
published separately, preached on public oc- i (see Nichols, Select Collection of Poemit, 
casions before the commons, the lords, or ! 1780, ii. 1, iii. 205). The earlier editors 
both houses, or before the lord mayor. But of Pope identified Caryll with his nephew, 
the great work of Caryl was his ' Commen- John Caryll [q. v.]. Pope's friend — an error 
tary on the Book of Job.' The first edition ' in which they have been followed by Mao- 
was in 12 vols. 4to (1661-66) ; the second < aulay. 

in 2 vols, folio (1076-7); and the work I As a Roman catholic, and probably also on 
has always commanded a high character for j account of his connection with the Duke of 



sound judgment, extensive learning, and fer- 
vent piety. It ranks with other great puritan 
commentaries — Greenhill on Ezekiel, Bur- 
roughs on Hosea, or Owen on the Hebrews. 
After his death a volume of posthumous ser- 
mons was published with preface by Dr. 
Owen. He was one of the authors of an 
English Greek lexicon for the New Testa- 
ment (1661), and of * Saints' Memorials, or 
words fitly spoken, like Apples of Gold in 
Pictures of Silver.' 

[Beid's Memoirs of the Westminster Divines ; 
Neal's History of the Puritans, iv. 53 ; Calamy*s 
Nonconformist's Memorial, i. 146-8 ; Wood's 
AthensB (Bliss), iii. 979 ; Granger, iii. 312.1 

W. G. B. 



York, he fell under suspicion in the panic of 
the popish plot, and was committed to the 
Tower in 1679, but was soon released on bail 
When James ascended the throne in 1685, 
Caryll was selected as the English agent at 
the court of Home, where, says Macaiday, he 
' acquitted himself of his delicate errand with 
good sense and good feeling. Hie business 
confided to him was well done ; but he as- 
sumed no public character, and carefully 
avoided all display. His mission therefore 
put the government to scarcely any charge, 
and excited scarcely any murmurs.' He was 
recalled in 1686, to make room for Lord 
Castlemaine. On his Tetum, Caryll was 
appointed secretaiy to the queen, Maiy of 



IModena, and tlios b^an bis Id timate relations 
-wi t.h J onKa'e family wbicb remained unbroken 
till bis death. Early in 1687 bo wa«, witli 
other Roman catholica, put into the commis- 
sion of the peace tLuTTRBLL, Jirlalian of 
StaUAfain,i. 392). At the Revolution be 
followed James to St. IJermninH ; but he suf- 
fered no iuunediate loss, as his estate at West 
HartioK was, at James's special requesl, ex- 
empted by William from confiscfttion. In 
1696, however, on the discovery of the as- 
iaseination plot, it was found that he hftd 
provided Sir George Barclay with a sum of 
money to purchase norsoa and arms. Caryll 
wM atteiated, and his estate was seized by 
the crown. Hislife interest in it was granted 
to Lord Cutts, but was redeemed by bis 
nephew by payment of 6,000/. Cnryll con- 
tinued Ills services lo Mary of Modenu, and 
is mtid to have been appointed secretary 
of state to James in 1695 or 1696. After 
James's death in 1701, be was created by 
tJie Pretender Baron Caryll of DunforJ, 
and became one of his secretaries of state, 
but apparently without salary (I^erton MS. 
2ol7j, 

In 1700 he published anonymously an 
Knglisb version of the psalms ; ' The Psalmes 
of David, translated from the Vutgat," which 
was prohnlily designed more particularly for 
the use of tne Pretender's household. As a 
Inst glimpse of literary occupation, we have, 
iaalett«Tofthequeen, 19 May 1701 (Add. 
MS. 28:224), a r«>fe[«nce to his being busy 
with James's memoirs. 

Cai7lldied on 4Sept. 1711, and was buried 
in the church of the English Dominicans at 
Paris. A tablet wna erected to his memory 
in the Seolch College (SbuAr Arch. Soc. Coi- 
Uctiotm, xix. 191), of which he was a bene- 
factor. An epitaph on him was written by 
Pope, and sent to his heir and nephew, be- 
ginning with the lines : 

A manly form ; a bold, yet mod^t fnind ; 
Siawre, though prndent; conetAnt, jsl re^ign'd; 
Honour unchanffsd, a princtplo prufest ; 
Fixed to one si^, but mod'rate to the rest ; 
Aa honest courtier, and a pntriat too ; 
Just to his prima, and to his country true. 
These six lines Pope afterwards took for an 
epitaph to Sir William Trumbull, and re- 
modelled the rest to suit the Countess of 
Bridgewater. Caryll mnrried, early in life, 
Margaret, danghter and eoheiress of Sir 
Maurice Drtimmond , who died in 16B6. He 
left no issue. 

{DolUway's Sqsbpx ; Gordon's History of 
~ rtine(l877); Elwin's edition of Pope, vola.i, 
Ti.; DiiltesPup«niofa Critic (1876), i.iaS; 
■sBeeotdsofS. J.,iii,S34; Cairll M8.S. iu 
Museum.] E. M. T. 



CAEYLL, JOHN (l(M16P-1736), the 
friend of Pope, wna tbii nojibew and heir of 
l*rd CaryiUu. v.], being the son of RJcliard 
Caryll of West Grinst«ad, Lord Caryll's 
younger brother. He was bom. about 11)66, 
and, after composition with Lord Cutl*. the 
RTontee of Lord Caryll's forfeited estate at 
West Harting, he succeeded in 1(197 to that 
property, which he had managed since bia 
uncle's retirement abroad, and in 1701, on 
bis father's dealt), to another estate at West 
Gcinstead. He seems to have resembled hia 
uncle in an amiable disposition and literary 
taste, and was intimate with the literary 
men of his day, and especially with Pope. 
' Half a line in the " Rape of the Lock " bus 
made his name inunortal ' were true words 
wbtn Macanlay wrote them, and since tbeu 
tlia recovery^ of Pope's correspondence with 
Caryll has inseparably associated the two 

Pope may have first made Caryll's acquain- 
tance at the Enfflefields of Whitelcnigbts, to 
whom he was related (Elwin, ftye, vi. 136). 
At Lady Holt, his bouse at West Harting, 
built in his uncle's time, and at West Grin- 
stead Caryll received frequent visits from 
Pope and some from Gay. It appears too that 
Pope owed hia first acquaintance with Steele 
to Caryll's introduction. Steele was acting 
as Lord Cutta's secretary when the oeso- 
tiations for the redemption of the Harting 

Eroperty were in progress, and probably then 
rst come in contact with Caryll (lA. 144 «.) 
Caryll's suggestion of the ' Rape of the Lock' 
is acknowledged in the opening of the poem : 

This verse to Caryll, Muse, is duu. 
The hero of the piece was his cousin and 
neighbour, Lord Petre. 

The CDrrespondence between Pope and 
Carvll, lately published, covers the period 
from 1710 to 1736. Some of Pope's letters 
are addressed to Caryll's son, another John, 
who married Lady Mary Mackeniic, daugh- 
ter of Lord Seaforth, and died young in 
1718. Pope asked Catrll more than once 
during 1726 and 1727 for the return of hia 
letters, but bia correspondent was loth to 
comply, and the delay appeais to have caused 
a coolness between the friends in correspon- 
dence. It was not till 1729 that Pope at 
length regained poaaeasion of the letters, and 
published garbled versions of them in his 
' Correspondence with bia Friends' [see PoPE, 
Axekashbr]. Caryll's reluctance to give 
them up is marked strongly enough by his 
delay. The value that he set upon them, 
and doubtless the feeling that he might never 
see them a^ii, induced him to take copies 
of tiiem before they parsed out of his hands. 



Car/^fcrt zts Casanova 

3iii)^rq whifM *ani»- .nr.» -:i** y »«r-^g>i:in >f u'v.iv^ lesfTibj-i-iiiiaeaiieiitLv ja*<ZTie^»L«' 
.Vfr '". 'V^ IJ»iliv \na ▼»-n=» ^^Pi»*-flr^-i ". ■ "iir- .j*aiL Fmni -his 7»»ar m.'vir^ at* w^i* a 



f/fiki*. n !<'Oinrt l.ir~. -lip - iiiim*- 'r-nriiiii- Aj*]iir ir^W ie -<ema "o juve recica*i to 
.ng ? i»>r < .p?*i*r> A iiirxii>fnr-?i AiLLir.i nau iLr. BA^imr. iiir ^oniiiiiie*! "o ^fxhibir In Lozid}!! 
•jf^V.^. . Tift -^iwsstrs -»uurf-'i v.nir:« T'-'T^r Tiii>- umi 17*3. u^er Trimiii T^ar w» navB no fmr- 






CArril piwjvrt .iKai*:"^ "Iik •v'iin»- ^f !i:a luiur acai. ^uQJtiCta i& TftiL 'rievariyp«mced ftud 
life iiy.n .iw -«r.ir»-:«. .liinn'* .11 -Ur* suizriiuf*^ nr^iil^ -secured. :iiev ire "^5 dnxHifzical in 



^f mnrf 'haii 3r>r --fir* -rrii 'tian^^rg. romwiwrion. imtietiaairiT'-airiririaailoar, 

'tuiiffhr^'r 'if .r'tiin 7T.ipr:mr..n jf '.r** ?'.a«."*, .\_nuntr ^ prinidDai. ^r'jr JE, btssiiioi uiuee tl» 

r*ii««»«^. He iiwi .n Aor". IT-^H. EUs IzintLa rvaiiv aamed. "r»ir»*: 'Lucr^riik be^rmOiniT her 

pujwiHft '.'. Aifl 2?vifL<i.n ;t ~ii** ruunK i.imt*. Fice.' -rnjimvad '15 Sav^nei: and oy hiauelf: 

who •ir,'T-r^r -**-». n ^'-.r ;nr.-. iifiiiTiirir^ imi 'j ipirflr"miiJL3riope."-*iurraT«dby<^bamliftr»: 
viiri -^iK Wiflr. '>7:a«rr»aii -7-rarr: ih' 'ir ir-ti 
aiul "liar, ir ^'-wt Har^irur j:i IT'^r. L-uij 

HrAz Ffiiij*** "VM piil'-rfi ii,w3. ■>:ii.rr 177'}. if "in* Miig' aiirnriomiii ihuv:* ». en;?raTed by 

':-ra«I»^%V4 »n«.**s. ■"r-.rl-.n, Elrf/.r^ if 2. L-iurie. He iiii sev-iral -irohiaiCsfrcKnhis 

rUr,.rur 'Jrr : iL-r-.Qi =r<Lir...a if ? ic^r.'-.iii ^'▼Ti pictnr»s. imi^iiai? jn«* of 'Tbi \ irxintnd 

i. mil V:.: li'.lkrti PicftTs -.f I -t::.;!;' HTj", '^^'^ ii^er iLipiiiUjL 

vol. ..; Oi?7*.l X.-^..". i :ii: Br- ail 3r:xs^'im/ 7^^^?=*^"* ^t»^ -f Emriijjii AztHC*: Heine- 

^ M^ T. k^n ■) I'ietioiniuirs ia Atiuaa*. roi. iiL : (izazidel- 



•♦liiiidrwn. IT Pliiv." "TTo picmrss -iniriTed in 
3iMczotinc ov J. • >. ITui? ; • The Adon;ion 



•ii |i^ *-'— - i^ i. -^ sen 3 HAadlnicn nr a.3pier»r^cs.-;?iiai.-aler. ¥oL u; 

.--^^ iTWVBT.^ S.iTnrds» A3tN3di:te» ''f ? mincers : (ixeiit. Mftg. 

CAS AH, A5TlREA - IT-JU'j r - IT<1 ? . ^'iO. p. Ii8 ; Ainna: Baratdr, 1741 ; Nailer's 

puinr^r, wm a ruiriv-^ of Cividi V«ciii;i. a Kinstler-I^fkcB. r^sL iL : maaoacriFt informa- 

Ssav/r. in Ta«»nT. imi titw bora ihont I7l1j "-«P-. f^ddrion CoJeccon. m the Print Room, 

at H/tme ar.rii*r"hr puinrrr SrhaarLir.- G.iiiia- CASAXOVA, FR-VXC^ 1 1 727-1 f?4>5), 

battle pain -rr. waj? 'ieaceadcd Of^m an ancient 



and painr>id ^»:v-*rai pio^iKs f:r oh.rf^hes in battle pain .rr. wu 'iescende^ 
that ft\*j. He appear- ro Latt: o'.zzl'^ "o Spanidii iamilj. f.-r 5*3me 
Knyland abrjat 174^. for ir -h-i rnd :f :riat =p-i«:U':ri* in the annali of i 



f^nenitions c«^n- 
£-dIIantrT and in- 



v<wir he wa.1 <;mplrjy«>d to painr the trmapn- th^ie. He wis the second son ot Gactano 

r^nrif^s xhirrh formed part of :Le iec«.rti-i:ns GiLii^ppeGLac?ni-?Ca5anoTa,whohadqiiittod 

.vrt up in St. Jamea^ Park to cel^rin^e the his faaiilv for love of an actress, adopted the 

pear^of Aix-U-Criapelle /'sianr*! 7 JJor. 17-1^ 1. stare a.* a profession, and esp<5used Zanetta, 



Tliefte w<:Te aff*^rwardA engraved by Gri^rnii'n. daiurhter of Jen>ninio FanisL a cobbler. The 
Hr/>*in, and others. .Vfter the great fire at eldi-st ^n was GiacomoGiiolamo. the famous 




le church of St. Margaret, Weotminster, artist, was a pupil of Raphael Meni^, and 
hH rf^ired, he painted two figures of St. afterwards professor and director of the aca- 



th< 

i'et^?r and Ht. Paul for the altar. He al-io demy at Dresden. Franceeco Casanova was 

paints a picture of the 'Adoration of the bom in London in 1727, where his parents 

Maf(i ' aa an altar-piece for the chapel of the were then fulfilling a theatrical engagement. 

Fou nd 11 ng I loApital ; this, however, was after- He ret umed wit h his family when quite young 

wards removed to make way for an altar-piece to Venice, and, his father dving prematurely, 

by l^jnjamin Went. In ITOf) the Society of he was placed with his brothers in the care of 



A rt^ awardird Ut him the second premium of the Grimani family, under whom he received 




prfimiiim l>fjing adjudged 
In 1701, however, he gained from the same Simonini, the battle painter, taking his chief 
arycietythe firrtt premium of a hundred guineas instruction from the works of Jacques Cour* 
frir liifi picture ot * l'>lward the Martyr stabbed tois, ' Bouiguignon,* whose sUrle he adopted 
by the directions of his mother Elfrida.' j throughout. In the spring of 1751 he went 
About this year ho received the distinction J at his elder brother's suggestion to Paris, 



Casaubon 



Casaubon 



and studied under Cbarlos I'arrocel. Al- 
though he deToI«d himself with industry to 
ias work, be did not meet n-ith the success 
hia ttmbition required. In 1762, therefore, 
be left Paris for Dresden, where he wurked 
for fuur yeai?, giving special studj to the 
worki of painters of the Dutch and Flemish 
Bchoot. in 1767 he returned to Paris, and 
in a very short time gained himself a reputa- 
tion as H 1)Sttle painter of the first rank. Id 
1763 a Ijattle-piece he exhibited was pur- 
choaed for a luge sum for the Louvre, aud 
he was elected with acclamation a member 
of the Academy. In spite, however, of his 
RTL'st success, Che high prices he obtained for 
Lis pictures, and tie patronage of royalty 
and the nohilify, hie extravagnnC fanbits and 
luxurious mode of hfe, in addition to two 
nnfortiuate tuatrimonial adventures, kept 
him contiauaUy in debt and trouble. One of 
his own etchings, entitled 'l>e tKucr du 
Peintre Casanova,' represents him as just 
slighted from his coach and bartering his 
pictures for food to an old woman selUng 
sausages and similar food by the wayside. 
He received a commission trom the Empress 
Catherine of Russia to paint the victories of 
the Russians over the Turks for the royal 
palace at St. Petersburg, but was compelled 
aboiit the same time to quit Paris on account . 
of lits debts. He estiibliiibed himself at I 
Vienna, and continued to paint there until 
bis death, which occurred in the Briihl, near ' 
Vienna, in 1806. In 1767 he eichibited in I 
London, at the Exhibition of the i'xae Society 
of Artists, a picture of ' Hannibal crossing | 
the Alps,' in which his clever disposition of , 
oaflscH »f people and ingenious ccmtrasts of I 
ight and gbade caused a sensation, which I 
llycarriedoutthe high estimation in which | 
his picture* were held at Paris and elsewhere. 
Besides his numerous battle-pieces he exe- 
cuted several etchtnge, in addition to the one 
meDtioued above. Id the Print Room of the 
British Museum there is a spirited drawing 
by him representing horsemen crossing afor£ 
Among bis iiupiisat Vienna wasJaaies Philip 
de Louth erbourg, R.A. 

pi^oirm de Caaauova de Seiogalt; Heiae- 
ken's Uictiuanaire den Arti9t«9. vol, iii. ; fiuber 
•t Bmsl'i Manuel des Corieui et des AmaMurs 
do I' Art J Smbert'a Allgmneines Kunstler-Leii- 
kon, vol. i. i NagUr'* Kiinstler-LMikiai, vol ii. ; 
AnilreHu'ii Randbuch fur Kupferstidi-i^niailer ; 
PrMpewdoBnudiTOur's LePemtroGraveur Fran- 
ks, vol. i. ; Kouvetle Biogcaphiu ju^rale.l 

L. 0. 
CASAUBON, ISAAC (liW^-ieil), clas- 
sical scholnr, was bom in 1<>59 at Geneva, 

whithM lu> parents, Arnold and Jebanne 
CiwMiWi.^burs ^touaeeuiij^ both of Gaaom, 



light 
fifllyi 



origin, were driven by religio 
In 1561 Arnold Casaubon accepted a call to 
be pastor of the Huguenot church at Crest, a 
small town in DauphiiiS, and there Isaac's 
childhood wHd spent. He was to a great ex- 
tent self-taught, for his father, who under- 
took bis education, was frequently absent 
fwta home, and when at home almost en- 
tirely engrossed with liis pastoral work. At 
the age of nineteen Isaac was sent to Geneva 
as a student; here he learned Greek under 
Francis PortuSj a Cretan, who formed so high 
an opinion of his pupil, tbat he suggested him 
OS his successor lUst before his death in 15S1- 
After a year's delay, Casaubon was appointed 



lege. In 1583 he married Mary Prolyot, a 
native of Geneva, who died in the second year 
of their married life, leaving one daughter, 
who died young. In 1563 he lost his mtber, 
nud married a second wife, Florence Eatienne, 
daughter of the famous printer, Henri Esti- 
enne (Henricus Stephanus II), by whom he 
had a large family. He was very poor, and 
unable to purchase the books which were ah- 
eolutetynecessarv for his literary work, while 
the moroseness of his father-in-law prevented 
him from having access to the books of the 
great printer. In 1593 he made the acquaint' 
ance of Sir Henry Wotton, then a young man 
making the grand tour. Wotton lodged in 
Casa ubon's house at Gener a,where he charmed 
his host, but unfortunately also involved him 
infresh pecuniary diSiculties, Another thing 
of which Casaubon complains was want of 
leisure. Hie lectures, and the preparation 
for them, necessorilj- occupied a considerable 
amount of time; visitors and family duties 
(though the latter were as much as posuble 
taken off his hand» by his faithful wife) took 
up more. All this left an ample margin for 
an ordinary student, but not for a student 
like Casaubon. But avaricious as he was of 
his time, there waa one claim upon it which 
he nevergrudged, Casaubon was an intensely 
religious man, and the hours spent inprivate 
and public devotion were always sacred. He 
is now known simply, or cliiefly, as a great 
classical scholar, but in reality he tot^ at 
least OS deep au interest in thedo^cal studies. 
At this early period he seems to have been 
quite content with the popular Calvinism of 
the Geneva school. Beza, the reformer, was 
his spiritual director. ' From him,' he says, 
' I learnt to think humbly of myself, and, iJ I 
have been able to do aught in letters, to as- 
cribe all the glory to Gm.' His brother pro- 
fessor, Jacques Lect, who was nearer his own 
age,w*a his dearest friend at Qitneva, 'With- 
DiiC yoUf' lis w^itea to Lwt, ' iiiti to «t9 i« aa 



Casaubon 



258 



Casaubon 



life.' Three eminent Frenchmen, De Thou, 
Bonffars, a learned Calvinist, and De Freane, 
also became his friends, and ' made it their 
common object to secure him for France.' It ' 
was mainly owing to the last-named that 
he moved from Geneva to Montpellier. But | 
before this event took place he commenced 
a close friendship with a far greater man, 
Joseph Scaliger, then a professor at the uni- 
versity of Leyden. A young F.nglishman, 
Richard Thomson, had the honour of bring- 
ing these two great minds together. Travel- 
ling from Geneva to England, Thomson took 
Leyden on his way, charged with a message 
from the Genevan to the Leyden scholar. 
This message was followed by a letter from 
Casaubon to Scaliger, couched in the most 
humble and even abject terms. Scaliger, 
eighteen years the elder, showed some reserve 
in accepting the overtures of the humble suitor 
for his friendship ; but, being much impressed 
with the merits of Casaubon^ ' Theophrastus,' 
he at last replied favourably, though in a con- 
descending tone : ' Casaubon was not to sup- 
pose that his merits were now for the first 
time revealed to Scaliger. Scaliger's eye had 
been on him long, and his voice had never 
been wanting to proclaim them.' Casaubon 
soon won Scaliger over to a closer relation- 
8hip,and henceforth a constant correspondence 
waskept up between the two greatest scholars 
in Europe, which was only interrupted by 
death. Scaliger learned to appreciate Casau- 
bon better, and called him ' the most learned 
man in Europe,' and owned that he was a 
better Greek scholar than himself. 

Casaubon yearned to leave Geneva; his 
salary was miserable, the cost of living was 
high,* he had little access to books, and his 
precious time was intruded upon by injudi- 
cious friends. He was French by descent, 
and always regarded himself as a Frenchman 
until he "became a naturalised Englishman. 
"When, therefore, a proposal — not a very 
tempting one — came to him from Montpel- 
lier, he, aft^r some delay, accepted it, al- 
though the Geneva Council offered to double 
his pay if he would stay among them. In 
1&6 he was settled at Montpellier with the 
titles of * conseiller du roi,' and * professeur 
8tipendi6 aux langues et bonnes lettres.' His 
stipend was 100/. a year, and he calls God to 
witness that he is not influenced by avaricious 
motives in leaving Geneva. His entry into 
Montpellier was a sort of triumphal proces- 
sion. In 1597 he began his * Ephemendes,' a 
curious diary, in which he scrupulously re- 
cords, not the events, but the studies of every 
day up to a few days before his death. The 
' Ephemerides ' are full of expressions of de- 
votion, pious ejaculations, and earnest prayers, 



which remind one of the methodist diaries of 
the eighteenth century. They are the artless 
outpourings of an intensely religious 8onL A 
specimen may be given : — ' To-day I got six 
hours for study. W hen shall I get my whole 
day P Whenever, O my Father, it shall be 
thy will ! ' ' This morning not to my books 
till 7 o'clock or after ; aks me I and after 
that the whole morning lost — nay, the whole 
day. O God of my salvation, aid my studies, 
without which lite is to me not life!' ' De- 
liver me, my heavenly Father, frt)m these 
miseries which the aboence of my wife and 
the management of my household create for 
me.' At Montpellier he had only one sit- 
ting-room, where his work had to be done 
in the midst of his family. His stay in his 
new home scarcely last^ three years, his 
friends De Thou and Meric de Vic being 
mainly instrumental in transferring him to 
Paris. They introduced him to B^nry IV, 
who had heard what Casaubon calls ' exag- 
gerated praise' of him from Scaliger. De 
Vic was the adviser by whom all Casaubon's 
plans were now directed ; and De Vic and 
Madame de Vic were Roman catholics. It 
was in the hope that Casaubon would be ad« 
mitted into the true church that they and 
his other friends had schemed to bring him 
tO'Paris. To Paris he removed in 1600 after 
some delay at Lyons, where his ' Athemeus' 
was being printe^ ; but he did not find more 
comfort in the inetropolis than he had found 
at Montpellier. He was appointed * lectureur 
du roi,' and had a pension assigned to him, 
while his friends hinted at an appointment 
in the university 'under certain circum- 
stances.' Those circumstances were, of course, 
his conversion to Romanism, for no heretic 
was allowed to teach in the university. He 
was trapped into becoming one of the um- 
pires in a dispute between Du Plessis-Momay 
(one of Henry IV's most &ithful friends 
in his Hugfuenot days) on the protestant 
side and the Cardinal du Perron on the 
Romanist. There was only one other protes- 
tant among the six commissioners or um- 
pires, Casaubon's friend De Fresne, who was 
Known to be seeking a decent pretext for 
coming over to the side in power. A confer^ 
ence was held at Fontainebleau, the subject 
being whether De Momay had or had not 
quoted falsely in a book * De I'Eucharistie.' 
Casaubon's critical acumen forced him to ad- 
mit, with the other judges, that a fSalse cita- 
tion had been made, and it was thought that 
he would become a Romanist. His son Meric 
[q. v.] thinks that he wavered, but there 
does not seem to be any positive proof that 
he went even so far as that. At any rate, he 
was certainly not to be brought over. In vain 



Casaubon 



did FbiJu-T Color, the kinp's fuvourite con- 
fessor, aud the BlBhop of Evreiii (Du Pei^ 
ron). Hwnil him. ]tiU vasaiiboii had alienul^ 
)u8 prot«staiit friends, who thought that be 
ought U> have stood by tbe pcuCestnnl cbmn- 
pion whether right or wrong, while be did 
not in theleiwt conciiiate his Romaniat ene- 
mies. In 1601 ajiatent was JMiied uppoiiit- 
iug him tu tbe office of lihrarifin to the king, 
but with the proviso tli»t tL» then holder of 
the office (one Gouelin) ebmild not be dis- 
turbed. The Jesuits did tbeir utmost to pre- 
vent bis appointment ; biit through the in- 
fluence of bis constant Mend, De Thou, be 
succeeded Gosselin, who died in 1604, na 
' garde de la librairio du roi,' But he w«8 
still perpetually worried about bis religion. 
It is highly probable that Du Perron did pro- 
duce a considerable effect upon bim. lu their 
dispates Casaubon gave up much ground 
■which theCalviniats held. Pierre du Moulin, 
minister of the church at Charentan where 
he worshipped, looked coldly upon him. In ■ 
1607 he tost hia mother, whom, in spite of 
his stmitcni'd circumstances, be had lielf«d 
with true fibol piely ; in 1608 his favourite 
daughter Philippa, and in 1609 Joseph Sca- 
liot^r, died. This last loss afi'ected him most 
«f ail. Madame Casaubon was perpetually 
ailing, and Isaac, who grudged every moment 
of his time diverted from bis studies and de- 
Totions, did not griidee hours spent in atten- 
dnnceuponber. His cliildren were constantly 
laid by with sickness. His cup of misery 
overflowed when the ' con vert isaeurs,' who 
had been unsuccessful with bim, succeeded 
a worthless convert of bis eldest 



[t 1610. 
SBubon desired to leave Paris, and he 
/ invitations to do so, His old 
friend liBct was bdxioub to have him bock at 
Geneva, but with bis present religious views 
('ulvinistic Geneva was no place for Casau- 
bon. Overtures were made to bim from 
Heidelberg and Nimes; be thought of retir- 
ing to Bedan ; of visiting Venice, where be 
had an illustrious correspondent, Fra Pooloj 
and he seemed to be the natural 
Scsligi^r at Irffvden. England 
selected. He had already held . 
tiuiu with the king wbile yet only James VI 
of Scotland, wbo could appreciate him as 
Henry IV certainly nmld not. Rut the sove- 
reign wm not bis chinf attraction. He could 
not submit to the pnjiacy, but he had learned 
to respect the authority of tbe fathers. The 
liugunnot miuistors Jicouted antiquity, but 
with Ibo An^o-cat holies be was thoroughly 
.^u aocord. TUe church of l^nglaiid realisifl 



259 Casaubon 

1- in a great measure the ideal be had formed 
from tbe study of catholic antiquity ; but be 
couid not leave bis post without the consent 
of the king. After Henry's death, however 
(14 May 1610),hewas no longer bound either 
by gratitude or interest to remain in France 
—in fact, be would not liave been safe there. 
Before he left Du Perron made one more 
etTort i be pressed him upon the sulgect of tba 
eucharisi, iin which his Huguenot friends 
considered him unsoimd. Casaubon agrwd 
neither with Du Perron nor with Du Moulin, 
j but, if he could once cross tbe Channel, be 
would tind numbers with whom he would 
agree thoroughly. On 20 July IfllO an offi- 
cial invitation came to bim from the Arcli- 
bislit^ of Canterbury (Bancroft). A prebeud 
of Canterbury was reserved for him, and aa 
the income of the stall might not be sufficient 
for his maintenance, a promise was added 
that it might be Increased from other sources; 
or, if he preferred it, he might throw himself 
upon the generosity of King James. After 
two months' delay, Casaubon set off in the 
Huite of Lord Wottonof Marley. Archbishop 
Bancroft lived just long enough to see the 
eminent stranger, who wan hospitably re- 
ceived by the Dean of St, Paul's (Overall), 
and spent the first year of hia residence in 
England at the deanery. AH the bishops re- 
ceived bim with enthusiasm, but his apecial 
friend was Lancelot Andrewes, then bishop 
of Ely. .\ndrewes, more than any other man, 
had been instrumental in bringing bim to 
England. 'The only two men, he writes, 
'with whom Hived on intimate terms in Lon- 
don were tbe Bishop of Ely and the Dean of 
St. Paul's.' Perhaps the happiest days he 
ever spent were in the bishop's company. 
'We spendj'he writes,' whole days In talk of 
letters, sacred especially, and no words cAn 
exureas what true piety, what uprightnesa of 
judgment, I find in bmi.' .Tames I took to 
him at once, was perpetually sending for 
him, and kept bim talkmg for hours, ahvays 
on theology. He ^Tant«d bim a pension of 
300f. B year from his own purse, in addlticoi 
to tbe prebend at Canterbury, and invariably 
treated him with the utmost kindness. But 
Casaubon had a penaltv to pay ; he had to 
foUow the court to 'Theobalds, Royston. 
Greenwich, Hampton (^urt, Holdenby, and 
Newmarket. King Jamea was worth talking 
to, and a good talker bimself. Casaubon 
ought also to have been relieved from the 
pressure of jioverty, for besides his English 
income be stdl retained hie French pension : 
but he was one of those men who would 
always be in money difficulties. He de- 
termined to moke f.ngloud bis permanent 
home, took out letters of naturalisation, 



Casaubon 



260 



Casaubon 



called England * the isle of the blessed/ and 
80 far identified himself with us as to speak 
to an Englishman of 'our ancestors.' He 
made the personal acquaintance of Grotius, 
who was then in England, and the acquaint- 
ance ripened into an enthusiastic friendship; 
and he found great delight in the society of 
Thomas Morton, afterwards the famous bishop 
of Durham. The chief drawback to his hap- 
piness was the strong distaste which Madame 
Casaubon felt for England. She made long 
absences, and when his wife was away Ca- 
saubon was helpless. And he had other 
troubles. He was regfarded with an evil eye 
by the puritans as a traitor to their cause. 
More than once his windows were broken by 
the mob. He declares that Hhe streets were 
not safe to him ; he was pursued with abuse, 
or with stones; his children were beaten.' 
On one occasion he actually appeared at 
Theobalds with a black eye, given him by 
a ruffian as he was travelling through the 
city ; and during the whole of his four years 
in England he was a failing man. Intense 
study had worn him out prematurely, and 
his constant moving about was perhaps too 
much for him. i&sides his frequent re- 
movals in the train of the court, we hear of 
him now at Oxford, now at Cambridge, now 
at Ely. He died at last of an injudicious 
trip to Greenwich on 12 July 1614. He was 
buried in Westminster Abbey, one friend, 
Bishop Overall, preaching the funeral sermon, 
another. Bishop Morton, writing his epitaph. 
His wife survived him for twenty-one years, 
and was most kindly treated by King James. 
To the very last he was annoyed by his old 
persecutors. The French ambassador sent a 
nobleman to ask him in what religion he 
professed to die. 'Then you think, my 
lord,' he replied with horror, ' that I have 
been all along a dissembler in a matter of 
the greatest moment I ' 

In the life of a student the account of his 
works is generally more important and in- 
teresting than the account of his personal 
career. Casaubon left behind him no less 
than twenty-five separate publications, most 
of them on classical subjects. But editions 
of classical authors necessarily become super- 
seded. Again, Latin translations of Greek 
authors were useful when Latin was so 
much more generally spoken and written, 
but not in later times ; and, finally, it may 
be doubted whether the authors themselves 
whom Casaubon edited, commented on, or 
translated — Strabo, Theophrastus, Athcnjeus, 
Suetonius, and Polybius — are much read ex- 
cept by specialists. Those, however, who 
take the trouble to study the huge folios in 
which Casaubon's learned labours are pre- 



served will assuredly find the character he 
bore was not undeserved. CaBaubon'a prin- 
cipal works, in chronological order, are aft 
follows: 1. 'Isaaci Hortiboni Notn ad 
Dio^nis Laertii libros,' &c, 1688. 2. 'Stra- 
bonis Eerum Geographicarum libri xrii., Is. 
Casaubonus recensuit/ &c, 1687. 8. ' Novi 
Testamenti libri omnes recens nunc editi 
cum not is Is. Casauboni,' &c., 1687. 4. ^ Is. 
Casauboni Animadversiones in Dionysii Hali- 
camassei Antiquitatum Romanarum libros,' 
1688. 6. ' Polyseni Strategematum libri octa 
Is. Casaubonus Grsecd nunc ^rimtun edidit, 
emendavit, et notis illustravit,' &c, 1589. 
6. * Operum Aristotelis . . . nova editio,' &C., 
1690. 7. * Theophrasti CharactereB Ethici, 
&c. Is. Casaubonus recensuit, in Latinum 
sermonem vertit, et libro commentario illus- 
travit,' 1692. 8. 'Suetonii de xii Ciesari- 
bus libri viii. Is. Casaubonus recensuit^ 
&c., 1596. 9. ' Athenaeus : Isaaci Casau- 
boni animadversionum in Athensei Deipnoso- 
Ehistas libri xv.,' 1600. 10. * Persii Satirarum 
her. Is. Casaubonus recensuit et commen- 
tario libro illustravit,' 1606. 11. ' Gr^rii 
Nysseni ad Eustathiam, Ambroaiam, et nasi- 
lissam epistola. Is. Casaubonus nunc pri- 
mum publicavit, Latind vertit, et illustravit 
notis,*^ 1606. 12. * Polybii Historianim libri 
^ui supersunt. Is. Casaubonus ex antiqui^ 
libris emendavit, Latind vertit, et commen- 
tariis illustravit,' 1609. 13. ' Is. Casauboni 
ad Frontonem Ducseum Epistola,' 1611. 
14. 'Is. Casauboni ad Epistolam Cardinalis 
Perronii responsio,' 1611. 16. * De rebus 
sacris et ecciesiasticis Exercitationes xvi ad 
Baronii Annales,' 1614. 16. * Is. Casauboni ad 
Polybii Historianim librum primum com- 
mentarii,' 1617. 

Of these works the most important are the 

* Athenaeus,' which took up full four years of 
his life, and g^ve him an immense amount 
of ungrateful labour, which he yearned to 
spend upon christian antiquity; the 'Theo- 
pnrastus,' the first in date 01 those of his 
works of which he was not himself ashamed ; 
the * Polybius,' which also cost him more 
than four years* labour, though he lived only 
to finish the translation, the fragment of 
the commentary being published after his 
death ; the * Suetonius,' which first led Sca- 
liger duly to appreciate his neatness. The 

* Persius ' and * otrabo ' also long continued 
standard works. It is not necessary to sav 
much of his theological works. His criti- 
cism on the Annals of Baronius, thou^ it 
is but a small fragment of what he intended, 
took up the last four years of his life, and 

Srobably hastened his death. It was un- 
ertaken at the request of Kinff James ; and 
though we may well regret t£at the gnat 



scholar wasted his time in stowing up a book | 
which must havebecome discredited without 
his help, it is moat uniair to blame the king', 
aa has been done, for bringing' about this pei^ 
n of industry. Casaubun had int«ilded 
. . Jcise Baroaius lona before he came to 
England. He alwavs looked upon ecGlesias- 
tieal history aa the proper fieldfor his labours. 
and though, during the wearisome task of 
tracking out the Romanist church historian's 
bad BCholaiahJp and mistakes, he may now and 
then lament over hia unfinished 'Polybius,' 
there is no doubt that his theological work 
'was a labour of love ; for though to ua Ca- 
saubon is the great classical scholar, be 
wished to be, firat, the theological, and only 
in a secondary degree the classical, student. 
A book was published by Christopher Wolf 
in 1610 with the attractive title of ' Cnsau- 
boniana.' It contains only some desultory 
lemarks on books. To Meric Caaaubon [q.v.J 
ire ere indebted for the six Tolumes of the 
' Bphemcrides,' by far the most iateresting 
volume of all that Isaac baa left us. Meric 
CasBiibon also corresponded with John Eve- 
lyn ubout some of the elder Cosaubon's notes 
Xn trees and plants (see EVELYN, Diary, 
Wheatley, ill. 37Iet8eq.) 
CasBubon has, in our own day, found a 
biographer whose lore of learning 'was like 
his own. and whose monograph of the ^eat 
ecbolar is one of the gems of English litem- 



on 30 July 1884 

[PaWison'e Life of Isaju; Ciis»uboQi Alme- 
loreon't Is. Caaaaboui Vila (1709); Ciisiinboii'B 
Ephemeridea (ed, X>T. Russell, 1850); Cnsan- 
bou's Works, pasam,] J. H. O. 



OAaAUBOK, MERIC (1699-1671), clas- 
^cal scholar, was the aon of Isaac [q. v.Tjii 






Florence Cssaubon. Bewasborn m 1599 
Geneva, and received hischristinnnnme from 
his godfather, Meric de Vic, He was edu- 
cated in his early years at Sedan, which, being 
on the contiues of a protestant district, offered 
facilities for escape in case of a reli^ous per- 
secution. He was the only one of Isaac Ca- 
s&ubon'a sons in whom the father could find 
any comfort. He remained at Sedan until 
mil, when he joined his father, who was by 
this time settled in England. He was then 
sent to Eton, on the foundation, and in 1614 
pro(»oded to Christ Church, Oxford. In the 
April of that year King James had sent a 
joiuion to the dean and chapter of Christ 
Church, reqmrinjr them ' to aamitt a gonne 
of isMk CasHiibon into the romo of a schoUer 
of ibe foundation of that house, that should 
Ufct becftMiB Toide.' Isaac had intended to 



send his son toLeyden, to study under Heln- 
aiuB, but as Meric was the only eon who 
could avail himself of the king's kindness, be 
arranged that Meric should apend some lune 
at Christ Church and then travel abroad, In 
1614 the father died, and Mericwas admitted 
to a studentship at Christ Church, which he 
held for thirteen years. He took his It.A. 
degree in 1618. and hisM.A. in 16^1, and inthe 
same year published a book in defence of his 
father agamat the calumnies of the Uoman 
catholics. This juvenile work pleased the 
king, and also found approbation among his 
fiither's admirers in France, especially Meric 
de Vic, through whose instrumentality he 
was invited to settle in France with offers of 
promotion. He determined, however, to re- 
main in England. Attheearlyage of twenty- 
five he was collated, by his father's friend, 
liishop Andrewes, to the rectory of Bleadon 
in Somersetshire ; Archbishop Laud gave 
him, in 1638, a prebend at Canterbury ; in 
1634, the vicarage of Minster in the Isle of 
Thanet, and in the same year the vicarage 
of MoDckton, also in the Isle of Thanet. 
He had, in 16^4, published another I'in- 
dication of his father, which he 'wrote by 
the express command of the king, and he 
formed a design of continuing his father's 
[infinished ' exercitationa ' agamst Barontus. 
In 1636 he was created D.D. at Oxford by 
order of Charles I, who was then residing ut 
the university. About 1 644 he was deprived 
by the parliament of all his preferments, and, 
accordingto Walker (Su^^nnyjo/fAe Clergy), 
' 'was abused, fined, and imprisoned.' But in 
1649 he received, through a Mr. Greaves, a 
lawyer of Gray's Inn, a message from Ohver 
Cromwell to come to Whitehall 'to confer 
about matters of moment;' as his wife lay 
dead in the house he could not come; but 
the messoge whs twice repeated. Cromwell's 
business with him was to request him, 
royalist as he 'wos, ' to write a history of 
tlte late war, desiring withal that nothing 
but matters of fact should be impartially set 
down,' Meric declined, on the very natural 
ground 'that he would be forced to make 
such reflections aa would be ungrateful, if 
not injurious, to his lordship.' Cromwell 
waa not offended, (!ln the contrary, he 
ordered 'that upon the first demand three 
or four hundred pounds should be delivered 
l-o liim by a London bookseller without ac- 
knowledging the benefactor ; ' but !Meric did 
not avail himself of the offer. Mr. Greaves 
was then commissioned to tell him that, * if 
lie would do as requested, the lieutenant- 

Kneral would restore him all his father's 
oks, which were then in the royal library 
having been purchased by King James, atid 



Casaubon 262 Case 

would give him a patent for 300/. a year, to Spirits, Witches, &c.,' 1068. 24. * Not» in. 



be paia so long as the youngest son of Dr. 
Casaubon should live.' Casaubon next re- 
ceived a proposal from Christina, queen of 
Sweden, through the Swedish ammissador, 
that he should accept Hhe government of one 
or the inspection ot all the universities, with 



Polybium,' 1070. 25. A single sermon,, 
preached before the l^nff, 1660. 

But far more than for any or all of hii> 
numerous works, the literary world is in- 
debted to Meric Casaubon for having pre- 
ser^'ed from destruction many of his father « 



a good salary, and 300/. a year settled on | papers. The * Ephemerides * tnemselves were 
his eldest son during life.' This offer he also , all but lost. They fell into the hands of 
declined. He hud married a second wife in Isaac's eldest son, John, the Romanist, who 
1651, who brought him a fortune ; and upon i was so careless about tnem, that one volume 
the Restoration he recovered all his prefer- 1 out of the seven actually icas lost. 'SVheD. 
ments. In 1662 he exchanged Minster for John became a Capuchin they fell into the 
the rectory of Ickham, near Canterbury. He hands of the widow, Florence Caaaubon, and 
died in 1671, and was buried in Canterbury her third son, Paul. These wisely sent them 
Cathedral. He left several children, one of , to Meric, the only member of the family who 
whom, John, was a surgeon at Canterbury. ' was competent to appreciate them. Meric 
He intended to write an account of liis own not only took care of^the ' Ephemerides,' but 
life, chiefly because he had so many provi- , also took great pains to collect all the papers 
dential escapes to recount. left by his father in the hands of .finends. 

Meric Casaubon was pious, charitable, : The six volumes of the * Ephemerides ' he 
and courteous ; he was also a good scholar, deposited in manuscript in the chapter h- 
and a most indefatigable writer. The list braryofCanterbury Cathedral, whence it was 
of his works is as follows: 1. * Pietas contra disentombed by a prebendarj-. Dr. Russell, 
maledicos patris nominis et religionis hostes,' and given to the public through the Claren- 
1621. 2. * Vindicatio patris ad versus Im- don Press in 1850 ; the rest of the papers he 
postores, qui librum ineptum et impium de depositedin the Bodleian. It was from these 
Idolatria nuper sub Is. Casauboni nomine latter papers that Wolfs 'Casauboniana' was 

Sublicarunt,' 1624. 3. *Optati Milevitani , drawn up. Meric Casaubon*s ' EpistoUc, de- 
bri vii. cum notis etemendationibus,' 1031. dicationes, praefationes, prolegomena,' &c. 

4. ^Treatise of Use and Custom,' 1638. were incorporated with those of his father in 

5. * M. Antonini Imp. de seipso et ad seip- Almeloveen's*Isaaci Casauboni Vita,' in 1709. 
sum 
6. 
Pes 
E^ 

His Incarnation and Exinanition,' 9. < De CASE, JOHN (d. 1000), writer on Ari- 
verborum usu,' 1647. 10. A more complete stotle, was bom at Woodstock, and was a 
edition of his father's notes on Persius, chorister at New College and Christ Church, 
1647. 11. *De quatuor lingnis commenta- Oxford. He was elected to a scholarship at 
tionis pars prior,' 1650 (the second part was St. John's in 15(U. HewasBiAjLnJ568,>l.A 
never published). 12. * Terentius, with Notes ' , 1572, and became a fellow of his college. He 
(continuation of Famaby's), 1651. 13. * An- i hadTa high reputation as a disputant. Being 
notations on tlie Psalms and Proverbs.' * popishly affected,' says Wood, he * left hi* 
14. * In Hieroclis Commentarium de Provi- , fellowship and married.' His wife was the 
dentia et Fato not® et emendationes,' 1655. | widow of * one Dobson, the keeper of Bocardo 
16. * Treatise concerning Enthusiasm,' 1 655. prison.' He obtained leave from the imiver- 

16. *Epicteti Encheiridion,' with notes, 1659. sity to read logic and philosophy to young 

17. * Translation of Lucius Florus's Ilistory | men, chiefly Roman catholics, in his own 
of the Romans,' 1659. 18. * A A'eritable and house, lie wrote various handbooks for their 
Faithful Relation of what passed between use, which were published and for a time 
John Dee and certain Spirits,' 1659. 19. * A popular, though they had falleninto disrepute 
Vindication of the Lord's Prayer as a Formal m Wood's day. He also practised medicine, 
Prayer,' 1660. 20. * Notae et Emendationes becoming M.D. in 1589, made money, and 
in Diogenem Laertium de Vitis &c. Philoso- left various sums to St. John's College, Nfw 
phorum,' 1664. 21. * Of the Necessity of a i College, and the poor of Woodstock. Tn 1589 
Reformation in and before Luther's time.' , he was collated to a canonry in Salisbuiy. He 

22. * Letter to Peter du Moulin concerning died 23 Jan. 1599-1000, and was boned in 
Natural Experimental Philosophy,' 1669. | the chapel of St. John's Colleffe. His portrait 

23. 'Of Creaulity and Incredulity against is in the Bodleian. His works are: 1. 'Sum- 
the Sadducism of the Times in denying ma yeterum interpretum in uniyonnin Dia- 




It'Clicam Aiislutetis,' 15&1. 2. 'Speculum 
uioruliiuu auiestioQum lo uaivf^rsam t^tlli<.'ell 
Aristotelie, 1385. Tliis wm the first book 
printad at ibe press presented t« Oxford by their 
chancellor, iheEarlofLeiceBter, 3. 'Sphera 
Civitatia,' 1588. Tliis book, tike others by 
Case, Wis repriateJ abioad, and Barnes, the 
printer, obtained nn order Irom the iiniveiTity 
ID 1690 that every badieloT shoidd lake one 
copy on ' determiniiiit.' 4. ' HeHexus Speculi 
Moralis,' 1696. B. 'Thesniirus tEconomiw,' 
1597, e.'LapisPUUosophicus.' 1690. 7. 'An- 
oilla Philosophia!,' 16W. These »r« com- 
inenlc on dlflerent writing of Aristotle. He 
ftlso wrote tta ' Apologia Musicee, tarn vocalis 
quam iostruitieutnliB et miitie,' 158S, of 
which there is u copy in the Lam belli Library. 
'The Pmiseof MuBicke; wherein . . . iB de- 
scribed the sober and lawful use of the aame 
in the Congregation and Church of God,' 
IfitW, is also attributed to him. This in dedi- 
cated to Sir SVallec Raleigh by the printwr 
Barnes, who calls it ' an orphan of one of 
Lady Musicke's cbildcen.' A eontemporaiy, 
Thomas Watson, wrote some verses, now in 
the Hawlinson MSS., ID Cuse on the publica- 
tion called ' A Gratificntiuii unto Mr. John 
C«s« for his learned book lately made on the 
FmixtM of Miuick.' 

There aru three letTeis from Case in the 
Hnrleina MS. fiOSo. He profiled a letter to 
Kii^holas Breton's ' Pilgrimnge to Fanulisu.' 



ii. 2SS, 2flB, 954 ; Wood's Colleges and Hnlls 
(Gutch). pp. G40. fiSl. aei : Unalc«ood'» Britiuli 
ffililiogmpW, ii. fill ; Strypa'e Annals, voL iii. 
pC i. pp. i»9, SIS, pt. ii. p. 396; House's Rb- 

fi'sIrr, ). 267 ; Le Neve'sFaati. ii. liai ; Nichols's 
lurtratioDB. iv. 189.] [ 

CASE, JOHN (J. leeO-lTW), astrol^er, | 
wu bom about 1600 at Lyme Itegis in Dor- : 
Betahire. We first hearofhimas IheHuthor | 
of'The Wards of the Key to Helmont proved i 
unfit for tlie Lock, or the Principles of Mr. ! 
Wtn. Bacon examined and reftiteu' (London, I 
leH'i). In this he telle ila that be has just I 
attained his mDJarity. The work is a protest . 
■gainst tlie theory iu WiUiam Bacon's ' Key i 
to Hdmont'thttt water is the principle of f 
all bodies, and prefixed thereto is a reeom- 1 
metuJiitory tjpistle by John Partridge, the I 
astrologer. At this time V-Hne livpd in Lam- 
beth, and had not as yet adopted the style of i 
U.D. Tlis friendship with Partridge is noted 
by Swift ( Worku, iv. 1 20) in his account of the 
death of that astrologer, n possnge on which 
John Nichols bos made an interesting com- 
mentary, (''ase's liest work (which in noticed 
by HalUi) yne his ' Compendium Anatomi- I 
Ik nova methodo institutum,' which, ap- j 



pi^aring iu 1896, first made him a well-known 
chaructei. It op|M!ared again the following 
year in Amsterdeni, and consists of a masterly 
defence of theopinion of Han-ey and De Gnitti' 
upon the generation of animala ab ovo, in the 
samemonner as birds. Indeed, it is so superior 
to his other works that Chalmers expresses 
some doubt as to whether he really wrote it. 
He followed this immediately witn his ' Ars 
Anatomica breviter elucidata ' rLondon, 
1696), and in the following year with 'Flos 
jEvi, or Celestial Observations' (I^ndon, 
1690). By this time he had placed the letters 
M.D. after bis name, and was living close to 
Ludgate, having succeeded to the business of 
Salford, whohad succeeded to that of William 
Lilly ; by this mpans he was in possession of 
all the magical apparatus of these two noted 
astrolc^ers. EsjHxiially he rejoiced in the 
darkened room and mystic apparatus by which 
Lilly had been wont to show people visions 
of their departed friends, which apparatus 
Case used to exhibit and ridicule to his friends 
in ' melting moments.' Over his door hH hod 
erased the signs of Lilly and Salford, and had 
inscribed the verse — 



gj» HOT. 



and Addison tells us in the 'Tatler' (No. 
LMO) that Cose made more money by this di- 
stich than Dryden made by all bis poetical 
works put together; round his pill-boxes also 
he used to inscribe^ 

Here's foartoen pills for thirtesu pence ; 

Enough ID any man's ova coascieace. 
He was ridiculed again by Addison in the 
216tb ' Tatler,' and it is ' Doctor Case ' who, 
in Pope's poem, is summoned to attend John 
Dennis in his ' phren^y,' 

In 1097 Case published 'The Angelical 
Guide, shewing men and women their lott or 
chance in this elementary life in IV hooks.' 
This work, which was dedicated lo bis fiiend, 
John Tyson, the author of ' The Way to I^ng 
Life, Ueallh, and Happiness,' Granger con- 
aidered to have been 'one of the most profound 
astrolopcal pieces that the world ever saw.' 
The only other serious work which we have 
of John Case's is ' 'EfijyTT^t 'lariioio's; or the 
Medical Expositor in an Alphnlietical Order 
in Latine, Greek, and English ' (London, 
11)98). John Case is the original of tbestory 
which is thus told bv Granger (who beard it 
from the Rev. Mr. Gosling): 'Dr. Maundy, 
formerly of Canterbury, told me that in his 
travels abroad some fminent jihysicinn who 
bod been in Euglimd gave bim a token lo 
spend on bis return with Dr, Itudcliffe und 
Dr. Cose. Thev fixed on an evening and wore 
very merry, w^en Dr. liadcliiTe thus began a 



Case 



264 



Case 



health : " Here's to all the fools, your patients, 
brother Case ; " " I thank you, good brother,** 
replied Case ; '' let me have alfthe fools, and 
you are heartily welcome to the rest of the 
practice.** * 

[Grangers Biog. History, iv. 327; Tatler, 
edited by John Nichols and others (1786) ; 
Case's Works.] E. H.-A. 

CASE, THOMAS (1598-1682), divine, 
son of George Case, vicar of Boxley, Kent, 
was bom in that county in 1598. His first 
education was received at Canterbunr, and 
he next entered Merchant Taylors* School in 
1616, where the registrar set down his name 
only (HeoisterSf i. 84). In 1616 he obtained a 
studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, partly 
in recognition of his industry and proficiency, 
and partly by the favour of Archbishop Tobie 
Matthew, wno had been of that foundation. 
Case's connection with Christ Church is re- 
corded upon the title-pages of many of his 
books. His degree in arts was taken on 
15 June 1620, and his master's degree on 
26 June 1623. He is said to have remained 
a year or two longer at the university, 
preaching aft-er ordination * for some time m 
those parts, and afterwards in Kent, at or 
near the place of his nativity.' His career 
was most intimately associated with that of 
Richard Ileyrick (of the family of the poet 
Herrick), who was his associate at Oxwrd. 
When Heyrick obtained firom Charles I his 
first preferment at North Repps, Norfolk, 
Case oecame his curate. Soon after Case 
obtained the pastoral charge of Erpingham 
in tlie same neighbourhood, remaining there 
eight or ten years. The latter part of his 
stav at this parish was marked by tne severity 
of bishop Wren towards him, and proceed- 
ings in the high commission court are said 
to have been still pending against him when 
that court was abolished. Meanwhile Hey- 
rick, who some years before had received 
from the king a grant of the reversion of the 
wardenship of the collegiate church of Man- 
chester, came into possession of that dignity 
in 1635, and thither Case accompanied or 
followed him. By the influence of the Booth 
family, of the adjoining town of Salford, 
Case frequently preached with much ac- 
ceptance at their newly erected chapel in 
that place, and he also preached in the other 
Manchester chapelries, whither he was fol- 
lowed by numbers of admirers. On 8 Aug. 
1637 he was married at Stockport, Cheshire, 
to Anne, daughter of Oswald Mosley of 
Ancoats, Manchester, the widow of Robert 
Booth of Salford (brother of Humphrey 
Booth, the founder of the chapel). By this 
union he became brother-in-law to the Rev. 



John Angier [q. v.] His populAiity brought 
him into trouble, and he experienced, in a 
less degree, the same trials in the diocese of 
Chester as in that of Norwich. Li 16S8 
articles were exhibited against him in Bishop 
Bridgeman's court for uttering opinions 
against the discipline of the church and far 
other irregidarities, notwithstanding that he 
had signea the articles and was still * a bene- 
ficed man within the diocese of NorwidL* 
One of the charges was that he had givoi 
the sacrament to those who did not Imeel; 
and his reply was that the congregations 
I were so vast that there was no room to kneel 
I Falling in with the spirit of the Manchester 
I burghers he supported the parliamentary party 
I by his money and zeal (November 1642). His 
marriage introduced him to persons of in- 
fluence. Jacomb disturbs a little the chrono- 
logical sequence when he says that in a short 
while after coming to Manchester Case was 
presented to a n&ce in the neighbouring 
county — i.e. StocKport — ^where he may have 
been acting first as curate. He became actus! 
rector of that rich benefice on 31 July 1645, 
when the committee of plundered ministers 
presented him, with the usual injunction to 
preach diligently. The presentation wis 
confirmed by votes of the nouses. The ap- 
pointment of a man who at that time wis 
an active minister in London was not a wise 
one. Nine months afterwards he resigned 
and a new rector was appointed, Case having 

* another place with cure of souls.* These 
dates and circumstances seem to lend point 
to Wood's insinuation that Case was anxious 
to get preferment and wealth, which he 
wanted before he went up to London. ^ 
the meanwhile, before the end of 1641, the 

* urgency of some persons of (juality ' in 
Lancashire — probably Sir William ferere- 
ton, a Cheshire baronet, and his associates 
— induced Case to accompany them to the 
capital. There his style 01 preaching amidst 
a multitude of preachers attracted notice, 
and he soon acquired fame. The first of his 

Sublished discourses, two in number, were 
elivered at Westminster ' before sundry of 
the House of Commons,* and issued by 
authority in 1641. A very severe and bitter 
spirit characterised them. The city churches 
were readily opened to him. First he was 
lecturer and then rector (in place of Mr. 
Jones, sequestrated) of St. Mary Magdalen^ 
Milk Street, where, following a custom 
already established in Manchester, he began 
that seven o'clock ' morning exercise ' long 
afterwards kept up ' to the benefit of multi- 
tudes.* Sir John Bramston refers in a cha- 
racteristic passage (Autob, p. 92) to his 
appointment there. His sermons * at Milk 



Street in London,' cnlled ' Ood's Waiting to 
be GvadouB,' were by the committee for 
printinff ordered ^27 June 1642) to be issued. 
This Tolume, which whs dedicated to Major- 

Sneral Skippon and Richard Aldworth, esq., 
i parishionen, abounds in that kind of 
otatory which had become popular. His re- 
eentmenl agvinst the late episcoW govern- 
ment is shown to be very deep. He asserte 
that the Anglican church was the Babylon 
of Rev. xviii. 4 ; and he enumerates ' her 
idolatrous bowings, cringinss, altara, crosseB, 
and ciiraed ceremonies, false worehip, false 
doctrine' (p. 68). Walker {Suff-nng*, ii. 
4S| justly takes exception to some of his 
sentiments, which Calamy {(hnlinuation, 
pp. 14-15) In part exciiaes. A work entitled 

* Evangelium Armatum,' 4to, 1663 (Ken- 
HBT, Rrgittfr, pp, 743, 855), quotes some 
repreheoEthle pass^^es fttjm Case's sermons; 
otners are g-iven in Zachary Grey's 'Century 
of Presbyterian Preachers,' 1723, 8vo (App. 
pp. v-vi ! and c£ Wood, Atkena, iv. 46-7). 
It. is said to have been usual with Case at 
St, Maudlin's to invite his hearerc to the 
Lord's table with the words, ' You that have 
fret'ly and liberally contributed to the par- 
liament for the defence of Qod's cause and 
the pospel, draw near.' On 16 Oct, 1641-2 
the House of Commons recommended him 
to the parishioners to be lecturer of St. 
Martin's-iii-the-Fielda, to preach there every 
Sunday alVemoon and every Thursday, and 
Dr. William Bray, the vicar, was enjoined 
to give him libertj' of the pulpit. Caae wa« 
connected with this church for twenty years, 
Se wasalso appointed lecturer at St, Mary Al- 
dentianbury, where theRev. Edmund Calamy 
the elder [q. v.] waa rector. In these positions 
Case was a lealous advocate for the solemn 
league and covenant. He became one of the 

• confessors 'of the Long parliament, and often 
preached before them. Wood, after closely 
perusing certain of these discourses, termed 
him ' a ffreat boutifieu and fire-brand in the 
church, and Butler in ' Hudibras' introduced 
him BE a typical pulpit-character of the '' 



There was a well-known peculiarity in Case's 
■voice or manner, which Pepys, who used to 
bear him, has noticed (Ihaiy, ed. Bright, 
i. 208). Cu 26 Oct. 1642 Case preached a 
fast-sermon before the commons, dedicated 
on publication to Sir William Brereton. This 
irenernl was again prominently introduced 
jiito Case's sermon tefore the commons on 
10 Feb. 1(M6, concerning his CBptiire of 
Chwt^ff. In this discourse the senators, the 
■ <d tha league and covenant, are 



told what some had affirmed, tliat there were 
no less than one hundred and eighty several 
heresiiflpropnealed in London, insomuch that 
tlie errors and innovations under which they 
hadlately groaned were hut fo^era^'/«fni7>'irx 
compared with those damnable doctrines 
(pi>. 24-fi ; cf. SouTHET, (hmmonpUKe Booh, 
ill. fi4 i Patrich'i Works, ed. Taylor, t. 444). 
Case bad meanwhile become a member of 
the assembly of divines, and he took a 
prominent part in their discussions. On 
8 Jan. 1644-5 he waa one of those who 
petitioned for arrears of pay as members of 
the assembly. He favoured the establish- 
ment of presbyterianism (Grbt, Seal Ex- 
amined, vol. ii, App, p. 89). His occasional 
abode in Lancashire, or at any rate his con- 
tinued interest in Ihst county, is shown by 
the fact that to his hands and to those of 
the Rev. Charles Herle of Winwick were 
entrusted the charitable collections for those 
distressed by famine and war in the district, 
September 1644. That a change in the 
course of years came over the political views 
of Cjase is shown by suggestive feets. In 
1648 he begged to be excused from preaching 
before the commons when asked at their 
July fast. In the game year he subscribed 
the paper declaring against the proceedings 
of the parliament and the brinpne of the 
king to trial. Through refusing in 1649 the 
'engagement' 'to be true ana faithful to 
the government established without a klnp 
or house of peers,' he lost his place at Milk 
Street, and Anthony Faringdon succeeded 
him. In 1661, when the prince and tho 
Scots were preparing to amrcn through Lan- 
cashire, to the gratification of Case's friends 
there. Case was preaching against the pro- 
ceedings of the parliament, and deeply im- 
plicating himself with the presbyterians in 
1 the London conspiracy for the restoration of 
' the prince, known as Love's plot. On 10 May 
the privy council committed him close pri- 
soner to the Tower under a charge of high 
treason, and his property was sequestrated. 
He was imprisoned for over six months, and 
\ his wife obtained permission to lodge with 
' him. On 30 Sept. lie and Hejrick ^who had 
I also been concerned in the plot with other 
Lancashire ministers) were ordered to be 
brought to trial; but in the following month 
<he^ addressed a petition to the parliament 
which was deemed sufficiently submissive, 
and they were pardoned under the great seal, 
thespeaker'swarrant fortheir discharge being 
dated 16 Oct. During his imprisonment Case 
penned some appropriate thoughts which he 
preached at first in the course of his minis- 
try at Aldermanbury, and afterwards pub- 
lished in 1653 under the title of ' Correction 



(j>j^ 



TV. 






fM-y.ry. is ..v-'n- i.:, : jl -;^ '^-sfi. :'' W- i^-i-.r^ic 1^* -_3irr v tL* ?t t .grry md To the 

I.'. .'aV; ;.«: V. t* fcii^v-* *.. >:t:v.:iiT .ct :f k» I rv=*r=>'i»rr "ir -ts-eii :■- j'>:«ch. and did 

^..'v.v.w*..'t v/:/ v^ "rj'T*. L-v :.-• Tiii ;*! i jrer-T r:«rr ol fc ?t-lir::':i* Imdjr. qaren 

w r*r iTkvr.--; J/-..-:jLi' -z-t ^.T.rzi.ir- :•: NkiLrrr* Hr tli^:. zari •"ns^ on ? May 

-»*-*.•.;- •>: j,--,.-';.«r- ii-tiT intr-rr;*'.!!.* ->:c i.-llT-i^ l: L»:ri CrrTTr"* dixiinr-?«ble, and 

yr...*: w*-: ;/r.*4.r^ yy.it-. .:>. -z-r ••*-«• !-*f* :f clII* Lj=. -a i-11 f-Iliwir Li* TAiiuaud all in 

-w * ';:. .• '^.'»*f:. .\ '^'yyi. .i .-••v«*-r.r.Ti -rl .^. ^ iLr j-r^e^^T-rrlar znarser.* V^f Li* nuzorr^us 

*.»'f^ j'tf<*'* ' v.. r.^ . dt--*-: Wr--ii.i.?*r-r. -irr:: .::*•» jlI* • M:.::2:t Pis^ali/ 4io. 1»»70. 

^ Ji.'j. j»;.V;-7. '-v, ;,: b •-;'J-;'' '-^ ::..;-»i*r* d-*i::-a:ni- LI* •!ri-:.:^Lbr»n->ur«J s-n-in-law. 

t/y J .•«:,*/.*:, .'sr/*-: >f • o r t-*: : * A » ..-.ly j^rsvi, rr.r H rer: Ii>;;ii-' llc t<- I>r. William Hawcs, 

of ;'.-'.'%•» .*^4''.m;./. *:. : tr. *:Zf>\.ri.\ pr^-i-Lrr. -^ j^erLhjri ".L-: niCifT j jr*5:m:. An abridgnl 

\ih'*.fr^ T^A:.\*^i *^.'\*:T' fr'jUi a hjif.Zi'lk-vr of «.*: '.n wa* publi»b**2 bribe Reli^.'»u« Tract 

hi* llz/f^r iif^Ah, •rVj.. Js p-i-Er ; -ii:*' ir. foiit'T :n !■<.>:. li*ai.i. Case contribuTrd 

In- int.*: ill i»»j. and af^rwardi j'.-rd cLi-rf v^y*rTf.'. c- 3.21-11 da i'»ry T.T>efao«!r5 to the bOi"»k> 

jfj*V'v: '>f th*: o'y;i.r/j'#ri pi*ra.^ ;ii iLa: >laii:". of Li* friend*. Up^n xn*r death of Warden 

wij'/ ha* r«-iati',;i to I>L . . . 'h. *L ri- Hevri-ik, in Auirm 1077. Ta^ wp^e the 

i:\ihn*'.*:i\'fr .*»«---]•:.' , l/j come tiii*LT:r: to ep:*apiL::i Li* memory. *t ill pres«>r\'ed upon 

wljj'.h lij* Wife pr*--*ri! }iim: li»r La- aiivi**^! a bra»s in :LeC'.tlle;inater'burch, Manchester. 

«"iMj Mr. ^'alaruy a^y^iit i?.' Th*: wri:er •rx- iL«r ci'*ini' p^ntion of which commemi»rat«s 

pr<'»<»"-. )iOj/<: of oUaiiiJnff him. ^'&*e in K^j^ in wann lantruai^e and with some detail a 

wa* ofj" of the coifirnitt'rfr for th«r appoim- friend*hi}» ^if fifty year*. 

ifj«rnt of mifji-t«-r- in tlj«- pretbyterian way. With one exception I'ast- outlived all the 

In \*'M'4) h'T ontribuNyl the intrf>«iuction memb»-r* nf the a&*fmbly of divines. He 

ari'i fintt M-rrnori to the * .Momin;: Exercis*- died on Su May ldS2, aged 84, and wa* 

iiM'»ho'Ji7.«-d/ ifMi'tT H volmij*' of diacour-?*-* buru-d on .'5 .Tune at Chrirt Church, Newgate 

pr«-;Kh«rd lit St, OiJ*-*-. Al^mt ihi- time h»r .Stivf-t. l^mdon. which must liave been thtrn 

MtiM f-lf/9><-]y wiiK'hiri;; <rv<'nt<* with leaninir- still in ruin*. W<x>d indicates the sp<tt. viz. 

iTAiinJii \U»: re-!or«tion of njonun-hy. In at th»- up]K*r end of the church just before 

I'l'hnifirv \*'fi'^> ii<; wuh comf^pfjndincr with the steps ^ing to the altar: and he s'wes^ 

his- Miiii<h«--t«r !ri<n<J». «l><>iit Moiick, the «.- the inscription, which df)es not err on the 

rjiid«"l iii<'1mUt><, mid other curn.-nt ev«,'nts'. sid».* of eulogy. The funeral sermon wa* 

||<- wii^ oiif of th<; deputation of jiresby- preaclu'd by Dr. Thomas Jacombon 14 June, 

tiTifiii I'lt-r^y Ht'iii to the Ilafrue in May and it was dedicated on publication to Mr^. 

|<WJ() to roiijzriitiihite the kinjr u]>on hi^ ru- Anne ( n.<e, the widow. It contains matter 

ntor.it i'»n. I'epy^ deHrrilx,'H an amu.'^in^'' in- which has }>een of service in compilincr tin* 

ridi-iii iil><Hit the landing ofru.se, 15 May. memoir. Dr. Calamy, grandson of his friend. 

Hho-e Ixiiit. wfiK ii|i-et mid he 'nudly dipjK'd.' describeri Case as *one of a quick and warm 

A iumi/mi' ill the * Secret History of the spirit, an n^i^n plain-hearted man, a hearty 

|{eij;ii ol" rharlen II,' lt)lX) (rf. the note in lover of Gi.k1, goodness, and all good men. 

\Vii.HoN, niMMfiititii/ (JhiirrhfM of Jjimdon^ iv. He was a Scripture preacher, a great man in 

TilM), hIiowh hffw ( 'iih4' whh taken in by the prayer.andonetlmt brought home many ftiuls 

kiii^''H hyiHicrlHy. In the following month to God.' Daxter, who was buried near him. 

lie, with Ihixiermifl «»lher prominent preshy- called him * an old faithful servant of G«.h1.' 

terimiH, wuM iidiiiit led royal chaplain, though There is an oifensive sketch of him, based on 

(iiH Hiixteri'omnientM) ihey wen* never asked Wood's account, in*TheKinjr Killers,' 1711*. 

tn preiich. lie wiiH one of the members of 8 vo, terming him an Mmpenit en t covenant ini: 

theSiivoy eon lereiice,imd attended the mei»t- saint' (pt. ii. p. 31). His head is on the 

ingH (April July U'M\). In the autumn he plate prefixed to the volume of farewell 

Wits viNJting liiM n'liiti\eH at Munehester and sermons, 1(M52, 8vo. 

preiiehiiig in the neighlM)urhcHHl. Karly in (Jaromh's Abraham's Death, 4to, 1682; 

the r.)lIowiiig year he was writing letters Culamy's Account, p. 12, and Continmition, p. 

fnnn l*ondon to the Kev. Henry Newconie 13; WikxI's Athenie, iv. 46^, ami Fasti, i. 892, 

Munch(>Hter, giving him * the sense of | 411; Reliq. Bazteriaine, ii. 229 seq.; WiUoo's 



Mcticbiuit Tftjlora' School, p. 7S9; CommonB' 
Jonmftla, ii. 432, it. 247, 160, vii, 28, 87, Tiii, 20 ; 
lonls' JontnaU, rii. fii2_3. 648-0 ; IBbL MSS. 
Conim. 7Ih Rep. pp. 71. iSS (whsre Tor CaaUa 
read Coae) i IJniin'a Ueio. of SeTsatj-Five 
Dirine*. 184*. pp. BO-2. 207; NowconiPS Dinry. 
(Chelhnni Sor.Beriw), pp. 12»efl.,aDdAutobi(ig. 
pp. 1 s«q. ; E^rwakcr's East Cheuhtrn, i. 388, 



pp. IBS. 183: HeyTTood'sWorfci (Life of Angiorj, 
1. 664-0, 669; Hibbert, Ware's FoomiiitiotiB of 

(Sth «L). V 

CASILLIS, Earls or. [See Kenhbdt,] 
CASLOK, WILLIAM, the elder ( 1692- 
1706), type-founder, was born in l692slCrad- 
ley, Wiwce««Tshire, near Halesowen, Shrop- 
ihire. He Reri'ed his apprentit^eship to an omn- 
mental engraver of (fim locks and barrels. In 
1716lu!»etupin that business in Vine Street, 
HiDorioa.Lundon, and added tonl-makin^ for 
bookbinders and Kilver-chasers. In the same 
year «ii eminent printer, John Wnlts, recog- 
nised Caslon'B ski D in cuttiag binding-punches 
and employed Lim for that purpose as wpll 
fts to cut type-punche«. lie also gave him the 
meaud to bt up a small foundry, and intro- 
duced him to other printers. Urover in Al- 
dersgate Street, James in Aldermanbury, and 
the Clarendon House at (_lxford were then the 
-onlrgoodtype-founders. Caslon now married, 
and in 17^0 biitir«t child, named William, was 
bom. Xn Ihesome year he was chosen by (he 
Society for Promoting Christian Enowledgt^ 
to cut the fount of ' English Arabic ' fortbe 
New Teslam^Dt and Psalter required for the 
cbristianB o( the East. He aftern-nrda cut 
in ' pica romnn ' the letters of his own name 
and printed ihem at foot of his Arabic speci- 
mens. By the odvicf of .Siimuel Palmer j 
(reputed author of tliut 'Ilislory of I'rinting' 
really writ ten bj-GeorpL'i'saliniinzBr) he then [ 
cut tne whole fount ol pica romnn and ilalic, ! 
and this he did in verj- superior style. I'al- I 
inor withdrew his support of Caslon, which i 
gave offence to certain printers, lint Caslon 
obtained employment from the elder Bowyer. 
In 1732 he executed for Bon-yer the bcauti- 
fiil English fount of roman, italic, and He- ' 
brew used for printing Sclden's ' Works ' in 
folio, also the Coptic typMs of Dr. Wilkins's , 
edition of the ' Pentateuch,' and various sited 
chara«Ien for other important works. Watts 
had lent him 100/. ■ Bowyer and hie aon-in- 
Ittw Bnlleiiham now lent him 2001. each. 
The three printers gave him their custom. I 
Cnslnn »el lioldlv to work t« complete hia I 
bctoty in every Wiicli. Hreulually his pro- 
ductions Rurpaespd those of all continental 

m w yntjhiiBi Iff fcnigfc 



printers, wbi. t-ulled him and Jackson hia 
pupil • the English EUevirs.' His first foun- 
dry was a garret in Helmet Row; the second 
in Ironmonger Row ; the third, in I7S5, in 
CUiswell Street. At the latter place the 
business, increasing year by year, was car~ 
ried ou in conjiuiction with his eldest son, Wil- 
liam Caslon the younger [q. v.], whose name 
first appears on specimen sheets in 1742, in 
the style ' William Caslon & Son.' Caslon 
retired to a house in the Hackney lUmd in 
1750, about which time be was put in the 
commissionofthepeacefor Middlesex. Soon 
after he removed to his ' country house ' on 
Bcthnul Green, and died there 23 Jan. 1766. 
He was buried in St. Luke's churchyard, 
where a monument records his memory with 
that of hia son William. 

Sir John Hawkins and I^ichols describe 






pleasantly noticed ill Dilu- 
Decameron (ith day). 

Caslon waa three times married. Faber's 
meizotinto print of Caslon is from a painting 
by F. Kyte, now in possession of the present 
firm, which has also a large three-quarter 
len^h portrait. The earliest dated specimen 
of Cadlon's printing types in hook form is in 
the library of the AmeKcan Antiquarian So- 
ciety, Worcester, Mass. It is called ' A 
Specimen of Printing Types by William 
Caslon k Son,' 1763, 8vo, 36 pp. printed on 
one side. This is probably an ' adTance-copy ' 
of the exactly similar work in t.be British 
Museum Librarv. dated 171M. The 'Uni- 
versal Magazine,' June, 1750, contains a fold- 
ing-plnte headed " A True and Exact repre- 
sentation of the Art of Cutting and PrejMir- 
ing Letters for Printing,' which is a picture 
of Caslou's foundry. 

[For authorities see ondpr William Casloh 
the yonngfir,] J. W.-G. 

J3A8LON, WILLIAM, the younger (1720- 
1778), type-founder, oldest son of the preced- 
ing, by bis first wife, became a partner with hia 
father about 1742, and succeeded him at his 
death in 1766. lie had not the remarkable 
ability of the elder Caslon, but be waa able to 
maintain the reputation of the house against 
Boskerville, Jackson, Cotterell, and others. 
The universities and the London trade still 
gavethepreference to the Caslon founts, which 
combined the clearness of EUevir with all the 
elegance of Plantin, and Baskerville's suc- 
cessors were less regarded. Caslon married 
Eliiabutb, only daughter of Dr. CartUcb of 
Basinghall Stivel, with a fortune of 10,000^ 
His wife assisted in the management of the 
great letter-foundry up to the death of her 
bubaad, ■wtvA twk place in 1778. Tbe 



Cassan 268 Cassell 

property was equally divided between his | scription, and by seeking for promotion, 
widow and histwo sons, William and Henry, He was elected a fellow of the Society of 
who eventually became the heads of distinct ' Antiquaries in 1829. After suffering from 
families and chiefs of two separate firms of . insamty for two years, he died on 19 JuIt 
type-founders. William Caslon (third of the 1841. Besides the pamphlet mentioned 
name) sold his share to his mother {d, 24 Oct. I above, he published : 1. ' The Sin of Schism 
1795) and sister-in-law, the widow of Henry demonstrated, and the Protestant Episcopal 
Caslon. He set up a separate business, which Church proved to be the only safe means (A 
in 1819 was moved to Sheffield, where the firm Salvation, a Sermon preached in the Puidi 
still exists as Stephenson, Blake, & Co. The ' Church of Frome,' 1819; 2nd ed., with an- 
other firm was represented by Henry William nendix, 1820. This was answered by 'A 
Caslon, last of the name, who died 14 July Word of Advice to the Curate of Frome,' 
1874, and the business is still carried on as 1820. 2. ' Lives and Memoirs of the Bishops 
A. W. Caslon & Co. of Sherborne and Salisbuiy,' 1824. 3. A 

[The Caslon Specimen Books ; Rowe Mores*» ^}^^ of sermons, 1827.^ 4. ' Liv^ of the 
English Letter-founders, pp. 63, 97 ; Hansard's Bishops of Bath and V\ ells,' 1830. 6. A 
Typogmpbia, Ist edit. p. 368; Nichols's Lit. pamphlet against the repeal of the Test and 
Anecd. ii. 355 ; Nichols's Illustrations, ii. 337, Corporation Acts. Neither set of his lives 
iv. 173, 231, viii. 447, 474, 521; Hawkins's of tbe bishops is of any real value, the me- 
History of Music, v. 127; Dibdin's Decameron, moirs being almost wholly composed of ex- 
ii. 379; West's Views of Shropshire, p. 121; tracts from well-lmown pnnted books. Sudi 
Bigelow's Bibliog. of Printing, i. 103-^; Uni- original remarks as they contain are extra- 
versal Magazine, November 1760; Gent. Mag. ordinarily childish and whimsical, and in 
xxi. 284, xxxvi. 47, xlix. 271, Iv. 329, Ivii. nj^^y cases exhibit a degree of intolerance 
1129, Ixx. 796 Ixxix. 579, 589, Ixxxvi. i. 377. ^ych was probably caused by the latent 
Ixxxviii. 1. 58/. XXXI V. new ser. 96; Ann. Reg. ^^^^^^^ ^c mental disordpr BMidM thPM 
1850, p. 232; Works and Lifeof Franklin, 1812, P'^^ce ^^ mental clisomer. Jiesides these 
i. 72 Lemoine's Typographical Antiquities p. 79 ^?!^«' Cassan compiled genealogi«* of him- 
Timperley's HistorVof Printing, pp. 683. 714, ^^^ ?^^ of other members of his fiunily, 
744, 749, 806, 834. 942; Printing Times and ^J^^'^ ?® Circulated widely for the pnrpoM 
Lithographer, October 1874; documents of the o^ proving that his descent was noble, and 
Chiswell Street firm and family papers.] that he therefore had a stronjf claim to pre- 

J. W.-G. ferment. He contributed various genealon- 
cal notices to the * Centleman's Magazine. 

CASSAN, STEPHEN HYDE (1789- [Gent. Mag. 1841, pt. ii. 650 ; information 
1841), ecclesiastical biographer, son of from E. Green, esq., hon. secretary of the Somer- 
Stephen Cassan, barrister, by his wife Sarah, set Archaeological Society.] W. H. 




took liisB.A.degree on U Jan. 1815. Here- CASSELL, JOHN (1817-1865), pub- 

ceived deacon's orders on 26 March following, lisher, son of Mark Cassell, the landlora of 

andwas ordained priest the next year. While the Ring o* Bells, in the Old Churchyard, 

curate of Frome, Somerset, in 1820, he made Manchester, who died in 1830, was bom in 

a runaway match with Fannv, daughter of his father's inn at Manchester on 23 Jan. 

Rev. William Ireland, then dead, formerly 1817. His education was of a very slight 

vicar of that parish. This marriage occasioned nature, and at an early age he was bound 

considerable scandal, and led to legal pro- apprentice to a joiner at Salford. Li 1833 

ceedings, of which an account is given in two his attention was especially called to the 

pamphlets published at Bath in 1821 — one, temperance movement by hearing Mr. Joseph 

* A Report of the Trial, Cassan v. Ireland, for Livesey speaking on the subject in Oak Street 
Defamation;* and the other by Cassan, entitled Chapel, Manchester, and on the completion 

* Who wrote the Letters, or a Statement of of liis indentures he commenced his intro- 
Facts.' Removing from Frome, he held the duction to public life by setting out on a 
curacy of Mere,Wilt8hire, until 1831, when he temperance lecturing tour. He had already 
was presented by Sir Richard C. Hoare to the by careful self-culture obtained an extensive 
living of Bruton with Wvke Champliower. acquaintance with English literature, great 
He was also chaplain to iiie Earl of Caledon , general information, and a fair m&sterv of 
and to the Duke of Cambridge. His family the French language. In quest of empW- 
was large, and he was constantly involved in ment as a carpenter he reached London in 
pecuniary difficulties. From these he sought October 1836, and shortly afterwards spoke 
to free himself by publishing books by sub- j at a temperance meeting in the New Jeru- 



eakm Bchoolroom 
Koad, when it wua noticed tlisr he had a 
very broad pruvincial dialect. He was fhen 
recommended 1o Mr. Meredith, who enrolled ' 
btinBmonghia temperance agents. In 1847 he 
was at 14 Budre Row, oil j of London, where : 
he had efltDblisned himneli' as a tea and cofTee I 
dealer and patent medicine agent, but two | 
Tears afterwards removed to 80 Fcncliurch i 
Street-, where he always continued to have a 
share in the business. His teas and coffeea 
■wereveryextoneively advertised, and the Ben- . 
tence ' 'Baj Oassell's Shilling Cotfee ' became 

Juite a household word. In the mennttme he , 
ad become a writer and his own pubhsher ; 
Iiie first production was the ' Working Man's 
Friend,' ■which appeared in 1860, The Great 
Exhibition Id the following jear gave scope 
to his energies in the ' Iifustrat« Eihibi- 
tioner,' a comprehensive and well-executed 
scheme. On lit and :20 May 1851 he gave 
valuable evidence before the select comuit- 
tee on newspaper stAmps, ahowinfr the injus- 
tice of the prosecution of many periodicals 
for giTing their readers a minimum amount 
of actual news. He also nt the same time 
Mated that he bad entered into the publish- 
ing biMiness for the purpose of issuing pub- 
lications calculated to advance the moral 
ftnd «ociat well-being of the working classes 
ISeport from Select Commitlre, iSol, pp. 
206-41). Cassell's 'Ptraular Educator' and 
Cassell's ' Magazine of Art ' followed in 1 852, 
and duriuE- the succeeding twelve months 
OasBell's 'Family Paper ' was brought out; 
this was a combination of the pictonal puper 
-with the popular periodical, containing a 
serial story and a chronicle of current his- 
tory ; many of the illustrations were printed 
&om electrotypes procured from the I'aris 
office of ' L'lllustTation,' and they were equal 
to those which embellished the illustrated 

Spers published at sii times the price, The 
St number appeared on 31 Dec. 16o3, and 
in a very short time this paper attained a 
targe circulation, owing partly to the illus- 
trations which were given in connection 
'with the war in the Crimea. He took ad- 
Tanlage of its circulation to benefit himself 
also in another waj, to advertise his 
teas and coffees. Nu 
c<«ded in quick 
either in the form of 
books or in weekly numbers of illustrated 
standard authors, such an ' Ilobinson Crusoe,' 
•Don Quixote,' the 'Pilgrim's Progress,' 
' GuUiTer's Travels,' and many others of 
m similar nature, besides more substantial 
fan" in the shape of the ' History of Eng- 
lan'l,' the ' Natural History,' the ' Bible 
UictioDuy,' the ' Book of Martyrs,' &c. 



works now pro- 
boai his press, 

of educational 



Towards the close of 18S4 he became involved 
in pecuniary difficulties, which obliged him 
to decrease his establishment, ana U) dii^- 
continue the least remunerative of his pub- 
lications. Other periodicals which he pro- 
duced were 'Casselrs Hagaiine,' 'The free- 
holder,' the monthly organ of the free land 
movement, ' The Pathwav,' a religious maga- 
zine, and ' The Quiver.' ' In 1859 he joined 
with Thomas Dixon Balpin andGeorge Wil- 
liam Petter, and founded the well-knowTl 
firm ofCassell, PetteTf&Galpin. From that 
date a constant series of popular illustrated 
and other books have been issued by these 
publishers. Cassell lived to see many of the 
works brought to a successful termination, 
or reaching n circulation such as never en- 
tered into nis mind when he commenced his 
publishing career, and to preside over an es- 
tablishment in full working order employ- 
ing nearly five hundred hands. He died at, 
25 Avenue Koad, Regent's Park, London, on 
•2 April 186.1. 

As a publisher he is no doubt entitled to 
rank with William and Robert Chambers 
and with Charles Knight, and it must not 
be forgotten that sometimes more praise was 
due to him for a work on which he made a 
loss than for a work which in more recent 
times was a splendid success. What were 
his merits as a writer cannot be stated, as 
no reliable information has been found on 
this point. Although a strict abstainer, he 
was an inveterate smoker, and, whether en- 
gaged in business or in the company of his 
friends, was seldom seen without a cigar 
between his lips. His widow, Mary Cassell, 
died at 47 Wilbury Road, Brighton, July 
1885. 

[Cassell's ItluBtnited Family Paper, with por- 
trait, 20 May 1886, pp. 262^ ; Thomas Frost's 
Forty Years' Recollectioas (18801, pp. 226-38 ; 
BookstUer, April IBGS, p. 32S, and Uny, p. 291,] 
O, C. B. 

CAS8IE, JAMES (1819-1879), painter, 
was bom at Keith Hall, Aberdeenshire, in 
1819, In his boyhood he met with an acci- 
dent which left him lame for life, and deter- 
mined him to devote himself to painting. He 
was a pupil of James Ctiles, R.S, A., a painter 
of highland scenery and animals, Cassie set- 
tled in Aberdeen, where the sea with its sur- 
lundinga and the flsherfolk that resided on 
j shores were a most powerful source of at- 
action to him, and formed the most popular 
ibjects for his brush. Elaborate detail not 
being suited to hie style, the broad harmonious 



effects of m 



le scenery v 



re those which he 



most excelled in depicting. He did not, how- 
ever, confino himself to one class of sut^ect^ 



Cassillis 270 Cassivellaunus 

but painted numerous portraits and domestic able to stand before their attack, but the 
subjects, and showed fair skill as a painter of progfress of the Romans was much impeded 
animals. He exhibited several pictures at the by the skilful use m^de by CassiTellaunafl of 
Eoyal Scottish Academy and at the Royal his charioteers, four thousand of whom were 
Aciidemy and other London exhibitions. In employed in harassing Ceesar's line of march. 
1869 he was elected associate of the Royal In the meantime the Trinoyantea, another 
Scottish Academy, and remoyedtoEdinburgh, powerful people, occupying what is now Essex, 
wliere he resided till his death. In February j and part of Middlesex, sent enyoys toCaesarto 
1879 he was elected an academician, but he announce their submission. Mandubratiiu, 
had been for some time in failing health, and ^ the son of their former king Imanuentias, 
died on 1 1 May of the same year. Personally had fled for refuge to Cfesar, in order to es- 
Cassie was of a genial and warm-hearted dis- cape the fate of his father, who had been 
position,and was very popular in society. His . killed by Cassivellaimus in the course of his 
art was unambitious and limited in its scope, , conquests over his neighbours. The Trino- 
which led to frequent repetitions; but his vantes asked Ctesar to send Mandubntios 
works were marked by a quiet simplicity to rule over them and to protect him from 
and harmonious tone which will always en- i Cassivellaunus. Cfesar gn^nted their requeet, 
title him to a good place in the ranks of and sent Mandubratius to them, at the same 
Scottish landscape-painters. He formed an . time demanding and obtaining hostages and 
early friendship with John Phillip, R.A., com. The example of the Trinovantes was 
who painted an excellent portrait of him. ' speedily followed by other tribes living along 
[Scotsman, 12 May 1879; Art Journal, 1879; i ^^ course of the Thames, whose names i» 
Clement and Hutton'H Artists of the Nineteenth , g»ven by Ciesar as Cemmagni, Segontiwa, 
Century; Gmves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880; ' Ancalites, Bibroci, and Cassi, all of whom 
Catalogue of Royal Scottish Acatlemy's Loan Ex- , submitted. From them Ciesar learnt that 
hibition, 1880 ; information from Mrs. Eraser and Cassivellaunus had not far distant a fortified 
Mr. J. M. Gray.] L. C. ' place in which a large number both of men 

rt A aaiT t tq t?.«»o ^„ res .« Tr^^-vT,,,^^ i i ^^^ of cattle had been collected for pioteo- 

CASSILiLIo, Earm of. See Kennedy. ' , . •**.!. *i.- * i. Sj 

' ^ -* ' tion against the enemy ; this stronghold was 

CASSIVELLAUNUS C/7. 54 B.C.), a Bri- \ promptly attacked by Caesar; it« defenders 
tish prince contemporary with Julius Coesar, , were unable to repulse Cfe«ar*s attack and 
whose territory lay to tlie north and north- | made their escape on another side. Many 
east of the river Thames, comprising roughly ' of them were killed in their flight, and the 
the modem counties of Hertfordshire, Ruck- ' whole of the cattle fell into Ciesar's hands, 
inghamshire, and Berkshire ; its exact limits | The precise position of this place is unknown, 
are uncertain. The people over whom he : Meanwhile Cassiyellaunus sent instructions 
ruled were the Catuvellauni, a powerful and , to the four kings who governed as many di»- 
wurlike nation who had encroached upon the I trict« in Cantium, or Kent, to surprise and 
surrounding tribes ; their territory had been I storm Csesar's naval camp. The attempt 
much extended before Cnesar's arrival in j failed, and, being discouraged by his own ill- 
Britain by Cassiyellaunus, who had been en- success, and still more by the defection of 
gaged in constant conflicts with his neigh- ! his allies, Cassivellaunus submitted to Ciesar, 



hours, and his conquests had given him such 
supremacy over them that he was recognised 
as their natural and undisputed leader against 
the invader. Cassivellaunus is first men- 
tioned by Cjesar in his account of his second 
expedition to Britain in the summer of 54 B.C. 
Ca?sar relates how, after having effected a 
landing and advanced some twelve miles 
into the interior of the country, he was re- 
called to the coast by the intelligence of the 
destruction of the greater part of his fleet in 
a storm. Ten days were consumed in re- 
pairing the ships that remained, and then, 
advancing to the Thames, Caesar found the 



who took hostages, imj)osed an annual tri- 
bute, and enjoined Cassivellaunus to abstain 
from harassing the Trinovantes or their king 
Mandubratius. Csesar now left Britain, after 
a stay of barely two months. In Welsh tra- 
dition, as preserved in the Triads and the 
Bnits, Cassivellaunus appears aaCaswallawn. 
Here much romantic detail overlies a narra- 
tive in which an agreement with the main 
outline of Caesar's account can be traced. 

The name Cassivellaunus is Oaulish in 
form. The first part of the word is com- 
pared by Professor Rhys with the name of 
the tribe of the Cassi, and the whole is inter- 



enemy drawn up in great force on the north- preted by him to mean ' a ruler of the league 



em bank of that river, under the command 
of Cassivellaunus. In spite of the British 
fortification of the banks, the Roman soldiers 
crossed the river, and the Britons were un- 



or a tribe-king/ Vellaunus probably meant 

'a ruler,' being connected with the Irish 

Jlaith (a prince), and with Welsh fficlad 

(country), Englii^ wield. The name of the 



Oatuvellnuni is »iniilBrly compoundpil of rel~ 
fauna intli mlii, Irisli cata, Welsh cad, 
battle. 

[Cvmr. B. O. t. 11-23; EllW» Origiii* of 
SufClUb EisioT'; : Bhys's LeMurea on Welsli Plii- 
lolngy, 2nd cd.. and Coltic Briuun.] A. M. 



IiS,l'ETEIt(lO84-ir40),pMnter 
and engraver, waa one nf tbnt host of iecoiid- 
rate foreicners who found happy himting- 
ffTOiindB in Englnnd in tlie eeventeeulli and 
eighteenth centuries. He whs bom in Ant- 
werp in 1084; came to EuKlaud in 1703, and 
revisited Antwerp in 17la He ahorlly re- 
turned, however, and settled in this countrv. 
He painted birds, fowls, fruit, mid flowers 'in 
an inferior manner.' He worked more siie- 
«esstully with the graver. Lord Burlington 
patronised him, nnd published, at his own 
charges, Casteels's ' Villas of the Ancients,' 
givingtheartist theprofite. In 1723 Casteels 
pubLshed on his own account twelve etchings 
of birds and fowls, and also some engravings 
from his own pictures. In 1736 he obtained 
work M a designer In the calico works at 
Tooting, and removed thither: later he fol- 
lowed tne factory to Richmond, and there 
died 10 May 1749. 

[Walpolr's Anecdolvs of PaintiDg, iii. 663, ed. 
1849.1 

OASTELL, EDMUND, DJJ. (1606- 
1685), .Semitic scholar, was the second son of 
Robert Caatell (probably of Christ's CoU^fe, 
Cainbridge), a man of property and educa- 
tion, and was bom ' iratis Musis,' as he said, 
atTadlow by Kasf Hallpy in Cambridgeshire 
in 1606, whence, after tlie usual grammatical 
training of the period, he proceeded in 1621, 
at the age of fifteen, to Emmanuel College, 
Cambridge, And took the successive degrees 
of bachcW (16Sl-f>) and master (IfiSS) of 
arts, niid bachelor (1635) and doctor {by 
mandate l(Un) of divinity. After tliia last 
date he removed to St. John's College, on 
account of the advantages offered by its li- 
brary, wherein he found much assistance in 
the compilation of the great work of hia 
life, the ' Lexicon Heptaglotton,' upon which 
h«> bad been at work sitice 1661. This vast 
undertaking was in some sort the outcome 
of Castuli's previous labours in assisting Wal- 
ton in the preparation of his 'Bihlia Poly- 
glotta,' in which the former was especially 
rcBponsible for the Samaritan, Svriac, Arabic, 
and Ethiopic versions, aa Walton bimsolf 
admits; though it appears that Castell was 
cmdited by Walton with a miirh smaller 
shareintbework than be really accomplished, 
and that, so far from deriving any profit 
from the gntuity which Walton allowed 
..e^tii of bis Bsaislaatij, lie actually diabuiBed 



a tbousand pounds of his private fortime, 
over and above lliat gratuity, in incidental 
researches. 
I The Polyglott Hible was published in 1 657, 
, and Castell was already in the throes of its 
great sequel, the 'Lexicon Heptaglotton, Hl^- 
I braicum, Chaldaicum, Syriocum, Samarita- 
I niim,.Ethiopicum. Arabicom, conumctim,et 
Persicum separalim.' In the deaication to 
Charles II prefixed to the ' Lexicon,' when 
at length it was published in two volumes 
folio in 1669, the story of its composition 
ia told with a sad simplicity that atones for 
a pedantic display of varied teaming. The 
eightepnih year of composition, he writes, haa 
been reached, and tliat long period has been 
filled with un remitting toil of seldom lessthiin 
, sixteen or eighteen hours aday, witb constant 
I vigils, with bodily suffering — 'membrorum 
confhictiDneg,laxationes,contusionea' — with 
loss of fortune, snd flnallv all hut the loss 
I of sight. Worthington (Diary, ii. 22) de- 
i scribes him at this lime as ' a modest and re- 
tired person, indefatigahly studious : he bath 
siicriflced himself to this service, and ia re- 
solved to go on in this work thoi^;h be die 
in it.' He had scarcely any assistance. Now 
' and again he induced, by the sacrifice of the 
I remnant of his pnlrimony.some scholar toaid 
I him, but it was rarely that he could retain 
I such sen'ices for any length of time in so de- 
I prcseingatask. He mentions three scholars 
who reudered him more protracted service, but 
. these deserted him at last, even his printer 
mutinied, and he was left alone in his old age 
to finish the gigantic work. One of his a»- 
sistanta suddenlv died, and Castell had to 
! pay for his burial, and took charge of bia 
orphan child. He had not only spent his 
life and strength; he had reduced himself 
to poverty by expending over 13,0(X)?. upon 
the work: and even so, he was 1,800/. in 
debt, and had become responsible for some 
debts of his brother, for wnich the unfortu- 
nate scholar was sent to prison in 1667. 
This condition of actual distress, aggravated 
by the loss of much of his library and efiects 
in the ^reat fire, and coupled perhaps with 
the notice nttracled by a volume of congra- 
tulatory poems to the king, nt length pro- 
cured him a BCHJity measure of roynt favour. 
In 1666 he was made chaplain in ordinary 
to the king ; in 1667 he was appointed to 
the eighth prebcndal stall in fJsnteTbury 
Cathedra), from which, however, he was ex- 
cused attendance, partly by reason of infir- 
mities, and partly on account of the duties 
of the professorship of Arabic at Cambridge, 
to which he was at about the Mime time ap- 
pointed. This was the only academic emolu- 
ment he ever received, and that by rvyd, 



Castell 272 Castell 



not university, nomination; and although 
he always stayed in his friend Lightfoot's 
rooms wnen at Camhridge, the chair cost him 



were left on condition that his name should 
he inscribed on each; and this, with his por- 
trait (which may also be seen in the frontis- 
more than it brought in, as Castell himself i piece to his * Lexicon '), has been duly affixed 
stated in a letter (16 Aug. 1674) to the cele- | (Will of £. Castell, 24 Oct. 1686, Baker MS. 
brated Dr. Spencer, master of Corpus Christi 24, pp. 268-71, Brit. Mus^ 
College, Cambridge (still preserved among Besides the ' Lexicon Heptaglotton ' and 
the manuscripts at Lambeth Palace). He his share in Walton's 'BibUa Polyg^tta,' 
was also elected F.R.S. in 1674. Castell was the author of an inauffural leo- 
Castell brought out his ' Lexicon ' in 1669. ture on the merits of the study of Arabic, as 
It marks an epoch in Semitic scholarship, exemplified by the interpretation of the CSuum 
J. D. Michaelis, who edited a separate issue of of Avicenna (' Oratio . . . in secundum canonis 
the Syriac division of tlie wort (Gottingen, Avicennse librum,' tiondon, 1667, 4to), which 
4to, 1788), writes with respectful enthusiasm was included in Kapp's ' Clarissimorum M- 
of Castell's unparalleled industry and solid rorum Orationes selectaa.' Some marginal 
learning, and differs in some points of detail manuscript notes of Castell^s are preserved 
from that ' vir magnus ' only with the greatest in the copy of Plempius's Canon of Avicenna 
diffidence. The Bfebrew section also was pub- (1658) in the British Museum. His volume 
lished separately at Gottiuj^u by Trier in of poems addressed to Charles II is entitled 
1790-2 in 4to. But the original * Lexicon * * Sol Angliss oriens auspiciis Caroli II re- 
met with a deplorably cold welcome in Eng- gum gloriosissimi' (London, ad insigne Cam- 
land. The * London Gkzette * (No. 429, De- pause in coemiterio D. PauB, 1660, 4to), and 
cember 23-7, 1669) contains an advertise- includes con^tulatory odes in Hebrew, 
ment in which the imhappy scholar states Chaldee, Synac, Samaritan, Ethiopic, Ara- 
that for three-quarters of a year he or his bic, Persian, and Greek, with indifferent 
servants have attended in London at the Latin translations. The obvious design of 
place of sale, but that the subscribers send these effusions is to attract the king^s notice 
so slowly for their copies that he must fix and support for the toiling author of the 
the following Lady-day as the last date of * Lexicon Heptaglotton : ' 
attendance. At the time of his death about gj^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^3 .^^ Lexicon, atone 
five hundred copies still remained unsold, and Lfletius hinc totnm progrediatur opus. 
his niece and executrix, Mrs. Crisp, lodged mi. ^ -1.1 j- ^ i» ^1. r^ ^ 
the remnant of her uncle's life-worTk in one The terrible distress of the poor scholar 
of her tenant's houses at Martin in Surrey, ^^."f !/^^ fulsomeness of the language m 
where for some years the rats played such ^^^h the king's virtues are set forth, 
havoc with the learned pages that when the [Biog. Brit. s.v. ; Heame's Praelim. Obs. to 
stock came to be examined scarcely a single Loland's Collectanea, p. 80 ; Wood's Athens 
copy could be made up from the wreck of O^on- (Bliss), iii. 883 ; Fasti, ii. 48 ; Wortldng- 
the sheets, and the fragments were sold for t<>°'» P*^^» "v^l' ** » twenty-three letters of 
the sum of 71 Castell to Lightfoot, 1664-70, in Lightfoot » 

When worn out with work and bowed ^^'^nl^-rSi^'^^K^^- ?"^ \^°?''° ^H^' 

•i-v, n «4^n ««««;^«^ ♦!... ,r;/»„«,«« ^^ ^o- '*29; Ded. and Praef. to the Lex. Hepta- 

with yeare Castell received the vicarage of ^^^^^^ 'information from Rev. J. K B. Mayor, 

Hatfield Beverell in Essex, from which he |^^ ^^^ ^^ j ^ ^a^^ee, vicar of Tadiow. 

was removed to the rectory of Wodeham ^^o finds the name spelt Castell in the baptis- 

Walter in the same county, and finally to jj^gx register— not Castle, as some have snp- 

Higham Gobion, Bedfordshire, where he died posed.] S. L.-P. 

in 1686. We learn from the epitaph which ^ ^ ««,rrr ^ xrr^ ▼ x a -^r r •> ,«-i-v 

he himself inscribed over the grave of his ,. ^^™^,Y^^^^ (f ^^)»JB?t 

wife, for them both, that he married Eliza- listed 'A Petition exhibited to the High 

beth, relict of Sir Peter Bettesworth, and Court of Parbament for the Propagating of 

afterwards of one Herns. In spite of the the Gospel in America and the West In^es, 

unhandsome usage he experienced at his and for settling our Colomes there, 1641, 

university, he preserved to the last his zeal reprmted m Forces * Tracts, vol. i. 1836; 

for academic interests, and he bequeathed and 'A Short Discovene of the coasts of the 



cellor, Nichols, Lit. Anecd. iv. 28); 111 became rector of CK)urteBnhall,Nortl^ 

books selected from his library to Emmanuel ^^^^y ^^ 1^27, and died on 4 July 1645, 
College, and a massive silver tankard to St. [Brydges*s Northamptonshire, i. 854 ; British 

John^. The tankard and the manuscripts Museum Catalogue.] T, F. H. 



Castello 



Castine 



CASTELLO, ADIUAN HE (llOOP- 
JiyJl ?). [See AVBUK db Castbllo.] 

OASTELLO, JOHN (1792-1845), dialect 
po«t, was bom in 1792 at Kathfamluiii, near 
Ihiblin, but his pwenls, who were Itiiinaii 
catholic^ emigrated to England, and on the 
TOTBge were aaipwrecked oft' the laie of Man. 
Cutulo was then onljtwo or three years old. 
Th^ settled at the quiet haiulet of Letil- 
faolm Bridge, nine miles Irom Whitb;^. Cas- 
tillo identified bimself completely with the 
eouutj of York. His father having died 
when Castillo was eleven, ha was taken from 
■cbool to become a eervant-boy in Lincoln- 
thin, but two years lat«r he returned and 
lived chiefly at Fryup in Cleveland, where 
he was a ftonenuson. He was admitted as 
a member of a Weeleyan ' class ' at Danby 
End Chnpil on 6 April 1818. He now be- 
came a local preacher and an energetic re- 
vivalist, having considerable success in the 
Dales. In 1838, when bis name was not 
on any plan as preacher, be says that he 
■ occasionally mt severe Inslies on that ac- 
cmmt. but endeavoored as much ns possibtt> 
to keep out of the pulpits by holding prayer 
meetjnfrs and giving exhortations out of the 
singing pews or from the forms.' He wrote 
verses, some of them illustrative of Wes- 
leyan religious sentiments and others siie- 
g^ted by incidents which occurred in the 
neigbbourhood. The most important is' Awd 
IsBAC,' which is a valuable memorial of the 
Cleveland dialect (though the nuthor allowed 
his ministerial friends to make some un- 
happy ' correctJooB'), and hEts hud a wide 
nopularily anions the peasantry. Uld Isouc 
Hobb of (Jlaisdale is supposed to be the ori- 
([inal of the piwe. U is a description of 
Sunday in Cleveland. Another, ' T Leeal- 
holm Chnp'g Luckv Dream,' is a Yorkshire 
variant of the legend of the chapman of SwafF- 
hom, a folk-tale of which the earliest form 
is that given in thu Persian poem called the 
• Maenavi,' written by JaUuddin. This le- 
gend is discussed in the' Antiquary,' 1884-5, 
X. 202, xi. Ifi7. Castillo died at Pickering 
on IS April ISJfi, and is buried in the grave- 
yord of the "Weslnynn chapel there. Of 
' AwdTsaao'there have been many editions, 
chiefly without the authors name. Of his 
collected writings there are two editions, 
one published at Klrby Moorside in 1850, 
and the other at Stokealey In 1868. The 
' Dialect Poems ' were missued at Stiikesley 
in 1478. He was an habitual djalectspuaker, 
oad even employed it in his diwounen as a 
il preaehei, Ono of his sermons, ' Jacob's 
II _i _ .^ printed in pamphlet form at 
'" Ho was locally known as 




the ' Bard of the Dales,' and bis name Is 
sometimes spelled Castello. 

[Skont's Bibliograpbicnl List (English Dia- 
loet Society), pp. 113. 11»: Ndwbuid'b Poets of 
Yorkshice, p. 217; Ominge's Poets and Poetry 
of Yortsliire, p. 306 ; Poems in the North York- 
ibire Dialect, by the late John Castillo, odited 
with MemoiF by Goorgn Murkliaui Tvcddell, 
Stukesley, 1878.] W. E. A. A. 

CASTINE, THOMA.S (rf. 1793?), a native 
of Ballyneille, parish of Lomaa, Isle of Man, 
is slated by the Manx historian Train to have 
enlisted In the 'king's own' regiment of foot 
(4th foot), in which he rose to the rank of ser- 
geant. Itetuming on furlough after a few 
years' absence, the story continues, he married 
about 1773 a youngwoman named Helen Cor- 
lace, with whom he was acquainted before his 
departure, and indulging In dissipation with 
former companions, he overstayed his leave. 
Fearing apprehension as a deserter, he escaped 
in ■ smuggling lugger to Dunkirk, and, enter- 
ing the French army, ser\-ed in .^nerlca. At 
the outbreak of the French revolution he held 
the rank of colonel of infantry. Train speaks 
of him as one of the moat prominent chiefs of 
the revolutionary armies, and refers to hia 
sertices at Mayence, and his execution in 
Paris in August 1793, apparently Idenlitying 
himwiththegeneralof division, Adam Philip 
de Custlne, who was executed at Paris on 
17 Aug. 1793 for alleged treason at Mayence, 
and whose fate and the romantic circum- 
stances attending it have been related by 
Alison and other writers. Train furtlier 
states that Castlne's wife was left behind 
when he absconded, and that the Issue of the 
marriage, a son, was twenty years of age and 
a servant at the time of his father's death in 
1793. This yotmg man enlisted in the Mans 
Fencibles, and was subsequently a sergeant 
in the Oallowav militia. In 1837 he was a 
shopkeeper in tlie village of Auchencuir, co. 
GaOoway. Understanding that his father 
had died possessed of property in France, he 
had made application, through the late Mr. 
Cutler Fergus, M.P. for Kirkcudbright, to 
Prince TaUeyrand, when French ambassador 
in London ; but the inquiry initituted showed 
that all traces of such property, if it ever 
existed, bad been lost in the troubles and 
confusion of 1793, The first and last po:^ 
tions of this stoty are, no doubt, authentic ; 
but although there is reason to suppose that 
the Manx deserter, Castine, held rauk In the 
French revolutionary army, there is nothing 
to connect him with the general of division, 
Custlne. The name of Thomas Cosline does 
not appear in the alphabetical li^ts of persona 
guillotined ^ven by Prudhomme. 



_ T 



Castle 

r>-i: V ...kt r fiuctaman. t:- 2i^lct« of five 

■- — — - .^li. 1-2L yirfywn. lit if a«iis?£bed as of the 

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liux: Twr^ Ls£ irms inoTHi 



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*-. „ ^i - - "~ rr --j.-^^. \r -£.*^ n'ru^:. Ati*:ttiik XfLi:-.3jt/ ^T^. London, 



- ;-:a«=a .'-i:!!. T.las^ i:i. 998-9; 
-■s^JL liii* . i:. :*:. -2C^, 2S2-3.J 

G. G. 



i^:'-:^ -*^^8?irT. -t. CASSEI4 



. . .. T " _ • ._.. . __... -iJ! r ~ ' -«I t 1 i"l ., LrillT^if^. ir»s aGer- 









•: i.T. vi!- I.- -_i!* o-T-L-^rc :nf Sir GoMams 
Z izi.-. rn-r . ir^-lfi ir Ir^rltai La the second 
lirrsiiir l' ii»* iiis: ."-Tr— LTT. He had few 

*•:*• ^? "iriTii wni rr:':iil iiajT hi* pa- 

— ■! r *T'i.-. 7.fcsr.I»T Hcsif- pr. F^TSianazh: he 

t."~-im-rL? itiSiiriir'L '.'ijt =ii«:^3o: llazle- 

_ T- ■ ■:. ;'■, >L^ . P" w-*T^o: .ir:- c?. Wicklow: 

". '._^ - -r -r _ r ^ .":.— c: H'U?*T. :•:. SJ.£jl:^: &::£ Ressboroujirh 

r. ■■^^. .- . \ " VriLz.-. I- r*^i:C:n hi* de*ijpi* 

-*-?TLr. T '-T. '\ Z .-••*•- - :. . i-i'.-iir Ku-; :..* .if WiT^rrVri'shousein 

. : - . ...:. '.. ■ - T .' ;.; .":.-- - 'i.i_rl:iC- -uTi >T?rf". Lriz-^i-er H>ii«e in Kil- 

• :: .. . -; .*: . ,' .. ' Lu^ "^o-r. Lfrir«-Lri* Tbr Ihiblin Societv 

- '-■-*..:■ : i.-T- -v's- V:- :■ -: .t i-.ltt. L. ri rv-r-.-Tfi: -*^jiS3i::hfield.aDd 

• ■* •-'-.•: r ■■: ~ "" . .^.:.: "^ ti-lz * ir ~i'r i- -iisr** ^ >i.'jrrillr S;reet. Stf- 

' : "'::::- .r^.j::.::.:-- >. : ■ .. ..:;.-"■ Tirrn ? .-^:t=_ ur-i ■■:ifrrr*irr* r: thecitr. Hi» 

:.:. "-■■..•' :- V :.r i-L^. "r-l : ;• r- T L :_:"•". ri* '«~f?»r :i:": 5- ; ni^r^usv flr built 

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: •:■ .-J :-i J ■:-. -Si" T:- 1 <: 'tl. i--i "--^ =.•-?:• hall in Fishamble 

>:":*T-:. — Itt^ Hir-irl pr>i:iced the 'Mes- 
•-iJL . - > At rl \ 7i'2. a:: i praised the build- 
T^ :" ? .:* i^*-: -**::* pr^prrtie*. The des.i*ni 
'.-<■.." .'■-■.- ~ ■-' >--■■: _- : —■ :_ ■^;-> :.--l- rirl_i=:-T=:: H:ui<e i* believed to be Ids. 
It '-:.:-<■'': -i . -:•--.• ": « : 1 -:. .- --t Tl^'.t i.ri *-iiT=Iv a: Carton on 19 Feb. 
z-LT.i'. z ^-. yiLT^L"'.: y. '•'<' r-^"=- z -' -z. 1- !'""_. iiv£ i:o-t sliiy. and was buritd 
r-r": r.i— ■- !'• '■- ":- ~i- -'.-.'.'-•', l :'-.*. -r :" t: Mi"n.>:".h » WrB3- (o'^reTftKW of /ivA 
:1t: :. 7"il > ■..tV-. i- -. *.* Vr -L---^'.: :r i.- J:" ■— ■: ';. 7. •>'*-•. He 1* represented a.* a 
cit-. -f >.: :1- -7>**- .:ri./' :■•;.- -.>r_iT'.l :? z:,iz : : ir-Teiritv. of amiable thoiurh 5ome- 
':.:» •Cvzii.^-.l ■-i'.-r -"." li : :"--,::.:* :: 'wl.i: -xvzTrlc manner^, whom convivisl 
T"-:^': r.r ' -~--'.: -: :v :-.-. C V.vrr : 'niri:* k-ep: p.^-^r. I: is said that whenb** 
P:.y-1 :4-_i : r rXir.Lr.1*:;" 1- a -.-i.ii:-. :V1: d:sa<i:i*5ed with anv part of his W'-»rk. 
. V^-: r-.T : - i - , "it tt . t :- :: ^ - - :- :":.:* : rler. i he v* "'i*. rx* : ed h :s men locet her. marched tht^m 
M&ri:: i/l:~ ri. nii-t^r :: T-ir Chirrrrh:.u<e. t** :: in pr^.vession. and forthwith pulled it 
ra-*.ir -aa* ar'>:):n:-r'i pLv-:c;an :■■ tha: in- d?wi:. To Castle belongs the credit of hariru: 
.-•it i'.im, &r.'i obtain-rl a r*-*pec:a>.'Ie share intT^xLiiced into Ireland a frreatly improved 
of h<i-:in':=7. But ^Ivijiz wav, if we mav style of architecture. In 1736 he published 






\ 



• All Eaeay towards Supplying the City of 
I>ubUii wi"th Watar.' 

rWirbntton. Whitelaw. and WalA's HisI, of 
]>ablin, ii. ilS7-8; EedgraTes Diet, of Artists. 
1878.] G- G- 

CA8TLE, THOMAS aP04F-1840F) bo- 
tanical and medical writer, was bom in 
Kent, and after leaving school beirame a 

Eupl of Jotn Gill, 9urg«on, at Ilythe ; in i 
is third year he began hia first book, which | 
he llnished beforegoing to London to carry 
on his studied. He entered Guys Hospiul 
in 1826, and was a member of its Physicnl 
Society; the year foUovring he was elected 
fellow of the Linnean Society, when he was 
liring in Bermond^ Square. Subsequently 
he remored to Brichton. and in 1838 he 
signed himself 'SI.D., F.L.9., consultinfr 
phy^cian to St. John's British Ifospital and 
mernb. Trin. CoU. Comb.' His name ie to he 
found in the medical list of the same year, 
but he seems to have died soon afterwards. 
Further particulars of his life are wanting; 
the obovB having been gleaned from his pub- 
lications, which are as follows : 1. ' Lexicon 
PhaMiacop(eliuiii,'Lond. 1826. 8vo, 2nd edit., 
1BS4. 2. 'Modem SurgeiT,' 1828, 13mo. 
3. * Manual of Surgery,' ed. by, 2nd edit. 
1829, 3rd edit. 1831. 4. ' SyHtematic and 
PliT8iologicftlBotAiiy,'1829,13nio. 5. ' Me- 
ai(il Botanv." 1829, 12mo. B. 'Linnean 
System of Botany,' 1836, 4to. 7, ' Eesay 
on Poisons,' 1834, 8vo, 7th edit. 1846. 
8^ ' Phannacopceia, Roy, Coll. Phys.' trans. 
br, 1837. 8ro, 2nd edit. ia38. 9. ' Table of 
dreek Verbs,' Cambridge, 1833, 4to. He also 
edited two editions of Blundell'a 'Uiseaees 
of Women,' IS34 and 1837, and wilh J. A. 
Barton published a 'Britisli Flora Medica,' 
lg37,« second edition of which was edited in 
1887 by J. K Jackson. 

[Caslle's Works.] B. D. J. 



CASTLEHAVEN, Eakl op (d, 1651). 
[See TuL'HBT. Mbbtts.] 

CASTLEMATN, BARBARA [PAL- 
MER], CoPKTBSH OF {d. 1709). [SeeVll- 

UESS, BaRSAKA, DrCllBSS OP CLE^■ELiKD.] 

CASTLEMAIN, Eibl op (rf. 1705)^ 
[See PiLMEB, Roger.] 

CASTLEREAGH, Viscocnt (1 
1821). fSeeSTG»ABT,RoBEET,MAaiiTnsOF' 
Lo.-nK..«BRBr.] 

CASTLETON, Eaki. op (d. 1723), [Bee 
SAi'siiEHao!!, James.] 

CASTKO, -VLFONSO t (1495-1558), 
4JM«logiau, WW n native of Zunora in Spain, 



and at an early age entered the Franciscan 
order at Siilamanca. He became famous l)oth 
ae a theologian and a preacher. So great 
was his reputation that about 1532 be was 
summoned to Bruges by the Spanish mei^ 
ehanle resident there, that they might have 
the advantage of his teaching. As a theo- 
logian he had followed with interest the 
controTerfiies opened up by the Lutheran 
movement, and while he was at Bruges he 
finished the great work on which he had been 
long engaged, a treatise ' Adveraus Htereses,' 
which was f ublished at Paris in 1534. The 
object of his book was a classification and 
examination of all heretical opinions, together 
with a refutation of them, and an account of 
their condemnation at previous times by the 
church. So great was the learning of Fray 
fonso that his book was at once accepted 
a repertory for controversial purposes on 
the Roman side. In twenty-two years it 
passed through ten editions in France, Italy, 
and Germany. The best known are Cologne, 
163(1, lr>39, 1543, 1549; Lyons, 1540, 1556. 

Soon after the publication of this work he 
returned to Salamanca, and continued his 
work as a preacher. In 1637 he published a 
volume of sermons on Psalm !i. (' Homiltn 
3.XV. in Psalmum li.,' Salamanca, 1537), and 
in 1640anotherYolumeof sermons onPsalm 
xxxL (' Homiliip xxiv. in Psalmum xxxi.,' 
Salamanca, 1540)._ His merits were recog- 
nised by Charles V, who made him one of hia 
chaplains. He was present aa a representa- 
tive of the Spanish church at the first session 
nf the Oouneit of Trent. He seems, however, 
soon to have returned to Salamanca, where 
he published, in October 1547, a treatise 
' De justa hieretieorum punitione,' which was 
dedicated to Charles V. In this work he set 
himself to prove — not that it was just to 
punish heretics, which he regarded as suffi- 
ciently proved already, but that the actual 
punishments inflicted by the church wera 
mstly imposed. In 1660 he published at 
Salamanca his last book, ' De potestate legia 
p<enali3,' in which he dincusNed, with much 
ability, several questions regarding the morel 
obligatiouB attttcbing to legal enactments. 
The book is curious, as giving some insight 
into the difficulties which arose from the 
movement of the Reformation, and the con- 
flict between conscientious convictions and 
legal obligations. The question. Has the 
law an inherent claim on man's obedience, or 
only a power of punishina; its non-observonce ? 
was one which exercised the minda of men. 

Fray Alfonso is connected with English 
history because he was chosen by Cliarles V 
to accompany his son Philip when he cama 
as the accepted husband of Queen Mary in 



t2 



V.JL^^-r 270 



Caswall 



C-r. ".":■ ^- -- i • -*..::-!- "1- 1 1 ii»:!i .Vlf^nso \4siied Bradford in liis prison. an<i 

V.:^ ».: •. ■»->> .r. .- zi^---' -^z^^^.z^ TT"^ TO convince him of his errors. We have 

^ - u: ..?s.— :. i^ . .--_■ i=- TTij. jc-T Bndfoni's own aooount of the interview 

>t '.■*. ;*.•.:>: - t^ 1 : ks- 1.^ >r^.- .\ f- 530. &c\ and what he tells us is suffi- 

..X -^ • V. ■* ^ t -.1 -.Ta:^- .=- ci-fn: ro show that his calm assumption of 

>,,««. •• 5<^- ;^; v-i : r lir 53T»f rl^r enlightenment must have sorek 

'.^ >^*. • ^' i.-^ T - ^. ,: - tzI* ':t :rl^ : he temper of a man of Alfonso's learn- 

-- * • t-. • . -. . 1.* - "tl^a:: . iz-c- * He hath a great name for learning.* 

> -. ^ • > :. • :- :.i^L -JTj^-I *4t* Bradford, 'hut surely he hath little pa- 

•*i» . • •- \.' ^. •. : . :.--":- i:?.— ^t."^* ::ts>.v :' he spoke *so that the whole hou^e 

I-: - ■ •• * - ^ ^-^ v.. : ^ i? iiv-.^.L i_i rlrii: aijain with an echo.' Bradford was 

1 * •* ■« •. ■. . -^^ >. r.i-i ■ ir:."v^-:i: ^.i::c^c*.>r4vinced that the controversial triumph 

K • . -k Vi :" .«:.->*•:.-.;. wa^ .-n his own side. 

>■ ■■ :" • x*' ^ \ :- ^ > « > ; -•^- _- Thi* :* all that we hear of Alfonso in Enp- 

. ,v. . v ^ '.^ : : -«. \..: =^- Itr.L In May 15o6 he was in Antwerp, 

n. >. , ■- ^^ v >, . . -- - -:.T »^:. -.>- "»i-:re he :^ued a revised and enlarfrwl «li- 

i.\i>t\ i .-:- - .T : ^.i ::rr. . -:!.:< work. 'Ad versus Ilapreses/ which 

|,^> X. ■ ^- > • -. ■ - -^ :.: r. >.^- - "-iA xv-]r:e.'. him during his leisure in Eni:- 

;..^ . » '. ::-. .ar.-l. a::^ wh;oh he dedicated to Philip. 

S.' V . • -..■ - - - ^ --- . yr:— :!.:> liuie he seems to have staved in 

v.. • • ^ V • :.-:. :i.r >r:'::rr!ands, and at the end of 155rwa> 

X .* . • ; ^^ t: > ir">" .:".:ei azv^hhishop of Compost ella. lie 

. ^ ••..-. • . ■ V • - 111 *:t ::2iv i.^ enter on his office, but diei 

^, . ■ -. -z Br.-^<*rls on 11 Feb. 1558, at the age of 






k ^ ;. ■ ? ^-i- Ti- N.vv-"r.: 



Tr.r br>: edition of the works of Alfon*-* 

. ■ , ; -1 -. : - >■ A.:" " ?: a Oas: ro Zamorensis Opera Omnia/ 

•.-.■. X.>K ."^f :he ".nforniation about Alfonso i» 

• . -. :" : ^ :*-;•■- :>.--. thi- 3tsi: nations and prefaoi'> of hi* 

■.' , . \ ■ • -■».»: ■>.*.■.:* :>.> :hir\* are shi)rt aco.iunts of 

^ , . . ' - IX .■ - - ^ A-'.-:"->'s !•:*: '.i.'theca Uispwiiia N"V4. 

"*' •' . . ^, , ■ , «-.\. ■... .'1 '. Wa^.: rj:"< Soriptores OpJinis Mico- 

^^ . ;/; , ■ ... ■-. V r-- - ~ M. c. 

"' ' ' . ... ^ .^- 0A5WALU KPAVAUD O^l^-^'^"'^'- 

^ . . ^. v' ".•"•■. :- •. •■ ■■-. :.r..l :•>.:. wa> >^in of the lit* V. Robert 

.. ^ , .. • » N\ V - .V-.tk: v':.>'ws v.. an: younger brother of Dr. 

„., . , ; . X . • '.-.-.- ';lir-; Oiiwill.^rfbeadAry v^f Sttlislmn'. Ib^ 

. . * V >.• ^:.-. ;.' \fc-j,> :».:- .^" '..'^ J*.:> l>l4aT Yalelev, nam!>- 

.- :\- >:'.>.. ^':.: TV h.* father was vii»ar. He w:t-! 

^ ...v.;7/:'.l it MarlK'T.'^u.^h and ut B^:l^eUi— ^ 






* » ■ 



' ■ ". : -^v . ' '\ t*." "T.: . of wV. ". I- h s vV ii'T v bo v a* 

': -. . ■ 7.. . -. \': . . r : : :::•■?. 1 1 irmdua Xt^\ B . A . 1 n 

v-," i::.l M A. :r. !>:»<. Aftt-r ordination 

...< yr:>:r.:-'A : -» th* perpetual curacy of 

>■-.«.! :";7.-.-*..':M.*A>':*.r, Wi.i^hire, in ib- Ji»- 



» , ! , .«».&>.•>. : :..iur./.;. IV lV.;r4^?>?. bishop of Sali>- 

^ ., ■•.-. ^ .>.;':.'%: '..' F:;:? ;":v:r.^ ho r^si^ziifd >b.>r!ly 

.. . ... . ^ . . ". •: ■>. ^■:^ r..> r:\> j::r.: :r.:o the Uomiin oatb'4ic 

\.vv.. . .^. ■ ■ ■' . . ■ ■ > *' r. ::...7:r. r. Jir..::.ry ISlT. Tw.^ war* lu-r 

*". .'^. ^. : .; - r V . .5^ ;.: >.ca7.: a ^^:I. w-r. ar.i in Marc^b lN»Oh^ 

' .^ ' ' X . . . : ■;.-.:•.•. ::.; ' »^.^t^r^- :■: St. Philip >\ri, unl-r 

... -..;?.■. .♦t K:::"^ir/.< i.-i7.i:n&.^ >ewman, w::.^v*^ 

„ . ,. . ■ . :'- r ^.-- .^.v.t;.'..^^ hr \.ik\ lua.'.o at the hoiisr >■: 

. . ., ..'....- ..-.-. >r.7:'^?t-v.Ty. ir-.'. t.^ wr.-i<e wn;ir. J* r.v 

...V '-,,.,, \ . .. • N - - ■ .•:'■.> f.:: *.".A*.%> ittT.ru::\: :■.:* o:'-Yor-:.'»n t*^ :V.- 

■?\' ■■'.''V' . ., ; • .'X.'. ; - . -■■ :: rA-.r..'..: :<.::>.. Ir. ont- of his numir-u- 

■ '-t .' " . ; .. . ." ^ .-3:.' ,.< V.::^. > ".xT-.-s. S'i-.r.iLir.^. -Hiii. saor^ Force', l^il 

■***■■; — • - ■ -: -^ A.: :.>.s V.v.- rjv >'-K:=f'.* CA*t%-ailb.-i:v eloquent :ri- 

7 ■ _ . V-.-.- • - •-,- • — ^ ■.^*^■vl t-ie'^'*rO^ over tiini I'V 

*^ V ft«; ^i^ > :ii^^r ^.s >:r=:.-. ::: ::- i\V.. iv, Ni^^aiaz'^mapc pen. WhUe at Oxford 






Caswall liad given evidence of considerable 
buiuoiir and liltjcarv Hkill in two punplileta 
by 'Scribierus HeoiTiTiiB' eulilled 'Pludi 
Elimination Papers' ( 1 B36) and ' A new Art, 
teocliing how to be plncked, being a treatise 
aftertliefatliionof AriatotIe'(lS3i); and be- 
fore his lecession from the egtabliehed cburch 
he publiflbed a eoliectioti of tlioiightful ' Ser- 
mons on the Seen and Unseen ' 1 London, 184(1, 
€to). Afterwards he Bequired distinction qg 
agacredpoet, and some 01 his hymns, ori^nal 
and translated, arekuown wherever the Eng- 
lidi Jauguage is spoken. He died at the 
Oratory, Edgbaston, near Binninghnm, on 
S Jan. larS, xnd was buried at RednaU, neai 
Bromsgrove, in the private cemetery belong- 
io^to the Birmingham Oratory. 

Tie published several devotional works, 
translated for the most part &om the French, 
And was also the author of : 1. ' Lyra Catho- 
licn, containing all the Breviary and Missal 
Hymns ; with others from various sources,' 
tnuElated, London, 1^19, 1884, 33mo ; New 
York, 1851, 12mo. 2. ' The Masque of Mary, 
and other poems,' Ijindon, 18fi6,8vo. 3. 'A 
Mav Paguant, and other poems,' London, 
1865, 16mo. 

[Binninghum Daily Pwt, 4 Jan. 1878 ; Guar- 
dutn, e Jan. 1878. p. 41 ; Weeldv Begister. 
19 Jan. 1878, )i. 38, colirnins 1 aatl 3 ; Cat. o( 
Oxford Graduates (ISfil), 117; Preface to 
Shipltj's Annus Sanotm ; Gillow's Bibl. Ditt. i. 
429; FosUcript to Goadon's Conveniion de SOO 
Aflmatres AngUcains ; Gondon's Lm T^centes Con- 
TOrsLons ds I'AiigletorM, 227 ; Browne's Annals 
of theTrHCtarianMovemeDt, 145; Cat. of Printed 
Books in Brit. Mns.] T. C, 

CAT, CHRISTOPHER (J. 1703-1733)— 
the name Is given in Ileome's ' Collections,' 
i. 117, as 'Christopher Callina'— the enters I 
miner of the ' Kit-Cat Club,' kept a. tavern 
with the sign of the 'Cat oud Fiddle' in 
Shire L>aoi', near Temple Bar, where ho was, 
(IS Dr. King in his 'Art of Cookery' asserts, 
'immortal made by his pyes" of muttmi. ' 
According to one statement this club bad 
its origin in 1688 in the meeting of some 
'men of wit and pleasui* about town,' with- 
out reference to politics ; but the generally 
accepted version asserts that it was founded 
in IfOSby the leading members of the whig 

iMTty in this tavern in Shire Lane, taking 
rom ita entertainer the name of the 'Kit- 
Cat Club.* WTien he moved to the Fountain 
tavern in the l^trund, the club accompanied 
liim. In the summer the meetings were 
b^ld in the Upper Flask tavern, on the edge 
of Unmpstcad Heath, and occHeioiiaUy the 
mianbem met at Jacob Tonwn's hnuse st 
Bam Elms. At lirst there were thiny-ninu 
jftmiben, but the nimiber was ultimately 



increased to forty-eight. The special feature 
of the club consisted of the toasts, which 
were written in praise of the chief whig 
beauties, and were inscribed on the toasting 
glasses. Several of these effusions will ba 
found in the works of Garth, Addison, and 
Lord Halifax, and it will be remembered 
that on one occasion Lady Mary Wortley 
Montagu when a little girl was introduced bj 
her father to the society of these whig wits 
and was gravely saluted by them. Thedub 
decayed about 1730. The derivation of its 
name has been disputed, and Dr. Arbuthnot 
wrote on ejiigram assigning its origin to its 
pack of toaats ' Of Old Cats and Young 
Kits.' Another physician. Sir Richard Black- 
more, published in 1708 a poem of 'The 
Kit-Kflts.' 

Jacob Tonson built a room in his house 
at Bam Elms for the reception of its mem- 
bers, and had the walls adorned with their 
portraits. As it w^as not sufficiently lofty 
for pictures of the ordinary siie. Sir Godfrey 
Kneller made use of a smaller canvas, 36 
inches long by 28 wide, which has ever ainca 
been called a kit-cat. The mezxotint en- 
gravings were published by Tonson in 1728, 
republished by J. Faber in 1796, and repro- 
duced in 1621 in a volume entitled 'Memoir* 
of the celebrated persona composing the 
Kit-Cal Club,' a volume not to be commen- 
dtbd either for accurncv of fact or for grace 
of style, The originals, with the exception 
of the portrait of the Duke of Marlborough, 
are in the possession of Tonson's descendant, 
Mr. William Baker of Bsyfordbury in Hert- 
fordshire. Sii of them were shown to the 
world at the Manchester Eshihition lu 1857. 
The iMiwrs relating to the club are also in 
Mr. Baker's possession. 

A writer in ' Notes and Queries (5th 
series, iii. ^69) prints a letter signed ' Chr. 
Catt,* and dated ' 9th of 5th mo. 1711,' pre- 
sarvedinthesrcbivesof theNorwichmontlily 
meeting ; which proves Cat (if the writer be 
the same personlto have been a qiiaker, and 
to have poasesaed an educated and thoughtful 

A portrait of Cat by Kneller was lent by 
Mrs. H. W. Hutton to the Portrait Exhibition 
in 1867, and a painting in the same colleo- 
tion, also ascribed to Kneller, was said to 
reiiresent a ' scene at Cbristoplier Cat's house, 
Chelsea walk ; Steele, Lord Oifortl, Addison 
ond his stepson little Lord Warwick, Sir 
G. Kneller, und others at tea.' This belonged 
to the Baroness Windsor. 



Catcher 278 Catcott 

C ATCHEB ur Hrsrosr. £I»WAKD '20 Dec. ISOl. and bv good conduct soon o\h 
I•>'^4^-16:i4'r^j•:«uit.=i^Il>>t'E•iwu^li Catcher t&ined a remu«ion o( much of her senten^, 
tf London, was bim in l-y?4 or l->k>. and and married a respectable settler at W'ind- 
tu-^litrd ac BaIIi<>l CoLIeffe. <Jxtor«L where he £or. near Hawkesberry, in that oountiy. He 
ook the detenu of B.A.' Q*^ was reoinciled was greatly attached' to her, and she repaid 
:o the catholic church in L^i>>, entered the his lore to the full. After fifteen yean of 
ELngll^h coUewr»=r at Itome the same year, o^m- an affectionate and devoted married life, she 
pleted his studies at Vallaiiolid. joined the lost her husband on 29 Sept. 1627. He left 
Socitrry of JrriUA at I^uvain in ItiiA* or 161 1, her the bulk of his property, and with a aon 
was ppjcurator of th»; order at Liei^ 1621- and two daughters she removed to Sydnej 
1623, and died on the English miiu>i<jn about in 1S28. There ahe led a quiet, charitabb 
16J4. He translated into English Father life, and died much respected on 10 Sept. 
\ eron's sermons preached betore the Duke de 1841, aged 68. 

I»n>nieville. and hi< * Det^mt of Htrnshe, the In the Ipswich Museum is a akin of that 
Calvinistic Minist«rr,* printetl at Douay 1616. rare bird, tne lyre bird or mountain pheasant 
[Folev's R*:ci>r.Li. i. 149, vi 240.5-23. rii. 123 : i-Wiwmro tuperba\ sent home by Margaret 
Southwells BibL Script. ?oc. Jesn, 184 : Olivers Catchpole. In one of her letters after mar- 
Jesuit Coilectionis 63 ; Backer's Bibl. des Ecri- riage she gave the Rev. Richard Cobbdd 
Tains de U Compagnio de Jesus (1869), 966.] ~j\. t. j, son of her former benefactor, free per- 

T. C. mission to relate the incidents of her life; 

*but/ she added, Met m\ husband's name 

CATCHPOLE, MARGARET (,177^- be concealed for mine an'd for mv children » 
1841;, adventuress, the youngest of six chil- sake.' That wish is here respected. Accord* 
dren, was bom in 17 7^ at the Seven Hills, near ingly Mr. Cobbold published her life with 
the Orwell, in Suffolk. Her father was a many fictitious adornments as a novel in 
labourer employed on the fields of a cele- 3 vols., 1845, and it has been several times 
brated breetfer of Suffolk cart-h<^rses. The reprinted. ' The heroine of this romantic 
farmers wife being suddenly seized with ill- but perfectly true narrative/ as he calls Mar- 
ness, Margaret, when thirteen years of age, garet Catchpole, seems to have been pos- 
mounted a Sufff>lk punch, and galloped with sessed of an indomitable will, which in her 
only a halter round its neck to Ipswich in earlier years was unfortunately warped by 
order to fetch a doctor. After this she misplaced affections. Her courage and corn- 
became a senant in the household of Mr. maud of expedients to g^n her own ends 
CoVjbold of Ipswich, and sawd one of his were conspicuous. When, later in life, 
childrt^n from dro^xniing. Falling in love trouble had subdued her previously undisci- 
with the son of a boatman at I^ndgiiard Fort, plined temper, genuine religious impressions, 
she clung to him, although wholly unworthy and an unaffected desire to atone for the past, 
of her, in spite of the i>ersuasions both of became the dominant features of her cha- 
her mistress and her own fumily. At length, racter. 

in order to meet her lover, she stole her [r^^ r Cobbold's Margaret Catchpole ; in- 
mast<?r s horse, and, dressed as a sailor, rode formation from Mrs. D. Hanbury and others.] 
it from Ipswich to London, seventv miles, jj£ g. W. 

in eight hours and a half. For the tlieft she 

was trie<l and sentenced to death on 9 Aug. CATCOTT, .VLEX-VNDER (17i^5-1771>), 
171)7. In consequence of her l)enring at the divine and geologist, eldest son of the Rev. 
trial, and the interest which John Cobbold, Alexander btopford Catcott [q^. v.], master of 
an 
case 

Ic — , _ ^ . - ■ y 

bold manner on 25 March 1800, and let herself He graduated as B.A. in 1748. He pub- 
down uninjured from the spikes on the top of lished in 1706 his < Remarks on the Lord 
its wall. She was soon recaptured, and a Bishop of Clogher s ** Explanation of the 





Saunted "speech and demeanour a second tion' expressed disbelief in the universality 
time gainedher many friends. The sentence of the deluge. Catcott intended to follow 
was again commuted, but this time to trans- up his 'Tract' by a second part devoted 
portation for life, and (27 May 1801) she especially to the problem of the deluge. He 
"wtia sent to Australia. She* landed on j was, however, compelled by the fiuluie of 



his eyesight 



wad his Inbours imtil i 



. , uapet 

, when he published Lis ' Treati 
the Deluge,' He calla himself on the litle- 

Sge ' lecturer of St. John's Church, Bristol.' 
itcott contenda that the Mosaic account is 
a full and complete e\-planation of the miracle 
of the Noachian deluge. He tries to prove, 
with much show of learning, that the deluge 
may be explained by the internal waters, 
which broke out and dutolved the whole 



John Hutchinson, who, in hia ' Moses's Prin- 
cipia,' contends ' that the Hebrew scriptures, 
wnen rightly translated, comprised a perfect 
system of natural philosophy." In 176fiCol- 
cott dedicated asecond and eulai^ed edition 
of his 'Trentiss' to the Eiirl of Buchan, and 



thdt he spent some time in Oxford, but styles 
bimselfvicarof Temple Church, Briglal. He 
pursued his inquiry with considerable enthu' 
Hiasm. He examined the 'two Llruidical 
temples of Abury and Stonehenge,' the mines 
of Cornwall and of Derbyahire, and every- 
where found proofs of the IJeluge in geological 
remains. In the second part of the second 
edition of the ' Treatise Catcott gives a 
' Collection of the principal Heathen Ac- 
counts of the Flood,' which Sir Charles Lyell 
admits to be a very valuable coniributioa 
to our knowledge. He adds to this collec- 
tioD some important remarks on 'The Time 
when, and the Manner how, America was 
first Peopled.' Catcott died nt Bristol 18 June 
1778 {Gmt. Mag. 1779. p. 327). 

[Hut chin Bun's KL-marks on Alaxandor Stop- 
ford Cetoill's Sermon, 1737; Catcolt's The 
Supreme and Inferior Elohim, 1785; NichoUg'a 
Brutol Past and Present; Bristol Gazette. 
24 Juno 1779; Taylor's Bristol and Clifton. 
1878; information from Mr. W. Georgei Srr 
Charles Lyell's Principles of Gwlogy.l 

B.H-T, 

CATCOTT, ALEXANDER STOPFORD 
(1692-1749), divine and poet, son of Alei- 
ander Catcott, gent., was born in LongAcre, 
in the parish of St. Martin '»-in-the^ields, 
Westminster, lOOct. 1092. He was admitted 
lo Merchant Taylors' School 3 May 16«9, and 
elect«d thence to St. John's College, Uxford, 
-where he matricnlated 2 July 17w. In 1712 
he was elected a fellow of his college, ' where 
he putt on a Civil Law gown, ana took the 
degree of LL.B. 6 March 1717 ' [-18] {Bodl. 
MS. Jiawl. 5. 4to, 5, f. 209). In a letter pre- 
acrved by Dr. Rawlinson, Catcott eives the 
dates of his ordinations, ' Dear Chuinb ... In 
ftuswei to yr queries. I inform you that I was 
ordained deacoiiS June 1718, priest 15 March 



lT18-y, by Dr. Potter ' (bishop of Ojtford), 
(i6. J. fol. 18, f. 352). On 18 April \12-2 he 
was elected head-master of the grammar 
school, Bristol. In the same year he resigned 
his fellowship at Oxford. In June 1729' the 
Ref. Mr. A. S. Catcott was appointed reader 
in Mr. Mayor's OhappeU of St. Mark,' Bristol, 
and 'asallaryof 20/. per annum allowed him 
during the pleasure of the House ' {Manu- 
grript Dian/ of Peter MuglevMrth, sword- 
bearer, 1725-34, t 95). Eleven years after- 
wards he held the lectureship of St. John's 
at Bristol (^Audit Book, Brittol Onrporatioii). 
A sermon preached by him in 1736 before 
Lord- chief- iuBl ice Hardwicke (then lord 
high elewaro of Bristol) w«a printed at the 
expense of the Bristol corporation ; it occa- 
sioned a controversy which lasted many 
years. Catcott was presented to the rectory 
of St. Stephen's, Bristol, by Lord-chancellor 
Hardwicke 3 Jan. 1743-4 (^JBodl. MS. Bawl. 
fol. It!, 356), when he resigned the mBs(«r- 
ehip of the grammar school. Thomas Fry, 
D.D., president of St. John's Coll™;e, Onfom 
(d. 1772), and Itichard Woodward, D.D., 
bishop of Cloyne (d. 1794), were among Cat- 
cott's pupils (G. S. CiTCOTT, Mamucript), 
He died of a lingering disorder 23 Nov. 1749 
{Briitol Weekly InMUgeneer, 29 Nov.), and 
six days later was buried in St, Stephen's 
Church (burial register). Among his con- 
temporanes Catcott was distinguished as a 
'pulpit orator' {Brittol Weekly Intelligencer), 
' a good poel, profound linguist, well skilled 
in Hebtew and Scripture philosophy, and » 
Judicious stbooliuaster ' (Barrbit, Biet. of 
Bnatol, 1789, p. 514). Wesley testifies to 
his eminent piety {Journal, 1827, iv. 192; 
see also Dr. Wilson, Hintory of Merchant 
Taylors' Sehoot, 1072). Catcott was a Hut- 
chiusonian, and 'one of those authors who 
first distinguished themselves as writers on 
the aide of' that school (JoSEs, Memoir* 
of Biski^ Home, 1795, ^.33). In a note ap- 
pended to his Assize Sermon, 1736, Catcott 
expresses his indebtedness to Hutchinson. 
Several of Hutchit^son's letters to Catcott are 
in the City Libraty, King Street, BristoL 

'The Poem of Musceus on the LcneB of 
Hero and Leander,' 1715, and ' The Court of 
Love, a Vision firom Chaucer,' 1717, are the 
only poems he published separately ; both 
' printed at the Theater,' Oxford. An octavo 
mauuscript, containing poems written byhxm 
at Oxford and Bristol, is extant, * In hia 
youneer days,' Dr. Bawlinson says, Cai^^ott 
' applyed himself much to poetry,' but soon 
■ tiiru d his head more towards divinity and 
the languages' (J?»J:. MS. Bawl. J. 4to, 6, 
209). Catcott's sons, Alexander [q. v.] and 
tirarge S. Catcott, were friends of Chatter* 



Caicoit 2S0 Catesby 

*'i T"i^ :Vb-r ijt»i Vf..?if :ht Ti.>:-'* birrt, to;!, 1752. 8vo. These are included in (x^-iii.) 

V-: fr.-— i. .'^.•z^.is^.z. -rri. !> <i.-r l** U*:: * Seimvins,' London, 1753, 8to; London, 1767, 

£: -scri^^i 4^ .:.: : :^:->- .r^ i.inft: :i .r Cit:T«r: .>n. ^xo. Though stated to be ' the second edi- 

Ci:.'*x: * w.-rij. tr*: • '. 'Tin Y^.-^ezz, cc T ion.' it is tmit of 1 753 with a new title-page. 

Mss.^ ..^ . r. tit Ir \:* :S 'zIxt: 1.2 :1 Le-^kr.5tT; The title-page issued with the ten sermona 

Tiitriri.:^* .-. .r. V.t^1.sL :l:r.LA V-rs*-,' v.*\- • Bri>Tol, 17oi,' is sometimes prefixed to the 

: . ri. - * ". \ ^'l j.t . r. 1 •r*! . -a: =^ : : * Laiy c^. 'mplet e vol ume published in 1 753, edited by 




!.• ':>: • :::-.- *!\vv.l -.>.*. * .r.. .'\:'. r.-.. !">'. 4:;. btrVrt^ the Mayor and CoqK>rat ion of Bristol, 

T:.: '..-^ov. A •.•,■■.•.•. ;v-. '. ..- * r..: .r. ::.: ,-i:i- X*.*.. ^v*.*. Translations and various other 

^v..v .*:" ^vv'x> .:: :\r.:.s.. V...SC..". 7:.: f.Ts: l\t\>*. by A. S. Cat cot t, Master of the 

^; : .■ V. X* A ? y r . •. : i ».-. . \ : "r -. .-. -. > . r: :. v. .1 1: : :. : : x- Tr. . rr.t 's G rammar School, Bristol,' 8to, 

jy -..Ns- /: :-.:■ V»r.>: . . o.rivr*-. r. 1: ; *..: .■■.'.: -^^> iwuT-.'*, all in the autograph of A. S. Ctii- 

l^'-.::r.*.vc '^.^ivsq-rx.-: /:■.>' .: ty K;"*. c ". The title is in the handwriting of 

A-::...r IW,:'. :*.:. ".T-vn w\..":. •/.■k "a v.: v i:- llichr.ri Smith, surpH>n, Catcott's grandson, 

iv::, H.:: .••..•.■.>.•::. ,'......> Ha:;, av.- l*iv..r' He jv>!^e5*ed many of the books of George 

i»,:: v.* -.v.s vc.*.v.vi.'.-. : ^^nt <• ' A- Vr.svkir :.^ Sv.::?;? Catcoii. of Chattertonian fame. 
t:-.: V :w.r^ a: .us /v. a >5 r-.v..:: v--^ .•.,-:. ,: .v. > :a--v -j^:^ cited nbore; Catcott's books. 3Ir. 

iV.; O.r.vr::.:.." .: l^r.*:.. rv A.:\ >: :>- yMAJxr. KvileiAa Library, ha* kindly supplied 

!. r,: C.'.:o. ::. I *. > \> i. >..... A:: iiv.- tri-sN-riits of the llawlinson MSS. for this 

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tht- laie RevrrtuJ A.S.Catc^.>:t. LL.B./Bri*- died U^iweeu 3 Not. 14«5 and HiUrr tenn 



Catesby 



281 



Catesby 



1487, the place of his death, according to a 
notice in the year-hooks, heing eight leagues 
from London. According to Foes he married 
Elizabeth, daughter of William Green of 
Hayes in Midmesex. He was buried, as he 
had himself directed, in the abbey of St. 
James at Northampton, and left behind him 
seven sons and two daughters, who are all 
mentioned in his will. 

[Foss's Judges, v. 42; Dogdale's Warwick- 
shire, 788 ; NicoWs Testamenta Vetusta, 389 ; 
Report ix. of Deputy-Keeper of Public Records, 
App. ii. Foss calls attention to a John Catesby 
who is referred to in a document of 1485 
{Rymer, xii. 275), as having at some past date 
occupied a house called the * Grene Lates,' ad- 
joining Westminster Hall ; but this could scarcely 
hare been the judge, as he is not even designated 
knight, either there or in the Act of Attainder 
{Rolls of Pari. vi. 372), and in the latter he ought 
certainly to have been recognised, both as knight 
and justice.] J. G. 

CATESBY, MARK (1679 P-1749), natu- 
ralist, was bom, probably in London, about 
1679. After studying natural science in Lon- 
don, he raised the means for starting on a 
voyage to the New World in 1710. After 
an absence of several years, spent in travelling 
over a very extensive district, Catesby re- 
turned to England in 1719, with a collection 
of plants, which was reported to have been 
the most perfect which had ever been brought 
to this country. This attracted the attention 
of men of science, especially Sir Hans Sloane 
and Dr. Sherard. Catesby remained in Eng- 
land for some time arranging and naming 
his specimens, a considerable number of which 
passed into the museum of Sir Hans Sloane. 
\Vith some assistance from Sloane, Catesby 
again went to America in 1 722, and even- 
tually settled in Carolina. He returned to 
England in 1726, and at once set seriously to 
work in preparing materials for his lai^ and 
best known work, * Natural History of Caro- 
lina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, with 
Observations on the Soil, Air, and Water.' 
This book was accompanied by a new map, 
constructed bv Catesby, of the districts ex- 
plored. The nrst volume was published in 
1731 and the second in 1748. There were up- 
wards of 100 plates ; all the figures of the 
plants being drawn and etched by Catesby 
nimself. He also coloured all the first copies, 
and the tinted copies required were executed 
under his inspection. After the publication 
of this work, on 26 April 1733, he was 
admitted a fellow of the Koyal Society. A 
aecond edition — ^which was revised by M. 
Edwards, with an appendix — was issued in 
1748. A (German translation, with an in- 
troduction by ^ M. Edwards du College Royal 



des M^decins de Londres,' was published 
at Niiremberg in 1766. A third edition 
was required in 1771, to which a Linnsean 
index was appended. Catesbjr also produced 
(in 1737 ?) * Hortus Britanno-Americanus, 
or a Collection of 85 curious Trees and 
Shrubs, the production of North America, 
adapted to the Climate and Soil of Great 
Britain,' fol., seventeen engravings. Many 
trees and shrubs were first introduced by 
him, and the publication of this volume 
added considerably to the introduction of 
American plants. 

A West Indian genus of shrubs of the 
order Cinchonacece was named CatesbsBa 
after this naturalist. 

In 1747 Catesby read a paper before the 
Royal Society * On the Migration of Birds,' 
which contained much new and striking 
evidence on the subject. 

Catesby resided for some time in the Isle 
of Providence, making a collection of fishes 
and submarine productions. He published 
the results of this inquiry in a folio volume, 
entitled ^Piscium, Serpentum, Insectorum 
aliorumque nonnuUorum Animalium, nee 
non Plantarum quarundam, Imaffines.' An 
edition of this work appeared in Niiremberg, 
1777. 

Catesby died at his house in Old Street, 
London, on 23 Dec. 1749, aged 70, leaving 
a widow and two children. 

[Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany ; Drake's 
Diet, of American Biog., Boston, 1872 ; Lind- 
ley and Moore's Treasury of Botany.] 

R. H-T. 

CATESBY, ROBERT (1573-1606), se- 
cond and only surviving son of Sir William 
Catesby of Lapworth,Warwickshire, by Anne, 
daughter of Sir Robert Throckmorton of 
Coughton in the same county, was bom at 
Lapworth in 1573. He was sixth in descent 
from William Cateslw [q. v.], of the household 
to Henry VI (Hot Pari. v. 197) and speaker 
of the House of Commons in the parliament 
of 1484 (vi. 238), who, being on the side of 
Richard lU, escaped from the battle of Bos- 
worth only to be hanged at Leice^er a few 
days afterwards (Gaibdner, Hichard III, 
308). The attainder against him being re- 
versed, his estates reverted to his family, and 
the Catesbys added largely to them in the 
century that followed. Sir William Catesby, 
in common with the great majority of the 
country gentry throughout England who 
were resident upon their estates and uncon- 
nected with the oligarchy who ruled in the 
queen's name at court, threw in his lot with 
tne catholic party and sufiered the conse- 
quences of his conscientious adherence to the 



Catesby 



282 



Catesby 




, ,^,- , . - , presumably^ 

ne regarded as worse than a mockery , he suf- suffered from his lonjr confinement (t^. 6th 
fered severely in person and substance during llep. 31 1). Mattersdid not mend for the re- 
the latter half of Queen £Ilixabeth*s reign, cusants during the next few yearSy and the^ 
He had become compromised ss early as 1580 i penal laws were not relaxed, though the yic-- 
bjr^ his Ji)efriending of the Roman emissaries tims were perforce kept quiet. ^When the 



(Col. State Papers. Dom. 1580, p. 322), and 
he certainly was a liberal contributor to their 
support ( TrcubUt of our Catholic Forefathers^ 
^d ser. p. 156). There is some reason to be- 
lieve that Robert, his son, was for a time a 
scholar at the college of Douay {Diary of the 
English College, Douay^ ed. Dr. Knox, 1878, 
p. 200), but in 1586 he entered at Gloucester 
Hall, now Worcester College, Oxford, which 



mad outbreak of Robert, earl of Essex, in 
1601 brought that foolish nobleman to the 
scaffold, Catesby was one of his most promi* 
nent adherents, and in the scuffle that took 
place in the streets he leceived a wound. 
He was thrown into ffaol, but for once in her 
career the queen did not think fit to shed 
much blood in her anger. More money was 
to be made out of the conspirators by letting 



was then a favourite place of resort for the j them live than by hanging them, and Catesby 
sons of the recusant gentry, as Peterhousewas i was pardoned, but a mie of 4,000 marks was 
at Cambridge. The young men of this party ; imposed upon him, 1,200/. of which was 
rarely stayed at the university more than a j handed over to Sir IVancis Bacon for his 
year or two, the oath of supremacy being a ; share of the spoils (SPEDDive, Bacon Letterty 
stumbling-block to them ; and Catesby never | iii. IH. It was an enormous impost-, and 
proceeded to the B. A. degree. In 1592 he mar- - equivalent to a charge of at least 3(^000/. in 
ried Catherine, daughter of Sir Thomas I^igh ; our own times. Catesby was compelled to 
of Stonelei^h, Warwickshire, and with her i sell the Chastleton estate, and seems then 
had a considerable estate settled to the uses of to have made his home with his mother at 
the marriage. Next year, by the death of his Ashby St. Legers, Northamptonshire. Grow- 
grandmother, he came into possession of the ing more and more desperate and embittered,, 
estate of Chastleton, where he continued to he seems after this to have brooded fiercely on 
reside for the next few years. His wife died his wrongs and to have surrendered himself 
while he was living at Chastleton, leaving to thoughts of the wildest vengeance. Cast- 
him with an only son, Robert ; an elder son, ing aside all caution he consorted habitu- 
William, having apparently died in infancy, ally with the most reckless malcontents and 
In 1598 his father died, and though his . brought himself so much under the notice of 
mother, Lady Catesby, had a life interest in j the government that a few days before the 
a large portion of her husband's property, ; queen's death he was committea to prison by 
Catesby wasby this time a man of large means j tlie lords of the council, and was probably 
and much larger expectations; but it seems under arrest on the accession ofJames I (Cam- 
that the pressure of the persecutinglaws, which ! den, Ep, p. 347; CaL State Paper*, Dom. 
had been applied with relentless cruelty u^n j James 1, 1603-10, p. 1). During the first six 
the landea gentry in the midland counties, i months of his reign the new king seemed in- 
had produced an amount of irritation and clined to show favour to the catnoUc gentry^ 
bitterness which to proud and sensitive men j or at any rate inclined to relax the cruel 
was becoming daily more unsupportable, and harshness of the laws. The fines and for- 
the terrible fines and exactions which were : feitures upon recusants almost disappear^ 
levied upon their estates, and the humili- ; from the accounts of the revenue, and a reeling 
ating espionac^e to which they were subjected, of uneasiness began to spread among the pro- 

' " testant zealots that toleration was going too* 



tenued to maae them desperate and ready for 
any risks that promised even a remote chance 
of deliverance. As early as 1686 Sir William 
Catesby had compounded with the povem- 
ment, to the extent of a fifth of his income, 
for the amount of impositions to be levied 
upon him for his recusancy {Hist, MSS. Comm. 
7th Rep. 640). Nevertheless we find him 
three years after a prisoner at Ely alonff with 
Sir Thomas Tresham and others of the re- 
cusant gentry, and indignantly protesting 
acrainst the cruel treatment to which he was 
led. In 1693 he was still in durance, 



far. This forbearance lasted but a little while. 
Continually urged by the outcries of the puri- 
tan party to show no mercy to their popish 
fellow-subjects, and worried by his hungry 
Scotchmen to bestow upon them the rewards 
which their poverty needed so sorely if their 
services did not merit such return, James,, 
w^ho soon discovered that even English money 
and lands could not be given away without 
limit, began to show that he had almost as 
little sympathy with the romanising party 
as his predecessor, and the old enactments 



were rerived itad itiu old Hia1.uli;3 put in force. 
The cfttholics, who hod begun to bope for 
better davs, were gtwided to heatj by thia 
rhnnge ol nttitude. The more eonacientious 
nud the more sincerely deBJrous they_ were 
simply to enjoy the liberty of worauipping 
God after their own iashion, the more aut- 
lenly Ihey brooded over their wrongs. The 
catholics by thia time had become divided 
tiito two parties somewhat sharply antago- 
nistic the one to the other. The one parly 
consisted of tb(»e who hod a vague idea of 
■ettinsupanorganised ecclesiastical establish' 
ment m England which should be placed 
under the discipline of its own bishops ap- 
pointed by thepope, and which should occupy 
nlmoat exactly the some position occupied by 
I he Koman catholics in England at the pre- 
Bcnt momeDt. They hoped that by submit- 
t ing themselves to the government and taking 
the oath of allegiance they might purchase 
for themselves a measure of toleration of 
which they suspected that in process of time 
ibeymighlaTait themselves to bring back the 
nation to Its allegkuee to the see of Rome. 

The other p«rty consisted of those who 
were under the paramount influence of the 
Jesuits, and theae were vehemently opposed 
to any submission or any temporising; they 
would have all or nothing', and tMj conces- 
sion to the heretics or any weak yteldinc to 
laws which they denounced at immoral they 
tAUgbt was mortal gin, to be punished by ex- 
clusion for ever from the church of Christ 
in earth or heaven. It waa with this latter 
parly — the party who, not content with tole- 
ration, could be satisfied with nothing but 
supremacy — that Cateshy had allied himself, 
and of wbich he was qualified to be a lead- 
ing personage. At the accession of James I 
be was in Iiis thirtieth year, of commanding 
stature (Geoisii, p. 57) and great bodily 
strength, with a strikingly beautiful face nud 
extremely captivating manners. Hi> la said 
to have exercised a magical influence upon 
all who mixed with bim. His purse was 
always at the service of his friends, and he 
had suffered grieTously for his convictions. 
Moreover, he was a sincerely religious man 
alter hia h'ght, a fanatic in tact, who subor- 
dinated all considerations of prudence to the 
demands which his dogmatic creed appeared 
to him Ifl require, A catholic first, but any- 
thing and everything else afterwards. Such 
men get thrust into the front of any insane 
piitun'riw that they persuade themselves is 
for the advancement of a holy cause, and 
Catesby when he girded on his sword took 
caM to have that sword engraved ' with the 
puuon of our Lord,' nnd honestly believed he 
, '-WW entering upon A eftored crusade for tho 



glory of Gi>d. In the confused tangle of tes- 
timony and contradiction, of confession under 
torture, hearsay reports and dexterous preva- 
rication on which the story of the Gunpowder 
plot is based, it is difiicult to unravel the 
thread of a narrative which is told in so many 
difierent ways. Thus much, however, seems 
to be plain, viz. that the plot was originally 
batched byThomas Winter about the summer 
of 1604, first communicated to OuvFaux and 
soon after to Catesby, who was always to be 
relied on to furnish money ; that it was not 
revealed to any of the Roman priesthood ex- 
cept under the seal of confession, which ren- 
dered it impossible for them as priests to di- 
vulge it: that the two Jesuit fathers Gamett 
and Oerrard, who were a great deal loo astute 
andsagaciousnot to see the immeasurable im- 
prudence of any such at tempt , re volt ed from it a 
wickedness, and did their best to prevent it, 
foreseeing the calamitous issue that was sure 
to result from it; finally.tbat it never would 
have gone bo far as it did but for the fero- 
cious daringof Faux, supported by the immov- 
able obstinacy, amounting to monomania, of 
Catesby. The Gunpowd«rplot is, however, a 
matter of history, not of biogTaphy, and into 
its details it is not advisable here to enter. 
The full particulars are to be read in the con- 
fession of Thomas Winter, among the docu- 
ments at the Record Office (Oi/. Sfofe i^'er^l 
I Dom.l603-H,pp.2e2,379). It is sufficient t4 
, say that about midnight of 4 Nov. 1606 Faux 
I wasapprehended at the door of the cellar under 
the parliament house by Sir Thomas Knyvett, 
whofound thirty-six barrels of powder in casks 
and hogsheads prepared in all readiness forthe 
explosion. Catesby obtained information of 
his confederate's arrest almost immediately 
and lost no time in getting toborse. Re waa 
ioined by the two Wrights, Percy, and Am- 
brose Rookwood, and the party reached Ashby 
St. Legere, a distance of eighty miles, in less 
than seven hours. On t he evening oft he 7th the 
whole company, about sixty strong, reached 
Holbeach, on the borders of Staflbrdshire. 
Next morning occurred the remsrkahle ex- 
plosion of the gunpowder which the conspira- 
tors were getting ready for their defence of 
the bouse against assault, whorebv Catesby 
himself was severely scorched. Some few 
hours after this Sir Richard Wolah arrived 
with bis force, surrounded the house, and 






summoned the rebels t( 

On their refusal the attact commenced, and 
Catesby and Percy, standing bock to back 
and figuling furiously, were «iot through the 
body with two bullets from the same musket. 
Catesby, crawling into the house npon bis 
hands Bud knees, seized an imu^' of the 
Virgin, und dropped down dead with it clocped 



Catesby 



284 



Catesby 



in his arms (8 Nov. 1605). Of course the 
property of the unhappy man was forfeited, 
■and fell to the courtiers who scrambled for 
their reward ; but the settlement of that por- 
tion of the estates which had been made by 
Sir William upon Lady Catesby preserved 
them from alienation, and though an attempt 
was made in 1618 (Oz/. State Papers, Dom. 
161 1-18, p. 680) to set that settlement aside, 
it seems to have failed, and Robert Gatesbj 
the younger, recovering the fragments of his 
inheritance, is said to have married a daughter 
of that very Thomas Percy who perished 
fighting ingloriously back to back with his 
father when they made their last stand at 
Bostock. Of his subsequent history nothing 
is known. 

The old Manor House of Ashby St. Legers 
is still standing, and a portrait reported by 
tradition to be a likeness of the conspirator 
is to be seen at Brockhall, Northamptonshire. 

[Gairdner's Eichard III ; Notes and Queries, 
6th series, xii. 364, 466; Genealogist, v. 61 et 
seq. ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1580; Jardine's 
Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot, 1857; The 
Visitation ofWarwickshire (Harl. Soc.) ; Morris's 
Condition of Catholics under James I, 2nd edit 
1872 ; Knox's Diary of the English College at 
Douay, 1878.] A. J. 

CATESBY, WILLIAM (d. 1485), coun- 
cillor of liichard III, was the son of Sir Wil- 
liam Catesby of Ashby St. Legers, Northamp- 
tonshire, by Philippa, daughter and heiress 
of Sir William Bishopston. His father died 
in 1470, but nothing seems to be known of 
Catesby till after the death of Edward IV', 
twelve or thirteen years later. Certain it is 
that he possessed great influence with Rich- 
ard III before he became king. More speaks 
of him as a man well versed in the law, who, 
by the favour of Lord Hastings, possessed 
great authority in the counties of Leicester 
and Northampton; and it seems to have 
been owing to his presence in the Protec- 
tor's councils that Hastings, relying on his 
fidelity to him, was lulled into a state of 
false security. For Richard, we are told, 
endeavoured through Catesby to ascertain 
if Hastings would acquiesce in his intended 
usurpation of the crown, and Catesby went 
so far as to broach the subject to him ; but 
Hastings answered with such * terrible words ' 
that Catesby not only saw it was hopeless, 
but feared a diminution of his own credit 
with Hastings for having spoken of it. He 
therefore, if More has not maligned him, 
stirred up the Protector to get rid of his pa- 
tron. Tnere is no doubt that he profited oy 
his fall, for immediately after Richard's ac- 
cession he obtained an oflice which Hastings 
had previously held, that of one of the cham- 



berlains of the receipt of exchequer. On the 
same day (30 June 1483) Richard appointed 
him chancellor of the excheouer, and also 
chancellor of the earldom of March for life. 
Next year he was chosen speaker in Richard's 
only parliament. His influence with the 
usurper was pointed at in the satirical rhyme 
made by Colyngboume, who suffered, though 
not, as commonly supposed, for that cause 
only, the extreme penalties of treason — 

The cat, the rat, and Lorel our dog 
Rule all England undor a hog — 

showing that of three leading councillors 
he was believed to be the first. His name 
appears on commissions for the counties of 
ArY arwick, Northampton, Leicester, Glouces- 
ter, and Berks, and on 15 Feb. 1485 he ob- 
tained a grant from the crown of the hundred 
of Guilsborough in tail male. That he must 
have been unpopular as the minister of a tv- 
rant we may well believe ; yet it is remark- 
able that Earl Rivers, one of the victims of 
Richard's tyrannj, names Catesby among his 
executors in a will made just before his exe- 
cution (JExcerpta Historica, 5248). On 22 Aug. 
1485, when the usurer fell at Bosworth, 
Catesby was taken prisoner fighting on his 
side. Three days afterwards he was beheaded 
at Leicester. Just before his execution he 
made his will, dated 25 Aug. 1 Henry VII, 
leaving the execution entirely to his wife, 
* to whom,* as he says in the document, * I 
have ever been true of my body.' Evidently 
this instrument of tyranny had some virtue 
in him, of a kind not too common among 
courtiers. He desired to be buried in the 
church of St. Leger in Ashby, and wished his 
wife to restore all the land he had wrongfully 
purchased, and to divide the rest of his pro- 
perty among their children. * I doubt not,' 
he added, *■ the king will be good and gracious 
lord to them; for he is called a full gracious 
prince, and I never ofiended him by my good 
and free will, for God I take to my juc^i^ I 
have ever loved him.' At the end are these 
remarkable passages: ^My lords Stanley, 
Strange, and all that blood, help and pray for 
my soul, for ye have not for my body as I 
trusted in you. And if my issue rejoice (en- 
joy) ray land, I pray you let Mr. John Elton 
lave the best benefice. And (if) my Lord 
Lovel (another of Richard's adherents) come 
to grace, then that ye show to him that he 
pray for me. And, uncle John, remember 
I my soul as ye have done my body, and better.' 
Uncle John is Sir John Catesby, the justice 

This William Catesby is often erroneously 
called Sir William, and spoken of as a knight. 
He was only an esquire of the royal body. 



i 



Catharine 



>8s 



Cathcart 



The wife whom he left 

Murgnret, ft daughter of William Lord Zoiichp, 

Hia attainder waa revoraed hy Henry \TI in 

fsTOiu of his BOH Qeorge, and the family con- 

tinoed to flourish unlU the days of James I, 

when Robert Cat 

from the subject 

as the projector of the Gunpowder plot. 

[Dii5dale'9W«rwickBhire,788; BBker"B North- 
amplonBhire, i. 841, 246 ; Sir T. More's Hislorj 
of Richard III (in Cnylty'fl More, ii. 190, 200) ; 
Fabvan's Chroniola (ed. 1811), 672; KolU of 
Pariiiimtnl. ti. 238. 276.] J. Q, 

CATHARINE. [See Caturhise.] 
CATHCART, CHARLES, ninth BiRON 
CiTBCAKT (1721-1776), soldier and ambaa- 
iodor, bom 21 March ITai, waa the son of 
Chartm, eighth baron, a military oi&cer of 
coneiderable digtinctiun. The mn titan early 
age entered the 3rd resiment of foot guards. 
In 1742 he coramonded the 20th regiment of 
foot under the Giirl of Stair, He ucoompanied 
the Duke of Cumberland through his cam- 
pai|pB in Flanders, Scotland, and Holland, 
octmg as one of the duke'a aides-de-camp nt 
Fontenoy, and receiving in that battle a dnn- 
geroLU wound in his head. Under the pro- 
visionsofihe treaty of Aix-la-Ohapelle(I748) 
two British noblemen were sent to Paris as 
bostagea for the restitution of Cape Breton 
to France (a provision which gave great and 
natural ofFunco to British pride), and Cath- 
eort waa one of the peers selected for that 
purpose.. He became a colonel in 1760 and 
n lieutenant-general in December 1760. Aa 
the Duke of Cumberland was greatly attached 
to Cat liCATt , he retained hit niend m hie ser- 
\-ice OS lord of the bedchamber. From 1756 
to 1 763, in which year Cathcart was created 
B knight of the thistle, and from 177-3 to 
his death he held the office of lord high 
commissioner in the general assemblv of the 
kirk of Scotland. For three yeara (lt68-71) 
lie served as ambassador extraordinary at 
the court of Riisaia, and at the time of his 
death he was one of the sixtei-n revre- 
scnlative peers of liis country, its first ford 
commissioner of police, and the lieutenant- 
eenerol of the forces stationed within its 
Eorders. He died in London 14 Aug. 1776, 
and was succeeded in the title by William 
Schttw Callicart. [q. v.] Cathcart married, 



Mary, was the wife of Sir Thomas Graham, 
lord Lynedoch, her portrait by Gainaborougli 
being "the mnateipieco of the Edinburgh Na- 
tiunoi Qalli'ry. Ilis third daughter, Louise, 
who nuuried, first, David, lord Mansfield, is 
the subject of one of Romney's best pictures. 



I Their liather, whose military capacity received 
I the praises of Wolfe, was very proud of his 
I Fontenoy scar, and twice sat to Sir Joshua 
I Reynolds (Juna 1761 and March 1773) for his 
I portrait. ' It is not often a man hoe had a. 

Cistol-bullet through the head and lived," and 
e always requested Sir Joahiia to arrange 
I that the hlack patch on his cheek might be- 
i visible, a desire which was complied with. A 
. portrait of him and the Duke of Cumberland 
at Culloden, painted by C. Philips, is also in 
the possession of the family, and wa6 exhibited 
in thecollection at South Kensington in 1867. 
In this picture, as in the others, the black 

Ktch is easily seen. Cathcart is said to have 
friended James Watt and Adam Smith. 
[Campbell-MaclachUn's Duke of Cumberland, 
25, 63, 110-14; aent. Mag. 1 776, pp. 23S. 3SS; 
J(s9o's QoorgB Solwjn, iii. 147 ; Lealis and Tay- 
lor's Sir Joshna Reynolds, i. 202, ii. II, 13; 
Douglas and Wood, i. 343-i.] W. P. 0. 

CATHCART, CHARLES MURRAY, 
second EAKLCiiTHCiRT{ 1783~185M), general, 
eldest surviving son of William Sehaw Cath- 
cart, first earl of Cathcart [q-v.], was bom 
: at Walton, Essex, on 31 Dec. 1783, entered 
the armv as a comet in the !^nd life guards 
on 2 March 1800, and served on the staff of 
Sir James Craig in Naples and Sicily during 
the campaigns of 1605-6. His father having 
been created a British peer on 3 Nov. 180, 
with the titlea of Viscount Cathcart and 
Baron Greenock, C. M. Cathcart was from 
this time known under the name of l^rd 
Greenock. Having obtained his majority on 
14 May 1807, he saw aorvice in the Wal- 
cheren expedition in 1809, taking port, in 
the siege of Fltuhing, after which for some 
time he was disabled by the injurious effects, 
of the pestilence which cut off so many 
thouBHnds of hie companions. Becoming 
lieutenant-colonel on 30 Aug. 1810, he em- 
barked for the Peninsula, where he whs 
EBsent in the battles of Barosaa, for which 
received a gold medal on 6 April 1812, 
of Salamanca, and of Vittorio, during which 
he served as aasialant quartermaster-general. 
He was next sent to assist Lord Lynedoch 
in Holland as tlie head of the quartermas- 
ter-general's staff, and was afterwards pre- 
sent at Waterloo, where he greatly distin- 
piiahed himself, having three horses shot 
under him. For his aert'ices he received the 
Russian order of St. Wladimir, the Dutch 
otdt't of St. Wilhelm, and was uinde a C.B. 
on 4 June 1815. He continued to act as 
quartermastei^general until 36 June 1833, 
at which dat« lie became lieutenunt-colonel 
of the royal slofi' corps at Hvthe. This 
corps woa a scientific one, and had formed a 



Cathcart 



286 



Cathcart 



museum of various objects collected by its 
several detachments, and in this way Lord 
Greenock was led to take an interest in a 
subject to which he ever afterwards de- 
voted much of his attention. Leaving 
Hythe on 22 July 1830, he took up his resi- 
dence in Edinburgh, and for some years was 
occupied in scientific pursuits. He attended 
lectures in the university, took an active con- 
cern in the proceedings of the Highland So- 
ciety, and was a member of the Royal Society, 
to which he read several papers, which were 

Sublished in its * Transactions.' In 1841 he 
iscovered a new mineral, a sulphate of cad- 
mium, which was found in excavating the 
Bishopton tunnel near Port Glasgow, and 
which received after him the name of Green- 
ockite. It is a beautiful substance that was 
entirely new to mineralogists. He held the 
appointments of commander of the forces in 
Scotland and governor of Edinburgh Castle 
from 17 Feb. 1^37 to 1 April 1842, and on 
17 June in the following year succeeded his 
father as second earl and eleventh baron 
Cathcart. He was commander-in-chief in 
British North America from 16 March 1846 
to 1 Oct. 1849, during very difficult times, 
and for some period combined with the 
military command the civil government of 
Canada. On his return to England he was 
appointed to the command of the northern 
and midland district, and the resignation of 
this post in 1854 brought to a conclusion 
his active services. He was colonel of the 
11th hussars, 1842-7, of the 3rd dragoon 
guards, 1847-51, of the 1st dragoon guards, 
1851 to his decease, and a general in the 
army, 20 June 1854. Among other honours, 
he was created a K.C.B. on 19 July 18;38, 
and a G.C.B. 21 June 1859. In 1858 his 
constitution gave way, and he died at St. 
Leonard's-on-Sea on 16 July 1859, veiy 
peacefully, and in the full possession of his 
facult ies. He was a man of powerful mind, 
which was improved by great industry and 
perseverance, and he had a kindlv and gene- 
rous heart, which threw a sunshine around 
the circle of his domestic life. He married 
in France on 80 Sept. 1818, and at Poi-tsea 
on 12 Feb. 1819, Henrietta, second daughter 
of Tliomas Mather. She died on 24 June 
1872. He was the writer of two papers in the 
' Transactions of the Koyal Society of Edin- 
burgh* in 1836, *0n the Phenomena in the 
neighbourhood of PMinburgh of the Igneous 
Hocks in their relation to the Secondary 
Strata,' and *The Coal Formation of the 
Scottish Lowlands.' 

[Proceedings Koyal .Society of Edinburgh 
(1862), iv. 222-4; Gent. Mag. new ser. vii. 
(1869), 306-7.] <>. C. B. 



CATHCABT, DAVID, Lobd Allowat 
{d. 1829), lord of session^ was the son of Ed» 
ward Cathcart of Greenfield, Ayrshiie, and 
passed advocate at the Scottish tmir on 16 July 
1785. He was promoted to the bench as id 
ordinary lord of session on 8 June 1813, on 
the resignation of Sir William Honymsn, 
hart., the title he assumed being that d 
Lord Alloway. On the resignation 0^ Lord 
Hermand, in 1826, he was also appointed a 
lord-justiciary. He died at his seat of Blain- 
ton, near Ayr, on 27 April 1829. 

[Hai^ and Bnmton*8 Senators of the Collage 
of JuBtice.] T. F, H. 

CATHCART, Sib GEORGE (1794-1854), 
general, third sur\'iving son of Sir William 
Schaw Cathcart, first earl Cathcart [q. v.], was 
bom on 12 May 1794. He received his firrt 
commission as a comet in the 2nd lifeguards 
on 10 May 1810, and was promoted lieutenant 
into the 6th dragoon guanis or carahiniers oa 
1 July 181 1. In 1813 he succeeded his elder 
brother as aide-de-camp and private secretary 
to his father on his emhassy to Russia, when 
Lord Cathcart was at once ambassador to the 
czar and military commissioner with the Rus- 
sian army. As aide-de-camp Cathcart was 
constantly employed in carrying despatches 
from his father to the various English officers 
with the different Russian armies [see Camp- 
bell, Sir Neil ; Lowe, Sib Uudson ; and 
Wilson, Sir Robert]. He was present at 
all the chief battles in 1813, and entered Paris 
with the allied armies on 31 March 1814, and 
was the first to raise Moreau from the ground 
when he received his mortal wound at the 
battle of Dresden. He was aide-de-camp 
to the Duke of Wellington in 1815 at the 
battles of Quatre Bras and W^aterloo, and in 
Paris until 1818. He was then promoted to 
a company in the Ist W^est India regiment 
without purchase, and at once exchanged into 
the 7th hussars, of which he became lieu- 
tenant-colonel in May 1826. In 1828 he ex- 
changed to the lieutenant^olonelcy of the 
57th regiment, in 1830 to that of the 8th 
hussars, and in 1838 to that of the 1st dragoon 
guards, and was promoted colonel on 23 Nov. 
1841. In 1846 he gave up the command of 
this regiment, and took up the appointment 
of deputy-lieutenant of the Tower of London, 
where he resided until his promotion to the 
rank of major-general on 11 Nov. 1851. 
Cathcart was quite unknown to the general 
public, except from his excellent * Commen- 
taries on the War in Russia and Germanv in 
1812 and 1813,' published in 1850, and' his 
appointment to succeed Major-general Sir 
Harry Smith as governor and commander-in- 
chief at the Cape was received with surprise 



Cathcart 



287 



Cathcart 



in Jnnunry 1863, «nd qnestiona were ached in 
batli hc)UKi>s of parliament ubn Lit the appoint- 
ment, for which the Duke of Wellington whb 
Teallj responsible. Cathcart was sent out to 
establish a colonial parliamcat and revive the 
■dying loyalty of the colonists, and also to 
crunhthe Baautoaand Kaffirs. On his arrival 
he aununoned the first Cape pnrlinment, and 
panted themsninslitution, and tlien marched 
«£niiist the Kaffir and Basuto cliiefa. The 
AolErs were aoon subdued, aiid in iheautumu 
-of 18o^ he marched against the Basiitos, 
Sandilli and Macomo. He pursued them 
rieht into the recesses of the mountains, to 
which no English general had ever before 
penetrated, and in February 1853 Macomo 
«nd the old rebel Sandilli iurrendered to bim, 
and were granted residencea within the Cape 
Colony. Cathcart received the thanks of both 
liouaes of parliament, and in July 1853 whs 
made a k.C.B. In March 1S54 he was ap- 
|>oin(«d adjutant-^neralat the HorseGuards, 
and in April lett the Cape. On reaching 
London he found that an army had already 
1>een sent to the East, and that he had been 
nominated to the command of the 4tli di- 
vision. Thi> Dukeof Newcastleolsogranted 
llim B. dormant commission, by which Cath- 
cart was to succeed to the command-in-cbief 
of the army in the East in c«se of any ) 
dent happeninfr to Lord Kaglan, in spite of 
the seniority of Burgoyne and Brown. His 
division was hardly engoeed at all at the 
battle of the Alma, and bis advice to storm 
Sebastopol at once whs rejected by the allied 
generals. He at last became bitterly incensed 
against l^ord Kaglan for not pnying more at- 
tention to him, and on 4 Oct. iiddreased him 
a note (see Kiholake, Invasion of lAe Crimea. 
T. 21), complaining of the influence of Sir 
Geo:^ Brown and MBJoi^geoeral Airey.and 
aUudingtotbedormant commission. Ilaglan 
undoubtedly behaved coldly towards Cath- 
cart, who regarded himself as badly treated, 
until a private letter from the Duke of New- 
castle, dated 13 Oct. 1854, directed Ihe ciui- 
celling of the dormant commission, which 
Cathcart accordingly surrendered on 26 Oct . 
On the morning of 5 Nov. be heard the 
lieavf firing whjch announced tlie attack 
upon Mount Inkerman. He collected bis 
1st brigade and led them to where the battle 
^vns raging. There is a considerable conflict 
«f evidence as to the later course of events. 
A liespatch from 8ir Charles Windham, liret 
pttblished in the 'Times,' 8 Feb. 187fi, by 
Lord Cathcart, should be compared with Mr. 
Kinglakp's narrative. TheDukeofCambridge 
ftent, re4|uesllng him to fill the ' gap ' on the 
left of the guards, and thus prcveulttiem from 
twiDg isolated i and Airej' soon conveyed Lord 



Raglan's orders that Cathcart should ' move 
Co the left and support, the brigade of guards, 
and not. descend or leave the plateau.' Great 
confusion prevailed; many contradictory mes- 
sages were sent ; and it is disputed whether 
Cathcarteverreceivedtbeseordera. Cathcart 
ordered General Torrens to lead his four hun- 
dred men down the liill to the right of the 
guards against the extreme left of the Russian 
column. Torrens was immediately struck 
down, and Cathcart rode down to take the 
command, but before be had gone far he per- 
ceived that a Russian column had forced its 
way throiigh the 'gap,' and had isolated the 
guards. Cathcart then attempted to charge 
up the hill with some fifty men of the 20th 
regiment to repair his fliult ; his laat words 
to his favourite staff officer. Major Mait- 
land, were, ' I fear we are in a mess,' and 
t lien he fell dead from his horse, shot through 
the heart. Lord Raglan, his lifelong friend, 
referred to bim in the highest terms in his 
despatches. Many posthumous honours were 
^d to him ; a tablet woe erected to him in 
St. Paul's Cathedral, though bis body rests 
under the hill in the Crimea which bears 
his Dame, and it was announced in the 
'Gazette' of 5 July 1865 that if he had 
' ■ would have Wn made a O.C.B., 



but greater honour was paii 
universal lamentation wliich broke onl upon 
he arrival of the news of bis glorious 



death. 

[For Sir Oeoree Cathcart'* life si 
which wer« published a( 






of his death, 
and especially ihnt in Colbum's United Servics 
Mofrnzina for January 18Sd; see also for his 
Sonth AfricaD goveramenC the Correspondeace 
of Lii'at.-gsaeral tha Son. Sir Oeorge Cathcart, 
K.C.B.. relativB to his militarr operations in 
Kaffraria, 1S56 ; and for his conduct at the battle 
of Inkprmon, Kiuglake's lavasion of the Crimea, 
Tul. r.] H. M. 3. 

CATHCABT, SiK WILLIAM SCHAW, 
tenth BiRosCATHOAKTin thepeerage of Scot- 
land, and first Viscount and Eabl Cathcabt 
in the peerage of the United Kingdom ( 1755- 
1843), general, was the eldest son of Charles, 
ninth Lord Cathcart, K.T, [q. v.], by Jean, 
daughter of Admiral Lord Archibald Hamil- 
ton, and sister of Sir William Hamilton, 
K.B., the well-known English ambassador at 
Naples. WilliamSchaw Cat heart was bom at 
Petersham on 17 Sept. 1 755, and was educated 
at Eton from 1766 to 1771, when bejoined his 
father at 8t. Petersburg, where he was am- 
bassador. He returned to Scotland with bis 



of Dresden and Glasgow, w 
tted a member of the Faculty of Advocates 
February 1776. His iatbei di«d in the 



Cathcart 



288 



Cathcart 



August of the same year, and Cathcart pur- 
chased a cometcy in the 7th dragoons in 
June 1777, and then obtained leave to serve 
in America with the 16th liffht dragoons. 
He was appointed an extra aide-de-camp to 
Majoivgeneral Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, 
bart., commanding at Boston, and so distin- 
guished himself at the storming of Forts Clin- 
ton and Montgomery on 6 Oct. 1777 that he 
was promoted first lieutenant and then cap- 
tain in the 17th light dragoons in the No- 
vember and December of that year. In Janu- 
ary 1778 he surprised a laree body of the 
enemy on the Schuvkhill, which had heed- 
lessly advanced too lar from the encampment 
at Vallev Forge. lie again dist inguished him- 
self at the battle of Monmouth Court House, 
and towards the close of 1778 he was ap- 
pointed major-commandant of a body of loyal- 
ist Scotchmen in the States, enrolled as the 
Caledonian volunteers. Cathcart added to 
it a company of volunteer cavalry, and as 
the British legion it did good service at the 
outposts. On 10 April 1779 he married Eliza- 
beth, second daughter of Andrew Elliot of 
Greenwells, co. Roxburgh, the lieutenant- 
governor of the state of New York, and uncle 
of Sir Gilbert Elliot, first earl of Minto. On 
13 April 1779 he was promoted major into 
the 38th regiment, and shortly after was made 
a local lieutenant-colonel, and appointed to 
act as quartermaster-general to the forces in 
America until the arrival of General Dal- 
rymple. He then reverted to the command 
of the British legion, and sailed with it to 
Savannah in December 1779, and commanded 
it at the siege of Charleston. His health, how- 
ever, broke down, and he returned to New 
York in April 1780, when he was ordered to 
choose between his regimental and his local 
command. Ilepreferred t he former, and after 
resigning the British legion to Colonel Ba- 
nastre Tarleton, afterwards M.P. for Liver- 
pool, joined the 38th in Long Island. He 
commanded it with marked ability in the ac- 
tions at Springfield and Elizabeth Town in 
June 1780; but in October 1780, as his health 
had entirely broken down, he resolved to 
return to England. 

He received a most cordial welcome from 
the king, and in February 1781 was promoted 
to a captaincy and lieutenant-colonelcy in the 
Coldstream guards. On 10 Jan. 1788 he was 
elected a representative peer for Scotland, 
and in October 1789 he exchanged his com- 
pany in the Coldstreams with Lord Henry 
Fitzgerald for the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 
29th regiment, of which liis friend and com- 
rade in the American war, t he Earl of Harring- 
ton, had just been appointed colonel. That 
[egiment was then stationed at Windsor, 



and the king took the keenest interest in 
the improvements which the new command- 
ing omeers introduced into its discipline. 
In November 1790 Cathcart was promoted 
colonel by brevet, and in December 1793, 
when the Earl of Harrington was promoted 
to the colonelcy of the 2nd life gruards, hit 
lieutenant-colonel received the colonelcy of 
the 29th. In 1790, when he had only sat in 
the House of Lords for two years, he was 
elected chairman of committees in that house. 
In November 1793 he was made a brigadier- 
general, and appointed to command a brigade 
in the army which was assembling under the 
command of the Earl of Moira at Portsmouth. 
After the failure of the Quiberon expedition 
Lord Moira's army was at last ordered to re- 
inforce the Duke of York in the Netherlands ; 
and when Moira returned to England Cath- 
cart, who luid been promoted majoi^-general 
on 3 Oct. 1794, remained with the army in 
command of the first brigade of the division 
of General David Dundas, consisting of the 
14th, 27th, and 28th regiments. At t ne head 
of his brigade he distinguished himself at the 
battle of Bommel, and throughout the winter 
retreat. At the battle of Buren, on 8 Jan. 
1795, Cathcart established his reputation 
by suddenly turning upon the advancing 
enemy, and utterlv defeating them with his 
single brigade, taking one gun and several 
prisoners. When the renmant of the British 
infantry embarked at Bremen in May 1795 
Cathcart remained in command of a few squa- 
drons of English and Hanoverian cavairy, 
which finally left Germany in December 179?). 
He was received with the greatest favour by 
t he king. He was made vice-admiral of Scot- 
land in 1795, appointed colonel of the 2nd life 
guards, and gold stick in the place of Lord 
Amherst in August 1797, sworn of the privy 
council on 28 Sept. 1798, and promoted lieu- 
tenant-general on 1 Jan. 1801, and Lady 
Cathcart was made a lady in waiting to the 
queen. 

He received the command of the home dist- 
trict in 1802, and from 1803 to 1805 acted as 
commander-in-chief in Ireland ; but in the 
latter year was recaUed by Pitt, acting on the 
strong advice of Castlereagh, made lord-lieu- 
tenant of the county of Clackmannan and a 
knight of the Thistle, and nominated ambas- 
sador at St. Petersburg. The news then ar- 
rived that Napoleon had broken up the camp 
at Boulogne, and was marching across Ger- 
many. Pitt at once equipped a powerful 
army, and sent it across to Hanover under 
his command to make a diversion in favour 
of Austria. But Cathcart made no attempt 
to attack the flank of the French ; he esta- 
blished his headquarters at 'Ri-i^tg^n^ fought 



a liiltn Ihitl.li? at Mimlmisur, and piMicefiilly 
waited for nuws. After the duath of Pilt the 
(uiiiistry recalled Cathcurt's army from Ger- 
ranny, and he wu appointed cotiunander-in- 
chiefs the tanxs m ScaClond. but iu 3Iay 
1807 he was suddenly summaDed to London 
by lionl Caatlervtigh, and appointed to com- 
mand an nmiy in the Baltic Cnthcsrt. hiid 
merclytheca^yduty of bombarding an alrarjat 
<l>?feneelMB town wlipn in command of no ir- 
rusislible army, and on EI St-pt. Cuimnbiigen 
surrendi^rcd. Cnthcarr, wob on 3 Nov. 1807 
crenlnd Viaouunt Cnt.licort of Oatlicart and 
Bamti Gnwuvck of Oreeuock in tliu penrage 
of the Tnited Kingdom, and a sum estiuiated 
lit 300,000/, of piise money wna divided be- 
tween him nud Admiral Qambier. 

Oatlicart again took up bis cnminnnd 
Sooiland, and was promoted gaaeral on I Jan. 
1813. In May 1813 Costlereogli, 
leaderofl^rd Liverpool's cabinel, iippointtd 
liim ambosMdor to tlic court of Kussia, and 
British militarv commissioner with the 
of ths ctar. The siicceas of the campaiijus o'f 
IHI.Iand IfiUisamattuTof histncy.biii tb 
iutnonae labours of the three smbaasodors t^ 
RuBsin, .\iiatria, and Prussia in maintuiaing 
military and diplomatic unity between llie 
allies is comparatively unknown, and buried 
in the arohivES of the foreign otRce or in the 
Ca«Ll«reagh Despatches. Catheari bad also 
to act us a military adviser to the Germnn 
and Russian generals, and maintain harmony 
between them. Wlmn, therefore, in 1813 be 
reoeired tlieotdw of St. .Vndrew, and ia 18U 
that of St. Georeu from the cur, aud was, on 
16Jaly,creAtedEarl Catlican,it wnsunivei^ 
eollyncknowled^thai hiBaerviceshodboui 
of tjw nviatest importance in the overthrow 
ufNop^un. .\ft«r receiving the rewards of 
hit laDouiB and the governorship of Hull, 



cation with Castlenagh, until the suicide of 
Iho lalb^r in 1^1, when he at once resigned 
and rctnmnd to !i!uglnnd. lie continued to 
l«ke an inteit-at in politics as a strong tory 
until tlie pasaing of the Reform Bill, when 
he r«tIrod fmm jHiIiticol discuasiou and lived 
pi*aceftilly at hxs seats iu Scotland, Schaw 
Caotle, eo. Clackmannan, and Gartside, near 
OWgow, until his death at the latter on 
18 June law, in his eighty-eighth year. 
[TbmlB no good Ufa .if Loni Cathwit; 



ftodfiaiatliUrydBtailabBwdon thBjt»;ia UiU- 
t-iry r'lliiiilir , f.ir Eiis taobaasy. boweVBr.iCi ths 

"■■ ■' ■ '■ " -['.itcbw, nil*, ix-jii,. .lodSir A. 

: I.nnl CoHtlerftugh nnd Sr Cliarlos 

. JBB .iIk, [loiigliu. rtnd Wood's 

■il, i. 315-8.1 n. M.8. 




CATHERLTfE op Valois (1101-1437). 
i|ueeii of Henry V, was the youngBsi daugli- 
ler of Charles VI of Franco by Ltuhel of 
Bavaria. She was born at the Hotel de St. 
Pol, Paris, on 27 Oct. 1401. Her fatUar 
was subject, to long and frequently pocur- 
rine Bts of lunacy, aud her mother, a woman 
of Tow character, shamolessly neglected her 
chUdren. At an early age Catherine was 
sent from home to a convent at Poiasv. In 
14131IeuryIVnroposed a marriage between 
the princess and his son Henry, afterwords 
Henry V. Tiie prince had already made ad- 
vances — which had been rejected^to Cathe- 
rine's two elder sisters, Isabella, the widow 
of Uicbard H, and Marie, who was destined 
for the cloister. While thje negotiations with 
regard to Catherine were pending Henry IV 
died, and when Henry V was firmly seated 
on his father's throne he renewed tht< suit. 
He demanded a dowry of two million crowns 
and the restoration of Normandy and the 
French territory which had been the inheri- 
tance of Eleanor of Aquitalne. These exor- 
bitant terms were naturally rejected, and 
Henry V mode their rejection a pretext for 
declaring war with France{1415), The Eng- 
lish army was signally victorious in northern 
France, aud when Rouen fell into Henry's 
haudd (_141d) negotiations for peace were 
opened. Queen Isabel Lad meanwhile ob- 
tained full control of Catherine, and hod en- 
deavoured in the course of the war to keep 
Henry in remembrance of his tbrmor suit. 
She had sent him the princess's portrait, and 
at the peace conference held at Meulan 
(I41S-19)both Isabel and Catherine saluted 
Henry V, who treated the latter with much 
gallantry. In accordance with the terms of 
the treaty of Troves, wliich practically mmlii 
France over to Ilenry V, Henry and Cathe- 
rine ware betrothed on 21 May 1420 and 
married at Troyes on 2 June following. .Vfter 
visitingSens and spending their Christmas at 
Paris, Henry and his bride arrived at Dover 

■ Feb. U30-1. On 24 Feb. the queen was 
med at Westminster; she accompanied 
the king on a northern tour later In tile yeui-, 
and on 2 Dec. 1431 gave birth to a son fader- 
wards Henry VI) at Windsor. On ^1 Miiy 
she and Henry were at Horlleur, and on •tOMny 
t Paris. Catherinereturnedawidow from this 
is it to France. Henrj- V died at Viuctiuni's 
_n 31 Aug. Iit2. The queen accompaninl 
the funeral ciirt&ge to London and after wanla 
took up her residence at Windsor (.'usilu 
with her infant sou. She was at Hertfonl 
Castle with James I of Scotland as her guest 
at Christmas 1423, and in the following year 

Carliament granted her Itaynard's Ciutle as 
er permanent home. She tried to rompose 



Catherine 



290 



Catherine 



the quarrel between the Dukes of Bedford 
and Gloucester in the same year, and accom- 
panied her child in grand procession to St. 
Wul's before the opening of parliament in 
1425. Soon afterwards rumours were spread 
that Catherine was concerned in a no wry 
reputable liaison. Owen Tudor, a poor Welsn 
gentleman and an esquire of the body at- 
tached to her late husband at her son's 
household, had obtained complete control 
over her, and the nature of their relationship 
was soon obvious. In 1428 the Duke of 
Gloucester induced the parliament to pass 
a law prohibiting any person marrying the 
queen-aowager without the consent of the 
king and his council, but at the time Cathe- 
rine and Owen Tudor were reported to be 
already married. Catherine lived in obscu- 
rity for many years, but in 1486 Tudor was 
sent to Newgate and his wife retired tol^er- 
mondsey Abbey, where she died on 3 Jan. 
1437. Iler body lay in state at St. Katha- 
rine's Chapel, by the Tower of London, on 
18 Feb. 1437, was then taken to St. Paul's 
Cathedral, and was buried in the I-ady Chapel 
in Westminster Abbey. Henry VI erected 
an altar-tomb with an inscription describing 
her as his father's widow, and making no 
reference to her alleged marriage with Owen 
Tudor. 

By Tudor Catherine had a daughter, Ta- 
cina, wife of Reginald, seventh lord Grey de 
Wilton, and three sons. Edmund, the eldest 
son, created by his half-brother Henry VI 
Earl of Richmond in 1452, married Margaret 
Beaufort, and was by her the father of 
Heiirj' VII. The second son, Jasper, became 
Earl of Pembroke, and the third, Owen, a 
monk of '\\' est minster. Catherine's grand- 
son, Henrj' VII, replaced the tomb originally 
erected to her memory by another monument 
on which her marrinjre with Owen Tudor was 
duly inscribed. When Henry VII pulled 
down the Lady Chai)el at Westminster, the 
corpse loosely wrapped in lead was placed 
by Ilenry V's tomb, where it remained till 
in 1778 ii wasplaced under the Villiers monu- 
ment . In IVpvs's time t he body was publicly 
exhibited (Diary. 23 Feb. 16«7-8). Pepvs 
kissed the iace on his birthday. In 1878 tfie 
iKidy was reburied in the chantry of Henry V. 

[Mifiii Strickland's Lives of the Queens of 
England, vol. iii. ; ^lonstrelet's Chronicle; Wau- 
rin's Recueil desChroniques, vol. iii. (Rolls Ser.) ; 
Capgravt's Chronicle (Rolls Ser.) ; Stanley's 
Wehtminster Ahbry, 133-4.] S. L. L. 

CATHERINE of Abbagon (1485- 
153()), first oueen of Henry VIII, daughter 
of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, was 
bom ut Alcala de Ilenares on 15 or 16 Dec. 



1485. She was the youngest of a family 
of one son and four daughters, and at her 
birth her parents had already done much to 
consolidate their united kingdoms by victorie* 
over the Moors. Henry VII of England, 
who had obtained possession by conquest of 
an insecure throne in the very year she wa» 
bom, naturally sought the alliance of sove- 
reigns whose affairs seemed so prosperous, 
and his eldest son Arthur, bom m ^ptem- 
ber 1486, could hardly have been much more 
than a year old when he was proposed by 
his father as a iuture husband lor their 
youngest daught er. They sent commissioners 
to England to negotiate as early as 1488. 
A return embassy sent by Henry VII to 
Spain met with a magnificent reception at 
Medina del Campo ; but for many years no- 
thing was positively concluded, as it was 
Ferdinand's object to bind the king of Eng- 
land to make war in his behalf against France 
without incurring any corresponding obliga- 
tion himself. In truth, Ferdinand was not 
well enough assured of the stability of Henir's 
throne to be willing to commit himself irre- 
vocably. 

Catherine was in her fifth year when her 
sister Isabel was betrothed at Seville to Don 
Alfonso of Port ugal on 18 April 1490. She 
and her other sisters, Juana and Mary, were 

S resent at the ceremony (Bebkaldez, i. 279, 
-80 ; Mabiaka, ed. 17^, ii. 687). 

In 1492, when the Moors were driven out 
of Granada, she entered the city with her 
parents, and it became her home. From 
Granada came the device of the pomegranate 
so well known afterwards in England in c<"»n- 
nection with her. Her inlucation, especially 
in Latin, was personally superintended by ^ 
her mother, and in later years Erasmus bon? 
witness to her scholarship. All difficultit-^ 
as to the match with Arthur had been finally 
cleared away in 1500, when the bridegroom 
had completed his fourteenth year. She left 
Granada on 21 May 1501, and embarked at 
Conmna on 17 Aug. After many delays 
from contrary winds she reached Plymoutb 
on 2 Oct. 

Great preparations had been made for ht r 
reception. Lord Broke, steward of the king's 
household, was despatched into the west to 
provide for her retinue ; and afterwards tL«» 
Earl of Surrey and the Duchess of Norfolk 
were sent to attend her. The king himstlf 
on 4 Nov. removed from Richmond to goar.d 
meet her, but, owing to bad weather and 
doubtless equally bad roads, he was com- 
pelled the nrst night to find a lodging at 
Chert sey. Next day his son, Prince Arthur, 
met him at Eosthampstead, and proceeded in 
his father's company to meet his nride. The 



versCTl with lier tnrougli the raedium nf two 
Su(LiiUhbi«hops,'wIioLDlerprete<l'theajieeche9 
of IxitU countries' hj menus of Latin. A 
formal liutrothal then took place, and the 
whole pnrtyretumedtowttrds London, which 
Cntberme entered on 12 Nov, Ou Sunday 
the mh the marriage waa celub»I«<l at St. 
PuuI'b, and jouBts were held on the Thursday | 
after, at WeBtmingtBr, in honour of the BTent. ' 

Tt was necesMLry in those days for a prince 
of Wdlos to justify hia title by fceepinff court . 
on the Wei st border*. Arthur had already 
resided nt Ludlow, and written thence di- 
piomntic love letters to Catherine in Spain 
(Mabi a, E, Wood, letter* of Soi/al and 
Illuitriout Ladiet, I, 121); and it was de- 
cidtNl tliHt be Bhould return thither neit 
monUi. The king at first hesitated to send 
hia bride along with him. Tlie prince was 
Mill so youne thnt colmbitution seimie not to 
bare been allowed, and some thought the 
princees would be less solitary in the king's 
court than living under her husband's roof 
in tl>e Welsh matchea. The point was re- 
ferred to herself, but she said she would do 
as the liing thought beat ; and ultimately, aa 
we learn from a contemporary despatch, both 
departed together on 21 Doc. to spend their 
Cliristmas at a place described as anoitt forty 
miles from London. In February following 
the king wrote to Ferdinand and Isabella 
thnt he had sent the young couple into 
Wales, not wishing them lo live apart, not- 
withatanding the objections raised by many 
on account of his eon's tender age, and they 
m list regard it asagreat proof of nisoiFection 
for their daughter that he studied her com- 
fort at *ome risk even to bis own son ^Ddsb 
OF MASCHHsreK, Court and Sodetn, i- 59). 
But that ihLt letter waa distinctly intended 
to dunvcy a false impression is beyond all 
question ; for although it is true that the i 
Toung couple did go together to reside in the 
bordereof Wales, It is clear from the solemn 
dwlarations of Catherine lierself long nfter- 
wardstliat Prince .A-rthurneverwnsherhiia- 
Moept in name. On 'J April following 
datLudlow, avictimap[<arvntlj to the 
g eickneea, and Catheriue waa left a 

^_ lews reached Spain, theSpanish 

Bcwereinis despatched a new ambassador io 
EiiK^ona to urge that she should be sent back 
to ner native country, and repayment made 
of the one inatalnient of 100,000 scudos of 
her marriage portion. But the ambassador 
was furtlier tTU|>owered to connlude a new 
tnotr with tlie king of England for the mar- 
ridge of CdlhcriuB lu his second sou Hcnrj', 



On this subject negotiations appear to have 

Eneon forsevenil monlhs, when Henry VIT 
came a widower by the death of his queen, 
Elizabeth of York. A suggestion was im- 
mediately made of a particularly revolting 
character, that Catherine might become tho 
wife of her futher-in-luw. It is scarcely 
credible that such a thing was seriously in- 
tended; but it greatly shocked Queen iu- 
belta, who whs more anxious than ever to 
secure, if it were possible, her daughter's n?- 
tum to Spain, or at least the concluston of 
the marriage with the Prince of Wales. The 
latter at lost was agreed upon, and a treaty 
for it waa drawn up and signed by the two 
Spanish ambassadors on SS June 1503. Two 
dayslaterthe parties were solemnly betrothed 
to each otlier ' in the Bishop of Salisbury's 
house in Fleet Street' (Spebu, 973). The 
marriage was to be solemnised whenever the 
prince completed his fourteenth year. Li 
consequence, however, of the close affinity 
between the juirties, a pupal dbpensation 
waa requisite, which the eovenugns of b(,tbi 
countries bound themselves to solicit fromi 
the court of Rome. It was obtained next 
year mainly at the instance of Queen Isa- 
bella, for whose comfort a copy was sent intu 



of being ti 

strictly bound to fulfil the marriage treaty, 
and, hoping to a:ain an advantage over King 
Ferdinand in other ways, discovered 'scruples 
of conscience ' about the match. 

If the treaty bad been strictly fulfilled, the 
marriage would actually have taken place on 
28 June 1505, the day the Prince of Wales 
completed his fouAeenth year. But on th» 
27th the prince made n formal protest be- 
fore Fox, bishop of Winchester, that th» 
match waa against his will, and the treaty 
waa at ouce rendered nugatory. It was 
quite underatood, however, that this wh« 
only a trick of state, and that the marriage 
might still take place if King Heoty were 
once satisfied that he could not dispose of 
hia son's hand elsewhere more advantage- 
ously. Ferdinand did not keep faith about 
the marriage portion. lie intended, if pos- 
sible, that the whole burden of his doi^chter's 
support ahould rest upon the king of Eng- 
land, and when King Henry disowned this 
responsibility, he allowed her to remain for 
years in debt, even for the vory necessaries 
of life. Her maids had not the meana to pro- 
cure clothes. She herself complained, after 
she had been four and a half years in Eng- 
land, that aht? had only liud two newdressea^ 

In the early part of loOU she had an un^' 
expt^cted opportunity of meeting with h^ 
sister Juauu sud her husband, I'liilip of 



Qitherine 292 Catherine 



Austria, who Lad been proclaimed king and 
queen of Caatiie. Thev Lad embarked in 



There is no reason to doubt that for somt^ 
years after their marriage Henry felt ival 



January to take possession of their new king- i affection for her, and she was a thoroughly 
dom, but had been driven by storms upon ; devoted wife. 'The king, my lord, adoivs 
the coast of England, and Ilenry Lad shown ! her, and her highness him,' was the opinion 
them much poUtic hospitality at Windsor, of Catherine's confessor in 1510. Feroinand 
Later in the year Catherine fell ill of a fever, ] seems to have relied partly on her influence 
and Ilenry gave up to her use for the time a over him in procuring a league against 
house at Fulliam, which he had intended for France ; and for two or three years, whether 
an embassy exi)ected from Phi lip after his ar- from natural impulse or from policv, Ilenry 
rival in Castile. At this time she seems to was a very firm ally of his father-in-law. Ci- 
have been very miserable. She was aware therine*s happiness would have been unallovt-d 
that her marriage depended upon a heartless but for some petty annoyances to which re- 
name of diplomacy, into which she was drawn cent writers have attached altogether undue 
herself by her own necessities. For Henry Vf I importance; but even these belonged much 
having made in 1507 an oifer for the hand of more to the time when she was princess than 
her sister Juana, the widowed Queen of Cas- to her married life. She had a Spanish con- 
tile (though he must have known her to fessor who, perhaps, was rather young for 
Ije a maniac), with the view of taking the such a function, and may have been a little 
government of that kingdom out of Ferdi- indiscreet. The Spanish ambassador thought 
nand's hands, Catherine aftected to favour so, but there is no evidence that even he en- 
his suit, and wrote to Ferdinand in behalf of tertained the strange suspicions that it lia> 
her father-in-law, advising him at least to pleased some persons in our day to attribute 
temporise until her own marriage with the to him. Catherine had been used for years 
I^ince of Wales could take effect. Other as a political agent by her father, and fceing 
matches had been talked of for the ])rince, a really devout woman, it was natural that 
and Catherine was in serious dread of being she should take frequent counsel with her 
abandoned altogether. She was then living ' confessor. It was e<|ually natural that the 
in the same house with the Prince of Wales : ambassador, under the circumstances, should 
at Richmond, but was permitted to see less find the confessor to be a nuisance, that he 
of him than before, and m one letter she com- should write to Ferdinand to complain cf 
])lains that for four months she liad not seen him, and that Catherine should stand firmly 
him at all. by him. 

Her misery arose from an unpleasant state , Tlie first three yeafS^f Henry's reign wvnt 
o{ relations iDOtween King Henry and her by in feasts and pageants ; but t hen l)eguii a 
father. Subtle and unscrupulous as Ferdi- succession of cruel disappointments. <>« 



nand was in the game of diplomacy, he hod 
found a match in Henrv Vll, who had not 
only forced him at last to send to England 
the second instalment of Catherine's mar- 
riage portion, but declined even then to allow 
the marriage to take effect except upon new 
conditions by no means agreeable to Fer- 
dinand, so that the latter, checkmated in 
his aims, wished his ambassador us a last 
resource to insist on Catherine being sent 
back to Spain. Henry had arranged a mar- 
riage of his daughter Mary with Charles, 
prince of Castile, which made him very in- 



31 Jan. 151 Q Catherine was prematurely d 
livered of a stillborn daughter. On 1 "jJin. 
1511 she gave birth to a son, who was chris- 
tened Henry, declared prince of Wales, and 
had a household assigniKl him, but died on 
22 Feb. following. In 1518 she had anothtr 
son, who soon died, and in Noveml>.'r 1544 
slie had again a premature delivery. At 
last, on 18 Feb. 1510, there came one diild 
that lived — the Princess Mary ; and in Nt>- 
vember 1518 anotherdaughter wasbom,wL> 
must have died early. In the interval U"- 
tween the second and third coiitinemt-nts 



dependent of Ferdinand's friendship, and . Henry had gone to war with France, greatly 
Catherine met with a neglect which almost i at the instigation of his father-in-law. lii 
drove her to despair. Butrelief was at hand, ' 1513 he invaded France in ]K'rs(.m. and 
for just at this time Henry VII died. Her j James IV invaded England and was kilW 
affianced bridegroom, now Henry VIII, ap- I at Flodden on 9 Sept. 1513. Before cn^ssiu^' 
parently desired the union. His council, for the Channel the king had ap|K)int(Hi Catht- 
the most part, approved the mat.ch, and on : rine regent in his absence. She tlirew hvT- 
1 1 June 1509, seven weeks after his accession, self heartily into the business of arraying a 
thougli he was only eighteen, the marriage force to oppose the Scotch. ' I am horribly 



was dulv celebrated. On the 24th of the 
same month she was crowned along with 
him in Westminster Abbey. 



busy,' she wrot«, ' making stamlards, banner?, 
and badges.' She harangued the truops «^nt 
forward to the north. The king, too, sent 



<ivi*r til lier hU iinporlaiit priBoner, the Duke I 
of Lr>tn;iic»llB, wliom he W talten at ihe ' 

I ' I --"luirs, and wished Cfttherinetokccp ' 

liiild, It responsibility which she 
'ii-L-lined. After the victory (Jio 
I i ■ iirv, sending liini ' a piece of thu 
liiii^, :.l ~ii>te' voBl/ iinu regretting she wss 
unulilf tu ixiud the kitig of Scots himself 
alive to him as a prisoucr, 'Our Englinh- 
men's hf^arts,' she sitid, ' WAiild not siifler it,' 

■W'hen the king returned (rom Fmnce iu 
the end ut September, he rode in poEt to his 
queen at lUctunond, ' wliere,' wys the can- 
temporary chronicler, Hall, ' there wae auch 
a luvtiig meeting tliut everv creature re- 
joicwl.' But even in the following year i\ 
rumnnr got abroad that Henry, disappointed 
at ber liaring no children, had begun 1o tbink 
of K divorce, and there is reason to believe 
that it arose from some very real evidences 
ol a dimiuution of Henry's lore, even at this 
enrly period, The main cniue appears to hove 
bomi Lis cunlinued experience of her father's 
treachery. Ferdinand bud concluded usepa- 
rstp truce with France to the prejudice of liis 
ally at the very moment when Henry's suc- 
ceacseemtHl mostcoiupletelyawured. Uenij 
Tented his anger in regiroachea of which his 
own wife hud to hear the full bittemese, and 
it wna owing to this, ns Pet«r Martyr wta 
told,thHt shu bud her Gn:und premature con- 
finement, 

The HUppo«ilion of the late Ut. Rawdon 
Brown ((/»/, /ttntf Pn/ieiv, \'enetian, i. ptef. 
pp. xc^ cviii) that a vague expression in 
Sanuto « diary, ' Fatino nnovi penuieri,' points 
to whispers of a divorce being circulated 
even in 1510, liefure Henry and Catherine 
liad been quite u twelvemonth married, swms 
altogether unwnrran table. The word* cleurly 
have qiiili' u different application, A vivid 
cU'M.ri|itiiiii is uiven bvllull of the way in 
mhidi ^lit- and the king went u-Disyinjj; to 
^lioo I •.>!'':> Uill in lAlA.and met in the woods 
Itcjliiii Hood und his merry men dressed iu 
greuD. Th«w were arehera of the king's own 
guard, and the perfi)rmanoe was witnessed by 

II vunl nitillitude of people. Some additional 
particulura of it are ^iyen in letters from the 
Venetian emltauy. The senior unibussiidi-r, 
pHsqinili^o, then abuiii I" leave for France, 
bad an uuili>tnca aftcrwnirle with the quei-n, 
uiul to her great ddiglit stx'ke lo lii^r in her 
Dative Spanish. The seen-tary of the era- 
boB^y dracribi'B )ier ns 'rather uglv than 
Dtherwioe'dliwiioir Bhowk, >'DHr f'tamat 
ilki^ CwtTf <tf Bfirji riIJ,\.7Q-t<l,m). Two 
yrurd Inter occurred the ' Evil Mtiy day,' 
when iliv I.oiidi.mew sackeil the lioiine* of 
f...reife-oi-r«. Tlw off-nd-r* wen- tried bysum- 
doaijr [iroodMi, and many of them hanged 



within three days at their c 
tera' doors. Others remained still in prison, 
till Catherine threw herself on her knees lie- 
fore ibe king to intercede for them, and in- 
dnced bis aieters Mary and Margaret, itURens 
dowager of France and Scotlond, lo do thi* 

The visit of her nephew Charles V to Eng- 
land in 1620 gave Catherine the most lively 
satisfaction. She knew, however, that great 
preparations were then making for another 
meetingwilbwhichshehadn o great sympathy 
—that of Henrv ^TU ond trancis I at the 
FieldoftheClotTiofOold. Henry was playing 
off the two rivals, Charles and Francis, one 
against theother,anditwa8imknown whether 
a French or an imperial alliance would prove 
the main feature of his policy. It was,, in 
fact, to interrupt the French interview, or, 
at least, loprevent an Anfflo-Frendi alliance, 
that Charles had been induced to think seri- 
ously of visiting England. The friendship of 
Henry was to him ol the utmost importance, 
and to secure it he had become a suitor for 
the hand of the I'rincess Mary, although she 
bad already been aflianced to the Dsunbin. 
- ' -' " id the 



people generally v 



a doubt tbar the nobles 



femng greatly an alliance with 
nfihiu of Franc " 
of tile French 



ith the queen in pre- 
ice with him to the 
One day, i 



I anlicipH- 
called to 
if the lords to discuss matters, and 
set before tbem such strong arguments against 
its being held at all, that those present were 
struck with HmoiemenC. During the confer- 
ence the king mode his appearance and asked 
what it was all about, on which Catherine 
frankly told him, and declared the line sbn 
had taken in the matter. Wliat answer the 
king made at t! 
formed, but the result ■ 
bis council held ber ii 
they had ever done before ( Cal. State Paper», 
Henry VIIl, iii. ^50). 
The emperor landed n 
rcning of Sol 

ling Henry conducted him to Canter- 
bury to the queen's presence. Tliere he re- 
mained during the few days be spent in Eiig- 
bind. mill on TliEtrsday the 31st he embark^ 
111 Siindwieli for Flanders. That same day 
Henry iiikI Ciiih''riiie also took ship oud 
crtiim^il from Dover to Calais for thi; long 

Srojocted inlervinw with Francis. On Sun- 
ny, 10 June, each king went to dine with 
the other's queen, the one from Guisnes to 
.\rdi.-s, am! the other by u ilifferent route 
from Ardes loGiiisnee, the departure of each 
being announced to the other by salyix-e of 
artillery. Three weeks were sfieut in the*" 
sjilendid coiirtwiim, and shortly after lh»y 



e that both he a 



t Dover late ii 
■vcning ofSatiirday, iO May 15J0, at 



Catherine 



294 



Catherine 



were concluded Ilenrv held another meeting 
with the emperor at Gravel ines, and brought 
him and his aunt, Mar^ret of Savoy, to Calais, 
where the queen received them. Two years 
later war was declared against France, and 
the emperor paid a second visit to England, 
when he was feasted and entertained with 
great magnificence at Canterbury, London, 
and Windsor. 

In 1521, the year between the emperor's 
first and second visit to England, occurred 
the arrest and execution of the Duke of 
Buckingham, and it is not improbable that 
Shakespeare followed a true tradition when 
he represented Catherine as present at the 
examination of that unfortunate nobleman s 
surveyor, pleading for something like fair 
play to the accused. The fact, as regards 
Catherine, seems to rest on no other autho- 
rity ; but there is distinct evidence that 
Buckingham's servants were examined by 
the king himself, before the apprehension of 
their master, very much in the way that the 
surveyor is examined by Henry in the play ; 
so that we may not unreasonably believe the 
whole scene to be substantially true. Sir 
Thomas More reports in 1524 how Catherine 
rejoiced to hear of the success of her country- 
men the Spaniards in Italy, and Bishop 
Longland writes toAVolseyat the beginninff 
of the following year how he had explainea 
to her by the king's desire the cardinal's 
magnificent scheme for setting up a new 
college at Oxford. The bishop also told her 
that she was to be speciallv mentione<l in 
the pravers o^thc college ctapel, for which 
she aesired him to give AVolsey her cordial 
thanks. 

Her constant obedience to her husband 
had won for her such universal esteem that 
he himself could not but share that senti- 
ment, though he had now lost all other feeling 
for her. Ihat he had been untrue to her 
years before we know, perhaps very early in 
their married life. Possiblv the birth of the 
Princess Mary did something to restore his 
lost affection, but onlv for a time. He was 
becoming a perfect libertine. On 15 June 
1525, much to Catherine's distress, he created 
his natural son Henr\' Fitzrov duke of Rich- 
mond, and gave him precedence of all the 
nobility of England, even of the Princess 
Mary. He was a child of six years, the son 
of one Elizabeth Blount, whom the king 
afterwards married to Sir Gilbert Tailbois. 
The king bestowed much care upon his edu- 
cation, and sent him into Yorksnire as vice- 
roy or president of the north. About the 
same time his half-sisti^r Mary, whom the 
king, in default of legitimate male issue, 
seemed disposed to recognise as Princess of 



Wales, was sent in like manner to Ludlow, 
with a household and a council to keep rule 
upon the Welsh marches. But her house- 
hold was inferior to that of the duke. 

Indications exist that some secret steps 
had been taken by Henry towards getting 
his marriage declared invalid as early as 
1526. All that was said afterwards officially 
as to the origin of the king's scruples, and 
the doubts of Mary's legitimacy said to havt* 
been suggested by the Bishop of Tarbes, 
is unworthy of serious refutation. The 
bishop's own report of his conferences with 
Wolsey upon Marv's proposed marriage tn 
Francis I shows clearly that no such ob- 
jection ever entered his mind. A totally 
different objection occurred to him — that tb« 
king might still have a legitimate son ; and 
Wolsey was taking pains to convince him 
that tiiis was highly improbable, while he 
knew quite well that the king was privately 
seeking to invalidate his marriage and thuft 
make nis daughter illegitimate. In May a 
collusive suit was instituted by Wolsey as 
legate, who with great secresy summoned 
the kin^ to appear before him at his house at 
Westnunster for having cohabited with his 
brother Arthur's wife. A formal complaint, 
he said, had been preferred to him, and he 
called upon Henry to say what he could in 
his defence. The king handed in a written 
reply, and the cardinal declared that the 
case was one of considerable difficulty, on 
which he required to take coimsel with som»? 
learned theologians — among others with tht^ 
bishops of Rochester, Lincoln, and London. 
The proceedings were never resumed — pro- 
bably for a reason which has not hitherto 
been suggested, though the fact is absolutely 
certain, llie queen and the Spanish ambas- 
sador, somehow or other, had got wind of 
them before they were a day oltr(Cfl/. State 
PaperSj Spanish, iii. (pt. ii.j 193). 

The king saw that he must take a different 
course, and On 22 June informed Catherine 
that he had come to the conclusion that they 
must separate. He begged her to keep thV 
matter secret meanwhile, as if it was against 
her interest to divulge it. His strategy was 
useless. The news got abroad, and became, 
in the words of the Spanish aml^assador, * as 
notorious as if it had been proclaimed by the 
public crier ' {tb, 276). Still Catherine had 
not a friend who could aid her against the 
king, unless she could inform the emperor 
how she was situated, and great pains were 
taken that she should not speak to tne Spanish 
ambassador except in the presence of W olsey . 
She dissembled ner anxieties; her 'merry 
visage,' as one observer not«s, ' returned, not 
less than was wont,' and cordiality towuds 



lenne 



2 95 



Catherine 



the Iun)f sppenred to be rvnewed. Theu 

one of liec Spunish senunts, Frimcis I'ulipe 

or Philips, desired license of hec to go Xo 

Spuin and ^e his motht^r, wtio, he said, wus 

vvfv ill. Catherine refused the pemtiseioii, 

atid urged the king not to grant it. Henry, 

lightly siupecting that there was coUusioii 

^^Kween Ihem, diasembled also, ttnd per- 

^^Btded her to let him go. Thus the king 

^^po her confidence ; but he at the same time 

^^nt a message lo Wolsey, then in France, 

to find moans to get Philips detained in timt 

country, in spite of any safe-eonduct. Oa 

Iii» way to France, Wolsey contrived art^ 

fully lo misrepresent the case to Fisher, 

bishop of Rochester, Catherine's confessor, 

whom be induced to believe that the rumours 

<if on int«nded divorce had been spread abroad 

by the queen's own indiscretion; for the king 

ranted, he said, to teat the ralidity of 

{Mtion raised by others. When the 

odered to remonstrate with her upon 

h conduct, Wolsey persuaded him to leave 

■JUBtUc to the king. But what«ver art 

JgUt be used l« promote the divorce, it was 

I avoid application to Rome, and 

ally impossible to do without Wolsey'a 

ij yet Henry gave the cardinal but half his 

UGdence, and made an abortive cITort to 

a conunission from the pope through 

•I agent. At last Cardinal CampE'ggio 

1 in England with a joint commission 

p himself and Wolsey to try the cause In 

^ober 1528, and the king and Anne Boleyn 

b looked for the realisation of their wisbl 

ley did not know that before he left 

« Campeggio had secretly pledged him- 

Vnot to give sentence in the cau^e with- 

■ communicating drat with the pope. He 

) only authorised to endeavour to dls- 

,de the king from his purpose, or, if he 

fid arrange a compromise, to induce the 

"- I to enter a nunnery. To this latter 

t he accordingly addressed himself in 

le conferences that he had with Catherine 

a after his arrival : but she insisted on 

I matter being decided judicially. The 

[ was at first no less anxious to press 

rard the trial, and on Sunday, 8 Nov., 

lummoned the lord mayor and aldermen 

This palace at Bridewell to explain his 

"Tples of conscience. But meanwhile 

lierine hod information of the existence 

^pun of a briof granted by .Tulius II for 

tmarrioge, mon full and satisfactory than 

I bull of diaiiensation which Henry was 

to involiaate, and tho produced a copy 

ft given hur by the Spanish ambassador. 

t King insinuatod that it was a forgery, 

K ho got the queen's own counsel to inform 

m that she must send for the original brief 



to Spain. She actually wrote to ihe em- 
peror as desired, requesting him lo send the 
brief to England. Thomas Abell [q. v.], by 
whom she sent the letter, wrote hiniself to in- 
form the emperor before he delivered it that 
she had written only under compulsion. 

The king and his council sent to Kome to 
try and coUect evidence against the genuine- 
ness of the brief, and they made much of 
the fact that It did not appear entered on 
the jiopal registers. But his agents were 
also instructed to sound the papal lawyers 
as to whether, if the queen could be induced 
lo retire into a nunnery, without taking the 
vows, the pope could uol, 'by his mere and 
absolute power,' allow bim to proceed to 
a teciind marriage. Thus, after protesting 
the pop's incompetence to legalise marriage 
with a brother's widow, Henry was prepared 
to admit without question his competence to 
legalise bigamy. He was really in desuair 
how to otxompiish his object. He nod 
drawn up a piiper of advice which was lo 
be pressed upon the queen as if in her own 
interest, apparently by her own counsel, if 
not by the legates who were to try her cause, 
in which they were to warn her that some 
ill-disposed persons seemed to be conspiring 
in her behalf against the king and Wolsey, 
Bud that slie ought to he on her guard against 
giving them any countenance. If she did 



her company himself, but also to withdraw 
the princess from her mother's society. All 
these cruel suggestions, however, were only 
meant to prepare the way for one more 
strong appeal to her to solve the dilRculty 
by going into a nunnery. And she need not 
fear, the speakers were to urge, tImt by so 
doinc she would enable the king lo take 
another wife, for he could certainly not 
marry again while she lived. Thus the king 
indirectly endeavoured to make her take a 
false step in reliance on the strength of her 

Heury compelled even the most staunch 
friends of Catherine to reveal their conver- 
sations with her. He had alloived her the 
use of counsel, and among tln'w wim the re- 
nowned scholar Ludovlcua Vive? ; but Vives 
was required by the king to rt.date all that 
had passed between them. This demand he 
"' protested agiunst, although, as he said. 
Id injure no one even if thr^ir whole 
'sationa were posted on church doors- 
Being forced to report them, however, he 
did BO, and aaid the queen had sought his 
couiisi'l us her countryman who spuke her 
language. The main point was that ' 
bogged him to ask the imperial ambi 



justly pro 



hat d^ 



Catherine 296 Catherine 



to write to the emperor to secure a fair hear- | notice, and found her at work among li»*r 
ing for her at Rome. ' Who/ Vives adds, maids, with a skein of white thread about 
* will not admire the queen's moderation ? her neck. They apked for a private intor- 
AVhen others would have moved heaven and view, but shereplied that whatever thev had 
earth, she merely seeks from her sisters son tosay they might s{)eak it before all. W'olp«'y 
that he will not let her be condemned un- then addressed her in Latin. * Nay, pood mv 
heard.' , lord, speak to me in English,' she said, ' fort 

It was useless for the king to proceed with can, I thank God, both speak and understand 
the cause before the legates unless the brief English, although I do understand some 
in Spain could be discredited, and the most Latin.* Wolsey told her they had come to 
frantic diplomaticefforts were made to induce know her mind in the matter between the 
the pope to declare it a forjjrery, which, of kine and her, and give her secret advice, 
course, he refused to do until he had heard CatJierine said she was naturally not pre- 
the arguments on both sides. Then there pared to answer them without taking counsel 
was nothing for it but to proceed. Mean- : on such a weighty question. And who was 
while the emperor was doing his utmost to there to counsel her? * What think you. 
eet the cause removed from England that my lords ?' she said. * Will any Englishman 
it might be more fairly heard at Kome. Ca- counsel me or be friendly to me against the 
therine, however, was not aware of this, and king's pleasure that is his subject? Nay, 
appealed for advice to Cardinal Cnmpeggio forsootli.' She was willing, nowever, t^ 
himself in a private inter\'iew. He answered listen to whatever counsel the cardinal? 
coldly that she might rely upon justice being had to give her, and led them into her privy 
done to her, but again strongly suggested chamber to hear what they had to say (Ca- 
that she miglit extricate herself from further VE>*Disn, Life of Wohey, ed. Ifc'oS, pp. 137- 
annoyance by retiring from the world. But . 140). 

to this she was as iirmly opposed as ever, W'e are not told, for Wolsey's biographer 
and the trial proceeded. The legatine court did not know, the precise nature of the ad- 
was formally opened on 31 May 1529 in the vice given by the two cardinals. Mean- 
great hall of the Black Friars, and the king while, the king having expressed a desire t«» 
and queen were cited to appear on 18 June, see his scniples removed, Fisher, bishop of 
The former bad two proxies to represent him; Bochester, came forward in court and dt- 
the latter came in person, but only to protest clared his readiness to justify the validity of 
against the jurisdiction of the court. The the marriage. CHher things went again>t 
court registered her protestation, and ap- the king's purpose. Tlie pope revoked th*- 

J)ointed both parties to appear in person on cause to Rome, and Camp«.»pgio, even before 
iloiuhiy, 21 June, to hear its decision. On , he was informed of the fact, had prorogUf-<l 
that day the king and queen both apj)eared ; the court for the holidays according to the 
the former stated his case to the judges. The | custom at Bome. Everj' one knew that, 
latter threw herself at his feet in sight of all , although it was only prorogued, it was nevi»r 
the court, and begged him to consider her to meet again. Not many months after this 
helpless position as a foreigner, her long and ' the ambassador, Chapuys, then just newly 
tried obedience as u wife, her own and her j arrived in England from the emixjror, records 
daughter's honour, and that of the king him- that on St. Andrew's day, 1529, the queen 
self. Further, as he continually professed ' dined with the king, and complained that 
that he was anxious to find their marriage he had for a long time so selaom allowed 
valid, she appealed to Bome as the only tri- ■ her that privilege. TIm? king excused himself 
bunal before which the case could be pro- , partly by the pressure of business, but as tf> 
perly discussed, and thereupon withdrew. visiting her in lier own apartments, she must 
llie legates had (»verrulea her objections to know that he was now assured by innumer- 
the jurisdiction of the court; so she was able doctors and lawyers that he was not her 
called again, and on Iier refusal to comeback, lawful husband, and ho could never share 
was pronounced contumacious. The case her bed again. He was waiting for furth«'r 
was continued through different sittings of . opinions, and if the jwpe did not declare their 
the court in June andJidy. Affidavits were marriage void, he would denounce his holi- 
taken as to th«* circumstances of the marriage ■ ness as a heretic, and marrv' whom he pleased, 
with Prince Arthur, and matt^Ts were pressed , Catherine told him in reply that those opi- 
on in a way not at all to Canipeggio's taste, nions were not worth a straw, for he him- 
Yet even at this time, if C^avendish be right, self had owned on more than one occa^^ioll 
a further appeal was made to Catherine by that he had found her a virgin w*hen ht* 
the two canlinals who were her judges. , married her. Moreover, theprincipal doctors 
They came to her at Bride^'eU without in England had written in ner favour. Tlie 



Catherine 297 Catherine 

king left the room not a little disconcerted, | ber physician reside with her continually, 
and at supper Chapuys was informed Anne i Altogether he showed himself so gracious on 
Boleyn saia to him reproachfully, ' Did I not j this occasion that next day Catherine asked 
tell you that whenever you disputed with ' him to allow the princess to see them ; but 
the queen she was sure to have the upper Henry answered with a rude rebuff, telling 
hand P ' her she might go and see the princess if she 

For a time Henry still treated Catherine wished, and also stop with her. The queen 
as his queen. She went with him to "Wood- replied in gentle tone that she woula not 
stock, and from that in September to Grafton . leave him for her own daughter or any one 
in Northamptonshire, where Cardinal Cam- else in the world. But tilings now were 
neggio took his leave of him, and where coming to a climax. The king was using 
NVwsey was admitted at the same time to I everj* art to delay the cause at Kome while 
his last interview. But in February 1530 | refusing to put in any appearance, except by 
Catherine's treatment had become visibly allowing ah ' excusator to plead for him 
worse. The king absented himself much from I that he was not bound to appear there at all. 
her company, and left her at Richmond while On 31 May upwards of thirty nrivy coun- 
he was dallying with Anne Boleyn in Lon- cillors, headed by the Dukes of Norlblk and 
don. It was at this time he began consult- Suffolk, waited on Catherine by the king's 
ing the universities, applying first to Cam- command to remonstrate with her, and urged 
bridge and Oxford, then to Paris and other that she ought to consent to have the matter 
foreign seats of learning; but still he kept tried elsewhere than in liome by judges above 
company with Catherine to some extent, and suspicion. According to Hall, they actually 
even took her out hunting with him. In suggested a tribunal of four prelates and four 
August or the beginning of September she temporal lords of England, which, of course^ 



fell ill of a fever, probably brought on by alarm 
at the king's increasing recklessness. She 
kept Christmas with him at Greenwich ; but 



was what was wanted ; but by the very full 
report of the inter\'iew sent by Chapuys to 
the emperor it does not appear that they 



inJanuaryfollowing(1531)she suffered much proposed anything so definite. Catherine 
anxiety lest something should be done to her completely met every one of their Jesuitical 
prejudice in the parliament which then met. arguments, and fully justified her resolution 
^'othing, however, was said, and Henry al- to abide entirely bv the decision of the pope, 
lowed and even advised her to summon Shortly after this the court removed from 
counsel to her aid at Richmond. lie did Greenwichto Windsor, and there, on 14 July, 
this, as Chapuys believed, in order to dis- I Henry finally left his wife, never to see her 
cover whether she had not secretly received ' again. He removed to "Woodstock without 
a brief from Rome in her favour. For it even bidding her adieu, but left orders that 
would appear that about this time Jlenry, she was to remoin at "Windsor. Deserted by 



or at least his ministers, really thought the 
game a desperate one. A brief was expected 
from Rome which would have ordered Henry 
to dismiss Anne Boleyn frt)m the court, and 
it was the general belief that he would be 



her husband, she complained bitterly of the 
pope's neglect . But the weakness of the pope 
inspired Ilenry with greater boldness. He 
had got the opinion of the university of 
Orleans and of some Parisian lawyers also 



obliged to comply. But the brief when it | that he could not be compelled to appear 
came was feeble and ineffective, so that the ! at Rome ; while Anne Boleyn, who accom- 
king was encouraged to persevere, and the ! panied him wherever he went, spoke confi- 



clergy were forced to acknowledge him as 
supreme head of the church of England. 



aetftly of the prospect of being married to 
him within three or four months at least. In 



This, of course, involved the consequence August the king again sent notice to Cathe- 
that the decision of a Roman tribunal could | rine that he was coming to hunt about "Wind- 
not be acknowledged in an English matri- sor, and that she must dislodge thence and 
monial cause. go to* the Moor in Hertfordshire. The IMn- 

Catherine saw that her only hope lay in cess Mary was ordered at the same time to 
procuring a speedy sentence from Rome in leave her mother and go to Richmond. Two 



her favour, and she wrote urgently to that 
effect to the emperor on 5 April. Ilenrj's 
conduct towards ner varied from day to day. 
One day when she dined with him he spoke 
in unwonted terms of the powdr of the em- 
peror, and afterwards, changing the sub- 
ject, told her she had not been Kind to her 



months later another deputation of the king's 
council was sent to the queen with the same 
object as before ; but she refused more firmly 
than ever, saying, now that she knew him to 
be influenced only by passion, she would not 
desist from demanding justice where alone 
it could be obtained. 



daughter Maiy, becaufie she had not made , She was now absolutely without a friend 



Catherine 298 Catherine 

in England who could do anything for her i right well the way to heaven lies as open 
except Chapuys. All her counsel had refused | by water as by land.' 

absolutely to have anything more to do with . Bishop Fisher both wrote and preached in 
her cause after it was revoked to liome. Still, the queen's favour, and by a sermon at the 
she carefully maintained her position as a | beginning of June very nearly subjected him- 
wife, and sought opportunities of vindicating self to that imprisonment which ue actuallv 
it c^uietly and witnout reproaches. At the underwent a year later. Abell wrote a boolc 
be&cinning of 1532 she sent her husband a in her behalf ; Peto, moreover, was preparing 
^old cup as a New Year s gift, ' with honor- , another, and his reason for desirinf to go 
able and humble words.' She had been abroad was to arrange for its pubbcation. 
jstrictly forbidden to write to him or send any The pope meanwhile had sent Henry a brief 
messages; and Ilenry was so far from pleased rebuking him for having not only put away 
that he refused it angrily ; but fearing that , his wife, but cohabited with Anne Boleyn. 
the servant who had presented it would re- | But none of these things produced much 
turn it to the queen's messenger, and that ' e^ct upon the king. Cathenne was removed 
the latter might take an opportunity of pre- from the Moor, and sent to reside at Bishops 
renting it himself before all the court, he^ Hatfield, a place belonging to the Bishop of 
sent fur it again, praised its workmanship, ! Ely, and there she remained at the time the 
And ordered that it should not be returned j king crossed to Calais with Anne Bolern in 
till the evening. , October, in great anxiety lest thev sni.uld 

The people felt much for the queen's marry over tliere during the interview with 
wrongs. Even Dr. Benet, the king's agent Francis I. 

at liome, when in England at the end of 1 531 , This interview was designed mainl v to con- 
sent her a secret message desiring her par- vince the pope that the kings of England and 
don. He heartily prayed,^ he said, for the , France were so united tliat he could not 
success of her cause. The women even broke | offend one without ofiending both. It was 
out into tumults in her behalf, and insulted very unpopular in England. The emperor, 
Anne Boleyn; shouts were also heard when to counteract the alliance of the two powers, 
the king went about, calling upon him to j held a meeting with the pope at Bologna at 
take back his queen ; and even in the House the close of the year. Two French cardinals 
of Commons two members made the same sent by Fi^ncts to Bologna before the meet- 
siiggostion. In answer to a demand for aid to ing was over induced Clement to avoid goine 
jstrengtlien the frontier against the Scots, they further in the affair of Catherine than he had 
said that the king would protect the realm done already. Henry took advantage of the 
much more effectively if he would only take pope's irresolution, and secretly married Anne 
back his queen and cultivate the friendship , Boleyn lOn 25 Jan. 1533. He also obtained 
of tlie emperor. The aid demanded w^as re- ' from the pope bulls for Cranmer*s promotion 
fused, nor does it seem that Ilenrv ever dared , to the see oi Canterbury. As soon as these 
to punish the offenders. On Easter day, were secure, he got his parliament to pass an 
•31 March 1532, William Peto, the provincial act that no appeals in ecclesiastical causes 
of the Grey Friars, preached before the king should henceforth be carried out of the king- 
at Greenwich, stronglv opposing the divorce, dom to Rome. The new archbishop was made 
The king dissembled his displeasure, and use of to declare the nullity of the King*s mar- 
.^ave the friar, who desired to go to Toulouse, riage with Catherine, and the validity of his 
permission to leave the kingdom ; then next marriage with Anne Boleyn. Even before 
Sunday got a chaplain of his own, named Dr. this was done, an intimation was sent to 
Ourwen, to preach in a manner more agree- , Catherine that she must no longer call her- 
Able to himself. Dr. Curwen fulfilled his self queen, but only princess dowaffer. At 
task, and replied to Peto's sennon, insinuat- Easter (13 April) the marriage was divulged, 
ing that Peto had withdrawn himself for and Anne Boleyn openly took upon her the 
fear, and expressing a wish that he were pre- name of queen. Yet it was not till 10 May 
.sent to answer him. On this another friar, that Craimier opened his court at Dunstable 
Elstowe, started up, and offered to confirm to try whether the first marriage was a valid 
bv scripture all that Peto had said. The one or not ! Catherine, by the advice of 
king was intensely irritated, and both friars . Chapuys, took no notice of the proceedings, 
^for Peto had only reached Canterbury) were and the archbishop pronounced her contuma- 
soon after called before the council, where ' cious. The court was three times adjourned, 
one nobleman told them that they deserved , and sentence was finally pronounced upon 
to be put into a sack and thrown into the ' the 23rd, declaring the marriage invalid, let 
Thames. ' Make these threats to courtiers,' j it appears by a letter which he wrote to Crom- 
Elstowe replied ; ' for as to us, we know i well that during the progress of the suit the 



ilibiahop fnit snnin aiLiiely lest the 
wcioiu' womikii lihDuld change her mhid 
' *nd [lut in tin aii)ieurtiiic« ut the last. I 

On 3 J Illy Lord Moiiiitjoj, OatUeriiie e cbam- 
bcrliiin,acc[)mjiaiiied by four other gentlemen ' 
of Imr houBtJiuld, waited on Catherine at 
Amptliill by the king's command to remou- 
'itL her on having used the name of 






iiueen after having orders i 
They found her lying on a [KLlIet, having 
hurt her foot wiib a pin, and trouliled with 
lerere cougb. On uddinKBiiig her as yr'ui- 
— ) dowager and showing their inHtructione, 
■kt once took HiLceptiou to the title. They 
miu fainlvdihut li'<r obstinacy misht even 
make the king withdraw his favour [rom her 
tlsughter Mary. They came ngnin next day 
and allowed her the report of their interview 
which they were going to send (o the kitig, 
with her own hand struck out the 
princess dowager' wherever they 
:urred. She declared she would accept no ' 
' lioo iu her cause except thiitof thepope, ! 
demanded a co]iy of the in«lriictions 
it she might have them iMuislated into 
,uiish and sent U> Rome. 
On being told of her reply, ns Cliapuys's 
wpittclii^B inform ns, the king caused a pro' 
(ilamation to be iirinted and publisheil in 
liondon by sound of trutnpet. We know 
from a lei Ler of the Earl of Derby ou lU Au^;. 
following that it muEt have beien to forbid 
peupW calling Cntherine queen ; for it up- 
jiears ihut n priest namea Jumes Uacrisoii, 
oa bearing it read, decbired defiantly ■ that ! 
Queen CaUierine was i^ueen, and that Nan ' 
Itullen should not be qitwn,' fur which he 
was brought before the earl and examined. 
^on afterwards Catherine was removed to 
Buckden in Huntingdonshire, a, seat of the 
Bt^up of Lincoln. She wsssalutedas queen 
Jill the wHv along. The king and his council 
iiaxt took into consideration the reduction of 
her household, and of the allowance origi- 
nally assisnedfor her dower by express treaty 
with Ferdinand. The severity of her treat- 
was BO much increasml tout she became 
fur the utmost pressure to be put 
th» pope, whose uuihority, sliebelit^ved, 
• still avail to do her justice! but she 
surrounded by spies, that she hardly 
. it possible to write. 
•. indignities to which she bud to submit 
It gnlling. In July Anne Boleyn, ' 
ling forward 1 hpr ownconfine[iient.was ] 
T lo poBsems a very rich cloth brouglit by j 
lurinu firom Spain, and u^ed by her at 
baptism of hmi' children. She was not | 
dto urge Henry tn ash <'athHrine for . 
TTenry was not asliumed to comply ; 
Oatherioe positively refused to give iip , 



her property for a use m scandaloii 
t lie birth of Elizabeth, Mary waa told that sh« 
must giveuplhenumeof princess, just as her 
mother hod been warned to give up that of 
queen. When she refused, the whole of her 
tiervants were dismissed, and she herself wu 
compelled lo dislodge and become a sort of 
waiting-womnn attached to the train of her 
infant iiister. Then, as it drew near Christmas, 
it WHS determined to make Catherine herself 
dislodge from Buckden and place her with 
a reduced household ut Somersham id the 
Isle of Ely. The commissioners only failed 
to satiefv the king because they had not suffi- 
cient inhumanity or firmness lo overcome 
Catherine's resistance bv force. Buckdea 
was by no means a healthy situation, but 
Somereham was worse, and it was hardly 
passible to avoid a suspicion that the king 
and Anne Boleyn were seeking to hastsa her 
death. The commissioners dismissed a num- 
ber of Catherine's servants who declined to 
be sworn to her anew as princess of Wales ; 
but they failed with nil the menaces they 
could use to get her lo consent to her own 
removal. For sit daj-s they remained hoping 
to conquer her obstinacy ; but she locked. 
herself up in her own chamber, and told them 
thruugh a bole in the wall that if they meant 
to remove her tEey must break open the 
doors uud carry her off hy force. They at 
length returned to the kiur with a confession 
that thev had only been able to execute one 
part of tLeir charge. Henry was very angry 
at their want of thoroughness! 

It seems to have been about the beginning 
of November 1593 that the king saw fit 
to imprison Eliiabeth Barton [see Birton, 
Elizabeth]. Nothina whatever was found 
in her evidence to implicate Catherine. 

The life which slie was then leading at 
Buckden was passed, as we are informed by 
llarpSeld, ' in muchprayer, gieat alms, and 
abstinence. And when she was not in this 
way occupied then was she and her gentle- 
women working with their own hands some- 
thing wrought in needlework, costly and 
artificially, which she intended to the honour 
of God to bestow npon some churclies. There 
was in the said house of Buckden a chamber 
with a window that liad a prospect into the 
chapel, out of which she might hear divine 
service. In this chamber she enclosed her- 
self, sequestered from all other company, a 
great part of the day and night, and upon 
her knees used to pray at the said window 
leaning upon tlie stones of the same. There 
was some of her gcnilewomi'U that did 
curiously mark and obwrve all her doiuffs, 
who reported (hat oftentimes they found Uie 
said stones so wet after her departure aa 



Catherine 300 Catherine 

though it had rained upon them. It was | This Mary did by refusing to accompany her 

credibly thought that in the time of her , infant sister cm lier removal from one house 

prayer she removed the cusliions that ordi- to another. Two doctors were sent to Ca- 

narily lay in the same window, and that the therine to summon her to swear to the new 

said stones were imbrued with the tears of Act of Succession. She replied by inti- 

lier devout eyes ' (Pretended Divorce, 200). mating to the doctors the sent^^nce ^ven in 

He adds: * I have credibly also heard that at her favour at Home. She was forbidden to 

a time when one of her gentlewomen began liold her maundy on Maundy Thursday, and 

to curse the lady Anne Boleyn she answered, about the end of April or beginning of May 

** Hold your peace. Curse her not, but pray she was removed to Kimbolton, a house 

for her ; for tne time will come shortly when which had belonged to Sir Richard Winp- 

you shall have much need to pity and lament field, an English ambassador who had died 

ner case." ^ ' in Spain some years before, and was still in 

On 17 Jan. 1534 Chapuys writes that Ca- possession of his heirs. It was a small man- 
therine had never left her own room since sion, but she was better lodged here tlian 
that visit of the Duke of Suifolk, just a she had be<^n at Buckden, for the king, we 
month before, except to hear mass in a find, was anxious to contradict the rumours 
gallery. She was at this time careful not that had got abroad as to her ill-treatment, 
to eat or drink anything nlaced before her Here, on 21 May, she was visited bv I..ee. 
by some new senants who had been assigned archbishop of York, and Tunstall, bisliop of 
to her by Suftblk in ])lace of those dismissed, Durham, sent to her by the king with a 
and the little food she ventured to take was message. They were to explain and justify 
cooked by her chamberwomen in what was to her what had been done in parliament 
now alike lier bedroom, her sitting-room, lest she should plead ignorance of the effect 
and her kitclien. The king, on the other of the Act of Succession. Tunstall was fre- 
hand, was anxious 'that she should not eat quently interrupted in his speech by Cathe- 
or drink anvthing that was not supplied by rine, who witli great anger and bitterness-* 
him, and iier custodians, as Chapuys re- contradicted him on several points, and re- 
marked, seemed anxious to give her an arti- minded him that he himself nad given her 
ficial droi)sy. Iler situation was but little opinions directly at variance with those hf 
improved when at last judgment was pro- then attempted to justify. He replied that 
nounced. On 23 March 15;i4 sentence was the decisions of uniA'ersities and the pro- 
given by the pope in a secret consistory- at ceedinps of the legislature had since altere<l 
Home that her marriage with Henry was his judgment, and he counselled her to alter 
valid. But parliament had not only declared hers as well. 

Anne Boleyn (jueon and (!'atherine princess i These soj)histries, however, we^e but to 
dowager, but had passed two separate acts smooth the way for the dreadful warning 
taking away tlie jointure of tlie latter and that disobedience to the statute involved thi' 
giving it to the former. Some opi)08ition, penalty of death. When this was intimate<l 
indeed, was made to this in the commons, to her by the bishops, she became still more 
the representatives of London and some other firm, and said if any one was ready to cam- 
cities fearing tliat as tlieir constituencies had out the sentence upon her, let nim come 
stood pledges for the fulfilment of the terms forward at once. It was clearly hopeless t'» 
of tlie marriage treaty, English merchants intimidate her, and the king had to alter hi> 
might be illtreatf^d in 8i)ain ; but they were policy. Only certain maids who had refused 
assured that the obligation had been abolished the oath were removed from her, and shut 
by a modification of the treaties to which the up in a chamlx?r, while her confessor, phy si- 
emperor had given liis constant. Moreover the ] cian, and apothecarv were forbidden to leav»» 
king pro<luced a roll of certain lands, which the house. These tliree were Spaniards who 
he intended to give Catherine in exchange had been long in her service ; lind Catherine, 
for those of her jointure, to the value of apparently by Chapuys's advice, sent hrr 
three thousand crowns a year, and the com- steward and gentleman usher to the king 
mons resisted no longer. requesting that she might have their service?* 

It was ])robnbly to announce the passing again on their simply swearing allegianct^ 

of this act that we find, by one letter of to the king and to her as their mistress. She, 

the period, the Duke of Norfolk and Fitx- however, sent another and evidently mon» 

william left the court on 14 March and rode important message as well, the exact terms 

towards Catherine; and towards the end of of which we do not know. Her servants 

the m(mth Chapuys indicates that both she returned to lier on 4 June bearing an answer 

and her daughter Mary had thought it ad- 1 from the privy council, which they had been 

Tiaable ' to show the king their teeth a little.' i ordered to put into writing and i«ad to her. 



Catherine 301 Catherine 

The king and council first expressed their ; do 80 as princess dowager, but not as queen, 
surprise at her obstinacy in persisting, in which of course was to Catherine practical 
spite of all presumptions to the contrary, prohibition. 

that she had been a maid when she married There seemed little wanting to fill up the 
him. To this she replied by affirming it all , cup of Catherine's misery. And yet the 
themorestrongly, and calling God to witness relentless course of the king's tyranny in 
it« truth. Secondly, slie was told that her i 1535 inspired her with a new terror. First 
reliance on the sentence given at Ilome was the Cartiiusian monks were dragged to exe- 
II mistake. It was delivered after the king cution for denying the king to be supreme 
had appealed to a general council ; more- , head of the church of England ; then Bishop 
over the ' bishop of Home ' had no authority | Fisher and Sir Thomas More sufiered the 
in England. She answered that she would same fate. Till now she had never realised 
hold by the pope's sentence. Thirdly, as to to herself how far her husband would dare to 
the request tnat her Spanish servants should outrage the common feelings of all Christ- 
be restored to her on swearing fealty to the endom, or how he could even do so with 
king and herself * and no other woman,' she impunity. The whole civilised world was 
must express herself more definitely ; for , shocked, and the pope fulminate a sentence 
the king could by no means allow them to ] against Henry to deprive him of his king- 
swear to her as queen, though he might pos- dom ; but no relief came to Catherine, 
sibly consent to let them swear to her as About the beginning of December 1535 
princess dowager. she became seriously unwell, and though she 

yrUhe strict imprisonment in which both : recovered for a time, she had a relapse the 
^he and her daughter were kept, and the day after Christmas. She was believed then 
liarsh refusal to each of the natural comfort to^ on the point of death, and the fact being 
of the other's company, was intended to break intimated to Chapuys, he obtained the king's 
down their opposition to the king piecemeal, permission to visit her. .He arrived on tne 
For the same reason Chapuys, whom Cathe- morning of New-year's day, and was at once 
rine had desired to come to her, remained admitted to her presence; after which she 
for weeks soliciting in vain license of the > desin^d him to rest, and thought she could 
king to go, tiU he at length went of his own | sleep a little herself, for she had not liad 
accord, setting out with sL\ty horses in his more than two hours* sleep altogether during 
company through the whole length of Lon- the previous six days. On the evening of that 
don, and taking care that his object should , same day a devoted countrywoman of her 
be known as widely as possible. Even then own found means to l)e admitted to her pre- 
he was met by messengers who told him sence without a passport. It was Lady W il- 
that an inter^'iew could not be allowed ; but loughby, formerly Maria de Salinas, one of 
he and his company went on and presented her maids of honour, who came with her from 
themselves before the place, where tlie queen Spain, now motlier-in-law to Henry VIITs 



favourit+», the Duke of Suftblk. She appeared 
before the gates of Kimboltou Castle, saying 



and her suite, to the great satisfaction of all 
the country people, spoke to them from the 

battlements and windows. i she had travelled in haste fearing she would 

Of sympathy there was no lack ; several be too late to see (.'atherine again alive. She 

lords expressed their disappointment that begged leave at once to come in and warm 

the emperor did not send an expedition to herself, as she sufl'ered bitterly from the cold, 

Kngland to vindicate the rights of his aunt and also from a fall frr)in her horse. It was 

and cousin. But the emperor was engaged impossible to disoblige a lady of such high 



in other matters. Cromwell was not ashamed 



social position. She was admitted to tne 



to hint to the imperial ambassador that it . hall, and even to Catherine's chamber; and 
was a pitv the friendly relations between ! once there, she remained with her old mis- 
I lenry and Charles should be in any danger tress to the end. * We neither saw her again, 
from the regard of the latter for two ladies, ! nor beheld any of her letters,' wrote Beding- 
who after all were mortal, seeing that if field, who, under the name of steward, was 



they were removed there could be no ob- 
stacle to cordiality. *You may be sure,' 
writes Chapuys to Granville, * they think 



Catherine's custodian ( Strype, Ecclesiastical 
Memorials, i. pt. i. 372). 

Chapuys stayed four days at Kimbolton, 



day and night of getting rid of these good during which time lie had an audience of 
ladies.' In March 1535 the queen again | Catherine every day. Her spirits revived. 



determined to keep a maundy, and mes- 
sengers were despatched in haiste to court 
to know whether it should "be allowed, on 
which the council determined that she might 



she took better rest and nourishment, and 
her physician thought her out of immediate 
danger. Chapuys accordingly took leave 
of her on Tuesday night, 4 Jan., and left 



Catherine 302 Catherine 

Kimbolton on the AVednesday morning after j declared to some of his privy councillon^ 
learning that she had slept well. After mid- that he really could remain no longer a prey 
night) in the early hours of Friday, 7 Jan., ' to such anxiety as he had endured on account 
she became restless, and asked frequently j of Catherine and her daughter, and they 
what o'clock it was, merely, as she explained, must devise some means of relieving him at 
that she might hear mass. George Athequa, the coming parliament. The death of Cathe- 
the Bishop of Llandaff, offered to say it for rine, therefore, furnished precisely the relief 
her at four o'clock, but she objected, giving ' which he required ; and there was much in 
him reasons and authorities in Latin why it the circumstances besides to suggest the idea 
should not be at that hour. At daybreak of poison. Even before her death her phy- 
she received the sacrament. She then de- I sician, in answer to Chapuys's inquiries, 
sired her servants to pray for her, and also owned that he suspected it. She had never 
to pray that God might forgive her husband, i been well, he saia, since she had drunk a 
She caused her physician to write her will, certain Welsh beer. Yet the symptoms were 
which she dictated to him in the form of : unlike ordinary poison, and he could only 
a supplication to her husband, because she suppose that it was something very special, 
knew that by the law of England a married Such an opinion, of course, is of very little 
woman had no right to make a will of her weight when we consider the low stat-e of 
own. She desired to be buried in a convent ! medical science at the time. But after her 
of Observant friars, not knowing, in all proba- death steps were at once t«ken to embalm 
bility, that the whole order of the Observants the body and close it up in lead with a 
had been suppressed and driven out of the secresy that does seem rather to suggest 
kingdom more* than a year before. She also ^ foul play. Eight hours aft«r she died the 
desired five hundred masses to be said for ^ chanaler of t^ house with two assistants 
her soul, and ordained a few small legacies, came to do the work, everybody else being 
At ten o'clock she received extreme unction, j turned out of the room, including even the 
repeating devoutly all the responses. At two physician and the Bishop of Llandaff, the 
o'clock in the afternoon she passed away. | deceased lady's confessor. The chandler 
These particulars are derived from a des- , afterwards informed the bishop, but as a 
patch of Chapuys written a fortnight later, great secret, which would cost nim his life 
The will which she dictated is still extant in | if it were revealed, that he had found all 
two forms, French and English. From Poly- the internal or^M»sound except the heart, 
doreVergiljlikewisea contemporary, we learn | which was bla^^^^frightful to look at ; 
that she also dictated to one of hur maids a that he had ^'^^^B^^ three times, but it 
last letter to the king, forgivin^ him all he remained of ^^^|B^ colour, then cut it 
had done to her, and beseeching him to be a open and founcr^W%side black also; and 
good father to their daughter Mary. * Lastly,' , further, that he had found a certain round 
she concludes, * I vow that mine eyes desire black object adhering to the outside of the 
you above all things.' This brief epistle, of heart. 

which the text is given in a Latin form Tlie bishop took the physician into his 
by Polydore Vergil, is said by him to have confidence, and the latter was distinctly of 
brought tears into Henry's eyes. Unhappily, , opinion that the symptoms indicated poison, 
this does not harmonise withChapuys'sn»port I lout it must be said that (as has been shown 
of the way in which Ilenr^- received the news by Dr. Norman Moore) the medical science 
of her death. * God be praised! 'he exclaimed, of the present day is quite oppOv««ed to this 
* we are now delivered from all fear of war.' : conclusion, and that the symptoms now are 
The possibility that the emperor might at known to be those of a disease called by the 
last lead an expedition against England to ' profession melanotic sarcoma, or more popu* 
avenge the wrongs of his aunt was now at larlv, cancer of the heart (-4f^^?uwi»», 31 Jan. 
an end. The onljr cause that could disturb j 1885, p. 152; 14 Feb. p. 215; 28 Feb. p. 
their friendship or interfere with Henry's per- | 281). We may therefore put aside the sus- 
fect freedom of action was removed. And picions of murder. Abroad in the world 
the king was at no pains to conceal his satis- . Henry had not the temerity to express his 



faction, appearing next day at a ball attired 
in yellow from head to foot, with a white 
feather in his cap. 

Perhaps this indecent ioy of Henry's 
affords in itself a reasonable presumption 
that a certain not imnatural suspicion of 
Chapuys's was really without foundation. 
More than two months before the king had 



joy. He gave orders for a stately funeral 
becoming the person of one whom lie pecMf- 
nised as a sister-in-law, besides being daugh- 
ter of the late King Ferdinand of Arragon 
(Archetol, xvi. 23). The abbey church of 
Peterborough was appointed to receive her 
remains, and thither on 27 and 28 Jan., three 
weeks after her death, they were conveyed 



Catherine 



Catherine 



^'ilh much aolemnitji nnd lieraldk ]ioni[i, ac- 
companied by a numerous train of nubli.-meii, 
tcentlemeti, und ladies. At nialit on tbe 
27tli the body rested at Sawtry Abbey, about 
mJdwav between Kimbolton and Peter- 
boroii^h. The twt of the journey wbb uc- 
comphehed next day. The interment itaelf 
took place on the 29tli. Her own daughter 
was not allowed to attend the ceremony, 
nnd the place of chief mourner was filled by 
Henry'9 niece. Elennor, the daughter of the 
Doke of Suffolk. 

GDlherine was of a fikir complexion and, 
t-o jiidp* by her portraite, the best known 
of which is by Hulbein, eomewhat plump. 
Her cunstiliition mu£l have been naturally 
fetrong, but her tastes do not appear to have 
been such aa commonly go trith a vigoroiia 
hnhit of body. She seems to have cared 
little for hunting and field-sports, and loved 
to occupy heraelf wilh her needle. Her 
piety, wnich ghe inherited from her mother, 
waa nursed by misfortune and neglect from 
her earliest yeare. She relied mainly for 
s|iirilual advice on the counsels of Franciscan 
friars of the reformed order colled Obser- 
vnnifi, from whom during her early life in 
England she chose a confeasor, and among 
whom, as we have seen, she desired to find 
a place of sepulture. That she was a de- 
voted student of the Bible we know from 
Erasmus. It is remnrh||i| that the great 
scholar dedicated to b^^H|20 (juM syeor 
before the king's P''<)^^^^K^ divorce wu 
tnlked about) his n-or^^^Biristtnn 3Iatri- 
■Donv,' which he prolJi^lRote at her sug- 
geation. 

[UariaDH, Bittoria General ile Espaon ; Bec- 
' iwldK, Bivtoria de Ids Keyes Catolicos D. Fer- 
^^ DMido y Pofia Isabel ; Lriand's CollectaneB. v. 
302-TS; "Brewer and Gnirdnei's Citl. uf Slate 
I>pen, Henry VH] ; Bergonroth ami OuyuDgus's 
Col. of State Papers (Spaninh); Guiidnsr's Me- 
iDonale of Benry TH. nnd Letlen, &c., of the 
Beigns of Richard lU and Henry TU ; Stars 
P8p«r».Hi-QryVJII;H»ll'ii Chronicle; Cavendish's 
Life of Woiwj : HivrpBllelde Trtarise en the Pre- 
tended Divorce belTenn Heniy VUI and Cutha- 
rioe of Amgon; Furrent's Hlalory of Grisild 
the 3»w)rd (RoilinrKlie Club) : TraDscriptafrom 
ViennaArehitesintTiePublicRecord Office. Of 
modern lives of Cnttierine, even the best, thnt of 
"hsittricklHUd.hasbecomeobeoleteowiDgtothe 
tA)£aam«ont of new information, supplied chiefly 
m tha archives of Spain and Vienna, Khich 
Pfca (band in the Calendoie. There are, in- 
rerecentstadiesliy Albert iJaBoyiand 
. Ute Mr. Bep«orih Dixon, hot even these 
w ftnndcd on imperfect hnatrledge, and mnTiy 
of the (talenienli of the latter in his Bittory 
of Two Qnernn ore utterly an'urporltd by tho 
. ^titboriliu ha himself add iieeK.] J. O. 



tftW""' 
Hhtntha 

^^mfttini 



CATHERINE Howarb (rf. 1543), fifth 
quuen of Ilenrj- VIII, was the daughter nf 
Lord Edmund Howard, a younger son of 
Thomas, second duke of Norfolk, the Tictor of 
Klodden Field. Her mother was Lord Ed- 
mund's first wife, Joyce or Jocosa, daughter of 
Sir Richard Culpepper of Kent, one of that 
family who afterwards became lords of the 
manor of Holingbotime. According to her 
latest biographer, she was widow of Sir John 
Leigh of Stockwell, but this is certainly n 
mistake, for not only was she Lord Edmund'e- 
wife long before Sir John Leigh's death in 
1523, but it appears bv the inquisition od 
Leigh's lands (15 Sen'. VUI. No, 69) that 
he willed certain property afl«r his dec^se, 
in the event of two nephews dying without 
issue, to Lord Edmund and this very Jocosn 
his wife, who therefore could never have' 
been the wife of Sir John I.eigh, but, as it 
appears by other evidence,had been the wife 
01 bis brother Ralph Irfigh {Anhi^Iiiffia 
Cantiana, iv. 264; MiNKlKO and BuAT, 
Surrey, iii. 497). Further, ae regards the- 
date of Catherine's birth, it is said that she 
was the fifth child in the family, and Miss- 
Strickland infers that, she could not have 
b«en bom before 16S1 or 1523, because, ae 
she informs us. Lord Edmund Howard was 
one of the bachelor noblemen who accom- 
panifd Marj- Tudor to France in 1616. It is 
unfortunate that wo are not told the source 
of this information. Mary Tudor really went ' 
to France in 1514, but we have soujfbl in 
vain for cvi('"nce that Lord Edmund went 
thither alonn with her, or that he was n 
bachelor at thnt date. On the other hand, 
as Lord Edmund is believed to have been 
bom between 147» and XM^ (Bovard Me~ 
mortals, 12), and wa know for c-ertain that 
hi» fathei^in-Iaw, Sir Riehatcl Culpepper, 
died in 1484 (Hastet. Sent, ii, 18P, 223. 
iS:c.) it is not in itself a very probable thing 
that he waited till he was over thirty-fire 
to marry a woman who wa.B over thirty. 

WbatuTer the truth may be on this point, 
it is certain that she had a veir bad educa- 
tion. Her father was wretchedly poor. For 
sen'icea at Fiodden the king rewnrded him 
with a grant of three shillbge and fourpenee- 
B day. to continue for t&ea years (Ca!. 
He?,, mi, ii. 1463), at the end of which 
timehewasallowed 'diets for tokingthiev"' 
at twenty shillings a day, for about a venr 
and a quarter (i*. pp, 1473-4, 1478). 'But 
with a family of tan children be found it 
hard to maintain himself, and he was com- 
pelled at times to aioid his creditors, and 
those who had stood surety for him wero' 
arrested in his Btpnd {Eii.is, I^ftem, Srd' 
series, j. 160; Cal. Hen. VUI, voL iv. Nob. 



Catherine 



304 



Catherine 



8730-1). At last he was made controller of 
Calais, but even the emolument-s of that 
post hardly sufficed by themselves to relieve 
him from his difficulties without some addi- 
tional assistance, which Cromwell seems to 
have procured for him (Cal. vol. v. No. 1042). 
His first wife died, and he married a second, 
named Dorothy Troyes, when apparently he 
was ^lad to hand over the care of his daugh- 
ter Catherine to his mother, the old Duchess 
Agnes of Norfolk. 

A musician named Henry Mannock or 
!Manox, belonginpf to the duchess's retinue 
at Horsham in Norfolk, who taught Cathe- 
rine the use of the virginals, got on terms of 
familiarity with the neglected girl, and one 
of the duchess's women, named Isabel, car- 
ried tokens between them. After a while 
Isabel married and left tlie household, and 
one Dorothy Barwick of Horsham became 
confidante in her place. The Duchess of 
Norfolk, however, removed her household to 
Ijambeth, the suburban residence of the 
Howard family, not, as has been suggested, 
with a view to the coronation of Anne 
Boleyn, because it appears from the deposi- 
sition of Mannock that he first entered her 
service about \iyii6, tlie year of Aime Boleyn's 
fall, so that the earliest instance of Cathe- 
rine's misconduct must have occurred within 
four years of her marriage. Catherine, how- 
ever, came to Lambeth, and had for a com- ; 
pauion in the same dormitory one Mary 
Lassells, who had been nurse to her aunt, 
Lady William Howard, and after her death 
in 1533 (Howard Memorials, 87) had passed 
into the service of the duchess. Here some 
conversations took place, of which Catherine 
was the subject, between Mary Lassells and 
Dorothy Barwick, who said that Mannock 
was betrothed to Catherine. * What ! ' ex- 
claimed Mary Lassells, addressing Mannock, 
^ meanest thou to play the fool of this fashion 't 
Knowest thou not that an' my lady of Nor- | 
folk know of the love between thee and Mrs. 
Howard she will undo thee ? * Mannock re- ' 
plied with gross efTronterv, and in a way that 
certainly showed very little real respect for 
Catherine, declaring that she had promised 
to be his mistress, and had allowed him 
already to take the most indecent liberties 
with her. On being informed of what he 
said, she was indignant, and went with Mary 
Lassells to seek him out and reproach him. 
The affair passed over, and nothing more 
seems to have been heard of it for years. 
But another lover appeared in the retinue of 
the Duke of Norfolk, one Francis Dereham, 
who was some way or other a kinsman of 
her own, and was favoured by the old duchess. 
The couple interchanged love tokens. He 



gave Catherine a silk heart's-eose, and she 
gave him a band and sleeves for a shirt. 
It is clear that the couple were fully engaged 
to each other, and sucii an engagement, ac- 
cording to the views then prevalent, invali- 
dated any subsequent marriage that was at 
variance with it. So Francis Dereham and 
Catherine Howard called each other hus- 
band and wife, although their engagement 
was not known to the world. One day it 
was remarked that he kissed her very freely, 
and he replied, ' Who should hinder him 
from kissing his own wife ? ' Still the mat- 
ter was kept so quiet that the old duche^^ 
under whose root Catherine lived knew but 
little of what passed between them. Dere- 
ham brought his mistress wine, strawlxjrries, 
apples, and other things after my lady vru 
gone to bed, and Catlierine was even sus- 
])ected of having sometimes stolen the keys 
to let him in at a later hour. 

It appears that this attachment was broken 
off on Catherine's being called to court. In 
anticipation of that event Dereham had said 
that he would not remain in the duchess's 
household after she was gone, to which, ab- 
cording to her own account afterwards, she 
replied *that he might do as he list.' Dere- 
ham himself apparently gave a different ac- 
count of the parting, according to which 
Catherine replied that it grieved her as much 
as him, and tears trickled down her cheeks 
in confirmation of what she said. Catherine, 
as queen, denied this utterly. Perhaps it is 
more charitable to herself to believe the stor}' 
of her lover. He left the duchess's house- 
hold and went to Ireland, or perhaps scoun^d 
the Irish seas for some time, lor he was after- 
wards accused of piracy. He n^tumed before 
Catherine was queen, and heard a report that 
she was engaged to be married to her cousin 
young Thomas Culpepper. He demanded an 
answer from herself if it were true. * What 
should you trouble me thereAvith ?' she an- 
swered, * for vou know I will not have vou. 
And if you heard such report, you heard more 
than I do know.' 

In 1540 the king had married Anne of 
Cleves. The marriage was from the first 
distasteful to the king. A catholic reaction 
had already set in, and Bishop Gardiner, who 
had for some time been excluded from th** 
king's councils, was recalled to c<^urt. He 
entertained the king in his own house, and 
it was under the bisliop's roof that a famili- 
arity first grow up between Henry atad Ca- 
therine Howard, which the bishop apparently 
did his best to encourage. No one, of course, 
could have ventured to hint at a divorce 
from Anne of Cleves till it was clear that the 
king himself was bent on it, and Richard 



3oj 



Catherine 



IIjIIl-s, an En^liaL mercluint, wliu fBroui-i.'J 
lUe new doctrines, -wriling to Henry Bullin- 
g»i, KlZiiricli, says dwiiiictly it wna theobjei-t 
of the wtliolio party ut first to ai-t up Ciithe- 
Tine M a rival to the qui«n in a less honour- 
able pORitloti. The king, however, bad vi■^wa 
of kia own, and ft rumour ^mdually got 
abroad thnt the qiiseu Wiu to tw divorced and 
the young hidy to take her place. The poii- 
tion certainly look horsult tu well as the 
world by surprise. Utd associates, beginning 
li> percuiTe how matters stood, pressed their 
claims upou lier. ~ It was rumoured, indeed, 
that the king had not only begun to Iotb 
h>;r, but hod actually made her pregnant 
before Anne of Clevea was divorced {Cal., 
"N'euice, v. 87). The report was wrong, cer- 
tainly, as a matter of fact. Annu of Cleves 
was divorced by a decree of convoeation on 
9 July, and paVliamant besought the king, 
'for the f^oaii of his people,' to enter the 
matrimonial state yet a Gfth tim» to the huuD 
af more numerous issue, lie accordingly 
married Catharine, quite privatelv, nt Oat- 
lands, on 28 July (Third Ef.port of Dep.- 
Kefprr of fublif Jieoord*, Am. n. 261), and 
oa S Aug. publicly acknowledged hsr as hia 
queen at Hampton Court. On the loth she 
ima prayed for in all the churches bv that 
title. 

The couple ap^nt a fortnight at Wind- 
sor, and thence made a brief progress by 
Ueodio^, Ewelme, and other places to Oraf- 
ton and Ampthill, returning to Windsor on 
'22 Oct. Judt after tbei^ had departed on 
this tour a priest at Windsor was arrested 
slon^ with another pjrson for speaking un- 
fitting word) uf the queen, but the matter 
a>)eins to have been trivial, for the prieet was 
digmisaed with a mere admonition, and no- 
thiii{^ more appears to have come of it. Some 
very ill-founded rumours were also set afloat 
that the king might poaiibiy repudiate Ca- 
thiirine and take bock Anno of Cleves aj his 
qii(<en. But those rumours soon died away, 
as the fact was apparent that the king was, 
fr>r the time at least, thoroughly enamoured 
<tf his new spouse. Opinions, indeed, were 
divided to, to her beauty, which the French 
■unbasaador Marillac thought only mediocre, 
but even ho admitted that she had a very 
vriunini; countenance. 

Partly to quiet hie nortliern subject* and 
partly to meet James V of Scotland' at York, 
t}i(i king, in July, set out on a progress along 
with Catherine. They paesea by Dunsta- 
ble, AmntJiill, GraftoUj and Northampton, 
tkroogh Lincolnshire, into Yorkshire, reach- 
ini* i'untofract in the latter part of August, 
where they remained till the beginning uf 
Se^C^mbur, During this piriod book place 



soma of those stolen interviews with former 
lovers which, even if they were not actually 
criminal, helped to bring Catherine to coufu- 
eion. At Lincoln, and again at Pontefroct, 
Lady Itochford procured meetingj between 
I her and her cousin Culpepper, one of which 
, lasted from eleven at night till three in the 
nxorniug. How interviews at such hours 
were kept from the kiiu's knowledge is not 
I explained to lu, but Lady Rochfbrd set a 
, watch on back entrances, and the alToir waa 
I effectually conceabd. At Pontefract, on 
37 Aug., Catherine appointed Francis Dare- 
ham as her secretary, perhaps as, the best 
way of keeping matters quiet, though it was 
obviously a dangerous eipsdieut. The roval 
party went on to York, where thev arrived 
in the middle of September, hat James did 
not make bis appearance, and in the end of 
the month they began to move hrjmewards 
again. On 1 Oct. they reached Hull, where 
they stayed five days, and then passed on, by 
Kettleby, Colly Weston, and Ampthill, to 
Windsor and Hampton Court, where thev 
arrived on the 30th to keep the fei^t of .\tl 
Saints' on 1 Nov. 

The aolemnities of All SainM' day were 
dulv performed, and the king ordered tha 
Bishop of Lincoln, his confessor, to give 
thanks to God with him for the good life be 
led and hoped to lead, ' after sundry troubles 
lind which hod happened t( ' ' 






with her who v 






'ste?hi 



SeuC^mbur 



day at moss Archbishop Cra 

into the king's hand which he 
requested him to read in the strictest privacy. 
It contained information given him by John 
Lasaells, the brother of tnat Mary Lnssells 
who had been a servant of the old Duchess 
of Norfolk, and who was now married in 



apply for service with the queen. She re- 

Klied that she would not, but was very sorry 
ir t he queen. ' Why so ? ' asked Lassells, 
and his sister told him in reply of her former 
intercourse with Dareham and Maunock. and 
that a maid in the house had refused to share 
her bedroom in consequence. Perplexed with 
this dreadful news, the archbishop at Bret 
consulted the lord chancellor and the Earl 
of Hertford, who agreed that it ought to be 
communicated to the king, and that no one 
wus 80 lit to do it OS the archbishop himielf. 
Henry was unable at first to believe the 
news, and he ordered a strict investigation. 
The lord privy sea) (Fit^william, earl of 
Southampton) was despatched secretly first 
to London to examine Lissells, the infor- 
mant, and than into Sussex to examine liia 
ebter, making a prutonce of hunting. Sir 



Catherine 



306 



Catherine 



Thomas Wriothesley was at the same time 
sent to London to examine Mannock, and to 
arrest Dereham, not on the charge of crimi- 
nal intercourse with the queen, but on a 
charge of piracy. On being questioned, how- 
ever, Derenam himself confessed to haying 
frequently lain with the que^. Mannock 
confessed to no such intercourse, but admitted 
that he had been allowed to take liberties. 
The result of the secret inyestigations was 
most painfully convincing. The kin^ shed 
bitter tears over the discovery — a thing, as 
his privy council observed, * which was 
strange in his courage.' It was months be- 
fore he recovered his old buoyancy of spirits. 
He commissioned Archbishop Cranmer, 
Lord-chancellor Audley, the Duke of Nor- 
folk, the lord chamberlain, and the Bishop 
of Winchester to wait upon the queen and 
interrogate her upon the matter. She at 
iirst denied her guilt till she found that 
denial was hopeless. She then disclosed 
everything, ana the archbishop took her con- 
fession in writing. Thus the case was com- 
plete against both her and her accomplices by 
their own confession ; but it was not admitted 
that since her marriage with the king any- 
thing criminal had taken place. It might 
be doubted whether a capital charge could 
be founded on these acts alone; l3ut even 
the use of torture did not wring more from 
Dereham, and the king could only point to 
the vehement presumption of criminal acts 
done afterrvaras. 

As regards Catherine herself, if the case 
could have been judged impartially, she had 
really committee! adultery in marrying the 
king, not in any acts done with Dereham. 
But she steadily denied that she had ever 
consented to become Dereham's wife. After 
her confession Cranmer was sent to her again. 
The archbishop found her almost out of her 
mind with terror. The announcement of the 
king's intended mercy relieved her anxiety 
for a moment ; but little could be extractecl 
from her. 

On 11 Nov. Cranmer was instructed to 
proceed further, and when he had obtained 
all the information he could get to take the 
queen's keys from her, and intimate the 
king's pleasure that she should remove on 
^londay to Sion House. She was still to 
have the name and dignity of queen, but with 
a very much reduced establishment, three 
chambers only being allowed to her, * hanged 
with mean stuff,' and a very modest atten- 
dance of servants. Next day the lord chan- 
cellor declared to the judges the fact of the 
Queen's misconduct ; and such members of 
uie council as had been privy to the investi- 
gation were instructed to set forth the whole 



matter on Sunday the ISth to the ladies and 
gentlemen of the household, without making^ 
mention of any pre-contract with Dereham. 
The king and his council were evidentlT 
bent on establishing a case of adultery, but 
the information as yet would hardly serve. 
The pre-contract would have inyalidated the 
marriage altogether, and there were no evi- 
dences of unlawful intercourse after the mar- 
riage had taken place. But if this could 
not be established in the case of Derehtm, 
there was a considerable presumption in that 
of Culpepper. Catherine, however, had not 
yet fully confessed all that had passed be- 
tween herself and her cousin ; ana Cnnmer, 
Paulet, and Wriothesley were instructed to 
question her further. 

Meanwhile, the old Duchess of Norfolk, on 

hearing that the queen and Dereham were 

arrested, sent a servant named Pewson to 

Hampton Court to learn particulars. She 

certainly knew that Catherine had in past 

years held stolen interviews under her roof 

both with Mannock and with Dereham. She, 

moreover, had even then in her custody two 

I coffers belonging to Dereham, which con- 

' tained papers apparently of some importance. 

She hastily broke them open and examined 

! what was in them. 

Now, the duke her stepson was sent to 
Lambeth to search Dereham's coffers, and 
when it was found that she had done so 
herself, it was naturally suspected that she 
had destroyed some papers that would some- 
how have compromised her. She was closely 
questioned ana professed that her only motive 
was to search lor evidences and send them 
to the king. She foresaw clearly her com- 
mittal to the Tower, from which she did not 
hope to come out alive. Pewson also was 
arrested ; and all who had opportunities of 
knowing the queen's misconduct were like- 
wise placed in custody. Among these were 
her uncle. Lord William Howard, and his 
wife, her aunt, the Countess of Bridgewater, 
Joan Bulmer, Catherine Tylney, one Robert 
Davenport, and a number of others. 

Meanwhile, Culpepper and Dereham were 
tried and condemned on 1 Dec. The evi- 
dence against them had been elicited from 
themselves and others, partly by the use of 
torture. Yet Culpepper denied his guilt to 
the last. There is in the Record Office a 
letter addressed to him by Catherine Howard 
before she was queen, which reads, to say 
the least, not unlike a love letter, and shows 
that even in those da^s Lady Bochford was a 
medium of commumcation between tbemr 
but it proves nothing as to criminal inti- 
macy. Xady Bochford would hare been 
brought to trial at the same time bnt that 



^Catherine 



Catherine 



three ilays after her arreBt she went com- 
pletely out of her mind with Ihe horror of 
the situation. She was, however, veryuare- 
fully tended in order that she might after- 
wards be put upon her trinl and brought to 
condign punishment. The queen, too, still 
remnined untried at Sion House, while her 
guilt was pT^ud^ bj the sentences already 
executed npon Derehum and Culpepper. 



defence. The deput 



. was «(jreed I 



She P 



:ried e 



when anothei 



b&t«h of 

Howard, hobert Davenport, Catherine Tyl- 
ney, and several others of lesa not*, was ■ 
brought up at the Guildhall three weeks | 
later, and condemned of misprision for con- j 
cealing what (hey knew. Tliese received ' 
their ften[«nee on 22 Dec., which was per- I 
petual imprisonment and forfeiture of goods ' 
to the king. The Duchess of Norfolk was | 

Srdoned her life, confessing that she had 
ae wrong in brealoDg up Dereham's cof- 
fers i and perhaps she savtd herself even 
from very extreme treatment by revealing 
to the lord pri(-y seal and Mr. Secretary 
Wriothesley the place where she had hidden 
N sum of 800/. Uliimately she received a 
complete pardon and was releaj<ed from her 
cDnnnement on 5 May 1542 (see STBictLiND, 
iii. 172). But for the present she was kept 
cioae. So many were involved in the charge 
of concealing Catherine's misconduct that 
there was no room in the ordinary prisons, 
and special arrangements were made for re- 
ceiving them in the king's and queen's lodg- 
iagfs. They were visited in tlieir cells by the 
Duke of Suffolk, the Earls of Southampton, 
Suesei, and Hertford, and other members of 
the privy council. 

Yet itwastoshowhiaclemency,according 
to current report, that Henry did not bring 
Cnlherine to trial until parliament met , 
(Chapuys to Charles V, 3 Dec., in Froudb'h ' 
TAe Pitgrin, p. 15fl). In other words, he | 
would not appear of hie owu accord to break i 
his promise of pardon to her. On 16 Jan. I 
154j parliament met at 'Westminster, and i 
on the '21st a bill of attainder against the j 
queen and I^ady llochford was read for the | 
first time. The names of the Duchess of 
Norfolk, Lord William Howard, and others ' 
were also included in the bill as guilty of I 
misprision. The second reading, however, ' 
w»« postponed foran unusual titne. On the 
SBth the lord chanceUor declnn^ lo the 
house certaiu reasons why it should not be 
hiialily proceeded with ; the queen was not 
n mitw privat* person, and her cause ought 
to be thoroughly wt^tghedj and he suggested 
that a deputation from both houses shoutd 
wait upon hrr ond encoumge her to speak 
-.ioiliJly whott-'ver she had lo sny in hiT own 



subject to the king's approval, 
Monday following (30 Jan.) the chancellor 
explained that it hod been put off by advico 
of the council, who thought it more impor- 
tant that they should jpetition his majesty, 
first, not to take hb mufortune too heavilv, 
considering how the weal of tho wholo 
realm depended upon him ; secondly, that 
they might coofirm in parliament the at- 
tainder of Culpepper and Dereham ; thirdly. 
that parliament should be free to proceed to 
judgment in the case of the queen and her 
other confederates that the matter might no 
longer hang in doubt ; fourthly, that after- 
wards the king might give his assent to what 
was done hy commission under the great seal 
without words or ceremony which would 
renew his pain ; and, fifthly, that if any hod 
offended the statutes in speaking freely of 
the queeu, they should have the oenefit of 
a general pardon. 

All this seema very much like a round- 
about way of relieving the king &om thn 
imputation of breach of fiuth for bringing 
Catherine to the block after he had promised 
to spare her life. 

A curious point as to parliamentary prac- 
tice in those days arises from a study of th<^ 
different evidences beoriog upon this case. 
Chapuys, the imperial andiassador, writing- 
to tHiarles V on 29 Jan., says that ' the re- 
solution of the peers will he laid before the 
representatives of the people in two days ; ' 
and in the paragraph immediately follow- 
ing he adds ; — ' At the very moment I was 
writing the above I was informed that the 
commons house had this morning come to 
the same resolution about the queen and the 
ladies as the bishops and peers have done. 
and the queen, it is to he feared, will be soon 
seat to the Tower." What Chapuys refer* 
to OS ' the resolution ' of the peers seems to 
have been the first reading of the bill; and 
the question suggests itself, whether a bill 
once read in the lords could have gone down 
to the lower bouse and passed through the 
different stages there before it came before 
the peers again for a second reading. L'n- 
fortunately, we have no journals of the 
House of Commons at that date ; but the 
interval that elapsed before the second read- 
ing in the lords rather favours the suppoai- 

The bill was read there a second time on 
6 Feb., and a third time on the day following. 
Before the royal assent was given the Duke 
of Suffolk and the Earl of Souiluimpton 
waited on the queen nnd obtained from her 
a very pitiful confession, accompanied L 
prayer that her crime might d ' "" ~"" 




Catherine 30^ Catherine 



upon her family, and that the king would j [State Papers, i. 689-712, 721-8; Burnet, 

allow some of her dresses to be given to «1. Pocock, v. 249-52 ; Third Be{)ort of Dcp.- 

tliose serv-antswho had attended her since Keeper of Public Recordij, App. ii. 261-^; 

she fell into disgrace. She still seemed, or ^'icol^s's Privy Ck)uncil Proceedings, vii. 17, 21, 

at least was reported to be only a few days M"' ^'^*^-^ I Journals of the House of Lords, 

Ix'fore, * very cheerful and more plump and V, 1-' ^^\~^A ^^m7^' KauleVs Correspondance 

pretty than'ever; as careful about her dress i;«l«^q?e de C^istiUon et de Maniac; Froude's 

and is imperious and wilful as at the time fJlL^^^f p"!; i?P-p ^ ^tf nk''"^'' a^"^!!} ""?v" 
1 1 '^ •*! xi. 1 • » V X 1. scripts m Public Record Office. A modem life 

when she was with the king/ \et she now ^f ^,,,,.ri„, ^,i ^e found in Miss StpickTaiKr 
looked for nothing but death, unless she was Queens of England, vol. iii.l J. G. 

still buoyed up by a vam confidence in the 

king's promised word, to which she did not ' CATHERINE PARR (1512-1548), 
venture to appeal, and she only asked that sixth and last queen of Henry VIII, wa* the 
her execution should be private. On 10 Feb. daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal in 
she was conveyed from Sion House to the Westmoreland, by Maud, daughter of Sir 
Tower by water by the Duke of Suffolk, Thomas Green of Boughton and Green's 
the lord priA-y seal, and the lord chamberlain. , Norton, Northamptonshire. Sir Thomas Parr 
Next day the royal assent was given to the was master of the wards and controller of 
bill in parliament by commission, and the the household to Henrj' VIII. He died on 
Duke of Suftblk and Lord Southampton de- 11 Nov. 1517, leaving behind him three in- 
clared the result of their inter%'iew with the ; fant children in charge of his widow, to 
cueen. There is no appearance, however, whom by his will he left all his lands for the 
t^at her confession extended to acts of in- , term of her life. But he desired that his 
fidelity after marriage. On the evening of son William should have a rich gold chain 
Sunday, 12 Feb., she was informed that she of the value of 140/., which he had received 
was to die on the following day. She de- as a present from the king, and that hie two 
sired that the block on which she was to daughters, Catherine and Anne, should have 
sufier might be brought to her that she might | 800/. between them as marriage portions, 
know how to place herself. Her wish was His widow, who at his death was only 
gratified, and she made a kind of rehearsal twenty-two, could hardly have failed to re- 
ef the coming tragedy. Next morning at ceive ofierswith a view to a second marriage, 
seven o'clock all the king's council except I but, unlike most of the wealthy widows of 
the Duke of Sufiblk, who was unwell, and i those days, she refused them, and devoted 
h«jr uncle Norfolk, presented themselves at j herself to the education of her children, 
the Tower to witness the execution, her i Catherine became an accomplished scholar, 
cousin, the poet Surrey, with the rest. She ' as her own writings remain to testily. Not 
was beheaded in the same place where Anne only had she full command of Latin, but 
Boleyn had suffered. A cloth was thrown ' she was familiar with Greek as well, and 
overher body, and some ladies carried it away, j had acquired great facility in the use of 
Lady Rocliford, still in a kind of frenzy, modern languages also, 
was brought out and suffered the same fate. , In 1523 a negotiation was set on foot bv 
*They made the most godly and christian ; Lord Dacre, between his son-in-law. Lord 
end,' writes a liOndon merchant three days Scrope, and the Lady Maud Parr, for the mar- 
after to his brother at Calais, * that ever was riage of Catherine, when she should attain 
heard of, utt<*ring their lively faith in the a suitable age, to Lord Scrope's son. Ik 
blood of Christ only, and with godly words j the corresi>ondence it appears that Catherine 
and steadfast countenances they desired all was not then twelve years old, so that 
christian people to take regard unto their she could not have been bom before 1512 
worthy and just punishment.' . (^liss Strickland, placing the correspondence 

The features of (Catherine Howard have in lo:?l, though the dates July ana l)ec»?m- 
been preserved in two portraits, the one a \ ber of the 15th year of Henry VHI refer 
drawing by Holbein, engraved by Bartolozzi, to lo23, infers erroneously that she was n«it 
the other a miniature supposed till lately to boni Ix'fore 1513). But the terms of the otftT 
represent Catlierine Parr, engraved in Mrs. were not such as the Lady Maud could ac- 
Dent's* Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley' cept in accordance with her late husband'? 
(as to the latter see Mr. Scharf's remarks i will, and the aifair was broken off. A mo^ 
in the Archaroloffia, xl. 84). It would seem satisfactory settlement, it may be pretfumed. 
that she liad hazel eyes, auburn hair, and a irtmi a pecuniarj' point of view, was tftvr- 
bright, cheerful face, but such as might very wards offered by one Edward Borough, who 
well justify Marillac's opinion that her beauty became her first husblMld. It is to be hoped - 
was only commonplace. * , that modem writers are mistaken in identi- 



atherine 



Catherine 



fj^g him with Edward, lord Borough of 
Uninsborough, an old man stud to have been 
' distmctpH of memorie," whose second son 
hnd married n womiin fourteen veors ('athe- 
rine'e senior. Catherine herself could hnvo 
been little more than a girl at the time, for 
site wiLH certainlr not sevcnteiin nt the ut- 
most when Lord Borough died, which wsfl 
in lo^, if not earlier. But wa know too 
well that, such revolting unions were not un- 
common in those da^a, and went approved of 
ev(!>n by mothers generollj studious of their 
children's welfare. LadjMaud died in 1529 

Catherine neit became the wife of John 
Nuville, lord Latimer, a, nobleman of ei- 
tenaiTe poRsessiuns, who had been twice 
married already, and had two children by 
his second wife. Snape Hall in Yorkshire 
wu his principal sent, but he also possessed 
considerable estates in Worcestershire, which 
he settled on Catherine. The most notable 
evvnt in his life woa the part he took in 
1S36 in the risine called the Pilgrimage of 
Grace. Lord Latuuer was appointed by the 
insnrffenta one of their delegates to repre- 
sent their grievances, and the result of the 
negotiatiotui was a general pardon, A new 
rebsUion broke out early in the following 
yrar, but from this movuraent Latimer kept 
liimwlf clear. Ue seems to have been m 
favour with the king, as it appears that his 
wife interceded successfully, about 1S40, for 
itw release from prison of Sir Oeorge Throg- 
morton, her uncle by marriage, who had 
been involved in a charge of treason by the 
fru^t of his brother being in tlie service of 
Cardinal Pole. 

Lord Latimer died towards the close of 
1512, or perhaps in the beginning of 1543. 
His will, which was dated 12 Siipt. lf>42, be- 
queathed to his widow the manors of Nun- 
raonkton and Hamerton. She was imme- 
diately sought bi marriage by Sir Thomas 
Seymour, brother of the decreased ijunen | 
Jane, who became lord admiral under Ed- 
irard VI, and it seem* tlmt she fully in- [ 
teuded to bt^ome his wife, but that her will, ' 
U she wrolo lo him in later davs, was ' over- I 
ruled by a higher power.' The'higher power, ' 
irluit^vnr she may have meant by the es- | 
preHion, waa in fact Kins Ilenrj;. It is 
Stated, hut not on very gwid authority, that 
when she Tust received his addressee she was 
U-rrifivd, and replied with considcrohlG truth 
'tliat it was better to be his mistress than 
kia wife.' But (hia onlymndc him press his 
suit ths more, and ou 13 July 15i3, not 
nuny months after the decease of her lust 
htisband, she waa married to the kino' ut 
l{tO|l Court by Gaidinvr, bishop of Win- 




chester, in the presence of Henry's two 
daughters, Mary and Elizabeth. Hint she 
exercised a really wholesome influence over 
the king there can be no doubt. .\t the time 
of her marriage the dreadful severities of 
the Act of the Six Articles were being daily 
enforced. Catherine interceded for the victims 
of this persecution, and its violence abated 
to some extent while she was queen. She 
also procured the restoration of both Henry's 
daughters Mary and Elizabeth, who had been 
tor some years treated as bastards, to their 
position OS princefses, and she inturceded 
particularly lor Elizabeth, who a j-eor after 
her marriage incurred her father's displeasure, 
and obtained her pardon, for which Elizabeth 
wrote her a very grateful epistle. 

In 1544 an act was passed enabling the 
king to settle the succession by will on any 
children that he might have by Catherine, 
lliis enactment was mode in view of t.hu 
fact that HeniT was about lo cross the 
Channel to invade France in person j and by 
an ordinance of the privy council Catherine 
was, on 7 July 1544, appointed regent in her 
husband's absence. Her signature as regent, 
of which many specimens exist, is not a 
little peculiar from the fact that she appended 
her initials (K. P., for Eatherine Parr) to. 
the noma itself, which is olways written 
' Kateryn the Queue ReFente, K. P.' In 
this capacity she ordered, ou 19 Sept.. a 

Jiublic thanksgiving for the taking of Bou- 
ogne. But Henry returned to England on 
1 Uct., and her regency was at an end. 

Tlie interest taken by Catherine in the 
studiea and education of her atep-childrcn 
appears in many ways. Some have thought 
that even the handwriting of yoiuig Ed- 
ward VI bears a resemblance to hera, which 
must have been due to her personal superin- 
tendence of his schooling, and it is a fact 
that Edward himself, writmg to herinFrencli, 
praises her belle fertture aa something which 
I apparently made him ashamed to write him- 
■ self. But a more striking evidence was 
given on the last day of this same year, 
' 1544, by the Princess Elixnbetli, then little 
I more than eleven vears old, ^ecnting her 
with an autograpii translation, 'out of 
I French rhvmo into English prose,' of a work 
I entitled ' the Olosse of tlie Synneful Soule,' 
beautifully written on vellum in small 4to, 
;' which she submitted lo her for correction 
and improvement. Furt,her, we have a letter 
Irom Catherine herself to the Princess Mary 
encouraging her to publish a translation of 
' Erasmus's ' Paraphrase of the Gospels ' witli 
I her own name appended. Piety and love of 
I letters were indeed marked features of Cathe- 
rine's character. Ascham addressed her in 



Catherine 



310 



Catherine 



letters from Cambridge as eruditissima Re- 
gina ; and not only was she a promoter of 
learning, but she occupies herself a place in 
the roll of English authoresses. One of her 
works, entitled * The Lamentation or Com- 
plaint of a Sinner/ was published bv Sir 
William Cecil in the reign of Queen Eliza- 
beth. 

Her biographers speak of her as a convert 
to protestantism, and suggest that her con- 
Tersion probably took place after the death 
of Lord Latimer. But there could be no con- 
version to protestantism where there existed 
no such thmg as a protestant community to 
declare what prot«stant principles were. In 
England most men had confessed the royal 
supremacy, and remained as good catholics as 
^ver. A total repudiation of authority in such 
matters was then unheard of, and the open 
recognition of schism was out of the question. 
That Catherine favoured reformers like Miles 
Coverdale and Nicholas Udall by no means 
indicates that she was very anxious to com- 
mit herself to very advanced opinions. She 
employed Udall, who was master of Eton, 
to edit the translation of Erasmus's ' Para- 
phrases * by the Princess Mary, and it cannot 
be supposed that she purposely selected an 
editor whom Mary herself would at that time 
have considered an inveterate enemy of the 
truth. 

Nevertheless, the question was perpetually 
arising, ever since Henry had proclaimed his 
own supremacy over the church, whether this 
or that opinion was really dangerous. Henry 
had to consider how much innovation he 
w^ould tolerate in others besides the repu- 
■diation of the pope's autliority. And now to- 
wards the encT of his reign he found himself 
involved in a babel of controversy, of which 
he openly complained in parliament. He was 
becoming fretiul and irritated over the whole 
business, and the pain he suffered from an ul- 
■cerated leg did not tend to make his temper 
more pleasant. 

Catherine nursed his ulcerated leg and also 
conversed with him occasionally on the new 
tlieological questions that arose. On one oc- 
casion she liad the misfortune to take a dif- 
ferent view from the king. * A good hearing 
it is,' he exclaimed afterwards, * when women 
become such clerks ; and a thing much to my 
comfort to come in mine old days to be taught 
by my wife ! ' We know not at this day what 
was the knotty question, and we need not 
take Foxe's word for it that Gardiner and 
Wriothesley conspired the queen's death. If 
the story has not been exaggerated, articles 
of heresy were actually drawn up against the 
queen and signed by the king's own hand, 
vhile she remained utterly unconscious. But 



one of the council let the paper fall from his 
bosom, and it was brought to her, on which 
she ' fell incontinent into a great melancholT 
and agony, bewailing and taking on in such 
sort as was lamentaole to see.' In fact, it 
made her really very unwell, and the king 
sent his physicians to her, and also visitea 
her himself to comfort her. Then, as she be- 
gan to recover, she in return visited the king 
in his chamber, and when Henry led the con- 
versation on to matters of relinon she was 
careful to declare that it would be highly 
unbecoming in her to assert opinions of her 
own, especially in opposition to the king's 
wisdom. It was only meant ' to minister 
talk ' and wile away the time in his infirmity. 
' Is it so, sweetheart ? ' exclaimed the king; 
' then we are perfect friends.' The very next 
day, while the king and queen were taking 
the air in the garden at Hampton Court, the 
lord chancellor arrived with forty of the king's 
guard, to arrest her and three ladies of her 
company. On seeing him the king suddenly 
broke off conversation with the queen, and, 
callinf^ the lord chancellor aside, had a brief 
interview with him, in which Catherine could 
only distinguish the words ' knave ! beast' 
and fool ! ' Catherine, on the king's returning 
to her, begged if the chancellor bad done 
wrong that she might be allowed to intercede 
for him, believing that it must have been by 
mistake. * Ah, poor soul I ' replied the king, 
* thou little knowest, Kate, how ill he de- 
serveth this at thy hands. On my word, 
sweetheart, he hath been to thee a very 
knave ! ' The story rests only on the autho- 
rity of Foxe, and has doubtless been consider- 
ably dressed up ; but there is no reason to 
doubt its essential truth. 

On 28 Jan. 1547 Henry VIII died, and 
Catherine became for the third time a widow. 
It is said she was disappointed at not being 
left regent during themmority of Edward VL 
Her important position as queen dowager was 
rather au element of disquiet added to many 
others, for of course she had powerful friends 
and persons jealous of her influence as welL 
Her brother, William Parr, w^ho had mar- 
ried the heiress of the last Bourchier, earl of 
Essex, had suffered a great disappointment 
during the ascendency of Cromwell, when 
that minister got the earldom and all its lands 
conferred upon himself. After Cromwell's 
death, however, he was made Karl of Essex 
in right of his wife. Through Catherine's in- 
fluence he became lord chamberlain, and now 
on the accession of Edward VI he waa created 
Marauis of Northampton. On that same day 
(16 \ eb. 1547) were various other promotions 
made to and in the peerage. Amoiuf them 
Edward Seymour, earl of Uertford| tbe new 



I Catherine 



3" 



Catherine 



king's uncle, wUo had already been Appointed I Edward readily entered into the proji:ul, and 

Ciiectur,wft3creBl«dDiiku of Soraersel.aad wrole a lettisr to the queen, adrisiag her lu 
brottiar,SirThoma3 Seymour, Catherine's | take Seymour for a Imsbnnd, Of course she 
former luver, vna created B^ron Sujmaur of i replied to him, expreaaing her utmost wilLing- 
Sudeley. I ness togratifjlLis mnjestviit the matter, nod 



Oae nist-oTiui, Oregorio Leii, telU us that | we have Uis a 




a June, thunking 



thirty-foup daya after Henry's death Lord her for her compliance, and promiaiiig to 
Seymour and Catherine had plighted their aniooth matters with the protector. 
troth to eaeli otlier by a written contract,' Nevertheless the entry tbat young Edward 
signed by eiach, and by an exchange of rioES. wrote in his journal upon the subject was 
The iact and even the date (^wUich woaldTia as follows : ■'the Lard Seymour of Sudeley 
3 JVfarch) are perfectly possible, indeed oue , married the nueen, whose name was Catha- 
luay say probable; but as Leti lived long rine; with wFiich mrtrriare the lord protector 
afterwards, and adds ctrcum^taaces clearly was much olFunded.' The ste^ was clearly 
erroneous, supported by spurious ducumants, indefensible from a political point of view ; 
lie is not to be relied on. The engagamqnt, for the royal authority' during the minority 
however, is certain. Un Tuesday, l7 May, was properly vested m the council. Lord 
liord Saymoiir writes to Catherine from ijt. S^ymnur was a dangerous man, and seemed 
Jamus'sftbout her sister (whom he calls 'my | not unlikely now tosupptant his older brother 
9r'), Lady Herbert, having wormed out the protector. The latter, however, seeiug 



Ilia secret in spite of his eOiirta to cloak the 
MiAea visits lie had paid to Catherine at 
Chelsea, where it is clear Iil' had already 
saveral times passed the night with her, 
(hough the marrifwe was not yet acknow- 
leJg^. The couple had fully committed 
thamsulves to a step wliich, if known, might 
LiLTe been impugn^ as a verv grave misue- 
msaiior, and they were seeuing to make 
friends and obtain formal leave to do what 



the thing beyondrecall, became, after a 
reconciled, and even cordial. The iU-feeUug 
b-'tweeu the wives oE the two brothers is said 
to have ba^n more serious the Duchess of 
Somerset refusing any longer to yield prece- 
donee to the ^ueen dowager. But Lrtrd .Sey- 
mour bad now gained such a footing that he 
was likely to make more powerful friends thaii 
bis brother. He aliurud the ftlarquisof Dorset 
to his sidu by pruposing to marry nis daughter 



- - "PP'? ^ ^''^ young king himself, and Ca- king, whom Somerset proposed tc 
thtinne did so, apparently in a verjr cautious | his own daughter. Dorset, after the fashion 
ItztCer, without stating her real object. She ■ of the times, sold the young lady's wardship 
was rewarded by a cold epistle in reply, i to Lord Seymour ; and Seymour advised him 
written certainly by Edward, but doubtless to make himself strong in the country that 
dictated by Somerset, and dated 30 May, I they might have matters all their own way. 
formally thanking her and cornmeuding her i But bufore either the king or Lady Jane had 
good sentiments. The ne):t process was to com^ to marriageable age Seymour had paid 
aee if the Princess Mary would befriend I the penalty of ambition, un^ Lady Jane fell 
thum, and Lord Seymour wrote to ber, , into the clutches of a still more unscrupulous 
asking if she would favour tbu suit be was | intri_gueJ 



making to the queen for marriage. She 
very wisely refused ' lo ha a meddler in the 
matter, considering whose wife her grace 
was of lal«.' Her letter to that effect is dated 
on Saturday, 4 June. Repulsed iucwoquar- 
tora the couple wore, however, mora success- 
ful in the way of personal interuourse with 
the sovereign, from which apparently the pro- 
tector bod done liis utmost to debar tbim. 
Seymour at llrst found a medium to suggest 
to Edward in conversation the desirability of 
£udiog It wife for him, and the young boy 
liiuuetl thought of the Princess Mary (whom 
it would be a great object to convert), or 
perbAps Anne of Cleves, until his ideas were 
directed int-olhe desired channel (Itiograpbi- 
«al Memoir pre&xjid to Literary Ji/rnaiat qf 
£iieard VI, p. civf. Afterwords Sevmour 
^ ttuc juroged to push the matter hunwlf. i 



cuittucji 



' The Lord Sudeley,' says Havward, > was 
fierce in courage, courtly in fashiou. in per- 
sonage stately, in voice masnifiesnt, but 
somewhat empty in mitter.' His discretion 
certainly ww not equal to his ambition. He 
hod married Catherine, as was afterwards 
alleged,so soon after the death of Henry VIH 
tbat if she liod borne a child within the next 
nine months there might have been a ques- 
tion as to its paternity, and the future suc- 
cession to the crown. Another matter in 
which he showed even a greater want of 
decency was his conduct towards the Prin- 
cess Eliiubsth, who was iindar the care of 
the queen dowager his wife. He used many 
familiarities towards her even in his wife s 
presence at Chelsea, and declared he cared 
not if everybody saw it (Co/. Staff Papert, 
Foreign, 1oj3-9, praf. p. xxxi), Thu aauke 



Catherine 1^2 Catherine 



things went on at Hanworth and at Seymour was the owner. At that time her place of 
Place when the household removed thitlier ; hurial was unknown to antiquaries, hut an 
till Catherine apparently was really somewhat inscription on the outside of the leaden coffin 
annoy edy and caused Elizaheth's household made the matter certain. Mr. Lucas, out of 
to be separated from her own. curiosity, opened the coffin, and discovered 

Sudeley Castle belonffed to Lord Sey- ' the body wrapped in six or seven cerecloths, 
mour only by a grant under the authority of through whicn he made an incision into one 
the council, and Catherine was aware that it arm of the corpse. The flesh was still 
might be resumed when the king came of white and moist. The coflin was again 
age. Speaking once to Sir Robert Tyrwhitt opened several times in succeeding years, 
of the probability of a general resumption, the when the flesh, having been exposed to the 
latter obser\'ed, *Then will Sudeley Castle air,hadbecomeputrid, and a description was 
be gone from my lord admiral.' * MaiTy,' ' given of one of these openings by Mr. Nash 
replied the queen, *I do assure you he intends to the Society of Antiquaries. At last Mr. 
to ofter to restore the lands and give them John Lates, rector of Sudeley in 1817, caused 
freely back when that time comes.' Sey- the coffin to be removed into the Chandos 
mourprobablytnisted, however, that by that I vault to protect the remains from further 
time his influence with the king would enable ' outrage. Jfothing but the skeleton then re- 
him to get a fresh grant. At this time he mained, with a quantity of hair and a few 
was busily engaged in putting the castle in ' pieces of cerecloth. 

a thorough state of repair, and making it Catherinewasundoubtedly a little woman, 
a suitable place for his wife's confinement. ] but whereas Mr. Nash reported the lead 
Here she had a household consisting of a which enclosed her coffin to have been only 
hundred and twenty gentlemen, and some of : five feet four inches long, a more careful 
the leading reformers were her chaplains, measurement taken by Mr. Browne, the 
A picturesque window in the old building ' Winchcombe antiquary, declares the ccffin 
belongs to the room known to this day as to have been five leet ten inches in length, 
* Queen Catherine's nurser}-.' | while its width in the broadest part was only 

The expected event took place on 80 Aug. one foot four, and its depth at the head and 
1 548. The child bom was a girl — somewhat in the middle five and a naif inches, 
to the father's disappointment, but* a beauti- [Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 381; WTiitakers 
ful babe,' and he received the cordial con- | Richmond, i. 384 sq. ; Archaeolopia. ix. 1 ; Trsta- 
gratulations of his brother the protector. But menta Vetusta; Tho Parrs of Kend;il Castle, a 
on the third day after Catherine's delivery ! p« per by Sir Geo. Duckett; Foxe's Martyr* 
puerperal fever set in. She raved and said ' (Townseud's edit. 1838), v. 563-61; Literary 
she was ill treated by those about her. The l^^mnins of Edward VI ; Hnynes'8 State Papers, 
words of the poor distracted woman may ! PP-^l, 62. 95 ^iq. 102-5 ; R. Asohami Epistola*, 
have been made a ground of the imputation ^03 (cd 1^03); Miss StncklHmls Queens, vol. ui.; 
afterT^•ards preferred against her husband, I>ent6 Annals of Winchcombe and Sudeley 

that he hastened her death by poison ; but ! rnH^ Ih'Jt^^^^ ^Tr '"^ 

.i , • ** 1 • J-V1 * r\ CO i. tnder the LTown.J J. G. 

tho charge is utterly incredible. On oSept. | ■" 

she dictated her will, which in a few bnef j CATHERINE of Bbagaxza (1638- 



lines gave all her property to him, and ex- ! 1705), queen consort of Charles II, was bom 
pressed a wish that it were a thousand times ' on 15-25 Nov. 1638, at the palace of Villa 
the value. Two days later she breathed her I Vi^osa, situated in the Portuguese province 




printed 
Catherine died at the early age of thirty- 
gix. * She was endued,' according to a con- 
temporary, * with a pregnant wittiness, joined 

wit h right wonderful grace of eloquence ; possessed a vigorous uncterstancfing that gavJ 

her great influence over the sluffjnsh temper 



pow 

of the nobility of Portugal. Her mother, 
Louisa de Gusman, daughter of the Duke 
of Medina Sidonia, the great Spanish noble, 



studiously diligent in acquiring knowledge, I her great influence over the sluggish tempe 



as well of human discipline as also of the 
holy scriptures; of incomparable chastity, 
which she kept not only from all spot, but 
from all suspicion, by avoiding all occasions 
of idleness, and contemning vain pastimes.' 
In 1782 her remains were disturbed by 
Mr. John Lucas, who occupied the lands 



of her husband. Catherine was her parents' 
third child, and was bom on St. Catherines 
day. She was eighteen when, in 1656, her 
father died. One of his last acts was to grant 
her certain estates, including the island of 
Madeira, the city of Lamego, and the town 
of Moura, for the maintenance of her court 



about Sudeley Castle, of which Lord Rivers j (SorsA, Historia Gcnealogica da Cd9a Bfal 






Portv^rza, vii. 283, ond Pi-o 

Her yoHtiger brother Aifoiwi) now became 

liiug under the regency of Queen Loiiiw. 

From nn enrly agi* C'atberine was looked 
upoD na H usel'ul inBtrameiit fur the euta- 
blJEbtncMit of friendiv irlutlons between her 
eounir}' nnd EnglsniJ. Not conleutwith the 
commeTcinl treaty of 1643, King John pro- 
posed in IfUn that his dougbter should become 
fJie wife of Charles, prince of Wnlea (Qiaidro ' 
£lrmmlar,\<u. B4 ; cf. Chari.ES I's Work", ' 
1,847, ed, J6491, but the proposal came to ' 
^^tliiiig, although in 1640 and lu 1(147 (4»n- ' 
Etnnmtar, sviii. 66, 57) some notion of 
_. D English marriage BtiU seems lohaveheeu ' 
eut«rtaJiied in Porlugnl. In l&T-A Cromwell 
renewed the treaty of 164!!, anil in 1669 the ' 
jicnfraeed Bhnndonnieniof Porttign! byFranee 
ftt the treaty of the Pyrenees made English ' 
irt more necessary than ever. 
9 unsettled condition of the English 
remment left little to be hoped for. Yet 
^ April 1660, Dom l-'raneisco de MeUo, the 
'brhiguesG ambassador, succeedMl in nego- 
tinting a new alliance with the council of 
■MIe lib. xvii. 1181. As soon as the liesto- ' 
T«tion teemeil probable, he Bounded Monclt 
as to the prospects of renewing the old pro- 
ject of manyinK the reslored king to the 
infanta lib. xrii. 221 ; lilAcltiRD, Hitfoq/ 
q^ Enoland, p, 81 ; Kbnset, Brgitter and 
^^^hrontele, p, 394). Charles's return in May 
^BniB immediately followed by a formal pro- 
■■l|«l of the alliance. The terms ofiered 
^^Hhn very tempting : Tangier?, to command 
I^M mouth of the Mediterranean ; Bombay, 
with full trading privilegea In the Indies ; 
relip"ou» and commpreinl freedom for Eng- 
lish subjects in Portugal, and the TBst 
portion of two millions of cnieados (about 
300,000/,) Protection from Spain and Hol- 
land, full Jet defined liberty of catholic 
worship for tile infanta, were trifling conces- 
sioita for such great advantages. Li a secret 
council at Clarendon's house, Charies es- 
prcsscd his wHlingnese to proceed with the 
matter, and in the autumn Mello, confident 
nf It aucct-isful conclusion, returned to Por- 
tugal to get further instructions. There the 
nlfiance was hailed with rapture. 'A good 
peace with England was regarded as the 
only thing under heaven to keep Portugal 
from despair and ruin ' (Mnynnra to Ilicho- 
Im, in Listeb'b Lifr ijf Clarendon, rol. iii., 
Appimdix, No. Iviti.l In Eebruary Mello 
was sent back to England, charjred with full 
powers lu negotiate, and rewarded with the 
lille of Conde da Poute for his past ser- 
vices. But on teaching London tie found 
droumalanees had changed, ijlpanieh and 
" ' :h influence had been strongly exercised 



mfflatcl 



l« thwart the match. Tlie Earl of Bristol 
Everted his utmost energies to find another 
alliance acceptable to lii^pain as well as to 
Charles. The Simniah ambassador declared 
that the infanta, besides being no beauty, 
was incapable of bearing children (Quadra 
Elemmtar, xvii. 152 ; cf. Kensbt, p. 698, 
for the similar report of the Englisii mer- 
diouts at Lisbon). lie offered an equal 
portion to any other princess approved of by 
Spain that Cbarlea might choose, and pro- 
testants were amused Tby the energy with 
which the envoy of the catholic king urged 
the importance of a protest ant monarch wed- 
ding a proiestant bnde (D'Ablakcoubt, !Hi~ 
moirrs. p. 73 sq.) 

At last the adoption of the marriage scheme 
by the French court saved theffovemment (if 
Lisbon from despair. In November 1660 Hen- 
rietta Maria had come to London to win her 
son overto the French party. In March 1661 
Louis sent to England M. de BastJdo on a, 
secret mission to press for the conclusion ot' 
the treaty. Finally, on 8 May Charles and 
Clarendon announced to parliament that the 
marriag<e negotiotious had been completed. 
The news woe favourably received both 
witliin and without parliament ( Calendar nf 
State Papers, Hom. 1 660-1 , pp, 586, 596) ; and 
on 13 May an address of congratulation was 
presented from both houses 0!.ordt' JoumtiU, 
xi. 241 a, 248 b, 263). On S3 June the mai^ 
riage treaty was signed (it is ^ven in La 
Clede, Hittoire de Portugal, ii.711), 

'The news of Catherines betrothnJ spread 
the wildest joy in Portugal. The English mei^ 
chants rejoiced at the establishment of the 
'most beneficiallest trade that ever our nation 
was engaged in'(MByuardtoNicholaB, in Lis- 
ter, App. No. Iviii.) The Portuguese trader* 
were gratified at the protection of their pro- 
perty from the Dutch navy. The prmected 
invasion from Spain was no longer feared. 
In July Francisco de Mello arrived agnin in 
Lisbon, bearing graceful letters from Charles 
to Catherine and her mother (Misa Strick- 
i-AXD gives translations of these, Qtieejis nf 
England, v. 496). The Earl of Sandwich, 
commander of the fleet, was appointed ex- 
traordinary ambassador to Portugal, and at 
once set sail for Lisbon. But nearly a yeor 
elapsed before the queen could he brought 
bacK. The Algertne pirates had to he chas- 
tised, Taneiers occupied and garrisoned, and 
the queen^ portion shipped. Sandwich ap- 
peared in the Tagus in the spring of 1062, 
and a new dispute arose then as to tho 
method of payment of the portion (Sand- 
wich to Clarendon, in LiST^Lm^App. No. 

On 13-23 April tlui 




Catherine 



314 



Catherine 



ties tliat accompanied the infanta's departure 
began. The difficulty of obtaining the ne- 
cessary dispensations from a pope who had 
refused to recognise the independence of Por- 
tugal rendered it politic to omit the ceremony 
of a proxy marriage (Lister, iii. App. No. 
ccxxxviii.jEACHA.RD,p.80I,iswrong),though 
Catherine had long been styled in Lisbon 
the queen of England. Off the Isle of Wight 
the i)uke of York boarded the Royal Charles 
and was received with great state b^ Cathe- 
rine in her cabin, dressed in the English style 
i^LetUrs of Philipf second Earl 0/ Chester- 
field, p. 21). 

On 13 May the fleet reached Portsmouth. 
Charles was still detained in London by the 
need of proroguing parliament, if not by the 
charms of Mrs. Palmer {CaL State Papers f 
Bom. 1661-2, p. 370). On the third day 
After her landing Catherine fell sick of a cold 
anil slight fever, so that when Charles ar- 
rived at Portsmouth in the afternoon of 
20 May he found her still confined to her bed. 
She absolutely insisted on a catholic ceremony, 
and only after seeing her did Charles consent 
to this ate^ {Clarendon State Papers, Appen- 
dix XX. ; cf. CLi.BKE, Life of Jamts II, i. 
3J4). Accordingly, on 21 May, a catholic 
wedding service was performed with the 
utmost secresy in Catherine's bedchamber, 
Avhile later in the day a mutilat'ed public 
ceremony, after the rites of the church of 
England, was performed by Sheldon, bishop 
of London, in the presence chamber of the 
royal palace (Quadro Elemsntar, xvii. 25S; 
Mefnoirs of Lidy Fanfhawe, pp. 142-5). 

Catherine had received an education which 
wholly incapacitated her for her position. 
Not only had she been left in entire igno- 
rance of all aftiiirs of state, but her general 
education had been so limited that she was 
tiven unable to speak French (Ken^xet, p. 
-534, speaks, however, of her English stu- 
dies). For a long time Spanish was the 
only means of communication between her 
and her husband. She had hardly left the 
royal palace ten times in her life, and though 
amiable, dignified, and in a quiet way at- 
tractive, the only positive trait that ob- 
servers could find in her was a simple and 
childish piety that consumed her time in the 
routine performance of her religious duties, ' 
and sought by pilgrimages to favourite saints , 
to e.xpress her thanks to heaven for her ad- . 
vancement to be queen of England ( Maynard " 
to Nicholas, 19-29 July, in Lister, iii. App. ! 
No. Ixxv.) Pepys thought her * a greater 
bi^ot than even the queen-mother.* The 
gaieties and amusements of fashionable life 
had, however, a strong hold on her. She 
was passionately addicted to dancing, though : 



her figure prevented her from ever excelling 
in that accomplishment; and was equallj 
attached to the more excitiiu^ pleasures of 
the masquerade, to cards ana to games of 
chance. A famous stroke of luck, by which 
she won over a thousand to one at a same of 
faro, was unprecedented until the days of 
Horace Walpole, and she scandalised Fepys 
by playing cards on Sunday {Diary, 17 Feb. 
1667). Her retired life had resulted in a cer- 
tain want of tact in small points that soon 
gave occasion for gossip. It was complained 
that she had dealt illiberally with the crew 
of the Royal Charles (Pepys, 24 May 1662). 
Her adhesion to Portuguese fashions and 
dresses excited both odium and ridicule tt 
court (see Clabendon, Life, but cf. Quadro 
Elemsntar, xvii. 259-00). As her character 
developed in a very unfavourable environ- 
ment, she became, when circumstances al- 
lowed, proud and exacting. On occasion she 
fave so much trouble to her attendants that 
Ivelyn moralised on the slavery of courtiers 
{Diary, 17 June 1683; cf. Hatton Corre- 
spondence, i. 64, Camden Society). The fi- 
nancial difficulties in which she was often 
involved in her early married life engen- 
dered inher extreme parsimony. She schooled 
herself to play her difficult part, not without 
success, and to discipline a temper naturally 
warm and impatient. In a court abandoned 
and licentious to the last degrea no one ven- 
tured to hint that her conduct was not in all 
respects correct. 

In parson Catherine was of low stature, 

* somewhat taller than his majesty's mother * 
(Maynard to Nicholas, Lister, iii. App. No. 
Ixx. ) ' Her face,' Charles told Clarendon, after 
he had first seen her, ' was not so exact as to 
be called a baauty, though her eyes were ex- 
cellent good, and there was nothing in her 
face that in the least degree can disgust one ' 
{Lamdowne MS. 1236, X. 124, partly printed 
in S rRiCKLA.y d). Lord Chesterfield, her cham- 
berlain, speaks of her appearance in a very 
similar strain (Chbstebfield*s Letters, p. 
123 ). Her long and luxuriant hair was her 
chief adornment, even when twisted into ex- 
traordinary shapes by her Portuguese hair- 
dresser. Her teeth * wronged her mouth by 
sticking a little too far out (Eveltx, ii. 190, 
ed. 1827). Her voice was low and agreeable. 

* If I have any skill in physiognomy,' her 
husband said, ' she must be as good a woman 
as ever was bom,* and Pepys admitted that, 
^ though not overcharming, she had a good 
modest and innocent look that was pleasing ' 
{Diary, 7 Sept, 1662, cfl 31 May). 

The first few weeks after the xaarriige 
nearly everything looked promising (CSl 
State Papers, Dom. 1631-2, p. 393), though 



diBcernmK ohiervera ftlreadv anticipatad diffi- 
culties (Cbestcrfield's Lftitra, p. 123). 
C'liiirtes WBB altnicted by the aimplicilv and 
childidhnegs of his wife, and ptopbeeied eter- 
nal lore and coustaacj. lie &mu^ LimBelf 
with tMcluDg her Eiiglisb, and laughed at 
her mistakea. On 27 .\^y Charleti and Cathe- 
rine left Portsmouth, aud on 29Miij celebrated 
At HHinptDii Court the ' gtar^crown'd anniver- 
sary ' of the former's birth and restontion 
( Exact Retatioa), There they remained for 
the early summer, aud ou 23 Aug, ' the most 
loagnificent triumph ever seen on the Thames' 
Accompanied their solemn entry to White- 
hall, and end<^d the lon^andtiot very hearty 
festivities thai liod attended the union. 

The troubles of life had already begun. 
* The lady,' as Mrs. Palmer was called, had 
received the intellirence of Charles's mar- 
riase with a very ill grace. To soothe her 
violence Charles acknowledged her son, mode 
tier unwillln)^ husband Earl of Custlemaine, 
and promised tliat site ahould be a lady of his 
wife 8 bedchamber; but Catherine instantly 
struck out Uer name from the tiat of her house- 
hold. YetwitUinafew weeksCharleabrouffht 

■ he lady to court, and publicly presented her 
to Catherine. At first the queen received her 
graciously, 'but the instant she knew who 
she was she was no sooner set in her chair 
but her colour changed, and tears gushed 
out of her eyes and lier nose bled, aud she 
fainted' (Ct.*BB:n)OH, Continvation of hit 
Life\ cf. Clarendon to Ormonde, 1" July, in 
LiflTBB, Tol. iii. App. No. ciii. This pUinly 
refer* lo thefir8tinterview,wron)flydftted in 
the Continuation, us ' within a day or two 
of the (jneen's arrival at Hampton Court '). 
The queen was removed to another room, 
And I he conrt broke up in confusion. A pain- 
ful struggle ensiled. Charles 'sought ease 
mid refreshment in jolly comijany,* who held 
up tn him the example of his grandfather, 
Jwnry IV. He applied to CUrendoo to bring 

■ he queen lo a sense of the helplessness of 
lier position. The cliancellor's first advances 
"WCTe met by 'so much passion and such a 
torrent of tears that there was nothing left 
€or him to do but to retire.' Nest day he 
found the queen more composed to nxwive 
his stiir and uDgenlal lecture, but when he 

■ insinuated what would be acceptable with 
reference to the lady, it raised all the rage j 
and fury of yesterday, with fewer tears, the i 
fire appearing in hnr eyes where the water 
was.' Catherine fiercely protested that she 
-would rather go bock to Portugal than yield 
«o unworthily. The strugnle continued for 
days. The didmiMol of nearly all her Port ii- 
jgueee hutioehold, to whose impulilic vruderv 
^^ courtiers uttribut«d Catherine's determi- 



nation, left her without frieuda or confidants. 
But Catherine's active remunstrancea were 
ultimately exchanged for a passive resistance 
that was the prelude to a practical surrender. 
Lady Castlemaine took up her quarters at 
Hampton Court. The queen saw ' a univer- 
sal mirth in all company but in hers, and in 
all places but her chamber.' At last she openly 
condoned the scandal. Clarendon, who had 
done his best lo bring abont this result, was 
mean enough to pretend that this unworthy 



□pinioa and with her husband Hhe above ac- 
count is taken entirely from CLASEHDOif, 
ContinimtiQn «f hin Uff, p. 108&-92, 4lo 
edit, 1843), Hunceforiu Catherine received 
with kindness and forbearance the longseries 
of her husband's mistresses (see e.g. Phfvs, 
24 Oct. and 23 Due. 161)2), She even showed 
kindnesses to her husband's bastards, be- 
friended James Crofts, the future duke of 
Monmouth, though fiercely resisting his re- 
cognition, and, in ait«r yeiit^, she save a pen- 
sion to the Uukeof timftoti. Such command 
did she gain over herself that she never en- 
tered her own dressing-room without warn- 
ing, lest she should surprise Charles toying 
with her maids (Pbpvs, fl Feb. IWl). But 
sometimes her hot southern nature flamed up 
despite all her schooling {Ih. July IQlJS ; 
cf. Kbsesbt, Jlfemoir., p. 104). 

In return for this complaisance, Charles 
treated his wife generally with kindness, 
sometimes with affection (e.g. Pbpis, 7 Sept. 
I6U2). Yet courtiers contrasted the gorgeous 
furniture of the apartments of favourite mla- 
treeses with the simple decorations of the 
queen's private rooma; though the simplicity 
of her tastes may have partly accounted for 
the difference, and she certoiuly possessed 
some costly furniture and decorations (e.g. 
EvEiYN, 17 April 1673 ; Cal. UtaU Paper; 
Dom. mSo-e, p. 139 ; aud see Pbfvs, 24 June 
lfi64and9Junel662). When at great court 
festivities the Duchesses of Cleveland and 
Portsmouth were rustling in rich silks and 
btnEing with jewels, Catharine was simply 
dressed and without diamonds. Goodman 
the actor kept her waiting for the play till 
'his duchess' arrived. Aspirants for place 
and promotion neglected the wife for the 

Sowerful mistnfss. After the queen-mother's 
aath, Catherine, whose circumstances then 
liocume much easier, often abandoned court 
altogether for her dower-mansion of Somer- 
set House. Her ignorance or indifference to 
political matters made her the more careless 
of her ubioluto want of nil political influence. 
Catherine was suspected of exercising in- 
fluence on dtnleaHliira in the interests of the 
catholic religion. InUctober 16(J2shesentlier 



Catherine 316 Catherine 



confidential servant, RicLard Bellings [q. v.l, j Her council and household had often to 
himself a very strong catholic, to Rome, with : contend with the most pressing financial 
letters to the pope and the leading cardinals ' difficulties. On one occasion she complained 
(see drafts of the letters in Add, MS. 22548, \ to parliament that, of 40,000/. of her allow- 
ff. 23-70 ; Menezes, Portvgal JRestavradOj iv. ! ance, she had only received 4,000/. In 1663 
196). They chiefly related to the condition lack of funds postponed a visit to Timbridge 
of Portugal, which had thus far heen refused Wells from May to July ; and when the phy- 
recoffnition as a kingdom hy popes devoted sician recommended the waters of Bouroon, 
to the Spanish interest. Subsequent corre- she could only get enough money to go to 
spondence of the same kind, though exciting | Bath, though its stifling air was soon found to 
odium, was generally of little importance, disagree with her (CW. State Paper$^ Dom. 
and often, as in 1674 to 1682, of a merely | 1(508-4, p. 234). A state visit to Bristol and a 
formal and complimentary character {Bate- progressthrough the West Midlands followed 
linson MS. A. 483). It was also complained this; and gossips noticed that, with the spread 
that her chapel became the resort of English of a rumour tliat the queen was pregnant, 
catholics, and in 1667 an order of council Castlemaine fell out of favour, and Cnarle* 
forbade their flocking there {Cal. State Pa- became more attentive to his wife (1*ep^s, 
pers^ Dom. 1667, p. 457). The present of a 7 June 1663). Soon, however, after Catbe- 
richly bound Portuguese New Testament from rine's return to London, she was prostrated 
the English chaplain at Goa was the only by so severe a 'spotted fever accompanied 
attempt recorded that could be even 8usi)ected ' by sore throat* that her life was despaired 
as aiming at her conversion (it is still pre- of (15 Oct.) Giarles was much moved; he 
served in the Bodleian, MS. Tanner, Ixxxiii.) spent the greater jart of the day in tears by 

Catherine followed the history of her her bedside; and his aflbction, it was thought, 
country with the keenest interest. Her did more to restore Catherine than the cor- 
mother's death, though long kept from her, dials and elixirs of her physicians. In March 
affected her profoundly (Cal. State Paper^ty i 1664 she was well enough to accomiMiny 
Dom. 1665-6, p. 342 ; cf. Hatton Corre- Charles to the opening of parliament. In 
spondence, i. 49). Generally averse to letter- ■ 1665 she was driven by the plague to Sali*- 
writing, she yet kept up a very considerable bury, and thence to Oxford to meet the parlia- 
correspondence witli her brother Peter (in ' ment in October. Here she remained several 
Egertop MS. 1534 are eighty unedited letters months, lodged in Merton College. In Fe- 
of hers to him in Portuguese holograph). On bruary 1666 she miscarried; *the evidenc*.* of 
one occasion her patriotic instincts led her fecundity must allay the trouble of the loss' 
to insult, very unnecessarily, the Spanish am- {Cal. State Papers, Dom. Feb. 5 ; cf. Hatton 
bassador. When on what was thought to be ' Coi-resp&ndencey i. 48). Clarendon's fall in 
her deathbed, her most earnest requests to ^ 1667 deprived C^atherine of an austere though 
her husband were to suffer her bodv to be real friend. His successors were ready ti> 
buried in her beloved fatherland, and never , make political capital out of schemes to con- 
to desert that alliance on which its inde- ciliate popular and court support hy project ni 
pendence ma inly rested . i for her repudiation or divorce. Kumour spread 

Catherine played a very small part in the that she was going to retire to a nunner}\ 
intellectual life of her age. She encouraged and to be divorced on the plea of a vow 
Italian music in this country. Her chapel of chastity, a pre-contract, or some similar 
music, painfully badwhen she first came over, excuse (Pepys, 7 Sept. 1667; cf. Eaciubp, 
was gradually improved. The first Italian p. 842). Some divines recommended poly- 
opera performed in England was acted in Cfamy as the better way of petting a direct 
her presence. She was fond of masques, heir to the throne (Buhxet, (hm Timei'^ 
and plays were constantly performed before Oxford edition, i. 480). Southwell, the Eng- 
hcT(Cal. State Pa pe7's, Dom., \6t)6-7, p. 305). lish ambassador at Lisbon, was covered with 
Shesat toLely for herportrait,stillatHamp- confusion by the Queen of Portugal askinji 
ton Court. She set a patriotic example of him whether the report, had any founda- 
largely wearing English fabrics (ih. 1(505-6, tion (Southwell to Arlington, 2-12 Dec. 
p. 81). Her devotion to tea, introduced into 1(!67). One wild rumour said that Bucking- 
England by her countrymen, did much to ham had asked Charles for leave to steal her 
make that beverage popular (see AValler*8 away and send her to some colony, and then 
poem in Works, p. 221, ed. 1729). She is ground a divorce on the plea of wilful deser- 
celebrated in the annals of fashion as intro- ' tion. Many found in Miss Stewart a new 
ducing from Portugal the large green fans Anne Boleyn. Twice again (in 1668 and in 



with which ladies shaded their faces before 
the introduction of parasols. 



1669) there were hopes of her bearing chil- 
dren, but again they were doomed to dis- 



Catherine 3^7 Catherine 



appointment. As a result of this, parhaps, 
divorce schemes were renewed. Charleses 
interest in Lord Ross's marriage bill (1670) 
was regarded as not wholly disinterested. 
An absurd story went round that the pope 
liadaCTeed to the divorce (EiiCiiABD, p. 67o). 
Yet ai)out the same time Charles went with 



scruples had been overcome by the French 
Jesuits. 

On 28 Nov. Bedloe made his depositions 
at the bar of the House of Commons. Gates 
followed, and solemnly accused Catherine of 
high treason (see Grey's Debate^tj vi. 287- 
300). Next day they repeated their state- 



Catherine to Dover to meet the Duchess of | ments to the Ilouse of Lords {Lords^ Jour- 
Orleans and sign the famous treaty, of which, nalsy xiii. 388 a\ On 12 Nov. the commons 
however, it is not known that she was , addressed the King begging him to tender 
cognisant. One result of the expedition was | oaths of supremacy to all the queen's English 
that Louise de Qu6rouaille was added to servants ( Co7n7nons* Journals, ix. 539 b ; cf. 
the number of her maids of honour. In ' 548) ; and on 28 Nov. passed another address 
1671 Catherine accompanied Charles on a pro- ' for the removal of Catherine, her family, and 
Ijlfress to the eastern counties. At Audley End . all papists from Whitehall (ib. ix. 549 b) ; 
she got involved in an extraordinary frolic, which was, despite Shaftesbury's opposition, 
w^hen she and some of her ladies went dis- negatived by the Lords ( Lor dJ Journals, xiii. 
^ised as countrywomen to Saffron Walden | 3926). For some time Catherine was in im- 
fisiir and were found out and mobbed. After- minent danger. Next year fresh depositions, 
w^ards she and Charles were magnificently | among others from ^lonmouth's cook, were 
^entertained at Norwich by Lord Henry i handed in against her, and on 24 June the 
Howard (DiiWSON Titrnbb, Narrative of ^ council voted that she had better stand her 
King Charleys Visit to Norwich), \ trial. Li these distresses her chief adviser 

The development of anti-catholic feeling was the exiled Count of Castelmelhor, and 
now became troublesome to Catherine. On ' Dom Pedro, her brother, though not very 
5 Feb. 1673 a committee of the lords was speedily, despatched a special envoy to inter- 
appointed to draw up a bill * that no Romish pose in her behalf. But such foreign sup- 
priest do attend her majesty but such as are port would have availed her little againiit 
subjects of the king of Fortugal' {Lords' , ]>opular feeling. More important was Charles's 
Jbwfials, xiL 627 b ; cL 618 b). The popish steady adhesion to her. He said publicly to 
plot panic involved her in more serious uan- ' Burnet that he thought it would be a horrid 
gers. Soon after the murder of Sir Edmund- thing to abandon her, and declared tliat, 
burv Godfrey (12 Oct. 1678) the informer though men thought he had a mind to a 
Bedloe attributed the deed to her popish ser- new wife, he would not see an innocent 
vants. On 8 Nov. 1678 Somerset House was woman wronged. He issued a public pro- 
searched for papists connected with the plot clamatiou tliat he had never been married 
(id. xiii. 48 a), and Titus Oates soon out- to any woman besides Catherine. In return 
stripped Bedloe by accusing the queen herself for such acts of favour Catherine clung to 
of a aesign to poison the king. He deposed the king with more affection tlian i^ver, de- 
before the council that he had accompanied clared she was only in safety where he was 
some Jesuits one day in August to Somerset (Letters of II. Prifleau.r, p. 82, Camden Soc.), 
Ilouse, and heard through a door left ajar the and went so far as to include the Duchess of 
queen protesting that she would no longer Portsmouth in the nine popish ladies of h^r 
£iufi*er indignities to her bed, and was content hous«.'hold tliat had l>een exempted from the 
with procuring the death of her husband and test enforc^/d on the rest. The aajuittal of 
the propagation of the catholic faith (North, Sir (htov^t Wakeman and sr^me Jesuit priests 
Exainen of the Plot,^^. 182-3 ; cf. Eachakd, , on the charjfe of uniting with the qu<jen to 
p. 955). Cros»-examination and subse(]uent ]K>i^on the kin^ wafi a first check on the in- 
investigation showed clearly his entire igno- former-*. *The quwn im now a raistresH,* 
ranee of the internal arrangements of Som»ir- wrote Lady Sunderland, 'the passion h«fr 
set House and the impossibility of liis having spouse Iia^ for her is Hf} great.' At a dinm.'r 
lieard any such conversation. But Bedloe pn>- at Chiffinch's ' the queen drank a little wine 
duced corroborative testimony of an interview to pled;re the king's h«;alth and prosjxfrity to 
he pretended to have witnessed between Ca- his aiYainif having druuk no wine this many 
therine and some French priests in the (ral- year><.' In August ik'dhie died, protehti ng 
lery of her chapel at Somerset House, which with hifi la^^t bn'stli that the qu<^;n was ig- 
he impudently asserted he had forgotten to norant of any design againnt the king, and 
mention when he gave in his depositions as had only given money to helii \]in intro- 
to the murder of Grodfrey. Wakeman, her , duction of Catholicism. Vet on 17 Nov.,aft>5r 
physician, was to prepare the poison, Cathe* , the failure of the Exclusion ]{ill, Shaft*;*- 
line was to deliver it herself; her last ! bury movef' ^'c of L'irds, ' as the 



Catherine 



318 



Catherine 



sole remaining chance of liberty, security, 
and religion, a bill of divorce which by sepa^ 
rating the king from Catherine might enable 
him to marry a protestant consort, and thus 
to leave the crown to his legitimate issue.' 
A v/arm debate ensued, but Shaftesbury 
gained so little support that, after several 
adjournments, he refused to persevere with 
his motion. Charles himself was very ac- 
tive against the bill, and it is recorded that 
'on leaving the House of Lords he went 
straight to the queen, and to give a proof of 
his extraordinary affection for her he seated 
himself after dinner in her apartment, and 
slept there a long time, which he had been 
in the habit of doing only in the Duchess of 
Portsmouth's chamber ' (Barillon's despatches 
in Christie's Life of Shaftesbury ^ ii. 378 ; 
cf. 380). Catherine, who had suiiered from 
illness during the autumn, attended early 
in the winter the trial of Lord Stafford 
(30 Nov.-7 Dec), during which the old ac- 
cusations against her were freely bandied 
about, and may have had some share in his 
conviction. Kext year Fitzharris's informa- 
tion also involved the queen. He declared 
that Dom Francisco de Mello had informed 
him that she was involved in a design for 
poisoning Charles. In March 1681 Cathe- 
rine accompanied her husband to Oxford and 
was present during the turbulent scenes that 
resulted in the dissolution of the last parlia-. 
ment of Charles's reign. This brought her 
troubles to an end. Fitzharris was con- 
demned to death, and just before his execu- 
tion declared to the council that he had been 
persuaded to invent the stories involving the 
queen by the whig sheriff's of London, Corn- 
ish and Bethel, and Trebv the recorder. The 
queen's good domestic fortune outlived — 
though not for long — her troubles. Catherine 
shared in Charles's renewed popularity, and 
with some magnanimity interceded for Mon- 
mouth's pardon, an office which seems to have 
led to some coolness between her and the Duke 
of York, with whom she had already been for 
triffing causes slightly at variance (Strick- 
land, p. (567). Before long, however, the 
Duchess of Portsmouth returned to court, 
and the queen's absence from that scene of 
'luxury, dissoluteness, and forgetfulness of 
God ' which Evelvn so vividlv pictured on 
the last Sundav of Cliarles's life indicates 
that her old difficulties had in nowise abated 
(1 Feb. KiH")). On Charles's sudden illness 
Catherine, who may have known something 
of his religious position, without being, as 
her Portuguese panegyrists say, the chief 
cause of his conversion, displayed the greatest 
anxiety for his reconciliation with the catho- 
lic church before his death. She earnestly 



besought the Duchess of York to exhort the 
duke to take advantage of the king's 'gt)od 
moments ' with that object (Caxpaka de Ca- 
VELLI, tom. 2, doc. cecciii). It was in her 
chamber, though she herself was senseless in 
the physician's hands, that James and Ba- 
rillon made the final arrangements for the 
king's reconciliation, and one of her priests 
assisted Huddleston in the administration of 
the last rites to him. Uer grief at his death 
was extreme. She received ner visits of con- 
dolence in a bed of mourning in a darkened 
room hung with black, faintly illuminated by 
burning tapers ( Evelyn, 5 Feb.) Two months 
afterwards she left Whitehall for Somerset 
House, and there, or at her suburban residence 
at Hammersmith, where she bad privately 
established a convent of nuns, she spent the 
first years of her widowhood. She lived in 
great privacy, amusing herself by cards and 
concerts. Iter chamberlain Feversham go- 
verned her household, and her intimacy with 
him groundlessly excited scandalous gossip. 
She seems to have been on fair terms with 
the new king and queen. She interceded, 
however, in vain for Monmouth, who had ad- 
dressed piteous supplications to her for help 
(R0BEBT8, Life of Monmouth y ii. 112, 119: 
cf. Camden Miscellany, viii.) She was pre- 
sent at the birth of the Prince of Wales on 
10 June 1688 (see her own account in a letter 
to her brother King Pedro in Egerton MS. 
1534, f. 10), stood godmother for him, and 
gave evidence before the council that he wa* 
truly the son of Mary of Modena. 

Catherine proj^sed to return to Portugal, 
and 8hi])s were j)repared for her departure. 
She delayed, however, in England to carry 
on a tedious and rather vexatious lawsuit 
agrainst Lord Clarendon, her former chamber- 
lain, for some large sums asst^rted to have 
been lost by his negligence or peculation. 
Most people shared King James's opinion, 
that she was a hard woman to deal with, 
and she seems to have become both greed v 
and litigious (full details of the suit in the 
State Inters and Diary of Henry, Earl of 
Clarendon f especially in the Diary, pp. lA, 
23-5,29,41,79). 

The revolution found Catherine still in 
England. She received an early visit from 
the I^rince of Orange, who did her a little 
senice by releasing Feversham from custtxlv 
( Each ARD, p. 1 1 36). But, despite her friendly 
relations with the new government, she was 
involved in the general attack on all catho- 
lics. In July 1689 a bill passed the commons 
limiting the number of her popish servants to 
eighteen, but it failed to get t nrough the Houe^ 
of Lords. William himself requested her to 
leave Somerset House for a less public jdace- 



ul nwidrnci', on ihe ground tlint ' ihere wire 
grtnt. iDBetingB and cabollitigs ngninBt his 
(KiTtmnn'tit carried on lliert' ' (CLAUBKDON'a 
Diaty, p. 244 : cf. Mafion Corrftpondenre, 
ii. 150). She ivplied by appedlini^ to hpr 
trt-nty rJBlitE, and 'Willinni aia not presi hia 
point ; but in his abwace more unnleKSDnt- 
ness bruki' out between Quevn Mnrr uid 
CutLerine on the gpround tlinl b prsyer fiir 
'William's snccetfs in Ireland was omitted 
iVom the service in the Sbtot Chapel, which 
was under Cntheriiie's Jurisdiction and used 
by Ihe proleslante of her household. Thia 
renewed CiiiheriDe'a deaire to leave Eng- 
land i hut difficulties ahoiit the eECort put 
tb« Tuys)^ of)' till the end of March 169:^. 
She proceeded on her joumev with great 
VTvncy : reftwed to Tiait \ ersailleg and 
Loui» SrV"; showed more atate when she 
pnierrd Spain: hut was detained on the 
way bv on attack of errsipelHS, and did not 
enter tifibon unlil SO Jnn. HJ»3, where she 
was receiTed with i^renl denionslrnlion* of de- 
light by the court and i.eopie (SoTK*, iT. 327- 
329). She resided first at the royal quinta of 
AleftnlBra,nndBubpequentlT at Santa Martha 
and Belem ; hut she finnlly settled in the 
new palace ofBempoata, which she had built 
**— " toLisbon. There she lived a Tery quiet 
Hen houfiehold was reduced to that of 






itill thniOKed by the nobility of Por- 
. _ {Acfount cfthe Viiurt of I'orlvgal, pp. 
12tt-7. London, 1700). In 170Slhe Methuen 
tieitiy completed the alliance with Knglnnd, 
of which fihe waa the advocttle. In 1704 she 
had another allnck of erysipelas. On her re- 
covery she was appoint edregen I to her brother 
Pedro, whose healtli bad become very bad. 
This nuB in 1704, and in 1705 the aj^int- 
ment was renewed. Her adminiat rat ion seems 
to h«»* been eucceasful, and several victories 
were gained over the Spaniards (Socm, Pro- 
ww, 42; BcHHBT, Oim Timet, v. Ul3, ed. 
183.1). ■Whileslillaetlnpasregent she died 
aa 3] Di:c. 1705 of a sudden attack of colic. 
The magnificence of her funeral at Belem, 
the suBpenBioD of the Iribunale, and ilie 
general mourning, attested the respect in 
whiclk she was held. Her great wealth, ih^ 
fruit of long years of economy, she left to 
King Pedro, but charged with many pious 
legacies (Sorsi, Prevat, 43). 
LlTbt! biognphv of Cuthtriae in Dtiiis Strick- 
le Utu cf ibaQuHDaof Enghuid. v. 478- 
l^ed. IBM, UiDiigii not aIwij-b rctj critical, 
enllj diacunive and weak on it* politics] 
at, hoB cdltrctcd the gnxter part of <he nia- 
tferials arailablo; Jcbw's Life in the Memoiri nf 
the Court of England during thp Bi-ignH of tin 
.SUuirt Kiagii it abort and tuperildal ; hiotk itn- 



pcrtHnt is the memoir in A. C. de Souea's Hi>lo- 
riatienealDgicn da CBBaBe)ilFortngDe'ia(LiBboa. 
!73o-4n), lom, rii., with the original docuDieDtB 
in the PKum, torn, i v. nnm. 36-4S; from thia 
come most of the facts of ber early and Intrr 
Ufa. P. de AieveJodoTojurBcuriouBcpicpouni, 
Carlos reduzido, Inglnterra illuBtndu (Lisbon, 
1716), comLinea vith much higb-Huan puDlic 
rhapsody a matter-of-fact biography. The mnr- 
TiBgenegotiDtionB and the whole of Catherine's 
biibsequenl relutiona to Porlugnl Hrv Iwst studird 
in the tsIubMb culendar nf original documenta 
on the dealiugB betvern England and Portugat 
in Tols. xvii. and xrtii. of Qiudro Eletnentor diis 
rela^&es politicus e diplomalicas de Portugal 
com us diversss potenciss do niundn. by Barms 
e SouBB Tibcoude do Santamn and ReliellD dii 
Silva. A general view of Portngnesa history 
dm^ng her life can be found in Schiifer's Oe- 
sehiebteroD Fortagal, lorn. iv. and v. (flecTeaand 
Vkerl's SBTies), and La ClMe's BistoirB de Por- 
tugal, torn. ii. Kanke's History of England, iii. 
343-T aod 380-6 (the Oxford translation), som- 
marisra ihorlly the political bearing of Ihe mar- 
riage : Clarendon's Continuation of his life, the 
Appendix to Ihe Clarendon State Papers (lol. iii,}; 
Lister's Life uf Clnrsodon, and especially the 
docuDieata in vol. iii. : L. de Menuea. eonde da 
Ericeira's Hialorin de Fortugnt Reslaurudo and 
the 31S. BelacSo ila Embaiiada de Fmnciaeo da 
lUello, conde da Ponte, in Ingkterra (MS. Add. 
IS2D!2)an'allTalQSble. The fntivitiesat Lisbon 
and London and therguevn'B voyage are Rectal] y 
described in thu Belocion de Ins FicBtos u Lisboa ; 
the Pmgramma das formalidadHB in Quadro 
Eleinentar,i»ii.236-fiBi Oldens paraaEecep^So 
da D. CatheriDB. MS. Cott. Vesp. c. liv. no. 29 ; 
lUello's Bela^ da fornia com que w publieou 
enilngliitermoca«>menIodnS.D.CalhennM(LiB- 
lioa.I7SI): Ihe Eucl Relation ortheLaudiagof 
Her Majesty (London. 1663); Sandwich'i Diary 
in Rennet, and the cnrious doggerel called 
Iter LusitsnicuRi, or the Portngal Tojage, bjr a 
CosmoiKilite. Of tbe flood orgralatalorypoeUy. 
tha DomidncB OxonieiiBis and the Epithnbunia 
of the rirat university may be mentioned. Other 
general authorities, such as Pepys, Evelyn, 
Uemilton, Bercsliy. the Calandan of Stata 
J'uperi, Browne's MiHellaneB Aaliu. Ivea, th« 
Sidney Papers, the Hntton CorreBpondsnce. tha 
secind Lonl CLeslerflcld's Letters, Singer't Cot^ 
re»p"ndenev snd Diary of iho Second Lord CIb- 
reDdoD, Iho Lucda' and Commona' Journal*, 
Gnij'B Deliales, North's Kisiuen, and Cliristie's 
Life of Shaftesbury, have in moat instaoeos bwia 
(juoCsd in the text, besides other lew importiMt 
■uthorltiea. Some letten of Cilhsritic ore in 
Strieklnnd. uthFTE in Rawlinson MS. A. SSS and 



CAIHBOE or EAPBOE, Saiht (10th 

i-nt.) [Se«C*DBOE.] 




Catley 320 Catlin 



the daughter of a hackney coachman, at one 
time in the service of the quaker Barclay, 
and after^vards keeper of the Horns puhlic- 
hoiise at Norwood. Remarkable for beauty 
of face and voice, as early as 1755 she amused 



(2 vols.) In 1777, in Wenman*8 volume of 
^ Plays/ article 'Comus/ there appeared a 
portrait of Ann Catley as Euphrosyne. In 
1784 she made her last appearance in public 
( Thespian Diet.), and retired upon aconsider- 



the officers stationed at the Tower by her i able fortune. She had then become the wife 
«inginf?. About 1 760, her voice having at- j of Major-general Francis Lascelles, by whom 
tracted the notice of William Bates, a west- she was the mother of eight children, four 
-end musician, he and her father entered into sons and four daughters, the eldest son being 
41 bond for 200/. that he w^as to feed and j old enough at her death to be a comet of 
-clothcthegirl,trainher, and get her a public dragoons (Oent. Moff. 1789, voL lix. pt. iL 
engagement (Thespian Diet.) In 1762 she | p. 962). She and the general lived in a 
a]>peared at Vauxhall, and on 8 Oct. sang | handsome house at Ealing, bought by herself 
tlie part of the Pastoral Nymph in ' Comus ' ■ for her daughters out of her own fortune, 
at Covent Garden Theatre. Her beauty and | and she died there of decline on 14 Oct. 1789. 
the freedom of her manners quickly made her | From her will, signed Anne Cateley, though 
notorious; and in 1763 her father took pro- her death was recorded under the head of 
cess in the king's bench to force Bates to j)ro- ! Mrs. Lascelles, it appears that her property 
dace her in court, as it was rumoured that amounted to 5,000/. 




field for conspiring to deprive Catley of the late Miss Ann Cat lev, the celebrated actress: 
■custody of his daughter. with Biographical Sketches of Sir Francis 

Ann Catley obtained an engagement at Blake Delaval, and the Hon. Isabella Paw- 
Ma rylebone Gardens immediately afterwards, let, daughter of the Earl of Thanet.* No copy 
tind became a pupil of Macklin. Under his ! of this work is in the British Museum, 
auspices she obtained an engagement (1763) ^r^ ■ . ta- . i.-.^ • . «^>. r,.. • t>. 
nt i)ublin, appearing at the'Smock Allev . J^^^^es D'ct. of Music, i. ^6^ 

Tlieat re wi h Jxtraordinarv success, at a salarV l^-^' ^ ^^M" r « ?T f J'^k'"^?/ •' 
t. r . • • i"i. /'r>r • T\- x\ 1^"' ^- «-*8-o3 ; O-enost 8 Hist. of the Stjure, vi. 

rvM-'^'^i' ^T'V V^\:^^^^^^ (J^^^f\^^^ ^^^n 314.16; Brief Narrative of . . . Miss C^tlV. 
OKoeffe the dramatist, writes of her popu- pp, ,^ go, 21. 38; Gent. M,ig. vol. lix. pt. fi. 
larity and beauty. Tlie ladies of Dublin had , pp. geo, 1049, 10.50: O'Kot^ffes Reminiscences 
their hair <Catleyfied,' i.e. dressed as Miss (1826); Monthly Review, enlarged series, i. 681.] 
Catley dressed hers. She did not return to j. H. 

England till 1770. Lucrative engagements , 

followed rapidly. Her time was i)assed be- ^ CATLIN, SiR ROBERT (J. 1574), 
twt'cn Vauxhall, Marj'lebone Gardens, the judge, was born at Beby in Leicester- 
theatres, and private concerts; her characters I sliire, though his ancestry is said to have 
"included Isabella in the ' Portrait,' Arnold's belonged to Northamptonshire. lie was a 



nmsie ; Rosetta in * Love in a Village,' which member of the Middle Temple, and was ap- 
kf^])t a theatre prosperous for two years; and , pointed reader to that society in 1547. In 
Captain Macheath. In 1770 and 1773 she ap- 1553, the lordsliip of his native place having 
pcared at Covent Garden («/>.), where Horace reverted to the crown through tiie attainder 
\Valpoh; saw her in * Elfrida.' On 6 Feb. I of the Duke of Suffolk, Catlin obtained a 
1773 she played Juno in O'Hara's * Golden ' grant of it. In the following year he was 
Pippin,* and took the to^vn by storm with called to the rank of serjeant-at-law, and two 
t wo songs, * Push about the jorum * and ^ years lat^r to that of king's and queen's 



* Where's the mortal can resist me .^ ' * For 
Miss Catley,' Walpole says (LetterSf Cun- 
ningham's cd. vi. 13), ^slie looked so inipu- 
d«'nt . . . you might have imagined she had 
boi'ii singing the "black joke," only that she 
would then have been more intelligible.' In 
1773 wore published some scandalous * Me- 
moirs of the celebrated Miss Ann C y, 

containing a succinct Xarrative of the most 
remarkable Incidents of that Lady's Life/&c. 



Serjeant. He was appointed a justice of 
the common pleas in October 1553, was re- 
appointed on the accession of Elizabeth in 
ISoveml)er of the next year, and in the en- 
suing January was created chief justice of 
the queen's bench in the room of Sir Edward 
Saunders, removed on account of his reli- 
gious opinions, and was knighted. During his 
tenure of office he would seem to have had 
next to no judicial business to perform. He 



r the judzM at the trial of the 
-" *.rTugh 



E resided _ ._ 
luke of Norfolk for Tiigh treason 
apiring with Maiy Stuart to dethrone the 
queen in January 1S71, and the following 
month sentenced one of theduhe's retainers, 
Robert Ilickford, to death as an acc^oinpUce. 
His judgmeot on this occasion is reported at 
some length. It is a homily on the Bocrednesa 
ofmajestriuidlhe heinoiuineM of trettson , and, 
80 regarded, not altogether a discreditable 
pcrfonnance. The- closing sentences evince 
an acquBiDtance with Chaucer's 'House of 
Fame. But he does not appear to have 
been particulnrly Bubeervient as a judge, m 
we find that this same year, 1571, he incurred 
thfi Berious displeaBure of the queen by ^E^- 
fiudttg- to 'alter the ancient forms of the 
court' in the interests of the Earl of Lei- 
cest«r. He was accused of denying justice 
and making the queen's bench 'a court of 
conscience' by one Thomas Welch in 1566. 
He married Ann, duufthter of John Boles of 
WalUngton, Hertfordshire, and relict of John 
BuTgoyne, by whom he hnd one daughter, 
whiMe first husband was Sir John Spencer. 
He died at bis seat at Newenham, Bedford- 
sHre, in 1574. 

rFatler's Worthies (Leicutcrshire); Dugdale's 
Ong. 317. Chroii. Sor. 89, 90, 91 1 Cat. State 
FspBTB. Dam. lfit7-80. pp. 107, 413; CobbeCt's 
State TriBl>, i. 957, 1042. ii. 1046; Fosb'k Lire* 
of the JndgM.] J. M. R. 

CATNACH, JAMES (of the Seven Dials), 
(1792-1841), publisher, bom at Alnwick in 
Northumberland, 18 Au^. 179:^, was the 
eon of John Catnach, a printer of that town. 
The elder Catnach printed and published 
books which, for the time, were well illus- 
trated; such as 'The Beauties of Natural 
History, selected from BufFon's History of 
Quadrupeds, Sic, wilh sixty-Beven cuts bv 
Bewick, 'Poems by Perci vol Stockdale, with 
CuU byThoB. Bewi'ek,''The Hermit of Wark- 
worth,' and the ' Poetical Works of Robert 
Bums,' the illustratioDa being engraved by 
Bewick. About 1808 he left Alnwick for 
Newcastle, and Ave years afterwards removed 
to London. He had a shop in Wardour 
Street, Soho, and died i Dec, 1813, from the 
effects of an accident. 

His son James, who whs then working as 
a printer at Newcostle-on-Tyne, immediately 
came to London, and soon afterwards, 1B13-- 
1814, commenced business at 2 Monmouth 
Court, Seven Dials, where he get up his 
father's old wooden press, and got together 
Bome scrapsoftvpeand old woodcuts. With 
these he printed little duodecimo volumes 
known as ' chap-books ' and broadsides. 

He was young and energetic, and struck 



out a new line for himself, in the shape of 
children's books, which he publiEbed at a 
farthing each. He bought ballads on every 
passing event, at the price of balf-a-crown 

Kr bafliid. In cases of popular excitement 
did well, and he is reported to have made 
over boo;, by the trial of Thurtel! for the 
murder of ifr. Weare. 

His pnhlicat ions were printed on the flim- 
siest possible paper, with bad ink and worse 
type, and, as a rule, headed by a woodcut 
totally irrelevant to the text. Among these 
woodcuts, especially in the Christmas carol 
broadsheets, are manv of the sixteenth cen- 
tury, which he had bought at various sates 
of printing material. Tne British Museum 
has a large collection of lus ballads and 
those of his competitors, notably two thick 
volumes, which contain over four thousand 
purchased in 1968 for 71. 7». 

He made a competence, possibly some 
5,000/., and retired from busmesa in 1838, 
living at Dancer's Hill, South Mimms, near 
Bamet, hut he died at hia old shop on 1 Feb. 
1841, aged 49, and was buried in Highgate 
cemetery. 

[Hlndley's Life and Times of Jamos Cntniieh, 
1873; A Collwiionof the Books and Woodculs 
of Jnmea Catniich, 1809.] J. A. 

CATON, WILLIAM ( 1 636-1 6«S),quBker, 
woji probably a near relation of Margaret 
Askew, afterwards wife of Thomas Fell, vice- 
chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. At 
the age of fourteen he was taken by his 
father to the judge's house at Swarthmore, 
near Ulveraton, to be educated bv a kins- 
man who was then tutj^r to the Fell family. 
The boy was mode a compauionto the judge's 
eldest son, and was sent with him to a school 
Bt Hnwkshead. In 1652 George Fox paid 
bis first visit to Swarthmore Hall, and Caton 
embraced quakerism. He now refused to 
study on the ground of its being a worldly 
occupation, and Mo^:aret Fell employed him 
at Swarthmore to teach her younger children 
and act as her secretary. When he wasal)out 
eighteen, Caton was chosen one of the quaker 
preachers for the district of which Swarlh- 
ntare was the (lentre, and in his ' Journal ' be 
relates that he was often ' beaten, bulTetted, 
stocked, and stoned ' by the people of the 

f laces in which he attempted to preach. In 
854 be left Swarthmore in order to become 
an itinerant preacher. Towards the end of 
the year he was joined by John Stubba, with 
whom he proceeded to Maidstone. Here they 
were both sent to the house of correction and 
barBhlytreoted,when,the only cJiarge against 
them being that of preaching, the niagis- 



Caton 32* Cattermole 




full account of this is preserved in the MSS, '■ commonly called Quakers/ &c., 1659 (trtiiB- 
of the Friends of Ecut Kent), About the | lated into Dutch as ' Ben matelijcken Ondei^ 
middle of 1655 Caton made an attempt to soeker voldaen' in 1669). 3. 'Truth's Cha- 
plant his doctrines in France, but went no | ract«r of Professors . . .' 1660. 4. 'An Epistle 
further than Calais on account of the diffi- ' to King Charles U sent from Amsterdam 
culty he found in preaching through an in- in Holland, the 28 of the 10 month, 1660.' 
terpreter, and returned to England without i 5. ' William Caton's Salutation and Advice 
delay. After a preaching tour, which last^ unto God's Elect,' 1660. 6. ' An Abridge- 
some months, he went to Holland, hoping to ment; or a Compendious Commemoration of 
convert the Dut<;h, though he was as ignorant the Remarkable Chronologies which are oon- 
of their language as he was of French. At * tained in that^ famous Ecclesiastical History 
Flushing and — 

congregations, 
both places for interrupti 
theendof 1655 he was again in England. He ! niony of a Cloud of Witnesses,' &c., 1662. 
next made an attempt to promulgate quaker- 8. ' Two G^eneral Epistles given forth in Yar- 
ism in Scotland, and was the messenger from , mouth Common Gaol,' 1663. 9. * A Journal 
the Friends in England to General Monck. ' of the Life of . . . WilL Caton, written 
Early in 1656 Caton was imprisoned for a by his own hand ' (edited by George Fox), 
short time at Congleton. Towards the end I 1689. Besides the above Caton wrote a 
of this year he returned to Holland, and, large number of small books and tracts in 
after some adventures, determined to settle i High and Low Dutch, which have never 
in Amsterdam, where there was a small been translated ; the most important of these 
quaker community. He spent some time is ' Eine Beschirmung d'un schuldigen,' &c, 
between England and Holland. In a letter 1664. 

preserved in the * Swarthmore MSS.' he gives ■ [The foregoing account has been chiefly com- 
a brief interesting account of the ceremonies ' piled from Caton's Jonmal ; Take's Life of Caton 
attending the promulgation of Charles II in (Biographical Notices of Friends.vol. ii.); Webb's 
1660. At the end of 1660 he had an inter- j The Fells of Swarthmore Hall ; Smith's Oata- 
view with the 'prince palatine ' at Heidel- ■ logue of Friends' Books; Sewel's History of the 
berg, to plead for liberty of conscience. About "^^^ ^^ ^^^ Society of Friends ; and manuwripts 
1662 he married Annekin Derrix or Derricks, i" ^^*^ S^rthmore Collection at Devonshire 
a Dutch quakeress. On a lat^r journey to ^°^^' Bishopsgate Street, London.] A. C. B. 
Holland he was forced to take shelter in CATTERMOLE, GEORGE (1800-1 868), 
Yarmouth Roads, where he landed, and was water-colour painter, was bom at Dickie- 
imprisoned for nearly five months for refusing ' borough, near Diss, Norfolk, on 8 Aug. 1800, 
the oath of allegiance. His letters give a and was the youngest child of a large family, 
graphic account both of the storm and of his i His mother died when he was two years old, 
severe treatment in prison. Little more is and his early education was conducted by his 
accurately known of his life, except that he father, a grentleman of independent means, 
returned to Holland. His last known letter , At the age of fourteen, if not before, he was 
is dated 8th month 1665 (O.S.), and Barclay, placed with John Britton [q. v.], the anti- 
in his reprint of Caton's * Journal,' states quary. His brother Richard was at that time, 
that there is reason to believe that he died or soon after, employed to draw for Brit- 
to wards the end of 1665. Caton stands out I ton's * Cathedral Antiouities of England,' and 
in marked contrast to most of the early George also executed arawin^ for that work, 
guakers, for though an enthusiast he was far I In 1819 he commenced to exhibit at the Royal 
from being a fanatic. He wrot« largely, ' Academv. In that year, and in 1821, he sent 
both in English and Dutch, and his style j views of Peterborough Cathedral, in 1826 
was more simple and pointed than that of \ * King Henry discovering the relics of King 
most of the seventeenth-century Friends. In Arthur in Glastonbury Abbey,' a * View near 

England, Holland, and Germany his works Salisbury,' and 'A Lighthouse :' and 

were for more than a century Very highly in 1827 * Trial of Queen Catherine,' his sixth 
esteemed, and his 'Journal,' a somewhat and last contribution to the exhibitions of 
wordy and tedious work, is still a popular the Academy. He also during this period 
book among the Friends. (1819-27) exhibited two works at the Bri- 

His principal works were: 1. * A True tish Institution. In 1822 he vvas elected an 
Declaration of the Bloodv Proceedings of associate exhibitor of the Society (now the 
the Men of Maidstone,' 1655. 2. ' The Mode- Roval Society) of Pamters in Water Colours, 
rate Enquirer resolved ... by way of Con- and in 1833 he became a full member. It 
ference concerning the condemned People was mainly by his drawings exhibited at the 



iMX)Ria of tiiis societT that he establiili<^d his 
feme as aa artist. Commencing as an nrchi- 
tectuTuI drsughtBrnan, but with a mind well 
stored with history and archiBolDffica) detail, 
hia imaeiiuition sood began to till with tbeir 
ancient life the buitdines which he drew, and 
bis art was naturally inspired with that ro- 
mantic spirit which, long' felt in literature, 
had culminated in the norels of Sir Walter 
Scott. Thegreat romantic moTement amonj; 
the artists of France was simultaneous nilli 
tbi< appearance of Cattermole, who mav be 
considered as the ally of Delacroix and Bon- 
ington, and as the greateM representative, if 
not tlie founder, in England of the art that 
HOLigbt its motives in the restoration of by- 
gone times, with their manners and customs, 
their architecture and costumes, their chival- 
rous and religious sentiment, complete. To 
perform tliispBrtbe brought a spirit naturally 
ardent, controlled by a fine and somewhat 
scTere aitiirtic taste, which, without destroy- 
ing the energy and freedom of his design, 
permitted neither extravajfance nor affecta- 
tion. He had a gift of colour, a felicity and 
directness of touch, and a command of his ma- 
terials, w-hi<:h have never been excelled in his 
line of art. He treated landscape and archi- 
tecture with almost equal skill, and though his 
figures were on a small scale, and often shared 
but even honours with the scenes in which 
thev were placed, they were always designed 
witJi spirit, living in gesture, and riglit in 
«xpresiion. Among the more important of 
the drawings eihihited at the Wat^r-colour 
Society were ; ' After the Sortie,' 1834 ; 
Wall«r Baleigh witnessing the Esecntion of 
the Earl of Essex in the Tower,' 1839 ; ■ Wan- 
dererB entertained,' 1338 (euBraved by Egaa 
under the title of ' Old English Hospitality ") ; 
'The (Castle Chnpel," 1840; 'Hamilton of 
Bothwellbaugh prfparing to slioot the Ee- 
genl Murray in 1570,' 1843 ; ' After the se- 
cond Battle of Newbury," 1843; 'Benvenuto 
Cellini defending the Castle of St. .\ngelo,' 
1845; 'TlieUnwelcome Return,' 1846. Tlie 
last baa been said to be 'perhaps the most 
extntordinary display of Cnttermole's powers 
in landscape.' It is of such works as these 
that I'rofessor Ruskin wrote in the first vo- 
lume of ' Modem Painters ; ' ' There are sipw 
in GeorgB Cattermole's works of very peculiar 
((iltx, and perhaps also of jiowerful genius .. . 
Theantiquarianfeeliiigof C, is pure. earnest, 
and natural, and I think hia imagination ori- 
(^ally vigorous ; certainly his fancy, his 
STiup of momentary [laasion, considerable ; 
tin scnsi- of oclioii in the human body, vivid 
and ready.' Cattermole withdrew from the 
Waiwcolour Society in 1860. Two reasons 
■ bttV« been aaaigtieil for this step, which was 



taken in opposition M the wishes of his bro- 
ther members. One of these was his desire 
to devote himself to painting in oils, and tbe 
other his sensitive organisation, which 'al- 
ways made the conditions of exhibition in 
pltinninghis work peculiarly irksome to him.' 
The latter reason may also nave induced him 
to refuse the presidency of this society, which 
was offered to him about the dat* of his re- 
tirement, and to resist the repeated requests 
of the members to return to tbeir ranks. 

During these years Cattermole was much 
employed in illustrations for books. In 1830 
he travelled in Scotland to make sketches of 
the buildings and scenery introduced by Scott 
into his novels, to be used some years ufter- 
wurda in a finely illustrated volume called 
' Scott and Scotland,' In 1834 appeared ' The 
Calendar of Nature,' alittle book with wood- 



, principally landscape ; 
mas Roscoes 'Wanderini 



Thomas Roscoes 'Wanderings and Excur- 
sions in North Wales;' in 1840-1 Cattei^ 
mole's well-known illustrations to ' Mostor 
Humphrey's Clock;' and here it may be men- 
tioned that the picturesque design of the 
Maypole Inn in ' Bamaby Hudge waa en- 
tirely the invention of the artist, instead of 
being drawn from an existing inn at Chigwell 
as baa been supposed. In 1841 appeared tha 
firsthand in IS-k) the second, volume of 'Oat- 
t*rmole'sHistoric4ilAnnual— the Great Civil 
War of Charles I and the Parliament,' which 
contained twenty-eight steel engravings by 
the best engravers of the day after draw- 
ings by Cattermole, and was produced under 
the superintendence of Charles Heath, who 

fubliehed the second volume as ' Heath's 
'icturesque Annual' for 1846. The literary 
part was written by his brother, the Hav. 
Richard Cattermole [q, v.] In 184(! was pub- 
lished another volume, bcautifidly illustrated 
in the same manner, called ' tlvenings at 
Haddon Hall,' with iettorpreis written to the 
drawings by the Baroness de Calabrella. 

Among other works towhichhecontributed 
illustrations were J. P. Lawson's 'Scotland 
delineated ' (1847-54), and S. C. Hall's ' Ba- 
ronial Halls of England' (1848). He also 
piibhahed a work in two parts called ' Calter- 
mole's Portfolio of Original Drawings,' in 
which Mr, HuUroandel's process of lithotint 
(brought to perfection by Cattermole and J. D. 
Harding) was employed, each part containing 

Cattermole was naturally of a lively dis- 

C'tion, and full of spirit. As a young man, 
?as an escellentwhiti, and fond of driving 
stage-coaches. In his bachelor days he was 
a frequent visitor at Oore House, and mixed 
with the fashionable world of art and litera- 
ture which gathered lountl the Countess of 



Cattermole 



324 



Catti 



Bleesington and Count d'Orsay. There he 
met among others Carlyle and Dickens, and 
Prince Louis, afterwarcfs the Emperor Napo- 
leon in. For some years before his marriage 
he had resided in the Albany in the cham- 
bers once occupied by Byron and Bulwer 
Lytton. In July 1839, soon after the com- 
pletion of his drawing of the * Diet of Spiers,' 
well known through the large enffraving by 
William Walker, he received the offer of 
knighthood, which he refused. In the fol- 
lowing month (20 Aug.) he married Clarissa 
Hester Elderton, a daughter of James Elder- 
ton, deputy remembrancer, &c. of the court 
of exchequer, and took a house at Clapham 
Else, where he resided till 1863. Among 
his intimate firiends were Thackeray and 
Dickens, Macready and Maclise, Douglas Jer- 
rold and Talfourd, Stanfield and Landseer, 
Browning and Macaiilay, L3rtton and Dis- 
raeli (Lord Beaconsfield). In his life of 
Dickens, John Forster says : * Another painter 
friend was G^rge Cattermole, who had then 
enough and to spare of fiin, as well as fancy, 
to supply a dozen artists.' Numerous letters 
exist to testify to the affection between him- 
self and Dickens, in whose amateur theatri- 
cals he often took part. In 1845 he speci- 
ally distinguished himself in the character of 
Wellbred m 'Eveiy Man in his Humour,' 
which w^as actt*d before the prince consort at 
' Miss Kelly's,' now (1887) the Royalty Thea- 
tre, Dean Street, Soho. 

After his retirement from the Water-colour 
Society, though still painting his old subjects 
in his old medium, he devoted himself a good 
deal to painting in oil-colours, and to scenes 
from Bible history. A large oil-painting of 
Macbeth belongs to this period, of which he 
said that it was the only work of his in 
which he had realised his own intention ; 
and among the drawings which were in his 
possession at his death were cartoons of the 
* Kaising of Lazarus,' the * Marriage at Cana,' 
and * The Last Supper.' 

In 1803 he moved to 4 The Cedars Road, 
Clapham Common ; and in September of that 
year he received firom India the tidings of 
the death of his eldest son, Lieutenant Er- 
nest George Cattermole, who died at Umballa 
while doing duty with the 22nd native infan- 
try. He had shortly before lost his youngest 
daughter, and after this second shock a fear- 
ful depression fell upon him, from which he 
never recovered. He retired much from so- 
ciety, and after some years of continual brood- 
ing over his loss, he died on 24 July 1868. 
He was buried in Norwood cemetery. He 
left a widow, three sons, and four daughters. 
Of these, all except one son rEdward) are 
living. Leonardo Cattermole, the eldest sur- 



viving son, is well known for the grace and 
spirit of his pictures of horses. 

Gattermole's reputation as an artist was 
not confined to his own country. The ' His- 
toric»il Annual' was published in New York 
and Paris. At the French Intemationil 
Exhibition of 1855 he received one of the 
two ^prandes m6dailles d'honneur awarded to 
English artists. Sir Edwin Landseer taking 
the other. In the following year he was 
elected a member of the Royal Academy of 
Amsterdam, and of the Society of Water- 
colour Painters at Brussels. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists (1878) ; Graves** 
Diet, of Artists ; Clement and Hntton's ArtisU 
of the Nineteenth Century; Forster's Life of 
Dickens; Miss Hogarth's Letters of Charles 
Dickens; Ruskin's Modem Painters; The An- 
nals of the Fine Arts ; Cataloeaes of the Rojal 
Academy and Royal Society of Fainters in Water 
Colours ; Art Journal, July 1857> September 1868, 
Miirch 1870 ; Men of the Time ; works mentioDed 
in the artide and communications from the 
family.] C. M. 

CATTERMOLE, RICHARD (1795?- 
1858), miscellaneous writer, was bom about 
1795, took orders, and was appointed secretary 
to the Royal Society of Literature at its first 
general meeting on 17 June 1823. This office 
he held till 1852. In 1825 he became con- 
nected with the church of St. Matthew, Brix- 
ton, Surrey. Here he laboured till 1832. Cat- 
termole studied at Christ's College, Cam- 
bridge, and proceeded B.D. in 1831. He 
was finally appointed vicar of Little Marlow, 
Buckinghamshire. He died on 6 Dec. 1858 at 
Boulogne. He was married and had several 
children, who survived him. Cattermole as- 
sisted J. S. Spons in compiling his * Doctrine 
of the Church of Geneva' (1st and 2nd ser. 
1825-32). He was one of the editors of the 
' Sacred Classics, or Select Library of Divinity ' 
(30 vols. ia^4r-6), and probably edited * Gems 
of Sacred Poetry' (1841). Besides a num- 
ber of sermons, he also wrote the following 
works: 1. *Becket and other Poems,' 1832. 
2. * The Book of the Cartoons of Raphael,' 
1837. 3. 'The Literature of the Church of 
England, indicated in Selections from the 
Wn tings of Eminent Divines,' 2 vols. 1844. 
4. 'The Great Civil War,' 1846 (previously 
published in two parts, issued in 1841 and 
1855 respectively, with illustrations by the 
artist's brother, George Cattermole [q. v.]). 

[Gent. Mag. January 1859, p. 99 ; Reports, &c. 
of Royal Society of Literature ; Graduati Cantab. 
(Cambridge, 1884) ; Brit. Mus. Cat. Add. MSS. 
(1864-75) ; List in Index, p. 287.] F. W-t. 

CATTI, TWM SIGN (ci 1630 P). [See- 
JoirBs, Thoxab.] 



CATTOW, CHAJILES, R.A,, the eldw 
(i::28-1798), painter, bora in 1728 at Nor- 
wicb, one of a family of tLirty-tive children, 
was apprenticed to a London conch-paiuter, 
and found time also for some Btudy in the St. 
Martin's Lane academy. lie is chiefly known 
as a hintbcap and unimal painter, but he had 
a good knowledge of ihe ufure, and a talent 
for humorous design- In 1781) he published 
the ' Margate Padiet,' a clever etching in 
■which these qualities appear. Somewhat 
«arly in life he became a member of the 3o- 
Mety of Artists, and exhibited various pic- 
tures inita galleries from 17(10 to 17(H. He 
«hoDe in ]m own prof«saion, painting orufr- 
menlal panels for carriages, floral embellish- 
ments, and heraldic devices in a highly supe- 
rior manner, lie received Ihe appointment 
of coach-painter to Ooorge III, and was one 
of the foundation members of the Royal 
Academy. In 17S4 he was master of the 
Company of Painter-Stainers. He exhibited 
Bt the Royal Academy from its foundstion to 
the year of his death, sending altog^^tlier a 
large number of works. These were usually 
landscapes, but occasionally subject -pieces 
and animal paintings. A 'Jupiter and Leda' 
and'ChilJatPiay'werehis last works. For 
the church of St. Peter ^lancroft, Nor%«'ich, 
he painted an altar-piece, ' The Angel de- 
livering St. Peter.' Some years before hia 
death he ^ave up the practice of his art. He 
died at hiB bouse in Judd Place in the New 
Bosd, 2S Aug. 1798, and was buried in 
Bloomsbury cemelery. 



CATTON, CHARLES, the younger 
<17o6-I819), painter, son of Charles Catton 
the elder [q, v.], was bora in London 301>ec. 
1756. He had the advantage of bis father's 
tuition, and studied also in the Academy 
schools, where it. is stated that he acquired ■ 
A sood knowledge of the figure. He tra- 
velled considerably in England and Scot- 
land making sketches, of nhicb some were 
afterwards engraved and published. He was ' 
known as a scene-painter, and also as atopo- 
fCraphieal draughtsman, In 1775 he exhibi- 
ttd at the Royal Academy a ' View of lion- 
doTi from Blackfriars Bridge,' and one of 
• Weetminstet from Wesfminater Bridge.' In 
■gTBS he exhibited designs for Oay's ' Fables,' 
^I^^Bther irith Burney. These were after- 
^^K&ds published. So also were a number of 
^^ffiaWings of animals token from nature and 
engmt*ed by himself, 1788. At the Koyal 
Academy he eiliibited tliirty-seven times al- 
together' from 1776 to 1800. In the latter 
jMt be was living at Purley. In ISUl he 



left this country for America, and settled in a 
farm upon the Hudson with his two daugh- 
ters and a son. There he lived itDtil hia 
death, painting occasionally. At South Ken- 
singtoa there are specimens of his work — 
some drawings of animals done in a neat, 
wiry manner. He is said to have 'acquired 
wealth ' bv his painting. He died 24 April 
1819. " 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Grarefi's Diet. 
of Artists; Cat. Eog. CoU. South EensiDgtaa 
Huseuiu.] 

CATTON, THOMAS (1760-1838), astro- 
nomer, took a degree of BA. in 1781 from 
St. John's College, Cambridge, as fourth 
wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, ob- 
tained one of the members' pnxea for senior 
bachelors in 1783, proceeded M.A in 1784 
and B.D. in 1791. He was also a fellow 
and tutor of his college, and was entrusted 
with the care of the small observatory situ- 
ated on one of its towers. Hare he observed 
eclipses, occultations, and other afitronomical 
phenomena from 1791 to 1832 with a SJ- 
foot transit, a 46-incli, and (after 1811) a 
4ti-iDch Dollond'a achromatic. The data 
thus collected were reduced and printed in 
1 853 under the superintendence of Sir George 
Airy, at pubUc expense, with the title ' As- 
tronomical Observations made by the Rev. 
Thomas Catton, B.B.' Besides appearing 
sepnmlely, Ihey formed part of vol, jtxii. of 
' Memoirs of the RoyaJ Astronomical So- 
ciety.' Catton was one of the earliest mem- 
bers of the last-named body, and was also a 
fellow of the Royal Society. He died at St. 
John's College, Cambridge, 6 Jon. 1638. 

[Anaunl Itegister, 1S3S, p. 104; Gent. Mag. 
ii. (i.) 216 (new serjus); Monthly Notieea, ir. 
110; R. Soc's Cat. Sc. Piipers.] A M. C. 

CATTON or CHATT0DUNU8, WAL- 
TER (d. 1S43), aFnmciscau friar of Nor- 
wich, was, according to some authorities;, 
head of the Minorite convent situated be- 
tween the churches of St. Cuthbert and St. 
Vedast. He seems to have been an author 
of some repute in hia generation, and was, 
according to Bale, a great student of Aria- 
totle. Towards the close of hia life he was 
summoned to Avignon by the pope, and died 
apeniIentiRryinthatcityJiiI343. Thetitlea 
01 his works have been preserved by Leland, 
vii, 'A Commentary on the Sentences of 
Peter Lombard ' (4 books) and a treatise ' De 
Paupertate Evangelica,' to which Bale adds 
two other discua*ions entitled reapectively, 
' Adversns Astrologos ' and certain ' Resolu- 
tioues Qugcstionum.' I'its adds that he was 
a mathematician. 



Cattwg 326 Caulfeild 



(^.1. 1 M , ;. t:. pt ::i. 1022. J 1. A, A. of the committee of the iiiiettanti f. lub, ap- 

CATTWG. 1UK»KTH. Stv Cadoc/ Pointed to superintend resei^hes under tfw 

auspices of the Bocietv into the claMical an- 

CAULFEIIX). JAMES, fourth ViscorxT tiquitie« of Asia Minor. At the same time 

andiirM Eakl or CHARLEMoyi 1 172^-1799), the political condition of Ireland continued 

Irish stAifSusAu. >eivnvi s<.^n m1 Jamcrs. third to occupy much of his attention. Almost 

Ti*<.vun: I'har^.eaion:. and EliMl»e:h, only equally with Flood he shared the honour of 

daiurhit r of Franci* R'mard of Castle Her- passing the C>ctennial Bill in 1768, limiting 

naru, Cork, was h-^m in Dublin IS A;i*:. 17iS. the duration of the parliament to eight year* 

He nxvi \ t\i hi* t>.iuca::^nir:^ai private tutors, instead of making its continuance denend 

and in 17 4t> wen: to ihe ivui.nent. ivsiding upon the life of the soyereign. Talini; 

for a year in Turin, and anorwards visitin^r advantage of the rising tide of sentiment 

Rom?\thf GrtvkIsiand>.Con*Tan:inopltMhe in favour of the hill, ne prevailed on the 

Lex an:. Aiid E4;yyt, A: Turin hf m:ide the House of Lords to read it three times in one 

ac^iua:n:Aii».v 01" i>ivid Hvm;f. and the inii- dav. In 176d*Charlemont married Miss 

maoy was renexxi-d in EiijlAud. Although Hickman, daughter of Robert Hickman of 

not 00 :no id iuc wi:h e::!".vT Hun:r*s philoso- ci>unty Clare, and about 1770 he began to 

phi0.1l or T»>riX:oAl opinions, he was a warm build a house in Rutland Square, Dublin, 

adm:r»-r of his wri.rir^i^. acl ohrrished for him and also to reconstruct his residence at Ma- 

persv'^uhV.y a ctva: repirii. Sbonly afirr Char- rino, having come to the conclusion. not» 

lemont's x\»:;ini to Ir^-landin 17'U. hv under- wixh«tandinff the attractive connections he 

look. w;th :l.v apprv^K*i:iM: o:* :ht l'»rd-iieu- had formed among Englishmen, that resi- 

tenant. to niisiiAtf W:wi>rn l>riiuA!e Stone dtrnce in Ireland was the first of his political 

and Honr}* Ix^yio. spiVki-r of thv House of duties, 'since without it all others are im* 

Coinn*. ons. af: erw arus Edri o! Shhr.ii ■ m ' q . v , " . pract icable.' F'or some time he gave his 

n^ipirvMnj: the ap:vr::.'«un:ir.: of iWlVK*/. of strenuous support to Flood's proposal for an 

Irish surj^ius. ana siuvr«\ii\l in eifectinj: a al^ent<^^ tax. but latterly he oecame so im- 

Twonoiliav..:! lv:wivn ihvu:. His ex]*eri- piv-ssed with the dithculties connected with 

eniV of tht o-'udui-: of :he lri*V. itAdrrs iu the matter as to consider its general appli* 

this aud o:hir r.:a::vri ::::•..;•.' l^haritm^n: ca: ion inadvisable. In Dublin Charlemnnt's 

eariy rs»s.^*>-. :.^ a^-: *,s sr. ir. :•> r.d- :-.: r. ^Vlt^ h.nise was for many years the great centre 

mav..Ar.d iiv.dtv* srr^r.^'.y : : ■ ■;.> h> r/.::v.i iu of a: tract ion among the educated and npj»»=-r 

fax o 17 of a jTi '"■ "i*. > - ""• - '-•■ sd:v.-.r.:s:ra- classes, and his bent towards the liberal and 

tiou av.d 0: •jv^'j^'.:*;.r '.:>:r:y. A: :'?>■ SA:i:e p.lito arts assistt-d to grive an elevation to 

tiu».e h'.s u^va'.Tv a'.wavs r: *.i:a'.r.--d ::. rv.;^!; th-.. ctneral tone of society. His influent**- in 

and >-.r.o» rt'. l»f this h-.^ iTAvo pr-^: in ihr^ politics was not less beneficent; for though 

aUoTity \\ /.h whioi: ho J'r.\^'•.^^.^: : .^ :h-- n-^rth hv ooiild not lay claim to the higher irift> of 

to iV'.u:v..s:vd :hi- raw '-. \ios c 'V.^vtid fv^r the sta:esn:anship or orator)\ he possesstnl the 

dttViuv of lV*f;.s!. atV.r tV.o vvw.ivivi.^n of insi^rht rt'sultiug from a single-mind<.*d and 

l^arr-.v-kf:^^;:* Vy tV.-.* Frt-r.v'h ir. Vtbruary unsr-ltishrepird for the general welfare, while 

1 7 (H>V N .^ : 1 ;»r. ^ atV rw ard s V. •: h. a d an o^'p.-^r- hi s jvn : al temper and polished manners tit t^ 

tuu'.ty of er.^^i *:.!:,: ::: ar. tyj-.ial'.y ^.-hix :*:rkn:s him to act with success as a mediator beiwt.-r'n 

if 1 ess hai:i rd ; i;s ii: •. s> i / :: ,:'::?• v : r.dioat i ■ ^n ■ ^f t he p.^ Vfmment and the country. Gran an's 

the rights of thv Irish |rxrk'S«s : ^ walk iu rst im ate of his character was no Soubt to s<'»me 

I he pry.xvss:ou a: : \\\- oor '::.s: i ."u of i ^ •.-.Ti; •• III. ex: t-ni ov'louivd by personal rv^jiard, but wit h 

H.svin«: snooted- d by h> pr::.'.-:uv and his usual happy gift of delineation he has in- 

counij^^^'.is sv'.f-ris:r^v.i;: iu liu-.tti::^ wiTh.^ut dii^atid in a tt-w'sentences the secret of hii 

bKvxishisi the si-ri ^us dis:;;rlvsuv^ s that were ;ntluenc»\ ' Formed to imite the ari>tocnioy 




^vsit'.Mi to the advir^^ss re: urn in*: t hunks for assailable by the approaches of power, oi 

the tr\Aiy of IVris prt v-.nTfd further court protit. or of title* ; he annexed totne love of 

fax our*, even a prvmiise t.^ app^ut him a Irved.^m a veneration for order, and cast on 

trustee of the linen l^xird Iv in*: imm^'. 'da tely the crowd that followed him the graci'^u? 

after this di^rv*»:a^U^l. In January 17'U he liyrht of his own accomplishments, so that 

prxx>t-dt>ito Lv^ndon. wher^'till 177-^ he had the verv rabble grew civilised as it a}>- 

a town residence. His literary and artistic proachei his person ' (Afmoirr of G rattan^ 



iii. 197). OraMnii tnCered pailioiueDt irndor 
his auspices as member for Cliarlenioiit ; and 
in the st^yi token towards securing Irekiid's 
political uidependeace they worked hand in 
faajid as the leaden of the Jri«h nation. The 
embodiment of the Tolunteers, a necessity 
which England could not avoid, supplied 
them with an armed political couTention, 
through which the wishes of the nation could 
not only be accurately represented, but, if 
need be, enforced; und ot this convention 
they made use with equal courngo and pru- 
dence. ' To that inntitution,' Charlemont 
said, ' my country owes its liberty, prospe- 
rity, and safety ; and if after her obli^t ions 
I can monlion my own, I owe the principal i 
and dearest honours of my life ' {Memoirs I 
of the Earl of Charlemont, 2nd ed. i. 878). 
At first coromander of the body of men raised | 
by the town of Armagh, he was in July 
17H0 chosen commander-in-chief of the whole 
force, a position which be continued to hold 
during the remainder of their embodiment. 
When the House of Commons in Octobet 
177B went to present to the lord-lieutenant 
their famous resolution that 'nothing but a 
fne trade could save the country irom ruin,' 
the volunteers significantlv lined the streets 
as they passed, and for their conduct they 
received the unanimous thanks of the com- 
mona. It was in concert with Charlemont 
that Grattan drew up the famous resoluti 
regarding the rights of Ireland which he 
moved with such effect on 19 April 174 
Aa the English government were slow 
recognising the importance of the motit 
Flood, Cirattan, and Charlemont met p 
Tiately at Charlemoiit's in the beginning of 
1782, and drew up resolutions on indepen- 
dence, which on being submitted to a great 
meeting of volunteer delegates were adopted 
unanimously. The attLtiide of the volunteers 
decided the nuesi ion ; for, on account of the 
disasters to tEe English anus in America, the 
government had in reality no choice but sub- 
miBsion to the armed demands of the Irish 
nation. Orattan exactly described the situa- 
tion when on 16 April he uttered the famous 
sentence, ' I am now addressing a free people.' 
The concessions which he had thus by antici- 
pation appropriated were granted on 17 May. 
These were — first, the repeal of the declara- 
toiT act of George I, thus restoring the ap- 
pellate jurisdiction of the House of Lords; 
secoodly, the repeal of the provision in Poy- 
nings'AcI that Irish legislation should receive 
the sanction of the privv council of Ireland 
and England ; and thirdly, the alteration of i 
the perpetual Irish Mutiny Act into a tempo- i 
rarv act. The concessions amounted in spirit | 
to "home rule, but their effect was greatly I 



, modified by the fact that the ■ 
thepnrliumeutremained unchanged. Shortly 
j nl'ter the appointmeat in April 178^ of Lord 
I Norlhington as lord-lieutenant, Charlemont 
I was nominated a privy councillor, having 
consented to the nomination on condition 
I that the name of Grattan should be 8ul>< 
' mltted at the same time as his own, Al- 
I though Charlemont did not approve of the 
general action of the volunteer convention 
which met at Dublin in November 1783, ha 
I consented to act as president, and by tha 
■ influence of his personal character succevded 
in preventing the disputes between them 
and the parUatnent &om resulting in vio- 
lence. Charlemont was at this time adverse 
to catholic emancipation, and by no means 
Kenlous for the constitutional reform of the 
commons. Unable to resist directly the 
inHuence of Flood's oratory over the con- 
vention, he therefore adopted the expedient 
of advising a dissolution of the convention, 
in order that their acheme of reform might 
be laid before country meetings regularly 
convened to consider it. No convention 
WHS again summoned, and from this time 
the influence of the volunteers on Irish legis- 
lation ceased almost as suddenly as it had 
come into existence. Charlemont in 1789 
sided with Grattan in regard to the regency 
question, and moved in the upper house the 
address to the Prince of Wales, requesting 
him ' to take upon himself the government 
of Ireland, with the style and title of prince 
regent, and in the name and behalf of his 
mojeatj' to exercise all regal powers, during 
his majesty's indisposition and no longer? 
The motion was carried by 46 to 36, but the 
lord-lieutenant regarded it as incon^stent 
with bis oath to transmit it. 'This inde- 
pendent action on the part of the Irish par- 
liament was undoubtedly the chief cause of 
its abolition by the legislative union with 
Great Britain. In the same year Charlemont 
took an active part in founding the Whig 
Club, composed of the leading members of 
llie opposition in both houses of parliament, 
at which thi> general policy of the party waa 
discussed and decided on, He strongly op- 
posed the proposals for union; but the ex- 
citement connected with the discussions had 
serious effects on his health, and he did not 
live to experience the pain of witnessing ita 
completion. His death took place on 4 Aug, 
1799. He was buried in the family vault m 
Armagh Cathedral- Among hia papers ha 
left the following epitaph : ' Here lies the 
body of James, earl of Charlemont, a sincere, 
aeatouB, and active friend to his country. 
Let his posterity imitate him in that alone, 
and forget his manifold errors.' He was 



Caulfeild 



328 



Caulfeild 



succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, 
Francis William^ who was created an Eng- 
lish baron in 1837. He also left other two 
sons and one daughter. * Select Sonnets of 
Petrarch, with Translations and Illustrative 
Notes, by James, late earl of Charlemont,' 
appeared in 1822. 

[Hardy's Life of the Earl of Charlemont, 1810, 
2nd edition, 2 vols. 1812 ; Memoirs of Q rattan ; 
Original Letters of Lord Charlemont and others 
to Henry Flood, 1820; Madden's United Irish- 
men, first series; MacNevin's History of the 
Volunteers of 1782, 1845; European Magazine, 
V. 83 ; Gent. Mag. Ixix. 812-16; Bnrke's Peer- 
age ; Lecky's Leaders of Political Opinion in 
Ireland ; Froude*8 English in Ireland.] 

T. F. H. 

CAULFEILD, Sib TOBY or TOBIAS, 
first Babok Chablehont (1565-1627), was 
descended from a family which had been set- 
tled in Oxfordshire for many venerations, his 
father being Alexander Caulfeild of Great 
Milton in tnat county. He was bom 2 Dec. 
1565. When a youth he served under Fro- 
bisher, and next under Lord Howard. He 
was also with the Earl of Essex at the cap- 
ture of Cadiz, 21 June 1596. In 1598 he 
accompanied Essex to Ireland, in command of 
a troop of horse, and was for a time stationed 
at Newry. In 1601, under Lord Mountjoy, 
he took part in the capture of Kinsale from 
the Spaniards. By Lord Mountjoy he was left 
in charge of a bridge built by him over the 
Blackwater, with command of a hundred and 
fifty men, the fort erected for its protection 
being named Charlemont. After the acces- 
sion of King James he received the honour 
of knighthood. On the flight of the Earl of 
Tyrone in 1607 he was appointed receiver of 
his rents until the estate was given out to 
undertakers in 1610, an allowance of 100/.. a 
year being made to him for discharging this 
duty. The account of his collection of the 
earl's rents (State Papers ^ Irish Series, 1608- 
1610, pp. 532-46^ is a document of great in- 
terest, K)r the ligiit which it casts on the land 
system of Ireland at this particular period. 
On the division of the estates, Caulfeild re- 
ceived a grant of a thousand acres. Pre- 
vious to this he had, in 1608, been appointed 
to the command of the upper nart of Tyrone 
and of Armagh. On 17 April 1613 he was 
named a privy councillor, and the same year 
he was cnosen knight of the shire for Ar- 
magh. On 19 Feb. 1615 he was made master 
of the ordnance, and on 10 May of the same 
year one of the council for the province of 
Munster. Subsequently he was appointed a 
member of the commission for the parcelling 
out of escheated lands. In consideration of 
his long and valuable services to the crown, 



recorded in detail in the patent (^StateBsqien, 
Irish Series, 1615-26, p. 300), he was oeated 
Baron Charlemont, and as he had not been 
married, the sucoession of the honour was 
granted to his nephew, Sir William Canl- 
feild, and son of his brother Jamee. He died 
17 Aug. 1627, and was buried in Gfaiift 
Church Cathedral, Dublin. 

[Burke's Peerage and Baronetage; Lodge't 
Peerage of IreUnd, iii. 127-84 ; State Papen, 
Irish Series, from 1603 to 1625.] T. F. H. 

CAULFEILD, TOBY or TOBIAS, third 
Babon Chablbmont {cL 1642^, was the 
eldest son of Sir William Caulieild, second 
baron, and Mary, daughter of Sir John King, 
knight (ancestor to the Earl of Kingston). 
In 1639 he was returned to parliament for 
the county of Tyrone. At tne time of the 
rebellion of 1641 he succeeded his finther u 

fovemor of Fort Charlemont. On 22 Oct 
641 Sir Fhelim O'Neill [q. v.] went to dine 
with him, and was courteously received ; but 
meantime O'Neill's followers surprised Charle- 
mont. After being retained fifteen weeks a 
prisoner in Charlemont, he was removed to 
O'Neiirs castle at Kinaid, on entering which 
he was shot dead by Edmund Boy O'Hugh, 
foster-brother to O'Neill, 1 March 1642. He 
was succeeded by his brother Robeit, who 
died a few months later. 

[Lodge's Irish Peerage (edit. 1789), iii. 
140-2.] T. F. H. 

CAULFEILD, WILLIAM, fifth Babo5 
and first Viscount Chablbmont (d. 1(571), 
third son of Sir William Caulfeild, second 
baron, and brother of Toby, third baron [q. v.l 
succeeded his brother liobert in the title and 
estates in 1642. He caused the apprehension 
of Sir Phelim 0*Neill, who was chargeable 
with the murder of Toby, third baron, and 
had him executed. After the Restoration he 
was chosen a member of the privy council, 
and in 1661 he was nominated one of the 
lords to prepare a declaration requiring con- 
formity to episcopacy. He was named con- 
stable and governor of the fort of Charle- 
mont for life, but on 13 April 1664 sold it 
to the crown for 3,500/. By Charles II he 
was in 1665 advanced to the degree of vis- 
count. He died in April 1671, and was 
buried in the cathedral church of Armagh, 
where there is an elaborate monument to his 
memory. 

[Lodge's Irish Peerage (edit. 1789), iii. 142-6.] 

T. F. fl. 

CAULFEILD, WILLIAM, second Vis- 
count Chablehont {d. 1726), was the se- 
cond son of William, £nt viscount [q.v.], and 



' Caul field 



Caulfield 



Sjirali.saeond daughter of Charles, eecond \i»- 
count Moore of Srogheda. Unviagtaken up 
amiB agBiDBt J&mee II, be was attaial^d and 
bis estates sequeitrawd 7 May 1689, but he 
ivas afterwards reinstated in tbem bj William, 
■who made him governor of the fort of Char- 
lemont, and custos rotuloriun of Tyrone and 
Armagh. In the businees of the houee of pccra 
he took an active part, being in 1692 selected 
to prepire an address to the lord-tieutennnt 
to recommend the stationing of men-of-war 
on the coasts, and in 1695 to prepare a bill 
against the inheritance of protestant estates 
by papists. In 1703 he sailed with the fleet 
to Uie WMt Indies. In 1 705 he served under 
Uie Earl of Peterborough in the Spiuiieb war, 
and dietingiiished himself at Barcelona. At 
the attack on the citadel of Monjuich he was 
one of the first to march into the fort at the 
head of his men, and received for his conduct 
the special thanks of the king of Spain. On 
S5 Aug. 1705 he was promoted brigndier- 

Sneral, and on 22 April 1708 major-general. 
e vraj al»o chosen a privy councillor, oud in 
Mav 1720 he was sworn of the privy council 
of Oeorge 1. lie died 21 July of the same 
year, ancl was buried in the vault of the family 
■n Armagh. By his wife Anne, only daughter 
of Dr. James Margetson, archbishop of Ar- 
magh, he had seven sons and five daughters. 
[LodRS'a Iriiib Peerage (ed. IjSB), iii. 148- 
160 ; Burke's Pcerafre ; Political Stats of Great 
Britftio, xixii. SS ; Lottrell's Marmtiv.] 

T. P. H. 

CAITLFIELD, JAMES (1764-1S26), 
author and printseller, was bom in the Vine. 
yard, Clerkenwell. on 11 Feb. 1764. Weak 
eyesight j>revented liim following the busi- 
ness of his father, a music engraver, who 
took him when about eight years old to Cam- 
bridge for the benefit of his health. Here he 
e^rwarda came under the notice of Christo- 
pher Sharpe, the well-knovm print collector. 
Bharpe gave him a number of etchings, and 
five pounds to purchase more. AUCaulfield's 
boyiah savings now went in the same direc- 
tion, and he beeame a constant bidder for 
cheap lots at Hutchins's saleroom in King 
Street, Covent Garden. This induced liis 
father to set him up in business as a print- 
seller, and he opened a small shop in Old 
llound Court, Strand, where he was visited 
by Dr. Johnson, R. Coswnv, R.A., and other 
celebrities. In 1784 Caulfield assisted his 
father, who had been engaged by John Ashley 
(^q. V,} to engrave a large quantitv of music 
■n-aiited for the Handel commemoration. The 
additional capital acquired by this labour 
«nabled him to remove to larger premises in 
■C»»''e Stre^'i ^'«*'e' Square. Inhis'En- 



Suiry into the conduct of E. Malone,' Caul- 
eld tells us that ' having been a consider- 
able collector of materials for puhliahing 
the memoirs of remarkable persons, I began 
[in 1788] to engage engravers to cany on 
that work, and in 1790 I produced the first 
number of " Portraits, Memoirs, and Cha- 
racters of Remarkable Persons." ' Otherparts 
followed at irregular intervals, without order, 
as the engravings were ready, and in 1794-6 
appeared the complete work, embracing the 

Efriod from Edwu*d III to the Revolution, 
aulfield's ' remarkable characters ' are per- 
sons famous for their eccentricity, immora- 
lity, dishonesty, and so forth. The publica- 
tion of Granger's 'Biographical History of 
England' in iftiE) had given a marked impetus 
to the taste for engraved portraits. In the 
advertisement Caulfield announces: 'Of the 
twelve difi*erent classes of engraved portraits 
arranged by the late ingenious Mr. Granger, 
there is not one so difficult to perfect, with 
original prints, as that which relates to per- 
sons of the lowest description.' 

About 1796 Caulfield removed to 6 Clare 
Court, Drury Lane, wherehe issued a reprint 
of Taylor the Water Poet's ' Life of Old Parr,' 
with some additional portraits. In 1796 he 
visited Oxford, and transcribed a manuscript 
'Anecdotes of Extraordinary Persons,' men- 
tioned bv Granger, which was in the Ashmo- 
lean Museum. In 179" appeared'The Oxford 
Cabinet ,' with engravings and anecdotes from 
the notes of Aubrey and others. Malone 
then claimed a prior right to the manuscript ; 
Caulfield was mused any further use of it, 
and the work was stopped when only two 
numbers had been published. This drew 
from thejiublisher his ' Enquiry into the Con- 
duct of E. Malone,' who is said to have bought 
up the whole stock of two hundred and fifty 
copies in one day. In 1797 Caulfield suoces- 
sively occupied premises in William Street, 
Adelphi, and 11 Old Compton Street, Soho. 
His next literary nndertaliing was to assist 
William Granger (not the biographical histo- 
rian) tobringont 'The New Wonderful Mu- 
seum' in rivalry with Kirby's 'Wonderful 
and Scientific Museum.' It appeared in num- 
bers, with upwards of a hundred and fifty 
portraits and plates, some of them familiar in 
Caulfield's previous publications. The work 
consists of descriptions of remarkable events 
and objects, and lives of eccentric individuals. 
Tlie sixth volume is noteworthv for its nc- 
counts of booksellers. His ' Hiatorr of the 
Gunpowder Plot,' chiefly biographical notie»-s 
from original sources, came out in 1804. The 
' Crouwelliana ' {!810> is usually attributed 
to its publisher, Macheil Stoce, but the Viok 
woB really edited by Caulfield, It c 



Caulfield 330 Caulfield 



of extracts from contemporary newspapers 
and other documents, and it was intended as 
a basis for illustration. Caulfield edited for 
the same person a series of reprint-s of Bur- 



and until 1820 was chiefly occupied in the 
sale of engravin^y the illustration of boolo, 
and the compilation of catalogues. That ha 
should have been obliged to take to the 



ton's (or Crouch's) topographical pieces, with ' latter occupation rather points to a decline 
full indexes and additional woodcuts, as well of fortune. In more prosperous times he wu 
as a treatise on * The Antiquity, Honour, and , patronised by the chief collectors of the day^ 
Dignity of Trade ' n813), which had come ' among whom were Earl Spencer, Towneley, 
into the hands of tne publisher, with other Bindley, Oracherode, and others. His next 
documents, from Penshurst. The writer { publication was a continuation of his ' Por- 
was not a member of the Sidney family, trait-s, &c., of Remarkable Persons,' cairying 
The book contains a long list of English ! the series from 1688 down to the end of tb» 
merchants who have attained great honour. I reign of George II. One of these, represent* 
The stock and coppers of Caulfield's ' Me- , ing a lady known as * Mulled Sack,' had sold 
moirs, &c., of Remarkable Persons,' passed ; for forty guineas. Another publication wis 
into other hands in 1799. Originally pub- * The Hign Court of Justice, in which the 
lished at fifty shilling, it became so much '■ portraits of the regicides are decorated with 
sought after, that copies were fetching seven i skulls, crossbones, axes and chains. One of 
guineas apiece, and R. S. Kirby arranged with his sons seems to have now entered into bu8i« 
the author to produce a new edition, which ness, as the last book is 'printed and published 
was issued in 1813. It contained all the cha- by John Caulfield j)rint and book seller, Little 
racters of Granger's twelfth class, * such as | Newport Street, Leicester Square.' Li 1821 
liyed to a great age, deformed persons, con- ' Caulfield edited an edition of the ' Memoirs 
victs, &c.,' with many additions unknown to of the Kit-Cat Club,' and two years later he 
him, Bromley, Noble, and other authorities, brought out three numbers of ' Biographical 
In this edition the portraits are arranged Sketches of British History,' of which sutfi* 
chronologically for the first time. There are cient matter was left to make three Tolumes. 
upwards of fifty more than in the former one, Almost his last undertaking was to edit the 
which only contained sixty. fifth and best edition of Granger. 

In 1814 much scandal was caused by ! Caulfield had a j^ood memory. His know- 
' Chalcographimania, by Satiricus Sculptor,' \ ledge of English history and biojo^phy was 
a satirical poem after the style of Mathias s minute and extensiye, while his acquain- 
* Pursuits of Literature,' full of ill-natured ' tance with engrayed British portraits was 
gossip about artists, print-sellers, and col- unequalled by any person of his time. Hi* 
lectors. The yerse is supposed to haye been | liberality in imparting his information, and 
written by W. H. Ireland, and the notes sup- eyen the mysterious secrets of the trade, was 
plied by Thomas Coram. Not many months I viewed with great jealousy by his riyals. The 
passed before Caulfield published * Calco- ' numerous works written and edited by him 
graphiana,' a serious and useful treatise, in usually attain a high standard of excellence, 
which he yigorously denied * upon my oath ' He was always fond of attending places of 
any connection with * Chalcographimania.' | amusement, and at one time was conspicuous 
George Smeeton, his biographer, assures us ' for neatness of dress. With adyancing years 
that *the manuscript was offered to the "^Titer ' Caulfield took to drink, became neglectful of 
of this sketch, who instantly refused it, and ' his appearance, and troublesome in his social 
it was then sold to Mr. Kirby. Caulfield for I relations. He always worked hard and s])ent 
a few shillings, while in banco lief/is, did cer- freely, but neyer lost the generosity which fop- 
tainly read oyer the work, and added the ! merly led him to support his aged parents. In 
note k on page 171.' This note is one of the I the last twelve months of his life, while only 
least important in the whole book, which I earning five shillings a day as a cataloguer, he 
bears in several places unmistakable signs kept his youngest daughter and her fiBimily. 
of Caulfield's co-operation. In 1814 he is- I In January 1826 he broke his knee-pan, and 
sued, among other books, a useful ' Cata- j was conveyed to the house in Camden Town 
logue of Portraits of Foreigners who have I of his brother Joseph. Here he remained six 
visited England ;' the 'Eccentric Magazine,' weeks, and then went to St. Bartholomew's 
with lives and portraits of misers, dwarfs. Hospital, where, after remaining ten days in 
murderers, idiots, and similar personages ; a King Henry VIIFs ward, he died on 22 April 
new edition of Naunton's * Fragmenta Re- 182o. He lies buried in the family vault in 
galia ; ' ' Memoirs ' of the same author ; and Clerkenwell Church. He married Miss Mary 



the commencement of an important under- 
taking, * A Gallery of British Portraits.' He 
now resided in Wells Street, Oxford Street, 



Ghiscoigne, who died in 1816, and by whom 
he had seven children ; four survived him. 
He had several brothei8| among whom was 



Thomm, a uomedioii and mimic, of Drury 
LaneTUeutrc, who died in Aroerico, ond thu 
Jojepli mentioued abovy, ' ft music engraver 
and most excellent teacher of the pianoforte' 
(J. T. Smith, NolUkemand hi* Timet, i. 222). 
A portrait of Caulfield waa prefixed to his 
' Calcographiana ' ' to supersede the multi- 
pticit; of caricatureH of m j peraon.' 

The foUowinff >» & ^'^^ o( his vorka -. 
l.'Caulfield'sedition of corioua Tracts: the 
Age and long Life of Thomas Parr, illus- 
trated with seven elegant Prints from the 
Designs ofAnthoi)vVaiiAssen,'Londoii,l 794, 
12mo, a reprint of Taylor the Water Poet's 
life, 1635. 2. 'Portruts, Memoirs, and Cha- 
racters of remarkable Peraons, from the Reign 
of Edward III to the Revolution; collected j 
from the most authentic accounts extant by 
J. C.,' London, 1794-5, 2 vols. roy. 8vo. 
3. 'The OxfordCabinet[pd.byJ.C.],' London, ! 
1797, 4to. 4. 'An Enquiry into tbeOonductof 
Edmond Malone, Esq., concerning the Manu- 
script Papers of John Aubrey, F!R.S.,in the 
AshDioleanMufleimi,C>xfordTbjJ.C.],'1797, 
I2ino. 5. ' The new Wondernil Museum and 

Extraordinary Ktogazine by Wm, Granger, 

assiated by many valuable articles communi- 
cated by J. C. and others' [1803>1«)6, 
6 voU, 8to. 6. 'The Hiatorv of the Gun- 
powder Rot, by J. C' 1804, 8vo. 7. ' Lon- 
din* Blustrata,' 1805-25, 2 vols. 4to ; the 

Erincipal part of the lei terpress was supplied 
y J. C. 8. ' Oomwelliana, a Chronological 
Detail of Events in which Oliver Cromwell 
was engagi-d from 1642 to 1658, with a con- 
tinuation to the ReMoration [ed. by J. C.l,' 
1810, folio. 9. 'TliBtorical Remarks on the 
ancient aud present State of the Oilies of Lon- 
don and Westminster,' Westminster, 1810; 
' The Wars in England, Scotland, and Ire- 
land from 1626 to 1660,' I'A. 1810; 'Admirable 
Ouriosities, Rarities, and Wonders in Eng- 
land, ScotUnd, and Ireland,' ib. 1811 ; ' The 
Uiatory of the Kingdom of Scotlimd,' H/. 
1813 ; ■ The History of the HouBe of Orange,' 
I'ft. 1814, 6 pieces, 8to, edited by J. C. from 
ibe editions of 1681-5, usually attributed to 
Richard or Robert Burton [a. v.], the pseu- 
donym under which the publieher and au- 
thor, Nnthanial Crouch, piiblished hi.t works. 
10. 'The Antiquity, Honour. and Dignity of 
Trad-- fed. by J. Cl' 1813. 8vo. 1 f. ■ Por- 
traits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remark- 
able Persons from the reign of Edward ITIto 
the Revolution, A new edition completinu- , 
the twelfth class of Granger's Biographical 
History of England, by J. C.,' London, 1813, 
3vols.8vo. 12. 'CalcogTiiphiana,Oitidetothe 
Knowledge and Value of Engraved British I 
Portnuts, by J. C.,' London, 1814, 8vo, por- ' 
trailofJ.C. 18. 'A Catalogue of PortraiU of 



Eoreigners who have visited England, as no- 
ticed by Clarendon, Thurloe, &c. [by J. U.J,' 
London, 1814, am. 8vo. 14. 'The Eccentric 
Magn*ine [ed. by Henry Lemoine and J.C.],' 
1814, 2 vols. 8vo. 15. ' The Court of Queen 
Elizabeth, originally written by Sir Robert 
Nauntonimderthetitleof "Fra^entaRega- 
liB,"with considerable biographical additions 
by J. C' London, 1814, 4to. 16. 'A Gallery of 
British Portraits during the reigns of James I, 
CbarlosI, and the Common wealth,' l814,partB 
i. and ii. folio. 17. ' Memoirs of Sir Robert 
Kaunton, Knt.,' 1814, 4to. 18. ■ Portrait*, 
Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Per- 
sons, from the Revolution in 1688 totheend 
of the reign of George II, collected by J. C.,' 
1819-20, 4 Tols. roy. 8vo. 19. ' The Higk 
Court of Justice, by J, C.,' 1820,4to. 20.'Me- 
moirs of the celebrated Persons comprising 
the Kit-Cat Club [by J. C.},' 1821, roy. 4to. 
21, 'Biographical Stetchea illustrative of 
British History [by J. C.],' London, 1823j 
only three numbers issued. 22. ' A Biogroi- 
phicol History of England, by the Rev. James 
Granger, fifth edition, with upwards of 400 
additional Lives [ed. by J. C.],'Loudon, 1834, 
6 vols. 8vo. 

[A biogmphicnl sketch was contritiuCed by 
Qfeorge] S[meBton], Caulflold's friend and 
printer, to the Gent. Mug, 1826, pt. i. p. 669 ; 
reproduced in the Annual Begister. 1826, p. 246, 
anil the Annoal Biogr, and Register, li. 1827. 
pp, 441-3. See also NicboU's IllBstr. vi. 441.] 
H. B. T. 

CAUNT, BENJAMIN (1815-1861), 
champion pugilist, was bom in the village 
of HucknalUTorkard, Nottinghamshire, on 
22 Mareh 1815. His fother. a tenant of 
Lord Byron, was engaged in some humble 
copacity at Newstead. The son, according 
to his own account, was a gamekeeper or a 
watcher, but other people said be was a 
navvy. His height was 6 feet 2^ inches, and 
hia weight 14 stone 7 lbs. At an early age 
he aspired to pugilistic honours. Un 21 July 
1S35 he was defeated by William Thom]^ 
son, known as Bendigo. On 17 Aug. 1837 
Caunt defeated William Butler in fourteen 
rounds for a stake of 20/. a side. The re- 
putation of Bendigo having in the mean- 
time much risen, another encounter between 
him and Caunt came off on 3 April 1838 on 
Skipworth Common, near Selby, when, after 
a fight of seventy-five rounds, lasting eighty 
minutes, a dispute arose, which was settled 
in favour of Caunt, who now took the title 
of champion. On 26 Oct. 1840 he beat Jolin 
Leechman, known as Brassey, ofter 101 
rounds, and was baited 'champion of Eng- 
land.' In ft fight with Nicholas Ward on 



Caunt 



332 



Causton 



2 Feb. 1841 Caunt was disqualified for a 
foul blow. At a match with the same op- 
ponent at Lonff Marston, near Stratford-on- 
Avon, on 11 May, Ward gave in after the 
thirty-fifth rouncL Some time previously a 
subscription had been raised to purchase a 
* champion's belt.' Caunt in September 1841 
went to the United States, taking with 
him the belt. No fifi^ting, however, took 
place in America. He exhibited himself 
in theatres, and returned to England on 
10 March 1842. He brought back with him 
Charles Freeman, an American giant, 6 feet 
10^ inches high, weighing 18 stone, and with 
him made a sparring tour throughout the 
United Kingdom. Freeman died of con- 
sumption in the Winchester hospital on 
18 Oct. 1845, aged 28, when his weight had 
fallen to 10 stone. In 1843 Caunt became 
proprietor of the Coach and Horses public- 
nouse, St. Martin's Lane, London. H^ went 
into training in 184o, and, having reduced 
himself firom 17 stone to 14 stone, met Ben- 
digo near Sutfield Green, Oxfordshire, on 
Sept. 1845, and, in the presence of upwards 
of ten thousand persons, contested for 200/. 
and the championship. The fight lasted over 
two hours, and in the ninety-third round 
the referee, George Osbaldiston, gave a de- 
cision (of doubtml correctness) in favour of 
Bendigo. On 15 Jan. 1851 a fire took place 
in the Coach and Horses, when two of the 
landlord's children were burnt to death. 
Great sympathy was felt with Caunt under 
this dreadful calamitv, and a ballad upon 
it had a very extensive sale. On his last 
apiHjarance in the ring he met Nathaniel 
Langliam (the only man who ever beat the 
famous Tom Sayers) on 23 Sept. 1857, when, 
after un unsatisfactory fight of sixty rounds, 
the men shook hands and no decision was 
piven. Caunt still kept the Coach and 
Horses, where the parlour was a general re- 
sort for aspirants for pugilistic honours and 
their patrons. He was also well known as 
a ])igeon-shooter, and it was while taking 
part in a match early in 1860 that he caught 
cokl, and died on 10 Sept. 1861. He was 
in his fortv-seventh year. He was buried in 
Hiicknall-Torkard churchyard on 14 Sept. 
From first to last he showed no improve- 
ment in his style of fighting; his positions 
were inartistic, and he lacked judgment, but 
was a manly upricrht boxer, and there never 
was a question of his pluck. 

[Miles's Pugilisticn, with portrait (1880), iii. 
47-03; Fight,s for the Championship, by the 
Editor of Boll's Life (1860), pp. 135-42, 168- 
209 ; Fistiana (1868), pp. 21, 134 ; Modem Box- 
ing, by Pendragon, i.e. Henry Sampson (1879), 

pp. 2-9.] a. C. B. 



■ GAUNTER, JOHN HOBART (17Wr- 
1851), misoellaneoua writer, bom at Uitti*- 
ham, Devonshire, 21 July 1794, went to 
. India as a cadet about 18C0. He wijb sooii 
disgusted with oriental life, and ' having dis- 
covered, much to his disappointment, nothing 
on the continent of Asia to interest him,' he 
returned home. He recorded hia in&presaiooi 
of India in a poem entitled the * Cadet' (3 
vols. 1814). Gaunter then studied at Gam- 
bridge for the ministry of the church of Eng- 
land. In 1828 he obtained the deffiee of 
B.D. ' After he had entered holy oraert ha 
was for nineteen years the incumoent minis- 
ter of St. Paul's Chapel, Foley Place, in the 
parish of Marylebone. In 1846 he took a 
lease of a proprietary' chapel at Kennington. 
I He held for a short time the rectory of Hails- 
ham in Sussex, and was also chaplain to 
; the late Earl of Thanet' (Gent Mag,) At 
the time of his death, which took place in 
London, 14 Nov. 1851, he was curate of 
Prittlewell, Essex. His wife and three 
voung children 8ur^'ived him. Caunter^s 
best known work is his ' Romance of His- 
to^,' India, 3 vols. 1836 (republished in 
1872), which formed part of a populsjr series. 
Under the form of stories it treats of the 
most remarkable incidents of the Mahom- 
medan conquests in India. Gaunter alM 
wrote: *The Island Bride, in six cantos,' 
1830; 'Sermons,' 3 vols. 1882; 'Familiar 
Lectures to Children/ 1835 ; ' St. Leon, a 
Drama, in three acts,' 1835; 'Posthumous 
Records of a I^ndon Cler^rman,' 1835; 
'Descriptions toWestall and Martin's Illus- 
trations of the Bible,' 1835 ; ' The Fellow 
Commoner; a Novel,' 3 vols. 1836; 'The 
Poetrv of the Pentateuch,' 2 vols. 1839 ; * The 
Triumph of Evil ; a Poem/ 1845; ' Dlustra- 
tions of the Five Books of Moses,' 2 vok 
1847 ; ' An Inquiry into the History and 
Character of Ranab,' 1850. Besides various 
sermons, theological notes, &c.. Gaunter was 
also engaged in the production of ten 
' Oriental Annuals ' published between 1830 
and 1840. 

[Gent. Mag. for 1862, xxxvii. 627-S, whew, 
however, the date of death, as appears from the 
Times of 20 Nov. 1861, is incorrectly eiven; 
various notices in the Cadet ; Oradoati Canta- 
brigienses, p. 96 (Cambridge, 1884) ; Notes and 
Queries for 1870, 4th ser. vi. 274, 363,446 ; Add. 
MSS. 24867. f. 41, Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-t. 

CAUSTON, MICHAEL de. [See Caw- 

STON.] 

CAUSTON, THOMAS (d. 1609), musi- 
cal composer, was a sentleman of the chapel 
royal under Edward VI, Mary, and EHiia- 
beth. Nothing is known of hia parentagei 



but ii is possible thnt be is identicol w-ith a 
TbomBB Causton who -was living ftbouF ibi^ 
same dale at Oxted in Surrey. This indi- 
vidual -was the son of William Causton of 
Orpington, by Katherine Banister, and 
m&rrieci lo AgneaPoUeyof Shoreham, Their 
eon 'Waiiam (rf. 1638) had a numerous fa- 
mily, who iired at Oiled until late in the 
Beventeentb century. On 39 Oct. 1658 Mary 
wTot«> to the mayor and aldenneii of London 
in favour of Thomas Causton, ' one of the 

CitlemeD of the chappell,' requesting that 
should be admitted into the fireedor" -' 
the city. In 1560 he contribut-ed Home n 
to John Dav's rare ' Certain Notes, set forth 
in four and three parts, to be aung at thi 
Morning, Communion, and Evening Prayer. 
The same publisher's 'Whole Psalme's ir 
Foure Partes' (1563) also contains no less 
than twenty-seven compositions by Causton. 
A Venite and service by him have been re- 

Knted in the ' Ecclaaiologist,' and a fine Te 
am and Benedictus in score are preserved 
in the British Museum (Add. MS. 31226). 
As far oa can be judged from these composi- 
tions, Causton was a composer in every re- 
spect worthy of the school of which Bedford 
and Tftllis ore the great lights. He died on 
38 Oct. 1569, and was succeeded at the 
Chapel Royal by Richard Farrant. 

[Cheque Book of the Chapel Boyal, ed. Rim- 
banll, p. 3; QniyD'a Diet, of Hogic, i. 326; 
State Fupers, Dome«ti'> Ser. Mary. 136B. Docq. ; 
Add. MS. 1C279, fol. *35 ; Regiators of Oxted, 
ooromaDicHtad by the Rev. F. Pamell.] 

W. B. S, 

OAUTLEY, SiE PROBY THOMAS 
(1803-18"! J, colonel, the projector ajid con- 
structor of the Oanrea Canal, was the son 
of the Rev. Thomas Cautley of Stratford St. 
Mary's, Suffolk. He joined the Bengal ar- 
tillery in 1819, and after some years' service 
with that corps, in which he was for a time 
<'1823 and 1824) an acting adjutant and 
qnartermaator, he was appointed by Lord 
Amiierst assistant to Captain (afterwards 
Colonel) Robert Smith of the Bengal engi- 
Tteera, who was at that time employed in re- 
constructing the Doab Canal, an old channel 
of irrigation drawn from the left bank of the 
Jumna at the foot of the Sivalik bills. In 
December 1825 Cautley, with the rest of the 
canal officers, was called to join tho army en- 
gaged in the siege of BUurtpore, under Lord 
Coxnbentiere, and, after serving with the ar- 
tillery through that operation, rejoined his 
wofk on the canal, whidi was opened in 1830. 
In 1831 Cautley succeeded to the charge of 
the vbiulI, and remained in charge of it for 



part of the canal wa£ beset with ditUcultiei 
owing to a number of mountain t 
descending from the Sivalilcs and s< 
bringing down suddenly huge volumes of 
water, which traversed its alignment, and 
across which the canal at different relative 
levels had to be carried, tn combating these 
difficulties Cautley displayed great skill and 
dexterity, and graiduftlly devekiped the canal 
into an extremely efficient instrument of irri- 
gation. It was not on a very large scale, 
Qitending with its distributaries to about 
a hundred and thirty miles in length and 
with a head flow of about a thousand cubic 
feet pet second. Whiloemployedonthiflduty 
Cautley visited the Dehra valley, where he 
projected and executed the Bijapur and Dehra 
watercourses, and projected also a line from 
the Jumna, which was carried out later. 

The great work of Cautley's life was the 
Ganfes canal. This was a purely British 
work. It was first contemplated by Colonel 
Colvinof the Bengalengineers, by whose ad- 
vice Cautley examined the project, but with 
results so discouraging that the idea of the 
canal was temporarily abandoned by liim( Qtl- 
eutta Review, lii. loO). The severe &mine 
of 1837-8 led to a re-examination of the pro- 
ject, which was reported on by Cautley in 
1840, and sanctioned by Lord Auckland and 
eventually by the court of directors in 1841, 
the court directing that the projected canal 
should be 'constructed on such a scale as 
would admit of irrigation being supplied to the 
whole of the Doab, or the country lying be- 
tween the rivers Oftngea,Hindun, and Jumna, 
forming the principal part of the north- 
western proTinces.' Cautley's aervicefl in 
framiDg the project were acknowledged bythe 
court by a donation of ten thousand rupees. 
The actual construction of the work was not 
commenced until 1843, and its progress wan 
rauch retarded by the opposition of Lord 
EUenborough, who did aU that he could to 
discourage the project, withholding sufficient 
officers' Dssielanee, and, witli a strange mis- 
conception of the object for which the canal 
was mainly required, directing thut it sbotild 
be constructed ' primarily for navigation, not 
for irrigation,' and that ' only such water 
should be appUed to the latter object as 
was not required for the former.' Until the 
banning of 1844 Cautley was obliged, from 
the want of subordinate agency, to conduct 
with his own hands the drudgery of survey- 
ing, levelling, and such like work, In 1645 
Cautley was compelled by ill-health to return 
to Europe. During bis absence the work wos 
efficientlv carried on by Major fafterwnrds 
Sir WiUinra) Baker \a. v.] WhUo in Eng- 
lft"'^ Cautltiv omittod &o w " "' 



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f', .r.'!;i* '.r. '.f *!.- 'A'.rk- '-ti -jr.i .:r. i 4 <■ :.- 
■■.•1' Nif*.'- :'r.;'*K '.f v<Trv '!'»-j# '■ .••In.' ri»-r*ir<* 
»h" •■iH.i/<- 'if *ii*' ji!;i:fi to J/«' I rr !/;i'-'i 'v.-i.- 
n ..I K"!. ■-!ijhi"'j'i'rtf '•xfi"ri«-rio«','l*;riv».-<llro:n 
Mi'-'-'»r»-'' ruri if/ii t,f f\:iut- JiPiiJt on -i*'-^ such '1- 
r'»r Arfliur r'/it.fori 'tont^rrriplfit*-'!, /U:r«*- th*r 
fHiri(/<- Tor tire hi'A'*^r ^lAnffOt cbnal, Hnfl 
iiM<i:i liif Jiiiririn for th" A^th '-hnfil, ajH 
|M ill--, t'l liiiv; xliowri til fit tliff vi';W of tin; 



.iiMi r wit'i /'ornrt in |»rincip]o, hut. that h<' 
f fill -Klfnihlv iifi'h'r''HtiMifit«'/l what wouhl 
hiivc h<-<-n lh« ro^t. of th«* work if ciirriofl out 
fill hi I phiM. 'VUr iri'mt M<>riouH finilt of thi' 
fiiiiiil wim I'xri'MM of nhiiN', nnH to r<'(rtify thin 
|mii'i itf il w«n' n'in(Mlf*il(!(l ut a cost (which, 



~ •-- T-iLUi V* TimiL "1 'it*Jir ^ift t«:: -of 

Tui n I -.zr ir'-*m3if-!ir :c I^'L* f r Lis 
■'n.Hr-.ir — ?"-c*=s ir^ -3 ••IT -wt^.v :■:■&. in 

Ti-ir,.-- r*!iiir:r»-i ■l^r.irTisi-r'i s^rrice to 

rrsu.nr -.ci j. rlnf- ^\.--\'. V nzj*, which is 
tji:! i j-.^sL rrsia-i;. HI* rr9^*reh-rt* w*r« 
■ii--!i~ '.:Lrrjrti£ m _^ ti'.'**:t.'LiT;-:n w::h Dr. 
21 ;«-" 7 1 j:r.!i»rr. i- -'iat. -.zir 1:1 ;b.irr« of the 
■• 'ui-.:l1 ri-rirz. i" SiJiAncriT. ini. tfcrir 
;■■ -■ :..-*:• "-tjt^ iTTrur.r.j iT^nri'a in Eu- 
T •:-. "li-T -v-T^ l-tlt:-^: ''.y ••i-f GeT-lr^ical 
S '. -"' .z. 1?-17 "1- ^' :•' lliff"«; T2 m*:C;il In 
: :r-i a."-. I: -* •"L"-:'i ''~\' Ci^rlry's coUec- 
"1 : :>*_i 7?«»r!: -: ij l-si to the Br.- 
*-•- M:-a*T:~ £ll-ri 1'14 oh-^^**. averunng' in 
T--^-!i" -« :-sr. ^a^L Caitlrj tras a fivipit-nt 
:• -:r.-. .-.r i ;ii:»rrs >.-.:V to :he IVnjzal 
A-. \' . : S:«::-="Tir:'i :■? :b.* G^'r'l-'^iric&l S«xM*'tv 
■ : I-.' - : ■ r.. Pi.r :* 11 ■•wir. j nisT Vie m«?nti«->n»?d : 
Ir. -1.-: • A <!.•::■? KrS-:irc:.--/ vnl, xri. 1 I >!*••>, 
r. ' . * : •r : * < ■ -il ar^-i Li^rr. : * »• in t h*^ I lima I ay a : ' 
V. 1. xix. {-. 1. ■ 1^;W). 'On Th*» Fo>sil CrM*"^ 
'M- ^ : •!.-: Sivilik? :* • * 'n th** Foa^il Gharial 
of *!.•: Sivaliic*.' In * JiMimal As. Soc. IVn- 
feMl.' vol. i. il»ol*». *On Gyp:? urn of the 
Himaliiva ; ' iii. \ 1 "^^W ». * <.»n Di-covpir of an 
Anr-iMnt fity n»-ar IV-hiit in the Doab:' iv. 
ilS-Jo), * On GoM-washinsrs of the Giimi 
Kiv»T:* * On a New Spt.»oie^ of Snake cii<- 
: r-ov»;nrfl in the Doab:' v. (1^.'}6), M)n the 
T»'»'Th of the Sivalik ^[astodon « dent* 
rtroitftt'." * On the Mastodons of the Sivaliks ;' 
vi. (lK*i7), M)n a Sivalik Kuminant allied to 
th.' (Jiniffidie ; ' viii. f IKW), * On the Use of 
\V(;11h in P^oundationa, as pnustised by the 
Natives of the Northern Doab;' ix. pt. i. 
( IKIO), * On the Fossil CamelidsB of the Si- 
valiks ; ' xi. (1842), ' On the Proposed For- 



Illation of a. Canal of Irrigatii 
Jumna, in the Dliern Diin.' In * Ouolofiical 
Societ;r'8 Prowcdings,' vol. ii. (1838>, 'On 
Kemains of Mummalia found in tlie Sivalik 
Mountains ; ' ' On tbe DiBcorery of Quadni- 
manoue Kemains in the SivBlike.' In ' Geo- 
logii^al Society's TrBnsactions,' 2nd ser., v. 
(1840).'0nllieSHuciureoftheSivBlikHilIg, 
and Organic liemains found in them.' Also 
written conjointly with Dr. Hugh Falconer: 
in 'Asiatic Researcbcs/xix^' On SiTatheiiim 
Qiganteum ; ' ' On Sivilik FoMil Hippopota- 
mus;' 'On Savalik FoBail Camel;' 'On 
Felia CriatatA and Ureus Sivalenais;' also 
papers in ' Joomal As. Soc. Bengal,' vols. ir. 
and Ti., and in ■ Proceedings Geol. Soc.,' 
No. 96, and in 'Transactions Geol. Soc,' 



3nde. 






Oaiitlej also wrote an elaborate report on 
the conatmrtion of the Ganges canal, eon- 
UBting of 2 vola. 6vo, 1 vol. 4to, and a lai^ 
■tlaa of plans, published in 1860. In 1853 
be publisned ' Notes and Memoranda on the 
Extern Jumna, or Doab Canal, and ou the 
Watercourses in the Dhera Diin.' Cauttey 
died ai. SydeuJiam on 26 Jan. 1871. 

[Obituary notice in Times. 23 Jan. 1871; 
Gnlcatta Review, vols. lii. ixi. ; India Office 
Beeords, Id preparing this orliele the -nriler 
has receivi-d reluabla assiatance from Colonel 
Htnry Vule. C-B.. R.E.] A. J. A. 

CAUX, JOHN DB. [See Calbto, Johs 
Da} 

CAVAGNABI, Sik PIERRE LOUIS 
NAPOLEON (18J1-1879), soldier and di- 
piomatiat, eon of General Adolphe Cava- 
ffnari, who served under the Emperor Napo- 
feon, by his marriage with Caroline, third 
daughter of Hugh Lyons Montgomery cif 
Laurencetown, county Down, was born at 
Stenay, dapartment of the Meuse, France, on 
4 July 1841, entered Christ's HoBpital. Lon- 
don, ID 1661, and, after studying there for 
six years, passed the necessary examinations 
at Addiscombe, and became a direct cadet 
of the East India Company on 9 April 1868, 
and was appoiDt«d an ensign in the 67tii 
lent of native infant^ on 31 June. He 
previously, on 7 Dec. 1857, been granted 

'«art.ificate of naturalisation by the home 
aty under the name of P. L, N. Cava- 
L, but duee not seem to have adopted this 
mntbod of writing his name. Arriving in 
India on 12 July,and joining the Ist Bengal 
Europsian fuhilisrs, he served throughout the 
Oudh campaign (1858-9), and having token 
pen in the capture of live guna from the 
Nussirahnd bngade on .SO Oct, 1868, was 
decomled with tlie Indian mutiny medal. 
fEomoted to be a lieutenanC on 17 March 



1S60, in July 1861 he was appointed to the 

staff corps, and eaietted an BssistAnt-com' 
missioner in the Punjab. Poaseaaed of re- 
markable energy, indomitable courage, and a 
genial character, be soon acquired diHtinc* 
lion in the frontier service, and was ulti- 
mately appointed deputy-commissioner of 
Kohat. He held political charge of the 
Kohat district from April 1866 to May 
1677, when he was named deputy-commis- 
aioner of Pesliawar, and as chief political 
oflicer served in several hill expeditions be- 
tween IStifl and lt*78, the most important of 
which was the Afridi expedition, 1875-7. 
When the despatch of a BritJsh mission to 
the Ameer of Afghanistan, Shere Ali Khan, 
in September 1879, under Sir Neville Oham- 
berlam, was decided upon, Cftvngnari waa 
attached to the slafi', and was the otHcer who 
iuterview«d Fail Mahomed Khan when that 
official of the ameer on 21 Sept. 1878 refused 
to allow the mission lo proceed. After the 
death of the ameer, 21 Feb. 1879, and the 
succeHeion of Yakut) Khan to the govern- 
ment of Afghanistan, Cavagnari, in a perso- 
nal interview with the new ruler, negotiated 
and signed the treaty of Oandamuck, S6 May 
1879, for which service he was made a K.C.B. 
on 19 July; he had previously, on 1 June 
1877, been named commander of the Star of 
India, He was then sent to Cabul as the 
British resident, and, entering that city on 
24 July, took up his residence in the Bala 
Hissar. His reception by Yakub Khan waa 
friendly, but on 3 Sept. 1879 several of the 
Afghan regiments mutinied, and, attacking 
the citadel where Cavagnari and the other 
members of the embassy were lii'ing, mas- 
sacred all the Europeans, Cavagnan made 
a stout resistance, but at last his head was 
split open with a blow. He fell bock against 
a wall, and jiLi<t about the same time the 
burning roof fell in; his body must have 
been consumed in the Hames, His age was 
only thirty-eight. No Englishman who sur- 
vived was present on the occasion, so that the 
details have to be taken from native sources. 
He married on 23 Nov. 1871 Emma, second 
daughter of Henry Graves, M.D,, of Cooks- 
town, county Tyrone. 

[Kilrprnmnnn's Lifo of Sir L. Cavagnari, with 
portmil. Cslnillo. I8HI ; Annual RBgister, 1879. 
pp. 362-70 : IlluHtratti! London News, with por- 
trait, 1879, Ixiv. 229 ; Graphic, wilb portPi.it 
1879, XX. 4, 29, 261, 804.] O. C, R 

CAVALIER or CAVALLIEB, JEAN 
(1081-1740), major-general, lieutenant-go- 
vernor of Jersey, was bom 28 Nov. 11181 at 
Ribaiite, near Andiue, in that port of Lan- 
guedoc which is now the departineat of tlH 



Cavalier 



336 



Cavalier 



Gard. His father was a peasant, and Jean, 
after herding cattle, was apprenticed to a baker 
at Anduze. Brought up ostensibly a catholic 
he was secretly taught protestant doctrines 
by his mother, and to escape persecution for 
non-attendance at mass he made his way, 
about the affe of twenty, to (Geneva, where he 
worked as a Daker. A report that his parents 
had been thrown into prison induced nim to 
return to his native district, and on the break- 
ing out of the revolt in the Cevennes (autumn 
of 1702) he joined the insurgents. Hie in- 
trepidity and skill, aided by liis gfift of pro- 
phesying and preaching, led to his election 
as one of the five leaders of the revolt. The 
region assigned to him was the plain of Lower 
Languedoc stret<;hinp to the sea, though he 
made frequent forays m the hill-country of the 
Cevennes. In less than two years he became 
the most conspicuous of the insurgent chiefs, 
and with few intermissions his guerilla war- 
fare was successful. His band had groi^ni 
to be one of twelve hundred men when he 
was defeated with great slaughter, being sur- 
rounded by a superior force under Marshal 
Montrevel, who commanded in Languedoc, in 
a series of engagements near Nages, 16 April 
1704. This defeat, followed by the betrayal 
to the king's troops of the caverns in which 
the insurgents had concealed their stores of 
all kinds, disposed Cavalier to negotiate with 
MontreveVs successor, Marshal Villars, espe- 
cially as hopes of succour from England had 
been baffled! On 16 May 1704 Villars and 
Cavalier had a conference in a garden outside 
Nismes, and Villars (MSmoires, p. 139) bears 
testimony to the firmness, gooa sense, and 
good faith displayed by Cavalier through- 
out the negotiation, as well as to his mili- 
tary capacity. Ult imately an agreement was 
signed, in whicli \'illars made some conces- 
sions to the protest ants of Languedoc. One of 
its articles permitted Cavalier to select from 
his band and from the protestant prisoners 
who were to be liberated under another ar- 
ticle two thousand men for a regiment to be 
despatched to fight for France in Portugal. 
Cavalier received from the king a colonel's 
commission and a pension of twelve hundred 
livres. But the agreement with Villars satis- 
fied neither the other leaders of the insurrec- 
tion nor Cavalier's own band, and the regi- 
ment was not formed. At his request Cavalier 
was allowed an inter\*iew with Louis XIV 
at Versailles, during which, according to his 
own account, he pleaded the cause of the pro- 
testants of Languedoc, and refused the king*s 
invitation to him to become a catholic. The 
authenticity of the agreement with Villars 
and the interview with Louis XIV have been 
doubtedybut on insufficient grounds (Petbat, 



ii. 133 ft. and 198 tl ; Kexble, pp. 420 ind 
431). 

In August 1704 Cavalier received orden 
from the JPrench authorities to proceed under 
escort to the Rhine fortress of Neu BretBacL 
Alarmed by reports that he was to be detained 
there a captive for life, he eecaped from his et- 
cort, and with the followers wno accompuiied 
him took refuge in Switserland. Here be 
entered the military service of the Duke of 
Savo^, afterwards Victor Amadeus I, who 



wbjch were to be paid by the Dutch, the 
other by the English government. Alter 
visiting England, and having an interview 
with Godolphin (AoxEW, ii. 63 ; QilauUarqf 
Treaswy Papers, 1708-14, p. 16), he pro- 
ceeded with his regiment to Spain, and com- 
manded it at the battle of Almanxa, 25 April 
1 707, where it was drawn up opposite a French 
regiment. According to Voltaire ((£krr«#, 
ed. Beuchot, xx. 3Q&), the Marshal Duke 
of Berwick, who commanded the French at 
Almanza, frecjuently described the two regi- 
ments as rushing at each other with the bayo- 
net without firmg a shot, and as fighting 
so desperately that not three hundred men 
of them survived. Cavalier was severely 
wounded, and before escaping lay for some 
time among the killed ((javalieb, letter to 
the States of Holland in Bulletin de la SucUti 
de VHistoire du ProtestantUme en France, vL 
70 ; Oldmixon, History of England, being 
a sequel to the reigns of the Stuarts, 1735, 
p. 391). 

Cavalier now re-entered the service of the 
Buke of Savoy, but is found in Holland again 
in December 1707. While at the Hague he 
drew up the first of several affidavits, in which 
he denounced as liars and impostors three of 
the so-called * French prophets ' in Ix)ndon, 
who pret4?nded to the possession of super- 
natural gifts, and claimed to have exereised 
them in the Cevennes. One of them, another 
Jean Cavalier, claimed a relationship with 
Colonel Cavalier, by whom it was indignantly 
repudiated {Nouveaux MSmoires pour sercir 
d thistoire dee Trots Camisards , , , aii ton 
trouve les declarations de MoTisietirle CoUmel 
Cavalier J 1708). It was probably during this 
sojourn at the Ha^e that he sought in mar- 
riage the Mademoiselle Dunoyer who some 
years afterwards captivated the young Vol- 
taire. The match was broken ofiT, and, ac- 
cording to her mother, under circumstances 
very discreditable to Cavalier, whom she 
accused of having retained possession of 
the dowry, and whom she otherwise vilifies 
(Madame DuvoTBBy Lettrea SiHorigwi et 



^^r Cavalier 3 

C8iin/M(Bdilimn)ri790),v.l56-fl2^. Wrii- 
inft to tbeEnglUh secretsry nt wur in MarcU 
ITU, tli« DiUte of Mnrlborougb {DftpatcAcf, 
l&4fi, T. 2tW) bt^ his con-eaixjndent to tell 
Cav»lier thul unless he ccunplies witli the 
' juat re<]iie«ra ' of Mme. Dunoyer ' 1 slioll he 
obliged to complain of him to the queen, that 
she may have justice done her out of his pen- 
aioQ.' CavBtierwasnow settled with aBritish 
pension in the United Kingdom. He spent 
much of the remainder of his life with the 
French colony founded at Portarlinefon by 
Kuvigny, earl of Galway [q. v.], and there 
he married the dauifhter of an arislocratic 
refuse, a Mademoiselle de Ponthieii. He is 
represented as liaying suffered frequently from 
pecuniarr embarrassment e, and these, ' ' 
oIm been said (Aemw, ii. 04), led to th 
of his ' Memoirs,' which were published by 
subecriptiou at Dublin in 1726, with a dedi- 
CRtion (Bigned ' Jas. Cavnltier') to Carteret, 
then lord-lieu tenant of Ireland. The volume 
profissseA to have been 'written in French 
and tranalated into English,' and is undoubt- 
edly Cavalier's handiwork, though the ' Bio- 
graphie Uaivt'rselle ' ascribes its composition 
to Oalli, a P'rencli refiiMe. It is written 
with animation, and ia full of mihtary detail, 
bat as a contribution to the history of the 
FBTolt in the Cei-ennes it is very fragmentary. 
Some of its most startling stories seem to be 
confirmed by the testimony of hostile wit- 
nesses, contemporaries of the events recorded 
(Pbirat. i. 345 n. and 374 n.) The i 
rscies which have been detected in 
comparatively unimportant, with the excep- 
tion of a grave misrepresentation of the spirit 
in which his companions opposed the treaty 
with Villara. Though the 'Memoirs' breathe 
a strongly j>rotestBnt spirit, Ihev are silent 
as to Cavalier's early gift of propnesying and 
preaching. 

In iri'7 Cavalier came to England with a 
recommendatory letter to the Duke of New- 
castle from the Irish primate. Boulter. He 
wae made a brigadier 27 Oct. 1735, uad in 
March 1738 lieutenant-governor of Jersey, at 
aeveralmeetingsof the estates of which island 
he presided, Appointe<l a major-general 
3 July 1739, he djod at Chelsea 17 May 1740, 
and was buried in Chelsea churchvard. Vol- 
t*ire ((£ucre#,x.v. 397), who had known him, 
describes him as a 'little fair man with a 
mild and agreeable count«nauce.' 

Besides U\e authorities civea below there 
mav he consulted the article ' Jean Cavollier 
and the Camisards ' in the ' Edinburgh Re- 
view ' for July 1866. An idealised Cavalier 
figures in Ludwig Tieck's unfinished novel, 
'Der Anfriihr in den Cevennea' (English 
trniialaiioD, 1846), and he ia the hero of Eu- 
I Tn.u. 



(7 Cavallo 

gSne Sue's historical romance, 'Jean Cavalier 
ou les Fanatiques des CSvennes,' translated 
into English as ' The l*rotestant Leader, a 
novel,' 1649. 

[Cavaliers Memoira ; Peynit's Hiatoite des 
PoMeura du Dfeert, 1812; Agnew's ProtestiuiL 
Eiiles from Franco iu the Bbibii of Louis XIV, 
2nd edit. 1871 ; Hoag's La Frauoo Prolestnnti!, 
2iid edit. 1877 ; Mimoiro* du Marklial de Vil- 
lars in vol. ii. of Michuud and Poi^oulats Vou- 
velle Collectioa desM^moires pour >crvlri VHia- 
toire dn Francp, 1839; F. Espiausse's life and 
Times 01' Voltaire. 18B6.] F. E, 

CAVALLO, TIBERIL'S (174B-I809). 
natural philosopher, was born in N'aples in 
1749, his father being a physicion practising 
in that city. At an early age he left Italy, 
andeettled for life iu this country. In October 
177o hepnblished a notice of 'Estraordinaiy 
Electricity of the Atmosphere observed at 
Islington. This was reprinted in 'Slutf^n's 
Annals of Electricity "^(1843, p. 158), Ca- 
vallo was the inventor of several philosophi- 
cal instruments and pieces of apparatus for 
electrical and chemical experiments. Much 
iiwenuity was shown in their construction, 
alibis instruments for the measurement of 
the quantity and force of electricity beiiis' 
remarkable for their extreme delicacy and 

Cavullo wa» ou 9 Dec. 1779 admitted as 
a fellow of the Koyal Society, In 1781 he 
publisheil a quarto volume entitled 'A Trea- 
tise on the Nature and Properties of Air and 
other permanently F^astic Fluids.' In this 
treatise he deals with chemistry and hydro- 
statics as they bear on the composition and 
physical properties of aeriform and other 
fluids, lie examines with caution most of 
Dr. Priestley's experiments on sir, end insti- 
tutes many new ones, to determine more ac- 
curately the composition of tlie atmosphere 
and the conditions of inSammable and fixed 
Phlogisticated air forms the subject of 
inquiry, but it ia evident that Cavallo could 
not receive the hypothesis of phlogiston, and 
yet did not feel himself on such sure ground 
as would Justify his advancing any newdoo- 
■-ine. His invest igationa into the influences 

' air and light on the growth of plants are 

'ry original^ and advanced him very nearly 
the discovery of many new truths in con- 

tction with organic life. 

In 1786 Cavidlo published his ' Complete 
Treatise on Electricity,' which reached a 
third edition in 1796. It proves him to have 
been a true philosopher, holding his judgment 
suspended until he is satisfied by demonstra- 
tive evidenceof the truth. In 1787 lie pub- 
lished ' A Treatise on Magnetism in Theory 



Cavan 



338 



Cave 



and Practice/ which embraces all that was 
known on the subject at the time ; and in 
1 797 he contributed to * Nicholson's Journal * 
a paper * On the Multi])lier of Electricity.* 
C^availo prave some attention to aerostation, 
on the history and practice of which he 
published a treatise m 1785. About this 
period meteoric phenomena claimed his ob- 
servation. In the latter part of his life he 
devoted much time to the use of electricity 
a8 a curative agent. In 1780 he published a 
work M)n Medical Electricity,' and in 1798 
the * Medicinal Properties of Factitious Air * 
was the subject of a volume by him. His 
latest large work appears to have been the 
* Elements of Natural and Experimental Phi- 
losophy' (4 vols. 8vo), which he published in 
1803. ' He contributed an article on meteors 
to Watt's * liibliotheca Britannica.' Cavallo 
died, at the age of sixty, in 1809. 

[Nicholson'e Journal, 1797, p. 394; Catalogue 
of Scientific Papi^rs, Royal Society ; TrannactionB 
of the Royal Society; Watfs Bihl. Brit. 1824.] 

R. H-T. 

CAVAN, Earl of (rf. 1 660). [See Lam- 
BART, Charles.] 

CAVE, Sir AMBROSE (d. 1568), chan- 
cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, was fourth 
son of liOger Cave of Stanford, Northamp- 
tonshire, by his second wife, Margaret Saxby. 
It is stated that he was a student at one 
time at St. John's College, Cambridge, and 
at another at Magdalen, Oxford. In 15:^5 he 
visited Rhodes as a knight hospitaller of St. 
John of Jerusalem. He was a brot her of the 
Knights' Hospital at Shingay, Cambridge- 
hhire, the governorship of which he tried hard 
to obtain, and in 1540, when the onler was 
<lissolved, received a pension of 66/. l.V 4r/. 
Ih" became sheriff of \Varwickshire and Lei- 
cestershire in 1548, M.P. for Warwickshire 
and a commissioner for raising a loan then* 
in 1557, a privy councillor on Elizaln^th's ac- 
cession, as one ' well atfected to the protestant 
religion,' a commissioner to compound with 
holders of land worth 50/. a year who refused 
to be knighted '20 Dec. 1558 and 2H March 
1559, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 
2*2 Dec. 1558, and a commissioner * for the 
northern parts towards Scotland and Ber- 
wick ' a day later. In parliament Cave played 
a vt»rv' small part. ()n 6 March 1558-9 he 
stated that a London alderman. Sir Thomas 
White, * misliked theBook ofCommon Prayer,' 
and White was summoned to the house, which 
readily accej)ted his explanation. Cave was 
busily employe<i in 1559. He was nominated 
a commissioner to administer the oath of su- 
premacv, 31 March; a searcher of the books 
and lo<igings of two bishops, White of Man- 



chester and Watson of Lincoln, suspected of 
papist leanings, 3 April; a joint-lieutenant 
of Warwickflihire, 26 May ; a oommiwioBer 
for the visitation of the dioceses of Oxford, 
Lincoln, Lichfield and Coventry, and Peto- 
borough, 22 July ; a commissioner for rusing 
men in WarwicKshire and Shropshire fofiO^ 
vice at Berwick, 26 Sept. On 13 Feb. 1568-4 
he went on a special commission for the triil 
of murders, burglaries, and other feloniei. 
Cave was oflen at court, and the stoiy mnt 
that he once picked up the queen*8 garter, 
which had slipped off ^'hile she was danciiur: 
Elizabeth declined to take it from himrhe 
thereupon tied it on his left arm, and said 
he would wear it all his life for the sake of his 
mistress. A portrait of Cave wit h the garter 
round his arm was formerly the property of 
the Rev. Sir Charles Cave of Tlieddingworth, 
Leicestershire. Cave died 2 April 1^38, tsd 
was buried at Stanford. 

He married Margaret, daughter of Wil- 
liam Willington of lUrcheston, Warwickshire, 
and widow of Thomas Ilolte, justice of North 
Wales. By her he had one child, Margaret, 
wife of Henry Knollys, son of Sir Henry 
Knollys, K.G. 

Thomas Cave of Stanford, the grandson of 
Sir Ambrose*s eldest brother, was created a 
baronet by Charles I 30 June 1641. Sir 
Thomases family still sur\'ives, and bear« 
the surname of Cave-Browne-Cave (Foster. 
Baroru'tage, pp. 1 1 0-1 1 ). 

[Cooper's AthenseCanfAb. i. 251-2 ; HayirarJV 
Annals of Elizal>eth. p. 12 ; Cal. State P^pr-rv 
(Dom.). 1 547-90; Britlges's Xortbamptonshire, 
i. 583 ; Ryraer's Fcpdem, xv. passim.] S. L. L 

CAVE, EDWARD (1091-1764), printer. 
l)orn at Newton, near Rugby, 27 Feb. I(i91,wa'i 
son of Joseph, a younger son of E^wanl Cavt* 

! of the lone house on the Watling Street Road, 
called Cave's Hole. The entail of the famih 

; estate being cut off, Joseph Cave was reduced 
to follow the trade of a cobbler at Rugbv. 
Tlie son had a right of admittance to Ru^rby 
grammar school, which he entered in 1700. 
Dr. Ilolyoke, the principal, thought him fit 
for a university education ; but he wa>» 
charged with robbing Mrs. Holyoke*s lien- 

; roost and clandestinely assistinfir fellow-scho- 
lars, brought into disi*.redit, ana compelled to 
leave the school. Cave was next a clerk to a 

! collector of excise ; but he soon left his plao»* 
to seek employment in I^ndon. Aft4»r work- 
ing with a timber merchant at liankside, he 
was apprenticed to Deputy-alderman Collins 
a well-known London printer. In two years 

! his ability was recognised, and he was sent to 
Non\'ich to manage a printing office and con- 

^ duct a weekly paper, Uie * Norwich Courant.* 



His master died before bia ' articles' ceuseil, 
and, not beinp able to bear tliepervprait.ies of 
his mistreBs, he quitted her houEe and settled 
at Bow, where he married a young widow 
with a littl« money. He then bewune jour- 
neyman to Alderman (afterwards lord mayor) 
Barber, and for jeoiG was a writer in ' Miat'e 
Weekly Journal.' When about thirty he ^ 
obtained a position id the poet office, by his , 
wife's interest, but continued his occupation I 
U a printer. He corrected the ' Oraous ad 
Parnaiamn'forlheSlationera' Company, and j 
wrote an ' Account of t he Criminals,' as well j 
a« several pamphlets on current topics. He 
ma shortly afterwards ajipointed clerk of the ' 

"With the knowledge gained from his official 
poeition Cave about this time ( 172&) furnished 
country news to a London ioum a! , in what 
were called ' news-letters, for a guinea n 
week. He then began to convey London 
news to country papers, at Gloucester, Stam- 
ford, and Canterbury. Cave's position brought 
hint into tuttircourse with members of Iwth 
boufes, and he would retire to a coffee-house 
And work up a news-letter. In 1727 he and 
Robert Raikea of the ' Gloucester Journal ' 
were tolten into custody for breach of privi- 
lege. Cave suffered ten days' imprisonmeut, 
bat on expressing contrition and paying beaty 
fines he was released with a reprimand. His 
mrietness aa clerk of the franks bad made 
enemies, and he was cited before the House 
of Commons for another breach of privil^e 
in stopping a frank given b; a member to (£e 
oldDuchesB of Marlborough. Hewascharged 
with opening letters to obtain ' news/ and 
dismissed from his post, although the state- 
ments made were never proved. 

Cave bad saved enough to purchase a small 
printing office at St, John's Gale, Clerkenwell, 
in 1731. Here, in the Bateway of the old 

Eriory of the knights of St. John, he started 
uainess as a printer under the name of ' It, 
Newton,' and began the * Gentleman's Maga- 
zine.' His intention was to form a collection 
or ' mogtuine ' (the first use of the name in 
this sense), 'to contain theeasaya and intelli- 
gence which appeared in the two hundre<l half 
sheets which the London press then threw oil' 
monthly,' and in 'probably as many more 
half sheets printed elsewhere in the three 
kin^nms.' Tlte periodical was to comprise 
varieljvs of all kinds. He had talked of hi.i 
pian for yi-ow, but every bookoeUer refused 
tv join him, although be bad numerous fol- 
lowers. The firstnumber of the ' Gentleman's 
Maguine, or Traders' Monthly Intelligencer 
, . ■ by SylvAiiua Urban, Gent,,' appeared in 
January 1730-1. Somoof the early numbers \ 
B said to be ' printed by Edward Cave, j 



K 



scribed himself BB ' Sjlvauus Urban of Alder- 
, manbury, Oent..' His magazine was a vast 
j improvement upon the gossiping and abusive 
I pajjcrs of the time. Johnsonsa^sitssale was 
. over ten thousand in 173B, and every effiirt 
I was made to keep up its circulation, Cave 
' scarcely ever looking out of bis window but 
with a view to its improvement,' A few years 
afterwards it had risen to fifteen thousand. 
Tiiough without Uterarv ability. Cave was an 
able editor. In 1732 he began the publica- 
tion of a regular series of the parliamentary 
debates of both bouses, giving only the initials 
and finals of personal names, lie had friends 
posted in each house to watch the proceedings, 
and fix important speeches in the memory. 
ReiKjrts were ail^rwsrds put together from 
these materials by William Outlirie [q. v.] 
Members at times privately forwarded copies 
of their own speecnes. Ilie reports grew to 
be very iengthy, and at every year's end a 
supplement liad to be published. The ' Lon- 
don Magazine ' and 'Scots Magazine' followed 
the ' Gentleman's Magazine. Tlie ' London 
Magasine,' which lasted from 173:i to 1781, 
was his most sucrcessful rival. In April 173U 
occurred the debate on the publication of pro- 
ceedings inparliament, in consequence of Cave 
having given the king's answer to an address 
of parliament before it liadeven lieea report eil 
from the chair, and the commons paased a 
resolution of 'high indignation.' The 'Gen- 
tleman's Magazine' and ' I^ondon Magazine' 
bit upon very similar evasions, The debates 
were attributed to a ' parliament of the em- 
pire of Lilliput ' in the ' Gentleman's Maga- 
zine,' or' the proceedings of a Itomun literary 
club' in the 'London Magazine.' (juaiiit 
pseudonyms were adopted. The jjroceedings 
were also thrown out of chronological order, 
In November 1740 Johnson aueceedud Guth- 
rie and reported forabout threeyears. John- 
son's account of his first visit to St. John's 
Gate in 1738, when ' he beheld it witb revf- 
rence,' is well known. For years, until Cave 
died with his hand ' gently pressing ' John- 
son's, their friendship survived. In 1747Csve, 
along with Astle of^the ' London Magazine/ 
was again in trouble for printing accoitnts of 
the trial of Lord Lovat. Gn paying fees and 
begging pardon on their knees the oHenders 
were discharged with a reprimand. The re- 
ports, however, had to be given up, and they 
were not resu mod until 1752; Cave spresswas 
not stopped again. Wlien the officers threat- 
ened to stamp the last half sheet of maga- 
zines as if it were a newspaper, and the rival 
editors were about to give way, he stood out 
and the idea was relinquished. Froml7i2lo 



Cave 340 Cave 

1748 Cave published an occasional magazine, . to him and his father (who died 1747) wis 
r*ntitled * Miscellaneous Correspondence/ of by Hawkesworth. 

which nine numbers only appeared. From Cave was over six feet in height and bulky. 
1744 to 175«^ he issued a second work, * Mis- ' In early life he was very heatthy, and ftmil 
cellanea Curiosa Mathematical 4to. Both of feats of strength and agility. Later in life 
these are very scarce, and a complete set of he suffered much from gout, took the Bath 
t he 'G en tleman^s Magazine 'of the first edit ion waters in 1736, for twenty years before his 
would be difficult to find in any library. In death his only beverage was milk and water, 
the British Museum copy the first two volumes and for four years he adopted a Tegetaritn 
alone are made up of six editions, some print ed diet. His sedentary habits were remarkaUe, 
twenty-three years after the first issue, and ; writing during breakfast and supper, and 
with the most varied iniprints. taking at times only a little shuttkoock ex- 

Besides the magazine Cave published John- ' ercise in the gateway witii a frigid or two. 



son's 'Bambler.' His press also produced He was reserved but generous, and not with- 
Dr. Ilalde's 'History of China' in weekly ' out humour. Cave's portrait, etched by W(X>- 




Commons, by the Hon. Anchitel Grey/ 10 There is a third by Grignon, surrounded with 
vols. 1745, 8vo ; Dr. Newton's * Compleat emblematical devices, and 



with a four-line 




)yj! 

Savaffe,' &c.), and other works. Cave bought Murray's edition of Boswell s * Johnson.' Mr. 
an old coach and a pair of older horses, and \ B. Foster, a tenant of St. John's Gkte when 
in lieu of a coat of arms or simple crest he it had become a tavern, found in an old room 
had a representation of St. John's Gate painted a three-quarter length portrait, said to be 
on the door panels; his plate bore the same ; Hogarth's. This was placed, along with Gold- 
picture. I smith's and Johnsons, in the rooms of the 
In 1740 Cave purchased a machine to spin ' Urban Club.' The * Gentleman's Magazine' 
wool or cotton into thread yani or worsted, was Cave's soleproperty till his death. It was 
and had a mill erected to work on the Turn- ' continued by David Henry, a printer, who 
mill Brook, near the river Fleet. Lewis Paul ; married Cave's sister Ma^ in 1734, and by 
of Birmingham, the patentee, undertook the Richard Cave, a nephew. Henry's connection 
management, but it was never brought into with it lasted tQl 1792, when he died. John 
proi)er working order, or it would have an- Nichols, having obtained a share in 1778, 
ticipnted the labours of Arkwright and Peel, edited it from that time till his death in 1816. 
He set up a water-wheel and machinery at Uptol781 itwaspublishedatSt.John'sGate. 
Northampton with fifty pairs of hands, and In 1 850 great alterations were made. In 185^ 
the use ot Paul's carding cylinder, patented it passed from the Nichols family to the Par- 
iii 1748, but this was also neglected and ' kers of Oxford, and in 1866 to Bradbury & 
failed, lie was very friendly to Benjamin Evans. It still exist-s in a changed form. 
I'ranklin, and in 1750 placed one of his elec- ' [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vii. 66-7, 631 ; Bo*- 
tric spires or lightning conductors on the welFs Johnson (Croker's), 101-21 j Timperleys 
eastern tower of St. John's Gate. On the Lit. and Typogr. Anecd. 624, 636, 643, 656, 688, 
same gate he mounted four portable cannons ' 775. 806 ; Aodrcws's British Jonmalism, i. 140. 
of his own invention. They were so light as ii. 206, 269, 271 ; West's Warwickshire, p. 107; 
to be carried on the shoulder, and yet could I Gratton. The Gallei^, p. 19 ; Rugby School Rfr- 
discharge either a large ball or a number of gis^er, p. 15; Hawkins s Life of Johnson, p. 27 ; 
bullets. From one of the * Poetical Epistles ' ' Jo^™a\.?f House of Commons, xxi. 86. 118, 119. 
it appears that his wife was named Milton, I lV\^^^\'}^^n' JournalofHouj^ of Lords, xxvu. 
and^^k^ first husband Newton. She signs ?^' ?2i^^J-?'^?'°^«^l« ^^f \?-, ^iJ^to?• 
anotherhumorouspoem as ^S„. Urlmn.' She ' 6.7 [fi^V^tn* f U IrI^^^-o* a^'^^\' p'' 

]. 1 <. .-, . Tt-ci /^ . 11 3 1 ; 667, 1857, pp.8, 149,282,3^9; QnaTterly Be- 

died of asthma mlj51 Cave travelled much ' ^^w. cvii. 52; Ooxe's Memoiri of Walpile. i. 
m his later years, for health s sake, to Olou- | 573. u^i mS. 4302; Add. MS. 6972-3; Fosters 
cester, JN orthampton, and Reading, and loved PHory and Gate of St. John.] J. W.-G. 



to announce himself to school friends as * old 
Cave the cobbler.* He died at St. John's 
Gate 10 Jan. 1764, and was buried at St. 
James's, Clerkenwell ; the long and interest- 
ing epitaph on a tablet in Hugby churchyard 



CAVE, JOHN (d. 1657), ejected clergy- 
man, was bom at Pickwell in Leicester- 
shire, and was the tliird son of ' John Gave. 
Esq., and Elizabeth Brudenell, his wife.' He- 



was eduosted nt Lincoln College, Uxfonl, 
■where be wm for eight yeire chamber fellow : 
with the famous Robert Sftaderson. In 16:29 
he was presented to tile rectoi? of his native 
paiiah, where he ' attended to bla mluistertal 
cure with great diligence, and lived in great 
esteem and re^>ect tullhe breahineontof ibe 
rebellion in 1642.' A king and vivid acomnt of 
his sufferings was given by his eon, William 
C*ve [q. V.J, to Mr. Wullier, wbo baa innyrted 
it in full m hia ' Sufferings of the Clergy' 
(pt. il. 320). He was dispossessed, and was 
at fint entertained with bis family by his old 
neighboun, * but was not gufFered to continue 
ibffre, nor to teach school theru or elsewhere. 
Whereupon be took up liis dwelling near 
Stamford, where not being suffered to abide 
long, he removed up to London; where, 
being broken with nge and sufferings, and 
worn out with Icng and tedious winter 
journeys from enmmitlee to committee, he 
departed this life in November IflQ".' 

The only publication of Cave's esLtont is 
to be found in the 'LncbrymiB Muaarum,' 
1060. It is entitled ' An Elegie upon the 
miuji tainented Death of the Lord Ilastings, 
only Son and Keir of the Enrl of Hunting- 
don, deceased iit l^ondou, 1640. Sic llevit 
deditiss. familiie ejusdem et bumillimus 
aervus, J. Cave.' 

[Nichols's History aud Aiitii^uicieii of Li^icesti^r- 
shire, vol. ii. pt. il. pp. 7T3, &c.; Walker's Saf- 
fsrings of fhe Clergy, pi, ii. 220.1 ^- ^- O. 

CAVE, Sib STEPHEN (1820-1880), 
politician, eldest sonofDnniel Oaveof Cleve 
Hill, near Bristol (d. 9 Miirch 1872). by his 
maniage on lo April 1^0 with Frunceti, 
onlj daughter of Hearr Locock, M.D., of 
London, was bom at Clifton on 28 Dec. 1820, 
was educated at Harrow and Bnlliol Cullege, 
Oxford, wliere he graduated B.A. in 1843, 
and U.A. in 1840. Being called to the bar 
at the Inner Temple on 20 Nov. 1846, he 
commenced bis career by going the western 
circuit. On 29 April 1859 he entered parlia- 
ment in the con^rvative interest for Shore- 
ham, and retained Us seat for that con- 
stitnency to 24 Slarcb 1880. He was swopq 
a member of the privy council on 10 -luly 
1866, and tterved as a paymaster-general and 
Tico<prvaidentof the board of trade from that 
date to December 1868; in 1866 be wa.-i np- 
point«d chief commissioner for negolioliiig a 
OsbeiT convention in Paris. As judKe-od- 
TOCate and paymaster-general he acted from 
35 Feb. ISn'to November 1W6, and from 
that dale to 'H March 1880 s« paymasn^r- 
genttra] only. In December 1875 \u> was niuit 
on a sp'M'-ial mission to Egypt, cliarged by 
inLoid BeacansHeld to report on the financial 



condition of that country; he returned iu 
March I87ti, and was nominated a G.C.Il. nn 
20 April 1880. He was a fellow of the So- 
ciety of Antiquaries, of the Zoological Society, 
and of other learned societies; chairman of 
the We«t India Committee, and a director 
of the Hunk of England and of the Loudon 
DockCompany. HediedatChamb£^y,Savo^'> 
b Jime 1880. ' He married, on 7 Sept. 1852. 
Emma Jane, eldest daughter of tlie Rev. Wil- 
liam Smvth of Elkington Hall, Lincolnshire. 
He wrote : 1. ' A Few Words on the En- 
courogement given to Slavery and the Slave 
Trade bv recent ileosiires, and chiefly by the 
Sugar Bill of Ifl46,' 1H49. 3. 'Prevention 
ond Reformation the Duiyof the State or of 
ludividunls ■" With some account of n Hi^ 
formatoiy Institution," laW. -3. "On the 
distinctive Principles of Punishment and 
Reformation,' IWii. 4. ' Ponera relating to 
Fret! Labour and the Slave "Trade,' 1861. 

[La I Times. 19 June 1880, p. 146 ; (^rnphio, 
with portrait, II Due. 1873, pp. 67*. fiSS ; lllu;- 
Iroted Loii'fon Sews, with portrait, 11 Dw. 
187S. p. fiOl.l a. C. B. 

CAVE, \V^LLI.VSI (1637-1713), Anfjli- 
can divine, was bom in 1637 at Pickwell in 
Leicestershire, of which parish his father, John 
Cave [q. v.], was vicar. He wo* educated 
at Oakham school, and in 1653 was admitted 
a ' sub or proper sixor of St. John's College, 
Cambridge ; m ld64 he was likewise ad- 
mitted scholar of the bouse in one of the 
Ladj Margaret's own scholarships.' He was 
contemporan- with William Beveridge at 
St. John's. He took his B.A. degree in Woil, 
and bis Jf.A. in 1660. In 1662 he was In- 
stituted to the vicarage of Islington, and iu 
Iti'^ he was collated bv the Archbishop ■ 



bishop ol 
yof All- 



Diiring his incumbency the church of All- 
hallows was rebuilt i>y Sir Christopher 
Wren. In 1681 he was incorporated D.D. nt 
Oxford. He was made chaplain to Charles II, 
and in 1684 was installed canon of Windsor. 
He resigned .\llhallows in 1689 and Isling- 
ton in 1691, having been admitted in tlie 
previous November to the vicarage of lile- 
worth, a quiet place which suited bis studi- 
ous temper. He married Anna, the only 
daughter of the Rev. Walter Stonehouse, by 
whom he had a large tamily; she died iu 
1691, and was buried at Islington: a monu- 
ment in St. Mary's Church relates that four 
sons and two aaughtera were also buried 
there intheirparents'llfetime. Cavehimsplt 
died (4 July 1813) at Windsor, but was 
buried at Islin^fton, near his wife and children. 
Hewas a very mtiraat it friend of Dr. ComUir, 



Cave 342 Cave 

dean of Durham, author of ' The Companion '■ the present Dissenters from the Church of 
to the Temple/ and is said to have been ' of England, being the twenty-second in tbf 
a leumed and communicative conversation ; ' London Cases. 10. ' A Sermon before the 
hf is* also n»ported to have been *a florid and Lord Mayor at St. Mary-le-Bow, 5 Nov. 1680.' 
eloquent preacher/ and the two printed ser- I 11. * A Sermon before the Kixiff at "\Mute- 
mons he has left behind him bear out this hall, 18 Jan. 1684/ published by His majestj '» 
character. But his fame rests upon his command. 12. '£pistola Apologvtica ad- 
writings on church history, which are volu- ; versus iniquas J. Clerici Criminationes in 
niinous and valuable. They are as follows: \ Epistolis Criticis et Ecclesiasticis nuperedi- 
1. * Primitive Christianity, or the lleligion tis. Qua argumenta ejus pro Eusebu Aria- 
of Ancient Christians in the First Agi»8 of . nismo ad examen revocantur/ 1700. 
the Gospel/ ]t$7*J; it was dedicated to Na^ ' The merits of Cave as a writer consist in 
thaniel Crewe, lord bishop of Oxford, and the thoroughness of his research, the dear- 
has b(>en oft(>n reprinted. 2. ' Tabulie Ec- ' ness of his style, and, above all, the admir- 




tht' Holy AiH>8tle8 of our Sa\'iour and the the primitive christians — the novelty of their 
Two Evungt'lists, St. Mark and St. Luke. To doctrines, their mean condition, their manner 
which is added, an introductory discourse . of life ; then dwells on 'the positive parts of 
concrniinjif the Three Great Dispensations of their religion/ their piety to God, places of 
tht> Church — the Patriarchal, tlie Mosaical, worship, fasts and festivals, ministers, sacra- 
and the Evangelical. Being a continuation ments. In part ii. he discusses their ' reli- 
of tlie" Antiquitates Christiana?; or, the Life ' gion as respecting themselves, their humility, 
ttiul Death of iloly Jesus,*' by Jeremy Taylor,' | heavenly-mindedness, sobriety of dress, tem- 
1()7(). 4. *Apostolici, or a History of the perance, chastity, religious constancy, pa- 
Lives, Acts, Deaths, and Martyrdoms of those tience in suffering.* In part iii. he tr«Lts of 
who were contemporarj* with or immediately ■ their * religion as respectmg other men/ their 
succeeded the Apostles; as also of the most justice ana honesty, love and charity, unity 
'niinent of the primitive Fathers for the first and peaceableness, obedience to civil govern- 




most ela- 
his 6ub- 
of the Lives, Acts, Deaths, and Writings of ject methodically into fifteen *5«ecula'(Apo- 
the most eminent Fathers of the Church in , stolicum, Gnosticum, &c.), and gives, at the 
the Fourth Century: wherein, among other , betrinning of each, a short * conspectus s®- 
things,an account is given of the rise, growth, culi,* and then an exhau.«tive account of the 
and progress of Arianism and all other sects of writers in it. 

that oge descending from it. Together with 1 Cave had various troubles in connection 
an Introduction containing an Historical with his publications. He was accused. 
Account of the State of Paganism under the without the si iff ht est reason, of Socinianism. 
First Christian Kmperor/ 1()82. 6. * A Dis- He was charged, perhaps with a little more 
sertation concerning the Government of the reason, by L*' Clerc, wlio was then "writing 
Ancient Church by Dishops, Metropolitans, his *Bibliothe<iue UniverselW with* writing 
and Patriarchs. More ])articularly concern- panegyrics rather than lives,' and also with 
ing the ancient power and jurisdiction of the * having forcibly drawn Eusebius, who was 
Dishops of Uonie and the" encroachments of plainly enough Arian, over to the side of the 
that upon other st>es, especially the see of orthodox, and made a trinitarian of him;' 
Constant inoph'/ 1<K"^. 7. * Chart ophy lax this produced a paper warfare between the 
Kcclesiasticus,' KJH."); a sort of ahriclgment two great writers. His * Tabulce Ecclesia**- 
ofthe *Tabuhe Kcclesiasticje' and * Historia ticte* was reprinted at Hamburg in lt)76 
Literaria/ containing a short account of most without his knowledge (* me plane inscio'), 
of the ecclesiastical writers from the birth and evidently to his gn'at annoyance. His 
of Christ to 1-*)17 A.T). H. ♦ Script or um Kc- * Historia Literaria ' was in a similar way 
clesiasticorumHistoria Literaria;* a literary published at Geneva in 170o, which is said 
history of ecclesiastical writers, in two parts, to have caused the author great loss, and to 
the first part published in 16Hrt, the second have so disgusted him that he would not 
in IHOH. Besides these historical works Dr. ' issue a second iKlit ion; but he spent much time 
Cave published : 9. * A Serious Exhortation, during the later years of his life in revising 
with some important Advices relating to the , repeatedly this great work. He made altera- 
late coses about Conformity, recommended to 1 tions and additions equal to one-third of 



the whole woik. and wrott new prolegomena. 
l^e copy WBB left in the haoda of eiecutore, 
Chief-juBtici- Reeve and Dr. Jones, a brotbsr 
Cttuou of Windsor ; ttiey both died soon nfter 
tbe work went to press, and Dr. Daniel 
'Waterlnnd (than whom no more competent 
mMn could pnuibly have beon found) under- 
took the cnre of if. It wss published by 
euliHcriptiitn in 1740, and this, of course, la 
the beat edition, Cave had another trouble 
in connection with thia work. When he 
wa« engaged in compiling it, in IBSfl. Henrr 
Wharton, tht^n a vouno' nuiu (aged 22), wag 
recommended to "him by Dr. Barker, senior 
fellow of Caiujs. n» nn aasiatant, Cave was 
ftufierinff from bad health and required such 
«id ; Wharton lived in the house with Cave, 
uid matters went on amicably between the 
workers, and Cave acinowledced most grate- 
iully in his prolegomena the service 
Wlurton, testifying tliat the append! 
the three last centuries was almoat wholly 
owing to bira. A rupture, however, arose; 
( -•ve ct>mplamed of Wharton, and Wharton 
of Cave, but it is not easy, nor at all necva 
8«ty, to understand the nature of the dispute 
[Cnve"«W(.rk»,jM»Bim; Sicholji'a Hiotorj nni 
Aotiqniliiw of I«i(^usLtTsliin<, vol. ii. pt, il. pp 
773. fltc; Life of Henrj Wharton, prrExud n 
his Sermonn: infbrmatioQ fram Alqjiir Cur, 
OmlB. Cave's JaKendiint.] J. H. O. 



CAVENDISH, CnARLES(1620-1843>, 

royalistgeiienil. aecon d son of Will iam, second 
euri of Devonshire [q. v.], was bom on 30 Ma.^ 
1620, and named after Prince Charles, Ins 
tcodfalher. In 1038 be was sent abroad lo 
travel with a governor; succeeded in reach- 
ing Cairo aiuf saw a large part of Turkey. 
He returned to England in May 1841, and 
then served for a mmpaign under the Prinee 
flf Orange. On the outbreak of Ihe war he 
entered the king's troop of guards 04 avolun- 
Ifwr under the command of Lord Bernard 
^tiiart. Ai Edgchill he so distinguished 
llimmlf by hiv valour that he was given the 
coinnund of the Duke of York's troop left 
vacant by the death of Lord Aubigny. In 
M>nse<iURnce of a disagreement with an in- 
ferioT nIHrer, he sought on independent com- 
mtutd, and c)bt«ined from the Idng a commis- 
sion to raise a renment of horse in the north. 
Up then t^Btablished himself at Newark, and 
ao dixtiiiKuished himself by his activity 
H^iost the iiarliomentarians, that, on the pe- 
tit ion of ihn king** commissioners for Notting- 
hamshin^ and Lincolnshire, he was appointed 
cammauder-in-chiefof the forceaof those two 
>, with the rook of colonBl-geueral. 




On 23 March 104;) he took GrantUum. and 
on 11 April defeated youug Hotham at .^n- 
caster, nod threatened an irruption into Ihe 
eastern association. He received the queen 
at Newark, and escorted her part of her way 
to Oxford, taking Burton-on-Trent by assault 
during the march, 2 Jiily ltl43 (Rushwohth, 
! v. 274). But attempting to prevent the rais- 
ing of the siege of Haineborough, he waa de- 
feated by Cromwell, and fell by the hand of 
James Berry, Cromwell's captain-lie utenanl 
(28 July 1643). He was buried at Newark, 
but thirty years later his body was removed 
to Derby, to be interred with his mother. 

[Kenaet'a MsmoirB of the Family of Cuven 
dish. 1708. Rennet gives extracts from n manu' 
Bcript life of Colonel Cavoodish ; Anbrey's Let- 
ters (ed. 181.1), il. 274; Lloyd's Momoire of 
EicellMit PorBODaBea, p. 87!; Carljle'a Crom- 
well, Leltpr xil, and appeDdii S. Wallor vnite 
an epitaph on Cbarles Cavendisb. which is tu Ih 
found in hia collarted Poems; there ia also n 
poem oil him in tha Characters and Klegiee of 
Sic Pranrig Wortley.] C. H. F. 

CAVENDISH, CHRISTLVN.1, CotK- 
TBSfl OF Dbvohshire (d. Ifi75), was the 
daughterofEdwardBruceof Kinlo38(lo49-'- 
161 1 ) [o. v.] In token of her father's services 
she, on her marriage to Wilham Cavendish, 
second earl of Devonshire [q. v.], received 
from the king a grant of 10,000/. Afler the 
death of her husband in 1628 she had the 
wardship of the young lord aud the care of 
the estates, the value of which she greatly 
increased by her prudent management. At 
the rebellion she was one of Ihe most entJii - 
siastie supporters of the cause of the king. 
and her devotion to it was increased by the 
death of her second son, Charles [q, v,], who 
was slain at Qainsborough on ^8 July 1043. 
She took charge of the king's effects after the 
battle of Worcester, and during the protec- 
torate was accustomed to entertam the frienda 
of Ihe cause at her house at Roehampton. 
and also kept up a correspondence with the 

Sincipal royalists on the continent. Oeneral 
oDck, it is said, sent her a private signal to 
make her aware of his intention to reslortt 
the king. After the Hesloration Charles II 
frequently resorted to her house at Roe- 
hampton, and the queen mother lived on 
terms of unusual intimacy with her till her 
deat:h, She is described oy her biographer 
as 'of that atfabilityand sweet address, with 
so great wit and judgment, as captivated al! 
who conversed with her.' After ihe RcslO' 
ration she was accustomed frequently to en- 
tertain the wits and men of letters, one of 
her tavDurile friends being Edmund Waller. 
who had been a suflerer in the royal cause. 
Wallerdedicated to her his 'Epistles,' which 



Cavendish 



S44 



Cavendish 



conclade with an ' Epistle to the Duchess/ 
and he also wrote an epitaph on her son. 
William, earl of Pembrote, wrote a volume 
of poems in praise of her and Lady Rich, 
which was published with a dedication to 
her by Donne. A portrait of the duchess bv 
Theodore Kussell was in the Duke of Bea- 
ford's collection at Wobum. She died on 
16 Jan. 1674^. 

[Life of the Right Honourable and Religious 
Lady, Christian, late Countess Dowager of De- 
Tonshire, London, 1685; Sir William Temple's 
Works, ii. 135 ; Kennet s Memoirs of the Family 
of Cavendish, pp. 12-20; CoUins's Peerage, ed. 
1812, i. 325-33; Lysons's Environs of London, 
i. 430-2.] T. F. H. 

CAVENDISH, ELIZABETH, Duchess 
OF Detonshibe (1759-1824), daughter of 
the fourth Earl of Bristol, was bom in 
1759. In early life she married John Thomas 
Foster. After she had become a widow 
she spent some time on the continent with 
Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire [q. v.], and 
other ladies, and at Lausanne in 1787 met 
Gibbon, who had then just finished his ' His- 
tory.' He read to her some of the concluding 
portions, and her admiration was so warmly- 
expressed that Gibbon suddenly surprised her 
by an ofl?er of his hand. The offer was de- 
clined, but Gibbon took the disappointment 
philosophically, and while his estimate of her 
fascinations remained as high as ever, his 
friendly feelings towards her underwent no 
change. Comparing her with Georgiana, the 
iirst duchess, he writes : * Bess is much nearer 
the level of a mortal, but a mortal for whom 
the wisest man, historic or medical, would 
throw away two or three worlds if he had 
them in possession.' He also gave it as his 
opinion tnat * if she chose to beckon the lord 
cnancellor from his woolsack in full sight of 
the world, he could not resist obediehce.' In 
1809 she became the second wife of the fifth 
duke of Devonshire, and after the death of 
her husband in 1814 she took up her residence 
in Kome, where she enjoyed the friendship of 
some of the most distmguished Italians and 
foreign residents, and her house became the 
great resort of the brilliant society gathered 
together in Rome from all countries. Tick- 
nor relates that he went to her 'conversa- 
ziones as to a great exchange to see who is in 
Home, and to meet what is called the world' 
{Letters and JoumaUf i. 180), and Moore 
refers to her and Lady Davy as the rival 
ciceroni at Rome {Journal and Correspon- 
dencCf iii. 48). Ticknor gives it as his opinion 
that the duchess, thougn ' a good respectable 
woman in her way,' yet * attempts to play the 
MoDcenas a little too much.' Sue spent large 
sums in excavations at the Forum with con- 



siderable success, and she was one of the 
most liberal patrons of the fine arts. Cuio\-i 
and Thorwaldsen were her personal friends. 
In 1 816 she printed at Rome a splendid edition 
of Horace's ' Iter ad Brundusium/ or Fifth 
Satire of the First Book, with engraTings 
by the brothers Ripenhausen, and an Italiin 
translation attributed to Molagani. Its title 
is ' Horatius Flaccus Quintus : Satyrarum lib. 

, i. Satyra v. (cum Italiciana yersione), Rome 
de Romanis. On account of yarious errore 
in the translation and printing, discoverpd 

I too late to prevent its circulation, die re- 
solved, on the advice of Cardinal Consalvi, 

' to have another yersion prepared, which wu 

Srinted at Parma by the press of Madame 6o- 
oni, with engravmgs by Caraccioli, and is 
' one of the finest works ever issued by that 
I famous press. Its title is ' Horatius Flaccos 
, Quintus : Di Q. Orazio Flacco Satira v., tri- 
duzione italiana con rami allusivi (col teste 
latino). ParmacontipiBodoniani, 1818.' In 
, the following year she printed in two volumes 
a similar edition of the *yEneid' of Virgil, 
with engrayings by Marchetti from designs by 
' Lawrence. It is entitled * L'Eneide di Vip- 
gilio recata in versi italiani da Annibal Caro, 
Roma de Romanis,' 1819. Her portrait is 
prefixed. Copies of these works were pre- 
sented by her to various European sovereigns, 
and to several of the more important public li- 
braries. She also published in 1816 a 'Journey 
through Switzerland,' originally published 
anonymously in 1796, and added to it the 
, poem by Georgiana, the former duchess, on 
the * Passage of the St. Gothard.' She con- 
' templated Editions de luxe of the works of 
I Cora and Dante, but died before these purposes 
I were carried into execution, .30 March 1824. 
On her death several medals illustrative of 
I her works were struck in her honour. The 
I portrait of the duchess when I>ady Elizabeth 
Foster was painted by both Sir Joshua liey- 
' nolds and Gainsborough. A portrait by the 
I latter was stolen in 1876 from the Bond 
. Street gallery of Messrs. Agnew, who had 
purchased it shortly before from the W'vnn 
Ellis collection. 

[Annual Register, Ixvi. 217-18; Gent. Mag. 
1843, new ser., zz. 586-91 ; Gibbon's Autobio- 
graphy and Correspondence ; Moore's Journal and 
Correspondence ; Ticknor s Letters and Journal ; 
Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vii. 137, 179, 413, 
viii. 79 ; Catalogue of the Chatsworth Library.] 

T. F. H. 

CAVENDISH, Lord FREDERICK 
(1729-1803), field-marshal, third son of Wil- 
liam, third duke of Devonshire, E.G., was 
bom in August 1729. He entered the army 
as an ensign in the 2nd or Coldstream goaids 
in 1750, and was promoted Lieutenant and 






Cavendish 



Cavendish 



17 March 1753, ckptoin uod lieu- 
tenant'colaael on 3 May 17ai], &ii<l coloael 
<m T May 1758. He was elected M.P. for 
IJerbysIure on 27 June 1751, in the room 
4)f his vidi-r brotli«r, ih" Mtinjius of Hnrc- 
ington, who wna summoned to the Uoiise 
of liOrds na Lord CBVendlsli of Hnrdwick, 
in his fnther'* hnrony, and for Derby in 
175i, a seat which hu held without intfr- 
misalon till 17tW. He wua a most eiitbusi- 
aetic soldier, und with three otlier youDg' 
officers, Wolfe, Monektou, and Ktipwi, luiule 
a compact on the outbreak of the sevuu 
jenrs' war not to marry until France was 
conquered. Family inJSuence secured iiis 
rapid promotion, and in April 1757 he pn>- 
ceeded to GitnaBny as aide-de-camp to the 
Duke of Cumberlainl, and served tlio cam- 
pugn of that year there. In September 1758 
he sccoropanied the Duke of MarlborouKb in 
bia liidicroiie expedition against St. Maio as 
aidK-de-camp, and whs taken prisoner at the 
affair of St. Cas. He at first refused to go 
nn parole, on the ground that his duty as a 
member of parliament would make it necGS- 
eary for him lo vote the supplies for further 
war against France; but the Due d'AiguiUon 
OTerruled his objections, and said, 'Let not 
that prevent you, for we should no more 
object to your votintr in parliament than to 
your beetling children lest they should one 
day fight against France,' In 1760, after his 
exchange had been arranged, he went to 
Oemuny again as brigndier-geneml. and re- 
ceived the command of a brigade of infantry 
in the army of Prince F'erdinand of BriiDS- 
wick, at the head of which he served till the 
conclusion of the war in 1763. On .10 Oct. 
17B0 he was made colonel of the 34tli regi- 
ment, a command which he held for thirty- 
four yoars, and on "March 1761 he was pro- 
rooted major-general. He succeeded to the 
biiautiful estate of Twickenham Park under 
the will of the Countess of Mountrath in 
1766, anil was promotwl lii?utenantr^neral 
on .10 April 17(0. His political principles 
preventea him from applying for a command 
m the American war of independence, but be 
■aras promoted general on JO Nov, 1782, and 
made a field-mnrphni on 30 July 1796. Ho 
died at Twickonhiim, unmarried, on 21 Oct. 
1803, at the age of sevenly-four, leaving the 
bulk of his immense property to his favou- 
rite nephew, Lord Oeorife Cavendish, M.P., 
•ft*rwar(is first earl of Burlington. 

[n-m-'a Ttiog. Diet, : Historical Rcwrd of the 
31tl> Regimsnt.] H. M. S. 

CAVENDISH, Lord FREDERICK 
HAKLES (1836-1882), chief secretary for 
"* ' a second son of William Caven- 



dish, seventh dulo! of Devonshire, by his mar- 
riage, Aug. 18:i9, with illanche Oeorgiana 
Howard, fourth daughter of Oi>org«, sixili 
earl of Carlisle. He was l>urn at Compton 
Place, Eastbounie. on 30 Nov. lAie, and after 
beiug educated at home, matriculated in 
1855 from Trinity College, Cnmbridge, where 
he graduated BA. in 1858, nnd then served 
as a comet in the Duke of Luncnster'* own 
yeomanry cavalry. From ISW to 1864 he 
was private secretary to Lord Granvill<>. Hi- 
travelled in the United States iu I8.-.9-HO, 
and in Spain in 1860. He entered parlia- 
ment as a liberal for the northern division 
of the West Hiding of Yorkshire, 15 July 
1865, and retained that seat until he re- 
signed it in May 1882. After serving as 

frivate secretary to Mr. Gladstone from July 
873 to August 1873 he became a juuiur 
lord of the treasury, and held oHice until 
the resignation of the ministry. He per- 
formed the duties of financial swrelarv to 
the treasury from April 1880 to Huv !"88i'. 
when on the resignation of Mr. W. F.. For- 
ster, chief secretary to the lord-lifiileniint 
of Ireland, he was appointed (o siLcirw^l him. 
In company with Ejtrl Spencer, bird-lieiiti- 
nant. he proceeded to Dublin, and look lli>? 
oath as chief secretarv at the Castle, Dublin, 
on 6 May 1882; but'on the nttemoon oflhn 
same day, while walking in the Phreniic 
Park in company with Thomas Henry Burke 
[q. v.l, the Under-Secretary, he was attacked 
from behind by several men, who with knii-es 
murdered Mr. Burke and himself. His body 
being brought to England, was buri^ in 
Edensor churchyard, near Cbtitsworth, on 
11 May, when three hundred members of 
the House of Commona and thirty thousand 
other persons followed the remains to the 
grave. The trial of the murderers in 1883 

Siee Cabet, Jajibs] made it evident that the 
eath of Cavendish was not premeditated, 
and that he was not recognised by the assas- 
sins: the plot was laid against Mr. Burke, 
and the former was murdered because he 
happened lo be in the company of a person 
who had been marked out for destruction. 
A window to Cavendish's memory was pUw^ed 
in St. Marrsret's Church, Westminster, ut 
the cost of the members of the House of 
Commons, He waa known as an industrious 
administrator, who seldom spoke in the house 
except upon subjects of which he had official 
cognisance or special experience, but he took 
an interest in educational questions, and an 
every side was highly esteemed for his urba- 
nity and devotion to business Hemsrried,on 
7 Jiine 1864, Lucy Caroline, second danghtjrr 
of George William Lyttt'lton, fourth baron 
j Lytt«lton, and maid of honour to the qtlMB. 



Cavendish 346 Cavendish 



[Graphic, 13 May 1882. with portrait, and ' yoUnger brother, William [q. v.], succeediog- 
20 May ; lllu»t rated Loudon News, 10 Feb. 1866, i and growing prosperous, iiimile he himself 
with portrait, 13 May 1882. wirh portrait, and . grew poorer. In 1658 he granted his manor 
20 May; Annual Register for 1882 and 1883 ; , of Cavendish (herhill to his son William, a 
F^'lToo^'"- ?!^J^'^ J^*'** ""^ Eiirl of Beaconsfield , I^ndon mercer, for 40/. a year ; his gnndson, 
(1882), u. 23, j^th portrait; Yorkshire Notes i William, sold it in 1569. From thiltimetln^ 
and Quenos, 1886, with portrait.] G. C. B. I record of the family is lost. ItfoUowedthe 

CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1 561 .»), ■ example of its ancestor and fell into decay, 
biographer of Wolsey, was the elder son of CayendLsh himself died in 1561 or 1562. 
Thomas Cavendish, clerk of the pipe in the ' Cavendish's work, the ' Life of Cardinal 
exchequer, who married the daughter and Wolsey,' long remained in manuscript. Ex- 
heiress of John Smith of PadbrooK Hall in tracts from it were inserted by Stowe in ki^^ 
SuHblk. In 15:^4 his father died, and soon I * Annals.' In 1641 was published for party 
nftorwards he married Maiyery, daughter of purposes a garbled text under the title of 
William Kemp of Spains Hall in Essex, and ' *The Negotiations of Thomas Woolsey, the^ 
niece of Sir Thomas More. In 1526 or 1527 great Cardinall of England, composed by one 
he enteretl the sen- ice of Cardinal Wolsey of his own servants, being his gentleman- 
as gentleman-usher, * abandoning,' as Wolsey ' usher.' This edition was reprinted with slight 
said, * his own countr\-, wife, and children, his changes of title in 1667 and 1706, and in the 
own house and family, his rest and quietness, ^ Harleian Miscellany,' 1744-6. Grove, in 
only to serve me.' From this time to \Volsey's his * Historj' of the Life and Times of Car- 
death he was in close attendance upon him and dinal Wolsey' (1742-4), republished thesame 
accompanied him in his embassv to France, text, but, finding his mistake, issued a few 
about which he gives many curious particu- copies from the manuscript in 1761. It was^ 
lars. When Wolsey lost the roval favour edited from two manuscripts in the Lambeth 
Cavendish staved with him, and lie gives a ' Library by Words worth in his * Ecclesiastical 
full account of the life of the great cardinal in ' Biography ' in 1810 ; and more completely by 
his adversity. He was with him when he ' Singer, * Cavendish's Life of Cardinal Wolsey,* 
died at Leicester, and after his funeral went to ' 1816, 2nd edition 1827. Singers text was 
London, where he was questioned before the reproduced by Professor H. Morley in a 
privv council about Wolsi»v's last words, volume of the * Universal Librarv, 18S5. 
The Duke of Norfolk bore witness in his b*»- Many manuscripts are in existence, and the 
half: *Thi8 gentleman both justly and pain- book had a large circulation before it was 
fully ser\'ed the cardinal, his master, like a ' committed to the press, 
just and diligent servant.' Henri' VIII rt»- ' For a long time there was some uncertainty 
warded him by giving him six of Wolsey's about the authorship, whether it was the 
best cart horses, with a cart to carry his stuff, work of George Cavendish or of his better 
and iivf marks lor his costs homewards, also known brother William [q. v.] The question 
ten pounds of unpaid wages, and twenty was settled in 181 4, by Rev. Joseph Hunter of 
])ounds for a rewanl. With this Cavendish, ' Bath, in apamphlet,*^Mio wrote Cavendij^hV 
m \iySi\ returned to liis home at Glemsford Life of Wolsey ? ' which is reprinted in vol. 
in Suilblk, where he lived a quiet life. He ii. of Singer's edition. Hunter prov«'d satis- 
had no further desire to try iiis fortunes at factorily oy internal evidence tliat George, 
court. He laid to heart the lesson of Wolsey 's not William, Cavendish was Wolsey 's usher, 
fall, and eschewed ambition. Hewasattache<l I and consequentlv author of the book. Wil- 
to the old faith, and looked on with mis- ' liam Cavendishes eldest son was b«?m in 
givings at the changes of the later years of 1534, so that he could not have left wife and 
Henry VIII. In the reign of Mary he was • children to enter Wolsey's service ; also ht- 
cheered by a ray of ho|M^, and set to work to ' died in 1557, before the book was finished, 
write down his remembrances of the master > The general character of the book does not 
whom he loved, l)ut whose career had served ' fit in with the prosperity of William Caven- 
to him as a warning against the vanity of ' dish's career. It is the production of a re- 
human endeavour. Internal evidence shows i fined, pious, and gentle nature, which look> 
that his *Life of Wolsev' was written in ' back over manv vears of quiet melancholv 
1557 ; but it was not published, for the acces- ' upon a period when he too had borne a pan 
sion of Elizalx'th brought forth changes, and ' in great aftairs. The view of Wolsey taiten 
it was dangen)us to publish a work which I by Cavendish is substantially the same aN 
necessarily spoke of disputed questions and ' that of Shakesj)eare, and it is by no inean> 
n»Hected on persons who were still alive. ' improbable that Shakespeare had read Ca- 
Cavendish was contented to regard himself ' vendish in manuscript. Cavendish ^Tites 
as one who had failed in life. He saw his I with the fullest admiration for Wolsey and 



BViiipBllir with his aims; hnl reflection hns 
Iitiigbt liim l.bt> pnthelic side of all vrorldty 
«iiiia. lie admiU Wolsey's haughline»«, his 
' respect to the honour of hia person rather 
than to his spiritual profession,' but this doe^ 
not diminish bis personal aflection or destroy 
tbe glamour of the cardinal's gloi?. The 
picture irhich Cavendish dr»ws of W olsey is 
most attractive, and recalls vividly the im- 
prefis ion which he produced in his own time. 
The refinement, the stm^licity, the genuine 
goodness of the writer is present lit every 
pnge. The fulnees of portraiture, the clear- 
ness of personal details, the (rrscefiil descrip- 
tion, the reserve shown in dwiwing from me- 
tuorie* of a time long pant and outlived, give 
th* book a distinction of it« own, and [ilace 
ii high nmonfc En||^j<4i bioemphnia. 

Besides the ' Life of Wolsey,' Singer pub- 
lishes, froni a manuscript in the Doure col- 
lection, some poems of George Cnvendish 
which lie calls ' Metricul Visions.' They are 
written in the style of Skellori, after the 
&»liion of the ' Mirrour for Mofriatratea,' and 
rt^presenl the lamentations of fallen favourites 
beinoMiingtheirerrors. ThepoemsH 
luid baiting. If they are the prodi 
George (Isvendisb, he certainly had i 
■o rank as a poei. 

[Tlir Osvenilish fsmilv isdealhwith i 
by G. T. Bungles in the .^rchiwiloei- 
&c, 'The M&uor of Cavendish in SutTum. All 
that is known of George Ciivendiah is collected <jy 
Hunter JQ bispoiDpbletBlHn'e mentiuned ; ngood 
acoiBnc of tba fbrtonu of b<s book ia givfo bj 
Pmfeuor Marley ia tbe preface to his edil.ion.l 
M. C. 

CAVENDISH, GEOBttlANA, Dpciiess 
or DsvoxsttlRE (I7ii7'180dj, eldest daugh- 
ter of John, ti rat earl Spencer, was horn June 
Usr. She married in June IT74 the fifth 
duke of Devonshire, who was repirded as 
the 'first match' in England, and his wife 
became the reigniugqueen of society. She set 
the fashion in dress, and introduced a simple 
and graceful style to supersede tba ridicu- 
loiiii hoop. Hut thoucb entering with great 
icst into the fashionable amusements oT tbe 
lime, she possessed intellectual and moral 
charaeteristica of a kind wliich entitles her 
to be classed above tbe ordinary women of 
(bshiou. Great as were her personal cbarms, 
they were not tbe chiefaource of her influence 
Men over tbe majority of her admirers ; ' it 
lay in tbe amenity and graces of her deport- 
moDl.in her irresistible manners, and the se- 
ll iictionofhersociety'tWRA XALi., J^M unuttu 
Mrmnir: iii. 342). Wolpole writes of her, 
she ' efl(u*s nil without being a beauty: but 
bwyouthfulfigure. flowing good nature, sense 
«iid lively modesty, and mOdest familiarity 



rough 



a paper 



make ber a phenomenon " (/Wf-™, vi. Ififll. 
Madame d'Arhlay when she met her did 
not find so uiucb ))eauty as she expected, hut 
'far more of manner, politeness, and gentle 
quiet' {Diary, v, 254). She delighted m tbe 
society of persons of talent, and numbered 
among her special friends Fox, Sheridan, and 
Selwyn. Wraxsll records that he has ' senn 
the Ducfaeas of Devonshire, then in tbe first 
bloom of youth, hanging on tbe sentences 
that fell from Johnson's Ii]is, and contending 
for tbe nearest place to hia chair' {JUemotra, 
i. 133). Johnson when seventy-flve visited 
the duke and duchess in 1734 at Chatsworthr 
and was, be mentions, 'kindly received and 
honestly pressed to stay,' but on account of 
his bodily infirmities djaclineil tji prolong 
bis -visit (BoswELL, Ufr of Johwon). Tbe 
Duchess of Devonshire was very strongly op- 
posed to the politicol party in power, and, 
not wiihslanding ' theendesvours of the court 

Sarty to deter her by the most illiberal andin- 
ecent abuae' (,WALPOtE, Lrtfen, viii. 373), 
devoted her utmost efforts to secure the re- 
turn of Fox at tbe famous Westminster elec- 
tion of 1 784. During ber canvass she entered 
'aomo of tbe most blackguard bouses. in the 
Long Acre' (Oornu>alii» Corresjumdmar, i. 
I6li); though ■very 'coarsely received by some 
worsetbantarg'(WiLP»LE,if((fr»,viii.469), 
she was not in the least daunted, and is said 
to Lave excUanffed kisses for promises of 
votes. She died at Devonshire House, Pic- 
cadilly. 30 March 1806, and was buried in 
tbe family vault at St. Stephen's Church, 
Derbv. She left a son and two daughters. 
The ULu^he^8 wrote verse, sume of wbicb dis- 
plays very apt and elegant expression, while 
the sentiment also rises above the common- 
place. Walpole refers to a number of poems 
circulating in manuscript, written by her 
while a girl to her father (i6. vi. 217), and 
mentions also having seen an 'Ode to Hope' 
by ber, 'easyand prettily expressed, though it 
does not express much,' and ' Hope's Answer ' 
by the Rev. William Mason, of which be en- 
tertained a much higher opinion. A poem 
by her on the ' Passage of the Mountainof St.. 
Gothard,' dedicated to her children, was pub- 
lished with a French translation by the A.bb£ 
de Lille in 1802: an Italian tratislntion by 
Signor Polidori amieared in lfM)3; a German 
translation in 1805: and in 1816 it was re- 

frinted by the duke's second wife, Elizabeth 
).«.!, along with a ' Journey through Swil- 
cerland,' originally published in 1796. It 
gave occasion to the ode of Coleridge witb 
the refrain^ — 



Cavendish 348 Cavendish 

Several pmrnits of th« duchess are at Al- volumes, are now in the British Museum 




ib«jrough represent 

chilli. Bi)th Sir Joj^hua and Gainsbon>ug-h hundred and fif\y speeches of Edmund Rurkc. 
also painted full-length pictures of her when together with a number of the most strikin^r 
duchess, and. a fifth portrait is by Angelica speeches of George Grenville, 1x>rd North. 
Kauttmann. The Duke of Devonshire is the Uowdeswell, Charles James Yon, Weddei- 
owner of two other portraits bv Sir Joshua bum, Dunning, I^rd John Cavendish, Thur- 
Ueynolds, one at Chatsworth and the other low, Sir George Savile, Colonel Barr4, Black- 
at Chiswick (unfinished, with hat and stone, Seijeant Glynn, Alderman Beokfonl, 
feather). Other p<jrt raits by Gainsbonmgh, and other distinguished public characters. 
Cosway, Downham, and Nixon are extant, Mr. J. Wright, editor of the * Parliamentary 
and several have been engraved. According History of England,' extracted from Caven- 
to W'alpole, Lady De Beauclerk had also dish*s notes an account of the ' Debates of thn 
drawn her ]>ort rait, and it had been engraved House of Commons in the year 1774 on the 
by Bartolozzi,but only a few impressions were Bill for making mon? eifectual provision Ur 
taken (Letterf, vii. 54). Wraxall states that the Government of the Province of QuebiH-.' 
* the Duchess of D*.»vonshire succeeded Lady I^)ndon, 1839, 8vo. Mr. Wright also pnl>- 
Melboume in the attachment of the Prince lished bv subscription another iK>rt ion of* Sir 
of Wales;' but * of what nature was that Henrj- Cavendish's Debates of the House <»f 
attiichment. and what limits were affined to Commonsduringthe thirteenth Parliament t'l 
it by the duchess, must remain matter of Gniat Britain, commonlv called the un^- 
conjecture' (Memoirs, v. 371). ported Parliament,* 2 vols. London, 1841-'!. 

[Oent. Mag. Ixxvi. pt. i. p. 386; Annual Re- The work was to have extended to fourv.^ 
g!»tor,xlvii.324; Evans's Catalogue of Engraved lumes, but was not proceeded with beyond 
Portmits, i. 98. ii. 122 ; Mwlame d'ArMay's Diurj- the eighth part, which ends on :>7 March 1771. 
and Letters ; Mrs. Dt-lany's Life and Correspon- It is to be ho])ed that this important historicul 
dence ; Wraxall's Memoirs ; Walpole's Lettors ; ■ publication will some day be completed. Tlw 
Thomas Riiki*s's Journal ; Cornwallis Corre- early ])ortion of Cavendish's collection ha< 
spondcnce ; Trotter's Memoirs of Fox ; Notes and evi(lently been written out under the inspi- 
Querios. 4th series, xi. 155,227. The duchess ij,,,^ orfnim the dictation of the rci^ort-r 
^■as the themo of several p>piilar halhuls. in- hiniM-lf, and appnrentlv with a view to pu»- 
chiding the ♦ Picca-lilly Beauty. ] f. F. H. lieatiou ; another portion is transcribed in^\n 

CAVENDISH, Sir HENKY (17:52- thj- shorthand notes, but the outline if« n..* 
ison, parliamrunirv rvimrter, eldest .^m of fi"^'J^ "PJ ^vhik* * third portion rt^mams stnl 
SirlIt.nrvrav..ndlsh;bart.,ofnnveridgelIalU "» -^J^^'rthand, but is easily decipherable hy 
l)erbvshin», was l>.)ni on V^ Sept. 17:52, and any ()ne who is acquainted with Gurneys sy^- 
sat as member for Lost wit hiel in Coniwall tem,i>specially withtheaidof the^lphabetiral 
fr.un 17(;8 to 1774. He suroeeded to the lt'^«»f c<uitractions given m the Egerton M>. 
baronetcvon his father's death in 1770. Three -^^ • 




of Richard l^nidshaw,'esq., and this lady was 7^9"! ""■"'" ^""» *"*•'"-» --"'■• g 

in 17i>2 advanced to the i>e»*rage of Ireland bv 

th.> titleof 15arones^of Watenmrk. Caven- CAVENDISH, IIox. HEXRY (17:51 

dish died at lilackroc-k, near l)ublin,on3 Aug. ISlO), natural philosopher, was the eldest siiii 

1 KU. and on t he decease of his widow in 18<)7, of Lord Charles Cavendish, tliird son of th^- 




Ireland/ London, 1 71)1 , 8vo. as is sometimes stated, but, according to L>rl 

Sir I lenrv was an adept in writing Gumey's Burlington, at Nice, where his mother hud 

svsteraof shorthand, and he took copious and gone on account of ill-health. His raiuher 

often verbatim notes of the debates in what died when he was about two years old. In 

has b«:en termed the iinrei)orted parliament, 1742 lie became a pupil of the Rev. l»r. 

from 10 May 1708 to 13 June 1774. The Newcombe, who was majter of the Ilackney 

manuscripts, consisting of forty-eight quarto , seminary. On 18 Dec, 1749 Cavendish went 



lered Peterhoose College. ITe commenced 
reaideDCti on 24 Nov., and resided rery ruga- i 
larly until 23 Fab, 1753, when he left with- ^ 
out takiw hia degree. 

After leaTisE collegpe, CKTendish appears 
to have lived c&efl)' in London, thouch we 
find him, accompanied by his brother Frede- 
rick, visiting Paria. The obacurity which 
hnngs over Cavendish'H private liistory ren- 
ders it impossible to determine what induced 
him to devote himself to the study of eiiieri- 
mental science. Mathematics appear, from 
the numerous unpublished papers which are 
still in existence, lo have been his favourite 
atudy. His tirst recorded scientitic work was 
• Experiments on Arsenic,' which he carefully 
wrote out for the inslructionof some friends, 
and which from a date on some memoTanduma 
appear to have been the subject of his inveati- 
sattons in 1 764. InCavendish's'Note-bookof 
Experiments' we Snd notices of an extensive 
senesof experiments on iieat bearing the date 
of 5 Feb. 1765, which were never publicly re- 
ferred to until 178-S. These researches were 
remarkable from being made when the doc- 



S'ven Cavendish chronological precedi 
lack. Cavendish certaiiUy investigated the 
evolution of heat which attends the solidifica- 
tion of liquids and the condensation of rases. 
Heabo constructed tables of the specificneats 
of various bodies, being at this time evidently 
ignorant of the labours of Black in Chat direc- 
tion. In 1766 Cavendish made his first public 
contribution to science by sending to the 
Royal Society a paper on 'Factitious Airs.' 
Three parts only of^lhis memoir were pub- 
lished. In 1767 we find in the ' Philosophical 
Transactions' a communication from Caven- 
dish, being the ' Analysis of oue of the Lon- 
don Pump-waters' {that of Rathbone Place), 
In this he noticed the laCTe quantity of calca- 
reoui earth which was ^ipo^ited on boiling, 
which he proved W9.1 retained in solution by 
carbonic acid. Finding that other London 
pump- waters gave a precipitate of eaicareous 
earth with lime water, and yielded a similar 
reffldue by evaporation. Cavendish thought 
it 'reasonable to conclude that the unneutra- 
lised earth in all waters is suspended merely 
by being united to more than it) natural 

ortioB of fixed air' (i.e. carbonic acid). 

_ andiwh was prei>ared for this by the in- 
itiation of Dr. Brownrigg, who had found 
t a great deal of fixed air is contained 
i& water.' Dr. Black also, in bia ' Inau- 
J Dissertation' in 1754, explained to his 
the nnivcisity of Glasgow the 
:tiu of carbonic acid, and exhibited 



of its charactfristic peculit 
veudish, however, determmed tho specific 
gravity of this gas, and was the first to show 
that a small quantity of it was sufficient to 
deprive common air of the power of support- 
ing flame or sustaining fife. In January 
1783 Cavendish read before the Royal So- 
ciety 'An Account of a new Eudiometer.'' 
During tills long intensl Bergmann, Scheele, 
Lavoisier, and Priestley had been aetivdy 
engaged in endeavouring to determine the 
composition of the atmosphere. The prevail- 
ing hvpolhesis of chemists at this tirae was 
that there existed an hypothetical principle, 
CBlled'phlogiston'byStahl, which accounted 
for the phenomena of combustion. 

It is evident that this b3^thetical pltlo- 

Siston, or matter of hcot, wns identical with 
ydrogen gas, and Priestley called this ele- 
ment ' inflammable air.' Cavendish, in the 
first part of his paper on ' Factitious Airs,' 
treats of hydrogen, and some writers have 
consequently regarded him as the discoverer 
of that gas. He certainly never claims this 
himself, and referring to the explosibilitj of 
a mixture of air and hydrogen, he says ' it 
has been observed by others.' Boyle m the 
seventeenth century mentions Cms gas as 
bein^ familiar to many, and Or. T. Thom- 
son informs us that the combustibility of 
hydrogen was known about the beginning 
of the eighteenth century, and was often ex- 
hibited as a curiosity, being especially men- 
tioned in Cramer's ' Element a Docimasia' 
(1739). Cavendish, with his usual honesty, 
states that his experiments ' on the explosion 
of inflammable air ' wit h common and aephlo- 

fiaticated air were made in the summer of 
781. The production of ' fixed air' was at 
this time regarded as the invariable result 
of phlogiatication, or, aa we should call it, of 
the deoxidntion of atmospheric air. Caven- 
dish readily disproved the correctness of this 
view, and he Wgnn to inquire what waft 
the product of the combustion of hydrogen 
in uir and in oxygen. Dr. Priestley and 
Warllire.a lecturer on natural philosophy in 
Birmingham, were experimenting on the 
same subject with a cietonsting tube, and 
they observed a deposition of moisture to- 
follow each explosion. Priestley does not 
appear to have paid any attention to this 
phenomenon, and Warltire referred it to the- 
condensation of water which had existed in 
a state of vapour in the gnses. The hypo- 
thesis that phlogiston was present in all 
combustibles led Priestley and La Placo 
astray, and the appearance of tii trie acid— the 
composition of wbiL'li was quite unknown in 
17S4— in the cnndtmsed water tended to 
involve the problem. Cavendish, by moat 



Cavendish 350 Cavendish 

ingenious experiments, proved that the nitric prosecuted this inquiry. Dr. Priestley and 
acid was formed from the atmospheric nitro- I his friend Warltire repeated and modified 
fren present in the detonating fflobe, and Cavendish's experiments, and in 1781 Prietft- 
demonstrated that the only proauct of the ley refers to Warltire*s observations on the 
combustion of pure hydrogen and oxygen . moisture left by burning inflammable air. 
was pure water. In his own words he came Warltire is said to have burned the gases in 
to the conclusion *that water consists of a close vessel by means of electricity, wei^efa- 
dephlogisticated air (oxvgen) united with , ing the vessel before and after the explo- 
phlogiston (hydrogen).' lie was thus the first sion, observing the dewy deposit and find- 
who, by purely inductive experiments, con- . ing only a very trifling loss of weight. Mr. 
verted oxygen and hydrogen into water, and James Patrick Muirhead, in his ' Correspon- 
who taught that water consisted of these dence of the late James Watt,' Tolunteen 
gases. He must also be regarded as the the information that tliere appears 'no con- 
discoverer of nitric acid. In the history of , elusion as to the real origin of water pub- 
chemistry we do not find any discovery lished (in 1781) by Mr. Cavendish, nor com- 
which has led to the same amount of angry municated to any individual, nor contained 
discussion as that which followed the im- in the journal and notes of his experiments; 




until 1783. I he then notic^ ' a certain amount of liquid * 

On 15 Jan. 1784 the ' Experiments on Air, , being found in the flask in which the gue* 
by Henry Cavendish, Esq.,' was read before were exploded, and he unhesitatingly con- 
the Royal Society. An interpolation by Dr. eludes that ' almost all the inflammable air, 
Blagden (who for some time acted as secre- and about one-fifth of the common air, lose 
tar}' to Cavendish), after the paper was their elasticity and are condensed into the 
read, states that all the experiments on the dew which lines the glass.' His full con- 
ex])losion of inflammable air with common > clusicm was ' that tliis dew is plain water, 
and dcphlogisticated airs were made in the , and consequently that almost all the in- 
summer of 1781. Cavendish himself com- ' flammable air, and about one-fifth of the 
mences his j)aper * PlvjMiriments on Air ' by | common air, are turned into pure water.' 
stating that iiis experiments were made Watt, Dr. Priestley, Dr. Black, Mr. de Luc, 
* witli a view to find out the cause of the M. la Platte, M. Lavoisier, and others were 
diminution which common air is well known i deeply interested in the phlogistic hypothesis 
to sutt'er, bv all tlie various ways in which and all of them were in constant commu- 
it is phlogistinited, and to discover what ' nication, meeting in scientific societies or cor- 
iK^comes of the air thus lost or consumed.' | responding with each other. Cavendish, it 
To this ho adds subsequently that his ex- must be regretted, did not pursue his brilliant 
perimeutal results, beyond * determining this ' career with any activity. He led a strangely 
fact, also throw light on tlie constitution and i retired life, and ctmsequently he frecjuently 
means of production of deplilogisticated air.' was left in igiiorance of the progress of dis- 
This question excited much attention among covery. Cuvier, in his 61oge on Cavendish, 
the chemists of Europe in 1777. Priestley . said of him, Miis demeanour and the modest 
and Scheele about tlie same time discovered ^ tone of his writings procured him the un- 
oxv^'-en, and this gas was regarded by them common distinction oi never having his r»^ 
as air perfectly respirable, and exhibiting its ! pose disturbed either by jealousy or by criti- 
great power of supporting combustion, be- | cism.' 

cause It was deprived of phlogiston. It was, Arago, on the contrary*, brought beifor** 
in accordance with this hypothesis, named by I the French Academv of Sciences a direct 
chemists dephlogisticated air. For some time charge of deceit and plagiarism, affirming 
the atmosphere was believed to consist of two that Cavendish learned the composition of 
part 8 of dephlogisticated air (our oxygen) and ' water by obtaining a sight of a letter from 
one part of phlogisticated air (our nitrogen). | Watt to Priestley. 

Cavendish resolved on ascertaining with j The researches of Cavendish were com- 
precision the true constitution of the aerial i municated to Dr. Priestley before 24 June 
fluid. With this object in view he burnt 1781 ; even Watt's son does not doubt this, 
various bodies in measured quantities of air, \ On '26 March 1783 Watt mentions as new 



confined over water at first, and then over 
mercury. As earlv as 1766 Cavendish had 
satisfied himself ot the constant composition 
of the atmosphere. With his usual care he 



to him Priestley's experiment on exploding 
the gases by electricity. On 21 April in the 
same year Watt writes to Dr. Black, and on 
26 April to Dr. Priestleji hia conclusion 



'that wftt-er ia composed of liejiblogiBiicated 
and inflnnunable nir.' Dr, Prieslley received , 
tlUa letter in London, aubmittwl it to Sir | 
Joseph Banks, president of the Itojal Society, 
and to Dr. BWdea, the Lati]nittr> friend of ; 
CovuDdish, und his secietaiy. Tliia lettur 
was tu liHve been rend before the Hoynl So- 
viet;, but Watt tequeated that tlie public 
rea^nf^ofitmightbedelnjed until be aboiUd 
cixamine some new experiments, said by l>r. 
Priestley to contredict bis theory. 

Cavendich'a memoir having been read 
15 Jbji, 1764, Wutl's first letter was, nc- 
coidingto hi« ownreuuest,reBdat the Roynl . 
8<N:iety on '22 April, his second letter being 
ivttd ou SO April. In these commuiuciilions j 
Watt writes, referring to Dr. Priestley : ' If my I 
deductions have nny merit, it is to be attri- j 
buted prineiiially to the perspicuity, atten- 
tion, iknd iuilustry with which you have pur- 
sued the experiments which gave birth to | 
theiu, and to the ca.ndoiir with which you 
Tcceivu the com mlinicat ions of your friends.' 
From this it is evidejit that ^Volt himself 
idmita his obligations to Dr. Priegtlev, and 
we have seen thai Cavendish and Priestley 
w^re friendly correspondents: consequently 
it may safely be concluded that the specula- 
tions on the composition of walar were the 
common subjects of talk in the acientitie 
societies of London and Birmingham. 

J. A. De Luc [q-v.], the Genevese philo- 
eopher, waa a fellow of the Royal Society at 
this time, and it was from him iLat Watt'lirKt 
heard of Cavendish's paper. Weld, the as- 
sistant secretary, in h» ' History of the lioyal 
Society ,f says uiat ' in July of the same year 
hia paper was printed in the "Transactions," 
bearini? the erroneous date of 17S4 instead 



Miuay 1 

vier, bv uus error. j\s soon as ii was ais- 
covere^. Cavendish wrote to the editor of 
one of theprincipal foreign journals to cor- 
rect it. The discussion which prevailed for 
some time in France and England as to the 
priority of Cavendish or Watt as discoverers 
was unpleasantly aggravated by the errors 
of the dates printed, and yet more so by 
two inteipolntions, made after the reading of 
Oaveudisfi's paper, by Dr. Blagden, who was 
appointed secretary to thi; Royal Society on 
S Stay 17S4. and to whom was entrusted 
the tularin ti.'ndence of the printing of both 
Wott'd letlvrs, and wlio made the interjiola- 
tiona in Cavendish's contribution. 

The only conclusion to which we can 

Ire is, that both Cavendish and Watt 
1« about the same lime experiments on 
and water ; that they framed hypnthc- 
vbich were of on analogous character. 



ditTeriug mainly in respect to elementary heat, 
wliifU Watt regnrdeil as a material onlity, 
but which Cnvendisli rejected as insufficient 
lo account for the observed phenomena. 
They both worked honestly, in ignorance of 
each oiher's studies, and they both arrived 
at similar conclusions. 

If Cavendish had been more communica- 
tive, there is no doubt he would have avoided 
the annoyance of the claims made by Watt 
and other inyiistigators to a discovery the 
meritofwhich was justiyhisown. It is satis- 
factory to record that in 17B5 Watt became 
afellowof theltoyal Sodety; he then formed 
the acquaintance of CavenJish,and they ter- 
minated their scientific rivalries In llie most 
amicable manner. 

It is necessarv to mention a ' Mfimoire oi'i 
I'on prouve par la decomposition de I'enu, que 
ce fluide n est point une substance simple.' 
&c., by MM. Meuanier et Lavoisier, printed 
in 1781 ; a second paper on the same subject 
by Lavoisier alone; and a ' Mfmoire sur le 
risultatdel'inflammation dugoz inflammable 
et de I'air d^phlogistlquf dans des yaisseaux 
cios.'par M.Monge,prmtedin 1786. There ia, 
however, satisfactory evidence to prove that 
the French chemists had been previously 
informed of the discoveries of Cavendish njid 
Walt. 

The use of light in promoting the growth 
of plants was most carefully investigated 
by Cavendish, but the conclusions which he 
drew from his experiments were vitiated 
by the theory of phlogiston, which had not 
yet been entireiy abandoned. 

The views entertained by Cavendish on 
specific and latent heat greatly advanced 
our viens, and, associated with the tine in- 
vestigations mode by Dr. Black, paved the 
way to the more philosophical deductions of 
the present day. 

After 178-5, Cavendish' mode no new dis- 
coveries. His papers on heat, the original 
records of which prove that this investiga- 
tion was commenced in 17&1, were written 
out for the use of a friend, but he published 
no port of them until nineteen years aft«r 
most of the experiments had been completBiI. 
and theji a trifling portion only appears 
incidentally in a paper on the ■ Freeiinf^ 
of Mercury,' read at the Royal Society in 

i7as. 

It has been su^ested that the reason 
why those researches on heat were never 
puldislied WHS that Cavendish had consider- 
able reluctance to enter into even the ap- 
pearance of rivalry with Dr. Black, 

In 1772 und in 1776 Cavendish was en- 
gaged in investigutiog the principal pheno- 
mena of etectricity, and two papers ou thu 



Cavendish 



352 



Cavendish 



subject appear in the ' Philosophical Trans- 
actions/ These papers contain the first 
distinct statement of the difference between 
animal and common electricity, and twenty- 
seven propositions upon the action of the 
electric fluid, treated mathematically. Be- 
sides those two papers Cayendish left be- 
hind him some twenty packets of manu- 
script essays on mathematical and experi- 
mental electricity. Of these Sir William 
Snow Harris states that 'Cayendish had 
really anticipated all those great facts in 
common electricity which were subsequently 
made known to the scientific world tnrougn 
tlie investigations of Coulomb and other 
philosophers, and had also obtained the 
more immediate results of experiments of 
a more refined kind instituted in our own 
day.' 

On 21 June 1798 a paper by Cavendish 
was read before the Royal Society entitled 
* Experiments to determine the Density 
of the Earth/ The Rev. John Micheil 
had suggested a method for doing this, and 
had constructed the apparatus which was 
in the main adopted by Cavendish, with 
several improvements. It occurred to him 
that this force could be measured by ac<5u- 
rately observing the action of bodies sud- 
denly presented in the neighbourhood of 
a horizontal lever, 40 inches long, nicely 
balanced, and loaded with leaden balls of 
equal size, alwut 2 inches diameter, at its 
two ends, and protected from any current 
of air. Two heavy spherical masses of metal 
were tlien brouglit near to tlie balls, so that 
their attractions conspired in drawing the 
lever aside. From the known weight of 
the mass of metal, the distance of the 
centres of the mass and of the ball, and the 
ascertained attraction, it was not difficult to 
determine the attraction of an equal spheri- 
cal mass of water upon a particle as heavy 
as the ball placed on its surface, and from 
this can be found the attraction of a sphere 
of water of the same diameter as the earth, 
upon the ball placed on its surface. The ex- 
periments made were few ; seventeen only 
are recorded. From these Cavendish deduced 
twenty-three results, from the mean of which 
he computed the density of the earth to be 
equal to 5'45. 

The accuracy of Cavendish's observations 
is shown by tlie fact that Reich, professor of 
natural philosophy at Freiberg in Saxony, 
after fifty-seven experiments came to tfie 
conclusion that the density of the earth was 
5*44. Francis Baily [^q. y.] repeated Caven- 
dish's experiments with similar apparatus, 
somewhat modified. The final result ob- 
tained by Baily was 5*660. Sir Gborge Airy 



in May 1826 carried out a series of pendulum 
expenments in Ilarton Colliery, and deter- 
mined the mean density of the earth a» 
6-666. 

A paper on the civil year of the Hindofr 
should oe mentioned in order to show the 
varied character of Cavendish's investiga- 
tions. The mass of manuscripts which ne 
left behind him proves that nearly every 
subject which in his time engaged the atten- 
tion of the chemist or of the natural philo- 
sopher had been closely studied by him. 
The ^ Catalogue of Scientific Papers of the 
Royal Society ' credits Cayendisn with six- 
teen memoirs. Watt assigns him eighteen. 
The personal history of this great pnUoso- 
pher 18 told in his works. He was a mm 
of reserved disposition, a shy habit, and 
many singularities of manner. Added to 
these a difficulty of speech, and a thin, 
shrill voice, increased his dislike of society, 
and his avoidance of conversation. 

Cavendish lived on Clapham Common, 
his large library being some distance from 
his house. He allowed friends the free me 
of his books, but he himself never took a 
book from it without leaving a receipt be- 
hind. His large income was allow^ to 
accumulate, and his* habits were of the most 
inexpensive kind. He received no stranger 
at his residence, he ordered his dinner daily 
by a note left on the hall table, and from 
his morbid shyness he objected to any com- 
munication witli his female domestics. He 
scarcely ever went into , society. Lord 
Brougham says he had met nim at the meet- 
ings of the lioyal Society and at Sir Joseph 
Banks's weekly conversations, * and recollect* 
the shrill cry he uttered as he shuffled 
quickly from room to room, seeming to be 
annoyed if looked at, but sometimes ap- 
proaching to hear what was passing among* 
others. His walk was quick and uneasy. 
He probably uttered fewer words in the 
course of his life than any man who ever 
lived to fourscore years, not at all excepting^ 
the monks of La Trappe.* On all point? 
which had not some scientific bearing Ca- 
yendish was coldly indifferent. "When the 
discovery of a new truth was told to him, a 
glow of interest came over him. He was 
never known to express himself warmly 
on any question of religion or politics ; in- 
deed he appeared to reject all human sym- 
pathy. 

He died on 10 March 1810, after probablv 
the only illness from which he ever suffered. 
Havinff ordered his servant not to come near 
him till night, he was all day alone. Ilid 
sen'ant found him apparently in a dying state, 
and immediately sent for Sir Everard Home. 



«honlvnftiTdftvbreak. CavendiBh was buried 
in AU Samta' C'hiircli, Derbv. He l^ft a for- 
tune oTl.iro.OOO/. Hleresidanry kgatee was 
his couBLQ, Locd George Cavendish, ^nd- 
fiithcT of thB presenl Ihike of DevonBhire. 

[Fllilosuphical TrsuBaclioas, lixiv. 119,329, 
SS4; BojralSoo.C'it.orSiiientJflisFiipcn.atidSup- 
jileuent : WmU's Bibl. Brit.: WiIson'sLife uf Cn- 
-randishlOnreadiBhSocietf'B Works), lul, i. ISlSi 
Uoirlinurii Corraapondenca ofWiil I ; Briiilgbum's 
Lira* of PhilwophetB of the lime of Goorgo 111. 
18«; WoW» HiBtory of the Rr.sol SocielT. vol. 
n. 1818; Mimoina de I'Acad^i 



Be'porU, 1S39, Preside D Ca oddresa.] R. H-T. 

CAVENDISH, Sis JOHN (d. 1381), 
jiidffe. is (laid to hove beea the son of Roger 
oi Robtrt do Oernum, and grandaon of Ralph 
dt! O em um, justice itinerant in the reign of 
Henry HI, but to have asBumed bis wife's 
name of Cavendish on his maniagr, Proba-^ 
blr, hownrer.hewasthe son of Jobndu 'Ca- 
Yendych,' who appcajs aa aurety for Thomas 
dr Lelchfnrd, mcin ber of parliament for Lvnne 
in 1332. As pwly Bd 13+8 aifniion i« made 
of a plender whose niune ia indicBt<J by the 
abbreviation Caund. (subsequently Cind.), 
whidi uniiueBtioushly stands for 'Caiindiaii 
cr Csndish. In liiai he was one of the cul- 
It^tors of t)ie tenth and the fifteenth for 
E«*ei and Suffolk. In 1360 one John de 
■Odyngatlea, knight, conveyed, by fine, the 
Riiuinr of Overhnll and Cavendish to John 
Cavendisb and Alice his wife, probably by 
■way of what we should now call raarringe 
settlement. Cavendiali was aerjeant-at-law 
as euK aa Vim. He rlid not cease to plead 
until I'ara, but from 1370 to 1372 inclusive 
fas acted as jnstice of assize in some of the 
kumtem counties. Dugdale designates him 
chief justice of the king's bench as early as 
ISfia. This is oertainrj' a mistake, but the 
dote may mark his appointment to be j ust ice 
of afsiie. He became a puisne judge of the 
coDunon pleas on 27 Nov. 1371, and next 
lar ^Ifi July) was created chief justice of 
A kin^S bench. No fine appears to have 
~ll lAfied b^re him earlier than the en- 
g Uctobor, and it is in the parliament of 
It year that he makes his first appearance 
%tiw of petitions. He was rr-appointed 
')t justice of the king's bench on the ac- 
ioa of Richard 11, 1378, with a salary of 
udredmarks. HeconlinnedinofEceuntil. 
1, when (15 Jiinf) lie was brut)illj[ mur- 
ial Bury St. Edroundsitflgefher with his 
d Sir John of Onmbridgn, prior of the 
7, by the insurgent pewantcy under Jack 



Straw. In the preceding year he had been 
elected ehoncellur of tho university of Cam- 
bridge. Shortly before his death he mode 
his will, a somewhat qwuntly worded instru- 
ment, bv which, oft^ir on exordium in Latin, 
bequeatning liis soul to Qod, and directing 
his body to be buried beside his wife in the 
chancel of the church at Cavendish, he con- 
tinues, in Norman French, to give ' im lit 
de worstede ' and some cattle to his son 
Andrew, 'un lit vermaylet uneoupe d'nrgent 
en ou eat emprente line rose, c'est assuvoir 
ceo que jeo avois de don de la Countesae de 
la Marche,' to Rose, .\udrew'H wife, to their 
daughter Margaret ' un lit de saperye poudre 
des popingays, and the rest of his personaltv 
to charitable uses. His judgmenta bulk 
" " of the latts 
Ine of them 
quired a kind of immortality. A Indy alleg- 
ing her minority in order to defeat a grant 
of land made by her and her husband, offered, 
as there waa some difficulty in proving the 
fact, to abide by Cavendish's verdict, hut he 
declined to express any opinion, remarking: 
' II n'ad nul home en Engleterre que luy 
adjudge a droit deins i^ ou de plein age, 
car Bscuna femes que sont do age de xxx ana 
voile apperer d'age de iviii ' ( Tfar-book, 50 
Edw. m, pi. 13). 

[Arohreologia, li. SO-6 ; Year-book*, 21 Edw. 
m, Mifli. Term, pi. 81, 38 Edw. lU, Hil. Term, 
pi. IB, 40 Blw. Ur ad flu., 45 Ed*. Ill, Trin. 
Tann. pi. aa. ftO Edw. 111. Trin. Tfrm. pi. 12 ; 
BmntinRhum's Issue Boll (Devon), p. SBO; Bol. 
Pari. ti. 31)9, i56 ; KaU. and invs. Exch. (Pal- 
grave), i. 238; Pari.Writs, ii. div.ii. pLi. 85^; 
Dugdale'x Orig. 4S. Chron. Ser. 60; Fuller's HUl. 
tlniv. Cambr. p. 53 ; Knighton and WnbiiDgham 
Bono 1331; Uolinshed, li. 741; Fosa's Lives of 
the Jadges.] J. M. R. 

CAVENDISH, Loi{dJOHN(!732-1796), 
chancellor of ihe exchequer, waa the fourth 
son of William, third duke of Devonshire, 
and his wife Catherine, daughter and heiress 
of John Hoskins of Middlesex. He was bom 
on 32 Oct. 1732, and educated at Peterhouse, 
Cambridge, where the poet Mason was his 
tutor, wlio, upon his pupil leaving the uni- 
versity, addressed an elegy to him beginning 
with ' Ere yet, ingenuous youtll, thy steps re- 
tire ' ( Workt of mtliam Mason. 1»1 1. i. 98- 
96). Cavendish olitained the degree of M.A. 
ill 1763. In April of the following veor he 
was elected for Weymouth and Melcombe 
Regis, which he continued lo represent until 
the geneml election of 1761, when he was 
returned for Knareaborough. In July 1765 
the Maniuis of Rockingluim became prime 
minister, and Cavendish was appointed one 
of the lords of the treasury. Upon the 



Cavendish 



354 



Cavendish 



dismisHal of the ministry, after beinff a little 
more than a year in office, he waa ottered by 
Lord Chatham a place in the Duke of Ghraf- 
ton's administration, but he declined to sepa- 
rate himself from his friend Lord Rocking- 
ham. From 1768 to 1790 he represented the 
city of York. On Lord Rockingham becom- 
ing prime minister for the second time, 
Cavendish was appointed chancellor of the 
exchequer on 27 March 1782, and on the 
same day was sworn a member of the privy 
council. Lord Rockingham died on 1 July, 
and Cavendish, refusing to serve under the 
Earl of Shelbume, retired from the ministry 
with Fox and other members of the Rock- 
ingham party. Early in the morning of 
22 Feb. 1/83 Cavendish's resolution censur- 
ing the terms of the peace was carried 
against the Shelbume ministry in the House 
of Commons by 207 to 190. Though Shel- 
bume immediately resigned, Pitt retained 
ortice for some five weeks afterwards. At 
length, early in April 1783, William, third 
duke of Portland (who had married Caven- 
dish's niece, the only daughter of William, 
fourth duke of Devonshire), became prime 
minister, and Cavendish was once more ap- 
pointed chancellor of the exchequer. He had 
not been in office a fortnight before he was 
obliged to bring in a loan bill for raising 
nearly 12,500,000/., w^hich he proposed to 
do by means of annuities and a lottery. 
On 26 May he introduced his first and only 
budget, one feature of which was the first 
imposition of a tax upon quack medicines 
(JParliamentary History ^x\i\i. 931-6). Owing 
to the king's unconstitutional interference, 
the East India Bill, which had been carried 
successfully through the commons, was re- 
jected by the lords on 17 Dec, and the coali- 
tion ministry was dismissed in favour of 
Pitt. On Pitt's appeal to the country in 
June 1790, Cavendish was defeated at York 
after a close contest, and for four years dis- 
appeared from parliamentary life. In May 
1/94 he was elected for Derbyshire in the 
place of his brother, Lord George, and at the 
general election in June 1796 he was again 
re-elected for the same constituency. Ca- 
vendish was never married, and died at his 
brotlK^r's house at Twickenham on 18 Dec. 
1796, in his sixty-fifth year. He was buried 
on the 26tli in the family vault in All Saints' 
Church, Derby. Considering the position 
which he held in the House of Commons, he 
was by no means a frequent speaker. He 
voted in the minority on the debate on the 
illegality of general warranto, opposed the 
expulsion of Wilkes from the house, voted in 
favour of receiving the clerical petition, on 
which occasion he spoke strongly in favour 



of religious and political freedom, moved to 
amendment to the address deprecating a civil 
war, * of which he disapproved in the com- 
mencement and in all ita stages,' oppo^ 
the increase of the civil list, and supported' 
Burke s plan for public economy and refoniL. 
Though the Duke of Richmond considered 
Cavendish to be ' diffident of the effect of 
any parliamentary reform ' {Memoin of the- 
Marquis of Hockinffham, ii. 481), he ww 
elected a member of the committee of the 
Westminster Association on 2 Feb. 1780^ 
and his name appears in the list of members 
which was made on 20 Feb. 1783. From an 
examination of the minutes, it appears, how- 
ever, that he does not seem to have attended 
any of the meetings. Burke, in a letter to 
Dudlev North dated 28 Dec. 1796, describe* 
Cavendish as 'one of the oldest and best 
friends I ever had, or that our common coun- 
try possessed * (Bubke, Correspondence^ ir. 
550), and in sketching his character {ib. iv. 
526-7), says that ' he is a man who would 
have adorned the best of commonwealths at 
the brightest of its periods. An accomplished 
scholar, and an excellent critic, in every part 
of nolite literature, thoroughly acquainted 
witn history ancient and modem; with a 
sound judgment; a memory singularlv reten- 
tive and exact, perfectly conversant in busi- 
ness, and particularly in that of finance ; of 
great integrity, great tenderness and sensi- 
bility of heart, with friendships few and un- 
alterable; of perfect disinterestedness; the 
ancient English reserve and simplicity of 
manner.' Walpole, on the other hand, i* 
never tired of sneering at him, the reason 
for which will be pretty obvious to any one 
who reads the references to Cavendish m the 
* Letters ' and * Memoirs.* In reality Caven- 
dish seems to have been a thoroughly honour- 
able and upright man, whose speeches were 
more remarkable for their breadth of view 
and sound common sense than for any bril- 
liance or originality of thought, and whose 
taste for literature and country pursuits (espe- 
cially fox-himting) was considerably stronger 
than for an act ive parliamentary life. Sel wyn 
gave him the name of ' the learned canarr 
bird,' on account of his prodigious memorv 
and the smallness of his stature. His portrait 
was painted by Sir Joshua Ke3molds in Fe- 
bruary 1767 (Leslie and Tatlob, Ltfie of Sir 
Joshua ReynoldSy 1865, i. 282), and engraved 
by T. Grozer in 1786. 

[Burke's Correspondence, 1844, ii. iii, it.; 
Lord Fitzmaurice's Life of William, Earl of 
Shelbume, 1 876-6 ; Trevelyan's Early History of 
C. J. Fox, 1880; Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign 
of Qeorge III, 1845, ii. iii. iv. ; Walpole*8 Let^ 
tent, 1841, iii. iv. t. vii. niS.; Earl of Albe-- 



of tha Miirqnis of Bockioglium, 
I8S!. i. ii.; Col ]i no's Pr«nig«, 1B12, i. 358; Pnrl. 
Hi»I. XT-xiiT ; Pari. Papers, 1878. Ixii, pt. ii.] 
G. F. B. B. 
CAVENDISH, MARGARET. Dcchess 
09 XEKciBitE lllJ24?-ie74), writer, was 
born at SU John's, near Colchester in Ei^sex. 
Her father, Sir Thomas Lucas, whom id the 
3 toth 
!, drawn by 
Fauc^'b Pencil to the Life,' she calls ■ Master 
Lucas,' a ^ntleman of large estfttcis and 
much consideration, died when ehe was an 
infant. The joungvst of a. family of eighe, 
consisting of three sons and flre daughters, 
ehc was, according to her own account, bred 
by her mother 'm plenty, or rather with 
superfluity,' and receired a training the in- 
fluences of which are apparent in her life. 
In the autobiographical sketch a curious 
picture ia afforded of the manner in which 
ehe and her latere were trained, ' virtuouslj, 
modestly, civilly, honourably, and on honest 
principles.' Their dress was not only ' neat 
and cleanlv, fine and gav,' but ' rich and 
coEtly,' the^ir mother holding it more conso- 
nant with her husband's opinions to maintain 
her family > to the height of her estate, but 
not beyond it,' and to bestow her substance 
on their ' breeding, honest pleasures, and 
harmless delights, than to practise an eco- 
nomy which might chance to create 'shark' 
ingqualities.uean thoughts, and base actions.' 
At the hands of tutors the young ladies re- 
ceiTed all sorts of 'vertues,' as 'singing, 
dancing, playiuK on musick, reading, writing, 
■working, and toe like,' together with some 
kuowledffe of foreign languages. From her 
mother, Elizabeth, daughter of John Leigh- 
ton, whom Ehe describes as a woman of sin- 
Silar beauty, she inherited her good looks. 
f the personal appearance of her brothers and 
sisters she gives a naive description. Accord- 
ing to this they were 'every ways propor- I 
tjonable, liVewise well featured, clear com- j 
plexionB, brown haires, but some lighter than , 
Others, sound teeth, sweet breaths, plain i 
^eechee, tunable voices, I mean not so much 
to KiDf a« in speaking, as not stuttering, nor 
irhuUng in the throat, or speaking through ' 
Xhu DOBe. or hoorsly unless ihey had a cold, | 
or sqaeakingly, which impediments many I 

The happy life at St. John'swas interrupted 
by the outbreak of civil war. The brothers, i 
two of whom were married, resided mostly, i 
when in the country, with their mother, as | 
did the three sisters who married, and who j 
exprcisfd over their younBest sister a super- 
vision which though kind was so close that 
aloA was always boahful when out of their 



sight. But the brothers now joined the 
stundardof the kine, and two of them shortly 
afterwards died. Their deuth was followed 
by that of her mother, and anticipated by 
that of her eldest sister. A strung desire 
on tile part of Margaret Lucas to be maid 
of honour to the queen was, in spite of the 
opposition of her brothers and sisters, en~ 
CDuraged by her mother, aud when the 
youn^ girl, disappointed at the life of court, 
and discontented at being regarded, owing to 
her shyness and prudery, as a ' natural fool,* 
repented of her wish, her mother counselled 
her to stay. For two years accordingly, 
1643-5, Margaret Lucas remained in altrn- 
dance upon Henrietta-Maria, whom she ac- 
companied to Paris. Here, in April 1645, 
she first met her future husband, William 
Cavendish, marquis and subsequently duke 
of Newcastle [q. v.] From her brother. Lord 
Lucas, an ammaied account of her beauty 
and gifts bad been received. The conquest 
of the marquis was accordingly soon effectt-d, 
and the pair were married m Paris in lft46. 
During tneir residence in Paris, in Itolter- 
dom, and in Antwerp, they were in constant 
pecuniary straits. The eWorts of the mar- 
chioness to obtain money for her husband to 
keep up the slate which, even when their 
joint fortunes were at their lowest, be held 
due to himself, were incessant. Ononcocca- 



for the purpose of claiming some subsistence 
out of the estate of the marquis, or in any 
manner realising money for her husband s 
needs. Hersuccess was atijtht. As the wile 
of ' the greatest traitor of Bngtand ' parlia- 
ment would grant her no allowance, and alio 
would have starred but for assistance in the 
shape of loans obtained by Sir tZ^srles. After 
an absence of a year and a half she returned 
to Antwerp. 

Upon the Eestoratinn she followed, after 
some delay, her husband to England. She 
seems to have exercised her iiillueuce to in- 
duce him to retire from a court in which her 
virtues no lees than her peculiarities rendered 
her somewhat of a laughing-stock i she de- 
sired him to devote himself m the country to 
the task of gathering together and repairing 
what be calls ' the chips ' of his former esliil«9. 
She died in London, and was buried in West- 
minster Abbey on 7 Jan. 1673-4. In the 
north transept of that building is a monu- 
ment erected by her husband, who survived 
her three years. The epitaph supplies a high 
tribute to her virtues and accomplisliments, 
id adds, in words which Addison quotes 



i-ith 



■Her 



Margaret Lucas youngest daughter of Lord 



Cavendish 356 Cavendish 

I^iicus, earl of Colchester, a noble family, for A Latin translation was published, London, 
all the brothers were valiant, and all the 1668, fol. 13. * Grounds of Natural Philo- 
sisiters virtuous.' At an early age she dis- sophy,' London, 16C8, fol. This is a second 
phi ved some disposition towards literature, edition, much altered, of * Philosophical and 
and wrote upon philosophical subjects. This | Physical Opinions.* In many cases succeeding 
tendency developed with her increasing years. ' editions differ widely from tlie first. To point 
During her bnnislunent from England she . out alterations, or even to give the full titles 
found consolation in the composition of the of the various works, is impossible within 
folio volumes which bear her name, and the reasonable limits. The 'Select Poems* of 
same occupation cheered the hours of her the duchess have been edited and reprinted 
volimtary seclusion from court life. She is at the Lee Priory Press, 8vo, 1813, as bii 
said in her later life to have * kept a great , the * True Relation of the Birth, Breeding, 
many young ladies about her person, who and Life of Margaret Cavendish, Ihichess of 
occasionally wrote what she dictated. Some Newcastle, ^\Titten by Herself* (Lee Priory 
of them slept in a room contiguous to that Press, 8vo, 1814), which saw the light in the 
in which her grace lay, and were readv, at first edition of * Nature's Pictures drawn by 
the call of her bell, to rise any hour ot the Fancie's Pencil,' and is absent from the 
night to write down her conceptions lest second edition. The life of the duchess, and 
they should escape her memorj^' (Cibber, that of the duke, edited by M. A. Lower, 
Li res of the Poetry ii. 165). Her poems and were both printed in a volume of the * LiUrary 
plays, together with her * Pliilosophical of Old Authors * of J. K. Smith, London, 
Fancies,* and her * Philosophical and Physical 1872, and the life of the duchess, with a selec- 
Opinions,* and one or two other works, were tion from her poems, opinions, orations, and 
written previous to or during her exile. The letters, edited oy Mr. Edward Jenkins, wu 
remainder are of later date. A full biblio- published in the same year. Mr. C. H. Firth 
graphy of her works has yet to be written, edited a now edition of both lives in 18S6. 
The following list of the editions published . In these works so much of the literary bag- 
during her life is compiled from the Britisli i gage of the duchess as time wiU care to 
Museum and from Lowndes, supplemented by burden itself with is preserved. To the 
a private collection of her works : 1. *Philo- i student of early literature the ponderous 
sophical Fancies.' London, 21 May l(V')3,8vo. folios in which her writings exist wiU 
2. * Poems and Fancies,* J^ondon, 1653, folio; have a measure of the charm they had for 
second edition, London, 1664, folio ; third Lamb. Through the quaintness and the 
edition, London, 1668, folio. 3. * Philosophi- conceits of her poems a pleasant light of 
cal and Physical Opinions,* I-.ondon, 1655, fancy frequently breaks, ller fairy p)ein8 
foVn; reprinted, Loudon, 1663, folio. 4. *Na-,are good enough to rank with those of 
ture*8 Pictures drawn by Fancie's Pencil to Ilerrick and Mennis, though scari»ely with 
the Life,' London. 1656 (some copies 1655), those of Shakespeare, as some enthusiasts 
folio: second edition, London, 1671, folio, have maintained. The thoughts. when they 
5. * The World's Olio,' London, 1655, folio: are not obscured by her ineradicable ten- 
second edition, London, 1671, folio (Lowndes dency to philosophise, are geneTt)us and 
treats the two forenientiontMl works as the , noble, and she is one of the earliest writer* 
same). 0. *Playes,' London, 1662, folio, con- to hint at the cruelty of field sports. In a 
taining twenty-one plays. 7. * Plays never paper in the* Connoisseur,' in which a fanciful 
before printed,' London, 1668, folio, contain- , picture is aflbrded of the duchess mounting 
inpr five plays. 8. * Orations of Divers Sorts,' her Pegasus, Shakespeare and Milton are re- 
London, 1662, folio (in some copies the date presented as aiding her to descend. The 
is 1663) : second edition, 166?^, tol. J>. * Phi- duchess then, at the request of Kuterpe, reads 
losophicalLetters,or Modest Reflections upon . her beautiful lines against * Melancholv,' All 
some Opinions in Natural Philosopliy main- , the while these lines were repeating ikiilton 
tained by several learned authors of the age,' seemed very attentive, and it was whimpered 
London, 1664, folio. 10. * ccxT Sociable Let- ! by some that he was obliged for many of the 
ters,' London, 1664, folio. 11. * Observations ! thoughts in his *L'Allegro' and *I1 Pense- 
upon Experimental Philosophy,' to which is 
aclded the * Description of a New World,' 
London, 1666, folio: second edition, 1668. 



12. *Tho Life of William Cavendish, Duke, 
^larquis, and Earl of Newcastle, Earl of Ogle, 
A'iscount ISIansfield, and Baron of Bolsover, 
of Ogle, Bothal, and Hepple, &c.' London, 
1667, foL ; another edition, London, 1675, 4to. 



roso ' to this lady's * Dialogue between Mirth 
and Melancholy ' (('o/moiWi/r, ii. 265, edit. 
1774). This suggestion of indebtedness is, it 
is needless to say, futile. Her gnomical ut- 
terances are often thoughtful and pregnant. 
In her plays she is seen almost at her worst. 
The praise accorded her by Langbaine for the 
invention of her own plots is cheaply earaed. 



Cavendish 



357 



Cavendish 



since she could not have stolen them. Her 
characters are mere abstractions figuring cer- 
tain virtues or vices. In a scene in the second 
part of * Youth's Glory and Death's Banquet,* 
she appears under the character of Lady Saus- 
pareile, and ^ves what may be supposed to be 
a picture of her own reception at court. As 
the Lady Contemplation in the play of that 
name, as the Lady Chastity of the * Matri- 
monial Trouble/ and in a score other charac- 
ters, the duchess is recognisable. Not seldom 
the speeches assigned the characters in her 
plays are as scholastic and as voluminous 
as her letters or her philosophical opinions. 
She does not hesitate to introduce wanton 
characters and to employ language which 
goes beyond coarseness. Her philosophy is 
the dead weight which drags her to the 
ground. In these deliveries an occasional 

Eiece of common sense is buried in ava- 
mches of ignorance and extravagance. Her 
life of the duke is in it^ way a masterpiece. 
With it may be classed her autobiographical 
sketch, the naivete and beauty of which are 
equal. Not easy is it to find a picture so 
faithful and attnictive of an English inte- 
rior. Not all the respect due to her hus- 
band^s services to the crown, and to her own 
high position, could save her from some 
irreverence in the court of Charles II. Her 
occasional appearance in theatrical costume, 
and her reputation for purity of life, together 
with her vanity and affectation, contributed 
to gain her a reputation for madness. Horace 
Walpole, in * Royal and Noble Authors,' 
sneers at her as a * tertile pedant.* The duchess 
has been, however, the subject of the most 
unmixed adulation to which an author has 
often listened. A folio volume, entitled 
* Letters and Poems in Honour of the in- 
comparable Princess Margaret, Dutchess of 
Newcastle, Written by several Persons of 
Honour and Learning. In the Savoy, 1676,* 
consists of poems and letters, in English and 
Latin, written chiefly in acknowledgment of 
the receipt of presentation copies of her 
works by various people, including the senate 
of the university of Cambridge. Among 
those who are guilty of the most fulsome 
adulation are Henry More, Jasper Mayne, Jn. 
GlanviUe, G. Et herege, and Thomas Shadwell. 
Adulatory poems in plenty are also prefixed 
to her various volumes, a curious feature in 
which is the number of dedications to her hus- 
band, her companion the reader, philosophers 
in general,and others. Among her encomiasts 
are also Hobbes and Bishop Pearson. Por- 
traits of the duchess, sometimes alone and at 
other times in the midst of her family, were 
appended to many of her volumes. These are 
•roinarily absent, however, and are scarcer 



than the volumes themselves, the rarity of 
some of which is excessive. A portrait of 
her by Diepenbeke in a theatrical habit, which 
she constantly wore, is still ( 1887) in existence 
at Welbeck. In the early catalogues of the 
gallery it is erroneously ascribed to Lely. An 
engraved portrait by Van Schuppen from 
Diepenbeke, prefixed to the second volume of 
her plays, exhibits her as a tall and strikingly 
handsome woman. Her description may in- 
deed be read in that previously given of her 
family. Pepys gives an amusing account of 
the performance of her * silly play,' * The 
Humourous Lovers,' 30 March 1667, describes 
her, 12 April 1667, making * her respects to 
the players from her box, dwells upon her 
* footman in velvet coats and herself in an 
antici^ue dress,' and adds : * The whole stoiy 
of this lady is a romance, and all she does is 
romantic* Three folio volumes of her poems 
are said to remain in manuscript, and volumes 
of her works, with manuscript notes in her 
handwriting, are in the British Museum 
Library. Iler husband's poems are so mixed 
up with hers that it is not always easy to sepa- 
rate them. The married life of the duke and 
duchess seems to have been exceptionally 
happy. A story that the duke, in answer 
to congratulations upon the wisdom of his 
wife, replied, * Sir, a very wise woman is a 
verj' foolish thing,' rests upon no very trust- 
worthy authority — the ipse divit of a Mr. 
Fellows, preserved by Jonathan Richardson. 
Walpole's charge, that she did not revise the 
copies of her works, lest it should disturb 
her later conceptions, rests on her own au- 
i thority, and must accordingly be accepted. 
I An attempt to render into Latin some of her 
I works, other than her life of the duke, was 
! commenced but abandoned. 

[Works of the Duchess of Newcastle men- 
tione<l above ; Langbaine's Lives of the Dramntic 
Poets; Ballard's Memoirs of British Ladies, 1775; 
Walpolea Koyal and Noble Authors ; The Con- 
noisseur; Ljwndes's Bibliographer's Manual;^ 
Letters and Poems in Honour of the Duchess of 
Newcastle, 1676 ; Stanley's IIist<.^rical Memorials 
' of Westminster Abbey, 1868; oilier works citKl.] 

J. K 

CAVENDISH, RICHARD (d. 1601 ?), 
politician and author, was the second son of 
Sir Richard Gemon, alias Cavendish, by his 
wife Beatrice, (laughter of — Gould {Harleinn 
MS. 1449, f. 96). He was a native of Suflblk, 
and was for some time a member of Corpus 
Christi College, Cambridge (Masters, Bist. 
of Corpus Christi College, CarnhridgCy pt. i. 
Append, p. 11). In 1668 and 1569 he was 
engaged in conveying to Mary Queen of Scots 
letters and tokens to further her marriage 



Cavendish 



358 



Cavendish 



with the Duke of Aorlolk (^LiODge, lUust ra- 
tions of British History, ed. 1838, i. 478, 475 ; 
Strypb, AnnalSj i. 630, folio). The earls of 
Shrewsbury and Huntingdon in the latter 
year vainly endeavoured to apprehend Caven- 
dish and his writing. He appeared as a 
witness against the Duke of Norfolk at his 
trial on 16 Jan. 1671-2, when the duke * gave 
liim reproachful words of discredit' (Jar- 
dine, Criminal Trials, i. 176-8). To the 
parliament which met 8 May 1572 he w^as 
ri'tumed for the borough of Denbigh, in op- 
position to the inclination and threats of the 
Earl of Ijcicester, a fact not without signifi- 
cance, as it has been surmised that he had 
btren employed by that nobleman to entrap 
the Duke of Norfolk (Pen'XAXT, Tour in 
Wales, ed. 1784, ii. 46-8). He was created 
^r.A. of the university of Cambridge on 
15 Feb. 1572-3. The pace for his degree 
states that he had studied for twenty-eight 
vears at Cambridge and Oxford (Cooper, 
^Athen(s Cantab, ii. 302; Addit. MS. 5865, 
f. 47). He was a second time returned for 
the borough of Denbigh to the parliament 
which assembled on 23 Nov. 1585. 

In 1587 a circumstance occurred of much 
constitutional im|K)rtance (Hallam, Cmisti- 
tnfional Hist. ed. 1855, i. 279). Cavendish 
liad suggested to the queen that it was in 
her power to create a new office for making 
out all wTits of supersedeas quia improvidd 1 
einanavit in the court of common pleas. Ac- 
oordingly her majesty granted the office to ' 
him for a certain number of years, and the 
judges of thn court received a verbal com- 
mand by a queen's messenger to admit him. ! 
This they neglected or refused to do. There- | 
upon he procured a letter under the sign 
manual and signet to be directed to the judges, 
wherein lipr majesty commanded them to se- 
quester the profits of the office which had 
become due since h»T grant, and which might 
th<Teafter become due until the controversy 
for the execution of the said office should be : 
decided. The judges after a consultation de- , 
cided that they could not lawfully obey these 
commands. The queen addressed to them | 
another letter (21 April 1587), ordering them 
in imperative terms immediately to 8e(iuester ' 
the profits of the office, and to admit Caven- | 
dish. This letter was delivered in the pre- .. 
p«»nce of the lord chancellor and the Earl of 
I^eicester, who had been commanded by the ' 
queen to hear the judges* answer. After de- ^ 
liberating for some time the judges replied | 
that they could not obey without being p«.»r- 
lured. The queen thereupon commanded the ' 
lord chancellor, the chief justice of the queen's 
bench, and the master of the rolls to hear | 
the judges* reasons. The queen's serjeant j 



argued lor the queen's prerogative, but the 
judges refused to answer on the ground that, 
as the nrothonotaries and exigienters of the 
court claimed a freehold during their lives in 
the profits of such writs, they, and not the 
j udges, ought to be brought to answer. There- 
upon the queen's letters were produced, and 
the judges charged with not having obeyed 
the commands therein contained, ^ey am- 
fessed the fact, but alleged that the commands 
were against the law of the land. The lord 
chancellor reported the proceedings to the 
queen, who wisely avoided the threatened 
collision between the prerogative and the law 
by allowing the matter to drop (Ajn>EBM)5, 
JieportJt, i. 1 52 ; Petyt, Jus Parliamentarium, 
203; Manning, Seriiens ^7^ X<!y<*m, 30^10). 

Cavendish appears to have died in 1601, 
as in that year a monument to his memoir 
* promised and made by Margaret, coante«i 
of Cumberland,' with a quaint inscription in 
English, was erected to his memorv in the 
south aisle of Ilomsey Church, Middlesex 
(Addit. MSS. 5825 f. 223 b, 5836 L 83. 5801 
f. 195 b). 

He was the author of : 1. A Translation of 
Euclid into English. 2. * The Image of Xa- 
tvre and Grace, conteyning the whole course 
and condition of Mans Estate. Written 
by Kichard Caundishe,' London, John Day, 
n. d. and 1574, 8vo, dedicated to * those who, 
through simplicitie of conscience and lacke 
of true knowledge, embrace the doctrine of 
the papistes.' 

A poem in the * Paradyse of Dayntie De- 
vises/ conjecturally ascrilx^d to Thomas Ca- 
vendish [q. v.], the famous circumnavigator, 
was more probably written by his uncle 
Richard. 

[Authorities cited above.] T. C. 

CAVENDISH, THOMAS (1555 F-1592\ 
circumnavigator, was bom at the ancej^tral 
home, Grimston Hall, in the |>ari8h of Trim- 
ley St. Martin, Suffolk, not far from the 
port of Harwich. Like many other noblemen 
and gent lemen of the period, lie took to piracv 
as a menus to recover his squandered j>atri- 
mony. His first recorded adventure at st'a 
was in a ship of his own in the * The viage 
made by Sir Richard Greenvile for Sir Walter 
Raleigh in the year 1585' (IIaklfyt. 15**9, 
iii. 251), in order to plant the first unfortu- 
nate colony in Virginia. Tlie fleet of seven 
sail left Plymouth on 9 April in the above 
year. Sailing by way of the Canarit^s to 
the West Indies, they waited at St. Juan de 
Porto Rico for a fortnight, ostensibly i^-ith 
the object of building a pinnace, but i>?ally 
with a view of annoying the Spaniards, from 
whom they captured two frigatesy one of 




359 



Cavendish 



■which contnined ' good and ricli fruigUt, and ' 
diuurs Spaniiirdfl of aecoiint,' whom tbey j 
* mosomiM for good round BummfB,' which ' 
-einploTmpnt was much more eongeoint to 
■Cavendish than Haleigli's scheme of ' We»- ' 
'terms pl&nliug^ Proceeding on their courBe 
to lasDolla in Hiapmiiola (Hayti), where they 
'Luiiled, ihey saile<l through (he Brvhiunafl, 
.and after sightinv the mautlund of Floridu 
thev arrlriid on 36 June at I heir anchorage 
ofWocokon in Virginia. OnJulyll Caven- 
dish formed one of a select company who 
landed with Grenrille, and, amotig olhers, 
Thomas Hurriott and John White, the orriat 
10 the L-ipedition, in order to ejiplore the 
mabland of what is now known as North 
<!»roliiui. After having discovered three towns 
ond n gn'iil. hike, and industriouslj sown the 
Mieils of future troubles by their lawless con- 
^ui-st of the harmless natires during a period 
of eight days, they retumeil to the fleet. On 
27 July thufleet removed to Hitorasl(e(HBt- 
lerM inlet) ; on 35 Aug. Orenrille set sail for 
England, capturing on his way another richly 
laden Spnnish ship, with which he arrived 
At Plymouth IB Sept. lo85. That he was 
AHwmpnnied by Cavendish on his return is 
certain, as the name of tb« latter is omitted 
from the list of 108 gentlemen ' thatremained 
one whole yeere in Virginia ' under Ralph 
Lane, the first governor of the colony (Hak- 
XT7TT, l6M,iii. 2S1-4). 
^K^ Jounediately after his return to England 
^H^TCindiah began lo prepare on his own ac- 
^^MDnt an expedition closely modelled upon 
^(Wat of Sir Francis Drake of eight years 
liefore. Of this famous voyage, by which he 
is bt«t known, there are preserved I wo ac- 
counts : 1. ' The worthy and famous Voyage 
of Master Thomas Cavendish, made round 
about the Olobe of the Earth, in the space 
oi two years and less than two months,' by 
N. H. (ih. 1589, p. 609). 2. 'The admi- 
rable ond pnwperouB Voyage of the Wor- 
shipful Mr. Thomas Cavendiah, of Trimley, 
in the county of SuiFolk, esquire, into the 
South Sea, and from thence round about the 
-ciicumfenince of the whole earth ; begun in 
tlu< year of our Lord 1586, and finishodl668. 
"Written bv Mr. Francis Prettv, lately of 
"Eye, in SuRolk, a gentleman employed in the 
«ame action' (f6. 1699-11300, iii. 803). The 
il«Ft of three ships, manned by 123 hands all 
told, ciinsisted of the Desire of 140 tons, the 
Content of 60 tons, and the Hugh Gallant, 
abarqueof-lOIons. Cavendish departed from 
London 10 June 1GS6, and, after calling at 

Iirwicb, proceeded to Ptvmouth, whence 
tg lailod 21 July. From internal evidence 
nay be safely luierred that ibi- first and 
Bfteronrativeby N. 11. was written under 



ibeeyeofCavendisbon board the Desire; but 
the second and more interesting^ one was 
partly written by Prettv on board the Hiich 
Ciullant barque before it was sunk near the 
equator in the Pacific, for want of hands. 
After an ineffectual akirmish with five large 
Biacayan ships off Cape Finiaterrf, five days 
out from England, Cavendish saih<d' by the 
coiiat of Burbary and the Canaries t<i Sierra 
Leone, where he anchored in the harbour 
21 Aug. Hfirehiestayof ten days was varied 
by an attempt to burn the natire town and the 
capture of a sailor of Oporto belouging to a 
Portuguese ship cast away in the inner har- 
bour. On 6 Sept. he departed from Sierm 
Leone, and, after a short stay at one of the 
Cape Verde islands, he shaped his course for 
South America, reached Cape Frio in Brazil 
31 Oct, and anchored the nest day under the 
island of St. Sebastian. Here, in order to 
refit, lake in water and fuel, iind to build 
a new pinnace of 10 tons, be anciiored for 
twenty-three days. On 23 Nov. he set soil 
lowardfl the Straits of Magellan, discovering 
on his way (17 Dec.) a fine harbour almost 
as lar^ as Plymouth, known to this day as 
Port Desire, so named after his own snip, 
where he spent Christmas in studying the 
manners and arts of the Palngonians. De- 
parting from Port Desire 28 Dec., Cavendish 
went coasting along 8.S.W. until 3 Jan. 
168", when he reached the opening of the 
straits, where he lost an anchor in a great 
storm which lasted three days. On the 6th 
he commenced bis tortuous passage through 
tile straits. The next day he observed travel- 
ing overland towards the River Plate a party 
of twenty-three poor starved Spaniards, two 
of whom were women, all that remained of 
the two unfortunate colonies of four hiin- 
1 dred persons planted by Pedro Sarmiento, 
and starved to death in King Philip's City, 
built and fortified three years before to com- 
mand the narrow^est part of the straits. On 
9 Jan. Cavendish reached the ill-fated city, 
which he renamed the 'Town of Famine,' 
now known us Port Famine ; here during 
his stay of £Te days he discovered, buried 
within the four forts, six pieces of ordnanoe, 
which he carried off. Cavendish was only 
too '^lad to hasten ft^m this iilaee for 
the noisome stench and vile sauour where- 
with it was infected, through the contagion 
of the Spaniards' pined and dead carcases ' 
(N. H.) Neiir the same spot a rescued Spa- 
niard pointed out the hull of a small barque 
which was judged to be the John Thomas, 
probably abanaoned by Sir Francis Drake 
nine years before. On 14 Jan. Caveadlah 
resumed his perilous voyage through the 
sttaite, which occupied him more than six 



Cavendish 360 Cavendish 



weeks ; wherein ' they hazarded their best the gulf of Guayaquil ; here they remained 
cables and anchors that we had for to hold, eleven days, hauled the Desire and Content 
which if they had failed we had been in on shore for repairs, sank a large Spanish 
danger to have been cast away, or at least ship lying at anchor, with all her furniture, 
famished/ For quite a month, adds Pretty, ana burned the town, out of revenge for an 
' we fed almost altogether on muscles, and unsuccessful sortie of the Spaniards and 
limpets, and birds, or such as we could get natives upon a foraging party wherein forty 
on shore, seeking for them every day as the of the enemy were slain, with the loss of 
fowls of the air do, where they can find food, ^ twelve English. Pretty describes the ' great 
in continual rainy weather.* casique ' of the island, his Spanish wife and 

On 24 Feb. Cavendish entered the South treasures, his palace with its chambers deoo- 
Sea or Pacific and plied along the coast of rated with ofd-world hangings of ' Conifv 
Cliili until 30 March, when he reached the van leather gilded all over ana painted veiy 
Bay of Quint^ro, a little to the N. of Val- i rare and rich.' On 7 June Cavendish set for- 
paraiso ; here Hernando, the Spaniard saved ^ ward for Rio Dolce, near the equator, where 
DTom starvation in the straits, upon being he sank the Hugh Gallant for want of men. 
landed to parley with three other mounted Five davs later they doubled the equinoctial 
Spaniards, leaped up behind and rode awuy , line ani continuea their course northward 
with one of them, and doubtless alarmed the until 9 July, when off the coast of Guatemala 
Spaniards along the whole seaboard. On they captured a ship in ballast piloted by 
1 April a handful of the three crews was ' Michael Saiicius, a Provencal, who informed 
attacked by nearly two hundred horsemen , Cavendish of a great prize that was on ita 
while watering, but the enemy retired with way from the Philippines. Cavendish burnt^ 




his ships, came athwart the Port of Mormo- 
reno (Monte Moreno), where he landed. He 
afterwards came to Arica, where he awaited 



On 28 July he reached Aguatulco (Guatulco), 
which town they also spoiled and burned 
during a stay of five days. Weighing anchor 



the arrival of the Content, the crew of which ' from this place in the night oi* 2 Aujr. he 
had found in a bay fourteen leagues south- | overshot Acapulco, the Mexica,n port for the 
wards of Arica 300 tons of botizios of wine ^ arrival and departure of the Spanish flevt for 
of Castile buried in the sand, and she laded the Philippines, and came on 24 Aug. to 
herself with as many as she could carry. In ^ Puerto de Natividnd, where he landed and 
tliis place Cavendish bunied three barques captured a mounted mulatto, from whom he 
and a large ship of 100 tons, which last the ' took more lett^^rs of advice. After setting fire 
inhabitants refused to ransom in exchange , to the town and shipping he proceeded to 
for English prisoners taken at Quintero. The a small island near Mazatlan, where he un- 
SpanisTi authorities were now thoroughly ' chored to water and refit from 27 Sept. until 
roused, for Cavendish inten'.epted two barques 9 Oct., when the ships weighed anchor for Cape 
coming from the southward towards Lima, St. Lucas, the well-Known headland of Lower 
25 to 27 April; the second, from Santiago, California, which Pretty remarks * is very 
near Quintero, had on board letters of advice , like the Needles at the Isle of Wight.' Here 
for the viceroy concerning Cavendish, which tlie Desire and Content were beating up and 
were thrown overboard before they could be ' down the coast from 14 Oct. for a whole 
secured. The contents were revealed by one month, when, between seven and eight in thi» 
of the Spaniards, who, by the order of Caven- morning of 1-1 Nov., the crews of the two 
dish, * was tormented with his thumbs in a ships wore roused by the watch in the main- 
wrench.' Among the captured was also found top of t he Desire by the crj' of *A sail I ' wliich 
* a reasonuble pilot for those seas,' who, ac- proved to be no other than the long-experted 
cording to N. H., was also a Spaniard, but '■ prize fn)m the Philippines, the Admiral of 
according to Pretty a Greek. From 3 to i the South Sea, owned by the king of Spain, 




they captured three large ships, one worth , the neighbouring harbour of A guada S<.»gura, 
20,000/., which had the chief merchandise in i where he proceeded to divide the treasure 
it. Cavendish filled his ships with as much | among his (Jwn company and that of the 
of this as they could carry and burnt the re- , Content, who were inclined to mutiny about 
maindcr with the captured ships. On 25 May ! their share of the money taken, besides 
Cavendish arrived at the island of Puna in j 22,000 pesos of gold the prize contained 600 



Cavendish 



36 > 



Cavendish 



• of the rieh«st merohandiw, of wbicU 
Mvendish could only take fnrty tona for each 
Vbie tbips, which were slieady laden 10 the 
UL Accordinc to the uaiTBtive of N. H., 

^"ihia was one of the richest veasela that erer 
B^Ied on the aeas; and was Hble to have 
made man; hundreds woolthj if we hod had 
moans to have brought it home.' CaTendieh 
&1m took out of the Great St, Anna two 
joothfi txim in Japan and three boys natives 
of Manilla, the youngest of whom, about 
nine yeurg aid, an^rwards found a home with 
the CounleBB of Kbsps. Hb also took Nicho- 
1a8 Koili^rigo, a Portuguese, who bad resided 
in CautON &nd other parts of China, from 
whom he probablj obtained the larce map 
of China referred to at length by Hakluyt 
(p. SIS), and Thomas de Ersota, a Spanish 
pilot for the Pliilippines. On the afternoon 
of lBNov.,iifl«?rhiiviiig burnt his great prize 
irith its contents to the water's edge, Caven- 
diah Joyfully *et sail alone towards England, 
Imtuig' the Content iuthe road, whose com- 
p»ny_ they never sawafterwards. Cavendish 
continued his voyage across the Pacific until 
3 Jan. 15SS, when he sighted the island of 
Guana (<')uiijan),oneof the Ladrones, where 
he met with areception from the natives strik- 
ingly similar to that experienced by Magellan 
on their first discovery in 1021. Eleven days 
later, tallinn in witli Capo ^pirito Santo, on 
the island of Tadaia (i^amar), he commenced 
hia tortuous navigation of the Philippines 
Utd Molnccaf, so evidently misapprehended 
byMolyneui in his praiseworthy attempt to 
trade and record it on his famous globe of 
1S83. 

On 15 Jan,, while anchoring off the small 
ieland of Cupul, at the south end of Luion, 
Cavendish was compelled for his own safety 
to hong the Spanish pilot De Ersola, who, by 
a secret letter, attempted to betray him into 
the hands of the autnorities at Manilla, then 
u) unwalled town guarded bj galleys. On 
24 Jan., ufl^-r making the island of Masbate, 
he passed lietween FananiB (Panay) and the 

.illftnd of Xegrot;, and sailing west of Jlin- 
Twioa, he directed his course 8,E, until 
iFeb,,wln>n benighted Bat ochina (Bat tliiun), 
"■ - of Ihn Mfduccus S. of Gilolo, Here we 
geographical puiiles. Ao- 
cnrding to N. H., Cavendish sailed down the 
Stnvils of Mocotear to the "W. of the Culelies. 
for he writes' we ran between Colebiis or Bat a- 
ohhia and Boraeti until Ihel2thduy of Febm- 
" "HiSLnT.lWl'.p.Sia). Inconsi-quence, 
neux in his glul>e (see intra) aasi^tiB the 
of Batacliiua lo the Culelws ; this error, 
vcr, is correct<'dbv Pretty, who writes i 
B Hth day of February we feU with 
ifelvovery small islands, lying tow 



■gMU 

m 



and Hut. Tbt-so ialuuda(,evidenlly ilicXullasj, 
near the Moluccas, stand in three de^^es, 
10 minutes to the southward of the line' 
(ifi. ili. 820). Agdn, on 38 Feb. N. U. 
writt's: ' We put through between theSlroits 
of Java major and Java minor and ankered 
under the south-west part of Java major' 
(ib. 1589, p.' 812). The identity of Java 
major with Java proper is undisputed, but 
the hitherto unsettled questions have been, 
the identification of the t^traits, Java minor, 
and the nncliorage. Professor Arber (Evg- 
lieh Qamer, iv. 125) holds ihat the Straits 
were those of Sunda, W, of Java proper. 
Colonel Yule, howpTer. suggests {jlfareo Pota, 
ii. 267) that they were the Straitsof Baly, E. of 
Java, and that the Java minor of Cavendish 
was the island of Baly, Both these assump- 
tions are, however, disproved by Thos.FuUer,. 
the sailing master of Tlie Desire, who writes : 
•From the W. end of Java minor unto the 
E. end of Java major the course is W, and by 
X. andE. and by S. and the distance bi'twevn 
them is 18 leases : in the which course 
there lieth an island between them, which 
island (referred to in the margin as Baly) is. 
in length U leagues' (ii, iii. f)82). Again 
ho writes: 'Tlie first day of March wee 
passed the Straights at the "W. head of the 
island of Java minor (i.e. Lombok), and the 
6lh day of Murch we ankered in Ibe bav at 
the Wester (me) end of Java maior, where 
wee watered and had great store of victuals 
from the town of Pdamho' {ib. p. 834), 
Pretty adds lo the confusion when he writra 
that the king of that (i.e. the W.) part of 
the island was ' Raja Bolamhoangi' wbo it is 
lo be feared has lieen confounded with the 
Raia of Balamboang, whose descendants were 
to be found ut the E. end of Java down la 
1788 (cf Van Der Aa). From this it fol- 
lows that, after passing through the Straits- 
of Lombok with Baly, on the E., Cavendish 
sailed along the S. coast of Java proper for 
five days, and that his anchorage for twelve 
days afterwards was at Pali boa m-B aloe, in 
■Wijnkoopers Bay, under the S.W. end of 
Java, OS stated bv all the three narratives ot 
N. IL, Pretty, and FuUer, Worn 11 March 
and al! through April Cavendish traversed 
the main between Java and Africa, whan on 
19 March he sighted the lonL--wisb>!d-ror 
Cape of Good Hope. On 8 June nc anchored 
under the island of St. Helena, where he 
stayed twelve days for refreshment, nnd was 
the first to discover it lo the English nation. 
Un^OJuneheshaped his course for England, 
where, upon arriving off the Lizard 3 Sept., 
he was greeted by a Flenoish vessel with the- 
news of the overthrow of the Spanish Ar- 
mada. .Ifler encountering a violent storm 



Cavendish 362 Cavendish 



•of four days* duration in the Channel, N. H. 

closes his narrative thus; * On , . . 10 Sept. 

ir>8d, like wearied men, thiongh the favour 

of the Almighty, wt» got into Plymouth, 

w'here the townsmen received us with all 



humanity * (Haklutt, 1589). Davis of Arctic fame [q.v.], the Black Pinnace, 



The fiune of Cavendish as the second Eng- 
lish circumnavi^tor of the globe was now 
lalmost at its zemth. Popular feeling respect- 
ing the voyage and its leader found expres- 



with three tall ships and two barks. Writ- 
ten by M. J. Jane^ (Haklutt). The fleet, 
comprising the Leicester galleon, commanded 
bv Cavendish, the Roebucke, his old ship 
tLe Desire, commanded by Captain John 



and the Daintie, left Plymouth on 20 Aug. 
1591, and sighted the coast of Brazil at Sl 
Salvador (lat. 12«» 68' 10" S.), or Campw 
(lat. 2P 36' 30" S.), on 29 Nov., where tfcy 



sion in ballads, the titles only of three of ' were becalmed four days. After a feeble at- 
which are preserved to us imder their respec- tempt to take the town of Santos (lat. 23° 
tive entries for publication (3 Nov. 1688) : 66' 1" S.) on 24 Jan., he set forward on his 
' A Ballad of Master Cavendish's Voyaffe, who i voyage, but, owing to the lateness of the 
by travel compassed the Globe of the World, I season and the unusually bad weather, Ca- 
arriving in England with abundance of trea- j vendish was separated from the i^st of hi^ 
sure' (14 Nov. 1588); * A new Balla^ of the ' fleet until 18 March, when he rejoined Davis 
famouf< and honourable coming home of Mas- i at Port Desire. Two days later they sailed 
ter Cavendish's Ship the Desire, before the for the Straits of Magellan, where, after manr 
•Queen's Maiesty at her Court at Greenwich,* , furious storms, they sailed halfway throu^ 
12 Nov. 1588, &c. (3 Dec 1688); * Captain the straits, and on 21 April 1692 the ships 
Rol)ert's ArVelcome of good-will to Captain anchored in a cove four leacfues W. from Cape 
•Cavendish.* This last, however, may nave Froward, where thev remained until 15 Maj, 
>>f I'U either a ballad or a broadside (cf. Ak- ' enduring great har^hips, Cavendish all the 
HER, lleg. Stat. Onnp. ii. 605-9^. Two of while being with Davis on board the Desire, 
the rarest cartographicalrecordsot the voyage It soon became obvious that Cavendish had 
■are to l>e found on the terrestrial globe by outlived his reputation as a leader of men; 
Molvneux(see8upra), and an equally rare map unnerved probably by his own misery and 
by Jodocus Hondius, who engraved the gores that of his crews, he resolved against their 
for the globe. Respecting the first Blunde- ' wishes to make for the Cape of GfK)d Hope 
ville writes : ' The voyage as well of Sir F. in his own ship, the Leicester, but being de- 
Drake as of Mr. Th. Candish is set down and terred by the sound advice of Davis from 
showed by help of two lines, the one red . . . ' attempting * so hard an enterprise with w 
dorh show what course Sir Francis observed feeble a crew,* he determined to depart uut 
in all his voyage . . . the blew line showeth of the Straits of Magellan, *and to return 
in like manner the voyage of Master Candish.* again for Santos in Brazil.* On 20 Mav, the 
A unitjiie example of this glolxj, the first fleet being once more off Port Desire alxmf 
mnde in England in 151*2, the year of Caven- ' thirty leagues. Cavendish in the night alteriKi 
•dish's death, is preserved in the library of the his course to seaward, in conse<£uence of 
Middle Temple. The map of the world in which, the Desire and Black Pinnace being 
h^-mispheres, engraved by Hondius in 1597, lost sight of in the darkness, he never saw 
evidently co])iea from the globe, is also ac- Davis afterwards. Cavendish once more made 
<jompanie<l by the accounts of Sir F. Drake's for Brazil. After several disastrous attempt? 
voyage, and that of Cavendish by N. II., both to land at Santos and Espirito Santo, wheiv 
translated from llakluyt (1589) into Dutch, he was deserted by the Roebucke, he mad*: 
The allusion in one of the ballads to Caven- I one last eflbrt to reach St. Helena. Hf 
dish's rece]>tion by the queen at Greenwich | * got within two leagues,* and afterward* 
serves somewhat to confirm the tradition sought for an island in 8° S. lat. (evidently 
that a greater part of his wealth, either in- ' Ascension). The last notice of Cavendish in 
lierited or acquired by spoiling the Spaniards, i the homeward voyage of the Leicester is his 
was squandered * in gallantry and lollowing own record of the death of his cousin, John 
the court * (/?/o//. Brit.) The tradition also | Locke, in 8® N. lat. Cavendish died a few 
serves to throw some light upon the causes days later, probably of a bniken heart. In 
that led him to undertake liis last fated ' his last hoiirs he accused Davis of having de- 



voyage, which was evidently meant for a 
repetition of the previous one in everv par- 
ticular, as proved by the heading of tlie re- 
<?ord preser\*ed to us, which reads, * The last 
Voyage of the worshipfull M. Thomas Can- 
dish (sic), esquire, intended for the South 



serted him, but from all we know of the cha- 
racter of Davis this is not only unjust, but 
also incredible. Long after the separation of 
the fleet on 20 Mav previous, Davis not only 
returned to Port l)esire to seek for Caven- 
dish, but he also made no less than three un- 



Sii&, the Phillipines, and the coa&t. oi C\im»^A^\iC9:«e&l^^^^^Am^Uto8^^^ 



<lowntothe(iadiif 1592. Such nern the hord- 
«I)ip» they eDdured, that out gf it crew of se- 
venty-six men who saili<d frum England two 
jean before, only a 'dmall remnant' of fif- 
teen lived to return with Davis in misery and 
-weakneas so great lliar they 'could not take 
in or he»ve out a saila ' of the Desire, which 
.■rriTt^d off B«HrluiTen in Ireland on 11 June 
1593, fiillv a y*^r aftt^r the death and burial 
•ot Oavendiah at sea. For ec^ved portrails 
■«f Cavendish, see Qrainger (l 247). 



4]*riier,4. IZS; Arbtr's TmnBcript of RtgiHteni 

■of SistionBrg' Compnny, ii. SOS-9: Bioe. Brit. 

4. 1196; BkadeviUe's Exercistia, 1JS4; Darwa 
VimgM (HidilDjt Soc), ISSO; EDcjelopedia 
BritHim'm. Hrt. 'Globe,* Hakluyt, 1689-99, 

toL iii. ; Uolland'a Horo-ologin, p. 89 ; Lodiard'a 
Ksval History, 1T3&, p. 229; Yule's Murco Polo, 
Sad cd. 187^1 CjU. Canw U3S.; Uiat. MSS. 

■Ccmui. App. 4lh Kep. 372; Uurl. MS. 388, 

* 161.] c.ac. 

CAVENDISH, Sib WILLIAM {1G05P- 
1557), stali-snian, horn about 1505, waa ae- 
•cond eon of ThomaH Cawndtsh of Cavendish, 



-diiectlv descended from Sir Jnhn Cavendish, ' 
the juJge (d. 1381) [q. v.] William's eldest I 
brother was Oboi^ Cavendish [q. v.], Wol- , 
say's biogmpher. His father's last will is j 
•dttt^ 13 April 1523, when his family was 
residing in the city parish of St. Alban's, 
Wood Si reel. His molher was buried in 
^- Botolpii's Church, Bishopsgate. Probably 
through the iufluence of his brother George, 
Wolsey'sfrieud, William was first introduced , 
to court. In 1530 he wna oue of the com- 
nUsiancrs who visited the monasteries to 
■demand the surrender of their property to 
the crown, and in that year seized the ahbey | 
«t Sheen. In 1511 he was audil«r of the j 
«iLirt of Riigmentatioiis, and received grants 
-of lund in Hertfordshire formerlv belonging 
to the dissolved monasleries. la 1546 he I 
ttecBine treasurer of the king's chamber, was , 
inightMl,ond waaswomof theprivycouncil. ' 
Sdward \I showed aa much affection for ' 
•Cavendish as Henry VIII, continued him in ] 
Ua olBcCi and largely increased his landed j 
prapeRy by (Vesh grams of monastic estates. 
Oavendtsh conformed under Mary, was reap- 
-i)oint«d by her treaauwr of the royal cham- 
ber, and died on 25 Oct. 1557, being buried on 
30 Oct, {M*oiirjt, I>iars, -p. 156). Cavendish 
lias otW been erroneously represented as the 
Miidior of Ibe well-known ' Life of Wolsey,' 
ihe work of his brother Geortre. On his 
tDBrrlAue with hiM third wifa, Elizabeth, a 
iJlirbfBliira heireM, Caveodiah sold most of 



his estates in other counties to purchase 
more land in Derbyshire, and began to boild 
in 1533 a great mansion at ChatBworth, which 
was completed by his widow at a total cost 
of 80,000/. 

Sir William married, first, Anne, daughter 
of Edward Bostiwk of Cheshire, by whom 
he had a son, who died young, and four 
dauffhtera, two of whom died in infoncv ; se- 
condly, Blaigaret {d. 16 June 1540), daughter 
of Thomas Parker of Poalingford. Huffofk, by 
whom there was no issue ; thirdly, Elizabeth, 
a very rich Derbvahire heiress, dauifhter of 
John Hard wick of* Hanlwick, DerfiysUre, and 
widow of Boben Barley of Barley, Derby- 
ehira. The last marriage took place ' at the 
Blaek Fryars in London ' 3 Nov. 1541. His 
tliird wife twice remarried after Cavendish's 
death, her fourth husband being George Tal- 
bot, sixth earl of Shrewsbury, and lived till 
13 Feb. ia07-a [see Talbot, ELiziBtrra, 
CoTTNTBSBorSHRBWSBCBr]. She built Hwd- 
wickeHall and Oldcoles and finished Chats- 
worth, making all three houses over to her 
second son hjr Cavendish, William, first earl of 
Devonshire Lq. v.] Cavendish had by her two 
Other sons and three daughters. TTie eldest 
son, HEifBT, was M.P. for Derbyshire 15"^; 
won repute as a soldier in the Low Countries 
inl578j travelled in the East; married Grace 
Talbot, eldest daughter of his stepfather, the 
Rarl of Shrewaburv, by whom he had no 
issue; be&iended iiaij Queen of Scots, for 
many years the Earl of Shrewsbury's prisoner 
atHardwickeHaH,and afterwards in confine- 
ment at Cavendish's own house, Tutbuiy, 
StatFonlshire (8ib Amias Poflet, Zctu'r- 
book, ed. Morris) ; died 12 Oct. 1816, and 
was buried at Edensor, near Chat.sworth. 
His account of his Eastern travels is still in 
manuscript at Hardwick {Hiat. MSS. Comm. 
3rd Rep.) 
^ The third son, Charles, settled at Welbeck, 
Kottinifhamshire ; was bnichted ; married 
Cathenne, daughter of Cuthbert, lord (.)gle ; 
died in June Ifll", was hurled at Bolsover, 
Derbyshire, and wna the father of William, 
first duke of Newcastle Ui, v.] 

Of the daughters, franees married Sir 
Henry Pierpoint of Holme Piorpoint, Not- 
tinehamshire, and was the ancestress of the 
Duuesof Kingston ; Elizabeth married Charlaa 
Stuart, earl of Lennox, and was the mother 
of Arabella Stunrt. ; and Jlary married Gil- 
bert Talbot, the son of her stepfather, the Earl 
of Shrewsbury. 

[Biog. Brit. (Cippis): Rennet's Motaoin of 
iho CttTOudish Family (1737); Arthur Collins's 
Hist. Coll. of ths Noble FaniilieB of CaTsndiah, 
&c. n7S2) : JiMeph Omve's Liven nfall tha 1^\a 



Cavendish 364 Cavendish 

CAVENDISH, AVILLIAM, first Eakl M.P. lur Derby in lt521, 16:>4, 1025, and 
OF Devonshire (d. 1626), second son of Sir I 1026; lord-lieutenant of Derbyshire in W^ 
William Cavendish [q.v.lywas educated with ' and in 1625-6; and high baiblf of Tutburv 
the children of Geor^» Talbot, sixth earl of ' in 1626. In April 1622 he introduced xt> 
ShrewsburVf whom his mother married aft^r | audiences with the king Schwanenbnr?, 
his father s death. The Countess of Shrews- ambassador from the Emperor Ferdintnd^ 
bury showed him special favour, and made him | Valerssio from Venice, and d'Arsennes and 
a rich allowance in his youth. He was M.P. Joachimi from the United Provinces. In 162^ 
for Newport in 1588; high sheriff of Derby- he was present at Charles 1*8 marriage with 
shire, where the estates of his family lay, in Henrietta Maria. Early in 1626 the death 
1595; and justice of the peace in 1603. He ; of his father gave him a seat in the Hoiue 
was created Baron Cavendish of Hardwicke , of Lords, and lie showed some independence 
on the christening of the Princess Sophia in in resisting Buckingham's high-handed at- 
May 1605. lie aided largely in the colon isa- tempt to toist a treasonable meaning on a 
tion of the Bermudas, and one of the Islands ' speech of Sir Dudley Digges (13 May IftiM). 
was called after him. His mother's death His lavish hospitality strained his ample re- 
in 1608, and his elder brother Henry's death ' sources in his last years, and he procured a 
in 1616, ^vo him a va^it fortune. He was private act of parliament to enable him to 
in attendance on James I in a progress in sell some of the entailed estates in dischar^ 
Wiltshire in 1018, and on 2 Aug. was created of his debts (1028). His London house was in 
Earl of Devonshire, while the court was Bishopsgatc, on the site afterwards occupied 
staying at the Bishop of Salisburj-'s palace, by Devonshire Square. He died there (from 
He was currently reported to tavo paid ^ excessive indulgence in good living, it is said ► 
10,000/. for tlie title. He died on 3 March on 20 June 1628, and was buried in All- 
1625-4J, and was buried at Edensor. ' hallows Church, Derby. H is wife Christ ianai» 

I lis first wife was Anne, daughter of Henry sejMinitely noticed. Bv her he had three sons: 
Kiffhley of Kighlev, Yorkshire, by whom he , AN illiam,' third earl j/j. v,], Cluirles [q. v.], 
had three sons and three daughters. Of the and Henry who died in youth. His daughter 




come second earl [q. v.] ; and James died ' is in the Sutherland collect ion at the Bodloian 

in infancy. Cavendish's second wife was Library. 

ElizalH'th! dan^'hter of Edward Boughton of I [K<^nm*t*» Memoirs of the C^renilish Fan ilv 




Wah's iu KJIH. Sir John ditKl on 18 Jan. VCAVENDISH, WILLIAM, Duke of 
1617-1«. Neavcastle (1592-1076), son of Sir Charle* 

[r.iop. Brit. (Kippis); Life of Duko of New- ' Cavendish and Catherine, second daughter nf 
castle, od.C.H. Firth (1886); DovIo'h IJaroDuge ; Cuthbert, lord Ogle, was >.>orn in 1592, and 
Ganlinor's Hist, of Kngland, iii. 21o; Cal.SraTe | educated at St. John's College, Cambrid^^e. 
Papers ( I )<>ni. ): Kennet'8 Memoirs of the (^avi-u- ' Xn KilO, when Prince Henry was creati^i 
dish Family (1737)] ^- L. L. ; PrinceofWales,Cavendish was made a knight 

CAVENDISH, WILLI A ^r, second Earl of the Bath. He was then sent on his fra- 

OF Dkvonjshike (1591 ?'-l(>2^<), second son vels under the care of Sir Henn* Wotton.at 

of William, iirs^t earl [q. v.], by his first wife, that time ambassador to the Duke of Savoy. 

Anne Ki-ighlev, was educated by Thomas Un his return he married Elizabeth, daugh- 

IIol)l»os, the ph!losoi)her,wli(>resided at Chats- ter of William Basset of Blore, Stutfordshire, 

worth as hit* private tutor for many years and and widow of Henry Howard, thirtl son of 

accompanied him in a tour through France the Earl of Suffolk. In 1(519 King Jame* 
^. .*. . « .. . 1. ° TT. 1.1. .- -.i™:*....! \\' .iK««i, ^.,A :« 4.1.^^^11^...:. 




Cavendish was kniphted at Whiteliall in ' of Newcastle, and in the following year t lie 
1()(«»- married, about 161 L>, Christ iana,daugli- - barony of Ople was revived in favour of Lady 
ter of Edward, lord Bruce of Kinloss, and ' Catherine Cavendish (4 Dec. Hi'JO), which 
was afterwards a leader of court society, i title at her death descended to the Earl t»t 
aud an intimate friend of 3ameiil. He ^«.i^\^«^«AVV. <^\.V^ Vvi^* ioumey into Scot- 



Iftud liBWSS enTfrRainciiiit Welbeck'in Buch 
a wonileTful msiiDer, nnd in such an vieesa 
■of feasting, as had soai'ce ever before been 
Isiomi in England ; and would Uavi! been 
thought very prodigioua if the aame noble 
person had not within a yew afterwards 
made tha king and queen a more stupendous 
■entertainment, which no man ever after in 
-those diajs imitated ' (Cl A srndos, JMiellum, 
i. 1(17). For the first of theie Tiaits Jonson , 
-wrote the mosque enlilled ' Love's Welcome 
M Welbedc'for ihe second. 'LoWbWcI- 
■cntne at Bolsover' The two enlurtainmente 
together cost the earl 20,000;. (Life, p. lS-2). 
A letter of Newcastle's to Srrafibrd, dated 
& Aug. 163!t, ibowa ihnt thh expendilure van 
in part dictated by the desire of oblaining 
some important court office. ' I ba%'e hurt 
my eatale with the hope of it. If I obtained 
^wuBt I desire, it would be a more painful 
life, and since I sm so plungpd in debt, it , 
-would help Tery well to undo me. Children 
«omt> on apace, and with this weight of debt ! 
-which lies on me I know no diet better than 
« strict diet in the country' {Strafford Car- 
rMpondence, i. 101), The earl's ambition | 
-wu At length KTBtified when in 1().S8 the 
king appointed him governor of the Prince 
ot Wales, and made him a member of the 
privy council (Clarendan State Papere, ii. 7 j 
^ouJSa, p. iJ7). For Prince Charles the earl 
4iw up a very interesting paper of in si ruc- 
tions, which hfla been printed bv Sir Henry 
^Wi»{Ori!/inal Lfttm-e, Ut ser. iii. 288). The 
prince ia warned not to be too devout, for 
■one maybe n good man and a had king, bid- 
den to be courteous toeverjbodv, and enjoined 
to iememb>>r that he cannot be too cjvil lo 
iramim. The earl succeeded in inakiug his 
pupil an accomplished horseman. 'Our gra- 
■eiouB and most excellent king,' he wrote in 
ftflof years, ' is not only the handsomest and 
most Qomely horsenian in the world, but as 
Imoiving and understanding in the art as any 
man' (flW Method and Rrtraordinary In- 
itntion. p. 7). The outbreak of the Scotch 
TcbelhoQ enabled the carl lo show his loyalty. 
He lent the king lOflOOl., and raised a volun- 
teer troop which onaisled entirely of knighl 



A more likely reason is the discovery of the 
earl's share in the firs) army plot which be- 
came known about this time. Suckling and 
Jermyn had selected him lo succeed North- 
umberland in the command of the army, and 
the earl, with the prince, according to the 
deposition of Colonel Ballard, was to meet 
the army in Nottinghamshire with a thou- 
sand horse. 'Althoughtherewas notground 
enough for a judicial proceeding, yet there was 
ground of suspicion,' says the parlioment in its 
remonstrance of 26 May 1&1§, and their sus- 
picioue mode them resent the king's appoint- 
ment of Newcastle as governor of Hul](ll Jan. 
]fl42; Lordt Joumalf, 14 Feb.) The earl 



■challenged the genera! of tlie horse, the Eurl 
-of Holliaud, to a dui-I to be fought when the 
war was over. Thekiug, however, intervened. 
In Hay 1641 Newcastle resigned hisolBce as 
governor of the prince, and retired from court 
(17 Mav, WiiiTBLOCX, 144). According to 
{llBrendon ,his resignati on was duetothe hosti- 
lity of Essex and Holland, who thought that 
"his infltteneu with tjie prince ' would not be 
nable to their dtaigm' (&;6ftliim, iv.393). 



i. 



to the kmg on the 15th, ' but the town will 
not admit of me by no means, so I am very 
tint and out of countenance ' (S. 1'. Dom. 
CharlGsI,vol.ccccl!uu[viii.No.65). Hestrove 
to gain a party in the town, and, according 
to the duchess, would have secumd the ad- 
mission of the king's troops had not Charles 
changed his policy and suddenly recalled 
him. The Rouse of Lords, which had re- 
quired his attendance, admitted the king's 
commissifio as sufficient defence, and allowed 
him to retire to the country. In the summer, 
when the kin^ began to raise forces, New- 
cast le joined him at York, and was despatched 
thence in the middle of June to secure New- 
castle-upon-Tyne and take the command of 
the four northern counties. The lands and 
influence he inherited from the fam ily of Ogle 
enabled him rapidly to raise trrjops, while 
I the noaaession of a port enabled him to for- 
ward to the king supplies of arms and roonej 
from Denmark and Holland, and facilitated 
his correspondence with the tjueen. The ap- 
peals of the Yorkshire roialists for help 
obliged Newcastle lo marcli south, but ha 
nrudently refused to move till the support of 
his army was assured (A A'ew Ditcoiieni of 
Hidden Secrete, 164S). At the end of No- 
vember 1642 he entered Yorkshire, defeat ing 
Hotham at Fiercebridge, and successfully 
raising the blockade of York. A few dnys 
later he attacked Fairfax at Tadcasler, and 
though the battle itself was indecisive, Fair- 
fax was forced to retreat and abandon lie 
attempt to hold the line of the Ouse ("Sue 
IS42). Newcastle proceeded to garrison Pon- 
le&act, to despatch troops to occupy Newark, 
and to send a strong division to invade the 
'West Riding, but its repulse from Bradford, 
and the recapture of Le«<ls bv Sir Thomas Fair- 
fax (33 Jan. 1343), oblige<] him lo Ktuiv to 
York and await reinforcements. In Februarr 
he carried on an animntud eontroversv wito. 
Lord Fnvriax on. \^« ^^^tv\'^ (A w[s<j\n<JAa% 



Cavendish 366 Cavendish 

catholicri and the rights of kings and subjects, their supplies. The severity of the weather 
Each accused the other of permitting mdis- I was minoos to hiB forces. The defeat of the- 
cipline and pillage, and Newcastle concluded I arm J left in Yorkshire (Selbt, 11 April 



by challenging his opponent ' to follow the > 1644) obliged Newcastle to make a humed 
example of our heroic ancestors, who used retreat to York, where the armies of Fair&x^ 



not to spend their time in scratching one an- 
other out of holes, but in pitohed nelds de- 
termined their doubts' (Rttshwokth, v. 78, 



Manchester, and the Scots closed in upoa 
him. On 1 July Prince Rupert successfollr 
raised the siege, and on the following day the 



, y - - . _y O' D — J 

113). At the end of February the queen battle of Marston Moor took place. New- 
landed, and was received by Newcastle and ' castle had vainly urged the pnnce to await 
conducted to York. In April he made a se- j the arrival of expected reinforcements, or 
cond attack on the West Riding, and, though ' the separation of tne three armies opposed to- 
obliged to abandon the sieffe of Leeds, took ! him. He held no command in the battle^ 
Wi£eiield, Rothcrham, ana Sheffield. Again ' but fought as a volunteer at the head of a 
Sir Thomas Fairfax, by the surprise of Wake- troop of gentlemen, distinguishing himself as^ 
field (21 Mav), forced him to abandon his ' usual bv his courage. The next day he an- 
conquests. fiut though obliged to detach a ' nounced his intention of leaving England, 
large portion of his troops to escort the queen Already in the previous April he l^d thought 
to Oxiord, Newcastle returned to the attack ! of laying down nis commission to escape from 
in June, took Ilowley House (22 June), de- the criticisms of his own party. ' If jua 
feated the Fairfaxes at Adwalton Moor ' leave my service,' wrote the lung, ' I am surfr 
(30 June), captured Bradford, and subjected | all the north is lost. Remember all courage 
all Yorkshire, with the exception of Wressel ; is not in fighting, constancy in a good cau^e 
Castle and Hull, to the king^ authority. He being the chief, and the despising of slan- 
is generally blamed for not advancing south- ' derous tongues and pens being not the least 
wards to join the kin^, and his action attri- ' ingredient (Ellis, Original Letfen^ i. iiL 
but^d to jealousy of Pnnce Rupert. The king 298). But Newcastle, according to Claren- 
had wished Newcastle to join him against ' don, was utterly tired of his employment as 
Essex in June, but in August he seems to ' a general, and 'transported with passion and 
have instructed him to attack the eastern as- ' despair' at the way in which the army he 
sociation ( Grhen, Letters of Henrietta Ma- ' so painfully raised had been thrown away 
ri«, 219, 225). In accordance with a design ' (JRebellwn, viii. 87). When Prince Rupert 
which Newcastle had previously announced urged him to endeavour to recruit his forces, 
to Sir Philip Warwick {Meinoirs, p. 243), ' * No/ says he, * I will not endure the laughter 
he entered Lincolnshire, recapturing Gains- ' of the court * (Warburtox, Prince Kuvert^ 
borough on 30 July, occupying Lincoln, and ' ii. 468), Accordingly he set sail from Scar- 
threateninjf to raise the siege of Lvnn. ' His ' borough a few days later, taking with him 
orders, which I have seen,* says Lord Fair- his two sons and his brother, Sir Charles 
fax, ' were to go into Essex and block up Cavendish, and man^ friends, but leavinc* 
Loudon on that side ' (Maskres, i. 431 ; | the rest of his family m England. He landed 
Clarendon, vii. 177). But the appeals of, at Hamburg on 8 July 1644, stayed there 
the Yorkshire committee, the reluctance of tillFebruaryl645, and then set out for Paris, 
his local levies to march further from their i where he arrived in April, and remained for 
homes, and the activity of the garrison of the next three years. Here, soon after his 
Hull in his reur, induced him to return to | arrival, he married Margaret [see Cavexdish, 
besiege the last-named town. After lying Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle], daugh- 



before it for sLx weeks, a destructive sally 
forced him to raise the siege, while on the 
same davthe division which had been left to 



ter of Sir Thomas Lucas of St. Johu's, Col- 
chester, his first wife, Elizabet h Basset, having 
died in April 1643 (Letters of Queen Henri- 



protect Lincolnshire was defeated by Crom- etta Marta, p. 188). When Prince Charles 
well at Winceby, and that county entirely went to Holland in the spring of 1648 to take 



lost (11 Oct. 1043). A few days later the | command of the ships which had revolted 



king raised Newcastle to the rank of mar- 
quis (27 Oct. 1643, Collins, Historical Col- 
lections^ p. 31). In January 1644 the Scots 
entered England, and Newcastle was called 
north to oppose them. But he could neither 



from the parliament, Newcastle was desired 
by the queen to follow him, but did not arrive 
until the prince had put to sea. 

Six months he stayed at Rotterdam, bur 
hopes of further opportunities were destroyed 



revent the passage of theTyne, nor bring the | by the defeats of the royalists, and about the 
Scots to a battle (Rushworth, v. 614). His end of the same year he removed to Antwerju 
ovm army was greatly superior in cavalry, At Antwerp he remained for the rest of his 
taid be custressea the enemy by cuUvn^ o&\ «Ij^^\Kb^^^ v^ ^^r^U pleased with the great 



Cavendish 



367 



Cavendish 



cU'ililiiM Iiu r^ceWtHi from tIiqI i^ily that he 
WAS tgsoIvihI to cboose 110 other roalicg-ploce 
all the tisae of his banishment ; be being not 
only credited there for all manner of provi- 
nmu and neceBsari^ for his Biibsisteuce, but 
ftlso free both from ordinary and uitntordinBiy 
taxes ondpayiniifeiciBe'tii/f. lis). InAprfl 
1050 be -was made a memboc of the pnvy 
rotincil of Charles II, and was one t>t the 
party in it which urged the king I0 ' make 
an agreement with his subjects of Scotland 
upon any condition, and go into Scotland in 
person himself, that he might but be sure of 
an army, there being no probability or ap- 
pearante then of Betting an army anywhere 
else.' He pressed the Innff also to reconcile 
the parties of Argyll and iloniilton. ' If hie 
m&jesiy could but get the power into his own 
hands, he might do hereaAcrwhst he pleased ' 
(Zj/e, 104). In August 1051 Newcastle, 
whom the Scots had not permitted to ac- 
comjmny his mncter, wns engaged in nego- 
tiating with the elector of Brandenburg for 
an auxiliary corps often thousand men, and 
with the kiOjT 01 Denmark for ships to carry 
them to Scotland ; but the battle of Worees- 
t«T put an end l« these designs ( Oii. Clarendon 
State Paper*, ii. 105-7). During the rest of 
bta exile Newcastle seems to have taken no 
part in political transactions. Probably one 
cause 01 this wns the growing infiuenco of 
Hyde, who opposed the policy advocated by 
Newcastle with reference to Scotland, and 
describes him in one of his letters as ' a most 
lamentable man, as fit lo be a general as to 
be H bishop' (ib. 63). Nevertheless, Hyde 
and Newcastle continued outwardly on very 
good terms, and when Hyde was accused in 
11353 of betraying the king's councils, New- 
castle wrote him ' a vary comfortable !ett<!r of 
advice' (*. 280). 

Newpasile had left. England in 1&44 with 
not morn I haa 90/. ta his possession (Zi/e, 84). 
As one of the chief delinquents, he hod been 
excluded bv the parliament from pardon, and 
his estates nod been confiscated without the 
kltemalive of paying a composition being. 
offared to him. He had been at times re- 
due^ to creat extremities, and even obliged 
to pawn (lis wife's jewels. The queen gave 
bim 2,000/., and assisted him with her credit. 
The Enrl of Devonshire and the Marquis of 
Hertford lent, him another 2,0001., and Wil- 
liam Ayli*bury 200/. (i"4.91, 97, 96). Those 
resources were now ejchausted, and he des- 
patched bis wife and his brother, Sir Cliarles 
Cavendish, to England, to endeavour to raise 
•ome motley. Tlie sequestration committee 
nfitsed lo allow Lady Newcastle the cnsto- 
vaarv share of her husband's estate allowed 
P^tM.vina of delinquent*, on the plea that 



the marriage hod tnkca place since the ne- 
questj-ation (i"6. 109, 298). But Sir Charles 
Cavendish succeeded in compounding for his 
estate, and sent a supply to hia brother ; and 
after the death of Sir Charles Newcastle ob- 
tained the remainder of his e8t,atB (ifi. 125). 
As Newcastle was also aided by his eldest 
daughter, I*ady Cheiny, and by his two sons, 
who had madeadvantageous matches in Eng- 
land, he was suj&cienlly pr08pi<rous during 
the latter part of his exile (;i.l25, 133). In 
February 1868 he entertained with great 
magnificence the king and the royal family 
(d/. State Paperi, Bom. 1067-S, 2tW, 311). 
About the same time he published the first 
of his two works on horsemanship, ' La Me- 
thods et Invention Nouvelle da dresser lea- 
Chevaiut,' Antwerp, 1657, folio. Shortly be- 
fore leaving Paris, Newcastle had bought a 
pair of Barbary horses, ' resolving, for bis 
own recreation and divert i?em en t in his ba- 
nished condition, to exercise the art of manage* 
(Life, 90). In these horses — soon increased 
to eight in number—' he took so much delight 
and pleasure that though be was then in dis- 
tress for money, yet he would sooner have 
tried all other ways than parted with any one 
of them' (ib. 100). No stranger of distinction 

?assed through Antwerp without visiting the 
larquis of Newcastle's riding-house, and he- 
has himself recorded, in the preface to his^ 
second book, the compliments paid him on 
his skill. The ' Methode et Invention ' con- 
tained the theory and practice of ' the art of 
manage,' the results o? these nine years of 
experiments and studies. The illustrations 
by Diepenbeke are remarkable not only for 
their excellence, but for the number of por- 
traits they contain. Numerous diagrams 
represent Newcastle training horses in his 
riding school. In the large plates he is per- 
forming various feats of horsemanship before 
Welbeck,Bolsover,orsomeolherofhc8houBe8. 
There are also two allegorical designs, in 
which he is adored by a circle cf reverential 
horses. The cost of this work was above 
1,300/., in defraying which Newcastle waa 
generously helped by his friends Sir Hugh 
Cartwrigb t and Mr. living ftett^rtoNicbolas, 
15Foh.ime, Slate Faperi,Dom.) A second 
edition was published in 1737, London, folio, 
and a translationofthedube's treatise is con- 
tained in the first volume of ' A General Sys- 
tem of Horsemanship,' London, 1743 or 1748, 
folio. Lowndes also mentions editions pub- 
lished at Paris and Nuremburg. 

At the Restoration, NewcastlefollowHi the 
king to London, leaving his wife at Antwerj> 
as a pledge for the payment of his debts. 
But soon after she arrived in London he re- 
tired to the country, to order and re-establisb 



Cavendish 3^^ Cavendish 



>..- n'.T.-fl "-'hZk. T:.'.-r o: :.:•• "..iti* wb.:.?h h> cal-rf -irnsim in ihrm i* to dirul^ and 




o:' ^' .-"ic. A :.'■> -- ri.:. ■ i.^*r r».--ror»itl th'-ni ro bc^rn &o:«:d wi:h applause at BlaekfiriAn, aod 

■ ;.-!.- wiwf.l fi-.v::er ' />7^rfon -V.S'. X^. liooli. print»r*l a: the Ha^e and I^>ndon. P^* 

I5 r r:.r,i»: -.vh;.-:! Ki-i J^en ali'-.-natisd bv hia term* h 'so silly a play as in all my life' I 

■-'•n.i or be w^if--;- in r.rj-t, ev-n when "they nrv».-r saw' i Diary, lit* Oct. 1*561 1. 2. 'The 

h.id arrt'Tfl -.vlrhMir hi* -arw.tion. he couM not Variety/ printed with the • Country Captain.' 

r-o'iV'--r. Tr.v 'li;i:h-.-.*i C'jrapu'T* rha: he l>3r 3. 'The Hamo7^3us I>:*vers/ acted at the 

in thi-i wjiv bin!"! w-irh ijf)Jj^Jf)l.. jind h- was Duk-r's Theatre, 4to. 1677. Pepy?. wh'>attri- 

'.blije! ^o -:11 o* h-r-. to rh- valae ut ^VJ.fXjfJl., butes this to the duch*r?s, calls it • thf mo*: 

To pay '1-br-! fon^rfict*:'! 'liirin;r t)i».* war and silly thin^ that ever cam«; uj^iin the stag^* 

«'\ile.' Hi'; Will*!-, ha'l >j-en ctit flown, his (^J March 16«i7k 4. *The Triumphtni 

hou.-*;'* find fariii- plun'I'rrtr^i, an'l he had lost Wid'iw. or the Medley of Humours/ acted at 

.-ixteen y«;ar'' r«-nT-. The total of his lo5j?es the Duke's Theatre, 4to. 1677. The plays arv 

it f:*r\mu'fA by tlie duchv.'^s to be about certainly not good plays. Tet they contain 

{)ifK<jfjOl. ' amusing scenes. Shad* well ineorjorated i 

r'hfirle-s II r»;W!irded his sutTerin^r^ and ser- larg»* part of the 'Triumphant A\ idow' in 
\\r.t:n by nMorin:: him to the offices which *Bury Fair/ and a dri>ll,ent it let! the' French 
h^flia/i held b»;ror#; the reb»;llion. He was, in Dancing Master,' was ma<.le uut of the * Va- 
addition, mud»r chief justice in eyre, Trent riety/ and is printed in 'Sport upon Sport' 
north (10 July IWl, Doyle ), and created (1071). The duke also trunslated Moliere'* 
J )iike of Ne wcilht le ( 1 Man;h 1 6«55, Colli xs, * L'Etourdi,' which Drj'den converted into 
j:j;. He wa- al-jo investe^l with the order of ' Sir Martin Mar-All/ This pldy, printed in 
rhe Oarter ( 15 April Ui^Jl ), which had been I'iGS, did not appear with Drrden's name 
fonfcrr'.-il on him during his exile (12 Jan. until 1^)97, and is entered in the * Stationers* 
\*hA)f ih. '$^^, 42). During the remainder of Register' under that of the duke; but, ac^ 
his life he took no part in public affairs, cording to Pepvs, every one knew at the time 
'Y\\t'. re.-t oration of liis estate occupied most that Dryden had assi?tted his ])atron {ih. 
of liis time; hirf leinimj he emplovfd in lite- 16 Aug. 1667; ScoTT, Dryflem, i.) 
rature and li'tr^'-mun-ship. Soon after his re- In the plays of the cluche^s occasi<mal 
t urn hi'e.^ial^li-ili''il anic«,'Coursif near Welbeck, scenes are the contribution of the duke. His 
ilrawiiig up liiinndf rules for the rare.** which pot-ms consist of some tales in verse, pub- 
wen* tf> be runeverv innutli during ?*ix months lished in hLs wife's book em itleil 'Nature** 
of the year, wliirli have Ixjen preserved by Pictures by Fancie's Pencil,' adulatory verse;* 
till! nir«; of Aritlir>ny u Wood (^l)roadside in prefixed to her various publicat it ms, and S'iujr* 
1 lie Uodleiaii ). In 10' J7 lie ])ublished a w'cond interspersed in her plays and his own. l$ut 
bfjok n\\ \\\^ favourite subjj.-ct, * A New Metho«i he deserves praise rather as a patron than a 
and lv\t ranrdinary I nvent ion to Drtiss Horses, jiroducer of poetry. * Since tlie t ime of Au- 
;iiid Work them. arc<»rding to Nature; as gust us/ writes Langbaine, * no person better 
siUr> to Periert Nature by the Subtlety of underst«.)od dramatic poetrj-, nor more gi-ne- 
.Vrt ; which wjis never found out but by the rously encouraged points: sothat wemavtnily 
thrire noble, hi^ih, and puissant Prince, Wil- j cull him our English Maecenas/ Jousim 
liam C'avondi'^h/ ki\ In the preface he ex- wrote, Iwsides the two mascjues already men- 
jilains that thi.^ work is 'neither a translation i tioned for his entertainments, elegies to cele- 
ot' the lirst, nor an ubsrdutely necessary ad- ■ brate the duke's riding and fencing, epitaphs 
(lit ion to it/ whirh ' niav be of use bv itself for his father and mother, and an interlude for 
without the oilii-r, as the other without this; . the christening of his eldest son (JoxsoN, ed. 
but both together will questionless do Ix'st.' ' Cunningham, i.cxx-xix). Shirley dedicated to 
i )ther editions of this second book wen* pub- Newcastle his own plav of the * Traitor/ and 
lished in 1()77 ( [,ondon, folio), in 1740 (Dub- assisted his patron in the composition of his 
lin), find a Kreiwh translation in 1671. ' jday8(WooD,-/4fA<»/i«, iii. 7;ii); Dyce, iSAi>/«*y. 

Althi)ugh Neweastle is chiefly remembered . i. xliii). Wood also states that Newcastle 

bv his two works on horsemanship, he was invited Shirley ' to take his fortune with him 



After the Reetoralion, DrydeD, Sliodwell, 
and Flecknoe were otniiDjf the recipienu of 
the duke's favours. Drfden dedicated the 
* Mock Astrologer' to him, Shadweil the ' Vir- 
taoBo' and the 'Libertine.' Flecknoe also 
has poems addressed both to the duke and the 
ducbesB, Nor did Newcastle confine his pa- 
tronage to poets. 'Ihaveheard Mr.Edniund 
Waller sny,' writes Aubrey, ' that W. Lord 
Maiquis of Newcastle was a great patron to 
Dr. Gassendi and M. Des Cartes, aa well as 
to Mr. Hobbes, and tbit he had dined with 
them all three at the marquis's table at Paris ' 
(Attbbey's Letteri, ii. 602). 

Newcastle died on ^5 Dec. 1676, and was 
buried in St. ^lichael's Chapel, Westminster 
Abbey (CoujKa). His wife, in the life of 
her husband, which she published in 1067, 
de«cribe6 at length his person, habits, and 
character. *HiB shapo is neat and exoctljr 
proportioned, his statureof a middle size, and 
his complexion sangnine. His behaviour la 
such that it might be a pattern to all gentle- 
men : for it is courtly, civil, easy and free, 
without formality or constraint, and yet bath 
something in it of grandeur, that causes an 
nwful r^pect for him.' Clarendon, so severe 
in bis juagment of Newcastle as u general 
and a politician, sums up by describing him 
as * a very line gentleman.' 

[The Life of the DuVe of Newcnstlo, by hi» 
second wife, was published in 1HQ7 (Londoa, 
alio). PepyB,in his Diary (18 March 1868). re- 
fen to it &B ' the ridimilous history of iDy lard 
Newcastle, wrote by his wife, which shows her to 
be a mad; ooueaitAil, ridicalous woman, sad he 
an ass to aufier her to write what she writes to 
him aod of him.' A latin veraioo, translated 
by Walter Charltoa, followed in 1868, and a 
seeond Eoglisb edition, in quarto, in 1675. A 
coreftil reprint of thu first editioa. edited by 
HL A. Lower, \s contained in Bussell Smith's Li- 
brary of Old Authots. Another edition, with 
notes and iUnitrative papers, edited by C. H. 
Firth, was published in 1S8S. Letters of the 
Dcke of Newcastle are printed in the following 
oollectioos: ilis Strafford Papers, the Clarendon 
State Papers, Warburlon'a Prince RupLTt. and 
the Calendar of Domestic Stale Papers. Bosh' 
worth's Collection oontaiaH the declaration of 
the Earl of Newcastle on marching into York- 
shire, and his declaration in answer to Lord 
FUrfaxi also letters rotating to the siege of 
York (T. 78, 133, 824). Other letters are con- 
tained in H tin tot's Hallamohira and thePyttaauKO 
Papers ; an intercepted one is printed in Severa) 
Proceedings in Parliament, 18-36 Sept. 1S61. 
and a number of unpublished letters addressed 
to Sltofford are in the poMoswon of Lord Pita- 
William. Sir H, Ellis girea aix letters from 
Charles I to Newcastle in Original Lectors (series 
I, iii. 291-303), twenty from th^ queen am in 
Jb*. Gnen's collection of her letters, and four 



fh>m Ben Jonson in Cunningham's edition of his 
works. In addition to these sources may be 
mentioned Collins's Historical Collections oftbs 
Noblo Families of CuTendish. Holies, 4c.. tha 
Calendar of Domestic State Papers, the Claren- 
don State Papers, Cbirendoa's History of tlie 
Rehellion. Mosire's Tncts, and the Memoirs of 
Sir Philip Warwick.] C. H. F. 

CAVENDI8H, WILLIAM, third Eabi, 
OF DBvosaHntE (1617-1684), eldest son of 
William, second earl [q. v.], was educated 
bj his mother Christiana fq. t.] in conjunc- 
tion with his fathers old tutor, Thomas 
Bobbes. Hohbes's translation of Thucydides 
is dedicated to Cavendish, and from I6%4 to 
1637 the young man travelled abroad with 
the philosopher. He was created a knight 
of the Bath at Charles I's coronation in 16:25. 
Cavendish was both wealthy and handsome, 
and the Countess of Leicester was aiutious 
for him to marry Liady Dorothy Sidney, 
Waller's Sacharissa; hut the scheme came lo 
nothing, and Elizabeth, second daughter of 
William Cecil, second earl of Salisbury, be- 
came Cavendish's wife. Cavendish was lord- 
lieutenant of Derbyshire from 13 Nov. 1B38 
to 22 March 1641-2, was high steward of 
Ampthill -1 Feb. 1639-40, and joint-commis- 
sioner of array for lieicestersbire 12 Jan. 
1&41-3. As a prominent royalist he opposed 
Strafford's attainder, was summonedt to a 

frivate conference with the queen in October 
Ml, was with Charles 1 at York in June 
1&13, absented himself from his place in the 
parliament, was impeached with eight other 
peers of high crimes and misdemeanors, 
refused to appear at the bar of the House of 
Lords, was expelled on 20 July 1CU2, and 
waaordered to stand committed to theTower. 
He left England, and his estates were seques- 
trated. He returned from the continent in 
1645, submitted to the parliament, was par- 
doned for his former delinquencv in 1046, waa 
fined 5,000/., and lived in retirement with 
his mother at Latimers, Buckinghamsliire. 
Charles I stayed a nirht with him there on 
13 Oct.. 1645. At the Restoration all his di»- 
ahilities were removed, he was reappointed 



the High Peak (1661). i[e was alwoys weU 

affected to science and literature, was intimate 
with John Evelyn, and was one of the original 
fellows of the Royal Society {I'D May HM\3), 
HewasacommissioneroftrudefiMarcbieeS- 
1669, but lived mainly inthecountry. He died 
on 33 Nov. 1684, at liis house at Roehampton, 
Surrey, and was buried at Edensor. His wife 
Elizabeth died Qve years later, and was buried 
in Westminster Abbey. He had two eons : 
William, his successor [q. v.], and Charles, 



Cavendish 



370 



Cavendish 



who died unmarried on 3 March 1670-1 . His 
only daughter, Anne, married, first, Charles, 
lord Rich, son of the Earl of Warwick; 
secondly, John, earl of Exeter. She died 



by three French officers of the king's guard. 
Chie he struck, whereon they drew, and he, 
throwing himself against the side sceneSyStood 
on his guard, but would haye been oyerbome 



on 18 «fuly 1703. A drawixig of the third | had not a Swiss of Mr. Montagu's taken him 

round the waist, and thrown nim oyer into 
the pit for safety. In falling his arm wii 
torn so that he bore the scar to his death. 
His assailants were arrested, but were lib^ 
rated on his intercession. How much thii 
matter was noticed appears by a oomj^imen- 
tary letter to him from Sir \Villiam Temnle 
18 Jan. 1669. A similar affiur illustrates nil 



earl is in the Sutherland coUection at the 
Bodleian. 

[Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Kennet's Memoirs of ; 
the Cayendish Family (1737) ; Lords* Journals; 
Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1640-1, 1660-7; Life 
of Duke of Newcastle, ed. G. H. Firth (1886), 
p. 212 ; Eyelyn*8 Diary, ed. Bray and Wheatley, 
li. 89, 148, iv. 100.] S. L. L. 



character after his return to his place in pa> 
CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, first Dueb liament in 1675. A Colonel Howard hayinff 
OF DEyoNSHiRE (1640-1707), eldest son of been killed in the French war, it was reported 
William Cavendish, third earl of Beyonshire that Lord Cavendish and Sir Thomas Jieies 
[q. v.], by his wife Elizabeth, second daugh- | had publicly wished ' that all others were 
terof William Cecil, second earl of Salisbury, i equally served who acted against a vote of 



was bom 25 Jan. 1640. The commotion of the 
civil wars rendered his early education some- 



parliament.' Howard*s brother Thomas het^ 
mg this report circulated a broadsheet attack- 



what irregular, and after being brought up - ingCavenaish,and this onl4(>ct. was brought 
chiefly under the eye of the Countess of i by a member before the House of Commons. 
Devonshire, his grandmother, he was sent to I Cavendish, thus learning the matter for the 



travel abroad with Dr. Killigrew, afterwards 
master of the Savoy. Upon his return he 
was chosen one of tour young noblemen to 
bear Charles H's train at nis coronation 
23 April 1661, and in the same year was 
elected member of parliament for Derby. 
Next year he went to Ireland, and on 27 Oct. 
married at Kilkenny Lady Mary, second 
daughter of James, Duke of Ormonde. In 
1663 be returned to England, and was on 
23 Sept. created an M.A. at Oxford, along 



first time, was for quitting the house, when 
Lord William Russell moved and carried 
that he be enjoined not to leave, and thit 
neither he nor Sir T. Meres do give or accept 
any challenge from Howard ; and Howaras 
print was also voted a breach of privily. 
Howard, however, boasted that Cavendish 
had not dared to take notice of it till he was 
forced to do so by its publication in the house; 
whereon Cavendish, in spite of the resolution 
of the commons, posted on the palace gate a 



with the Earls of Sufiblk and Bath, by special paper denouncing Howard as a poltroon, 
command of the chancellor, who was then j This was on 20 Oct. laid before the house, and, 
with the king and court at Oxford (Wood, ' the speaker having informed Cavendish that 
Ath/!TUPf ii. 830 ; Cataloffue of Graduates), he had broken privilege, he was after debate 
In 1065 he volunteered for service in the | committed to the Tower. Howard, too, was 
fleet, and was present in attendance upon the summoned and called on to answer on his 
Duke of York at the fight with De Ruyter on knees, and was committed ; but Cavendish 
4 .Tune. * Lord Cavendish,' writes Sir Tliomas after two days, and Howard on 8 Nov., each 
Clifford to Lord Arlington (5 June 1665, | on his own petition, were discharged, and the 
Green, State Papers, p. 431), 'behaved very , house directed them and Meres to attend 
well,andtheshallopthatbroughthimandthe | Mr. Speaker, to be by him reconciled. On 
writer having six guns did much good.' In 1666 25 Oct. the house had, on Mr. Waller** mo- 



he was in his place in parliament, and joined 
in an address by the commons, praying to have 
the laws against popery enforced, which pro- 
duced a proclamation, but was otherwise fruit- 
less. In the following year he gave proof of 
the fairness of his disposition by seconding a 



tion, voted it a breach of privilege to carry 
the afiair further, and a bill was brought in, 
though not proceeded with, forbidding duel- 
ling. 

From this time Cavendish engaged himself 
in parliamentary opposition to the court 



motion to fix a day on which Clarendon might ; party. When parliament met in 1676, after 
be heard in his own defence upon the lords ' a prorogation of fifteen months, it was he 
sending down their bill for his banishment. | who moved that the act of Edward IH for 



In 1669 he went with Mr. Montagu, after- 
wards Duke of Montagu, upon an embassy to 
France, and was there engaged in an aHfair 



annual parliaments should be la id on the table, 
arguing that by the prorogation parliament 
was ipso facto dissolved. In 1677 he pro- 



w/iich attracted attention throug;hovLtEuxo^. i motea a bill for recalling the English forces 
Beingon thestage at theopera\iewaAvn&\]\\fti^\ ovxX. ol \>;!k&l^'c«Qs;^ Vdao^a aervice, which was 



nwd & 8«icoii(1 time 'J'J Fitb., nvWed in com- 
niitt«e 21 May, and passed 27 May. On 
'29 M»T the king ordered the house to adjourn 
to 16 July, nnd when Beymour, the speaker, 
bvl declared the house ndjoumed, he fairly 
nui oat of the houw to avoid Cavendish s 
quBation, by what authority save the house's 
ootueiit tliHt could be done. AVhen thehouse 
rmsMiOLbled on 16 July, GaTendieh moved to 
read the iouninls to show how the house CAine 
\t> havn been adjourned ; but the matter was 
dUpoeed of bv further adjournments to 28 Jan. 
J677-8, After the disclosure of the popiah 
plot Cavendish was active in the protestant 
tntereat, He was a member of commilteefl, 
Ibr priritegtiD and elections, against popish re- 
OuaantA, for inquirinK into the murder of Sir 
Edmiiudshury Godfrey, and for bringing in 
thn lords to concert means for secunng the 
king and the protestant religion. Tn October 
he was n member of a Beket committee to 
tukv the examination in Newgateof Coleman 
as to the plot, nnd to report on the plot to 
tllHHouw> of Lords; and on !2 Dec. of another 
to urge the king to n stricter observance of 
the laws Hguinet popery. On the same day, 
19 Dec, he was Dol.b chosen to attend the 
king with the votes relating to an information 
against Montagu, and to draw articles of im- 
peacbmunt against Danby. A new parlia- 
ment met on 6 March lBiB-9, nnd the king 
refusing the reappointment of Seymour as 
speaker, Cavendisli watLamong thechief mem- 
baa who wailed on the king with the vote on 
the election of a new one. tin IS April 1679 
he was appointed a member of a committee 
til draw a bill against the grovrth of popery, 
and on 14 May he carried up an address 
against papists. So Tigorous and jiopular 
wnro his speeches that they got abroad in an 
imperfect copy, and a pamphlet called ' A 
Speech of Lord Cavendish ' was even referred 
lo a commillee of the House of Commons. 

Thti fall of Danby's ministry waa now in- 
evitable, nnd the king determined to adopt 
the sehiime, originated by Sir William Temple, 
of raising the privy council into a counteqwise 
to the House of Oommons. Shaftesbury whs 
president, and Kustetl, Cavendigh, Essex, and 
Halifax were sworn in as ordinary members. 
In April and Mav the king and the new 
tjnnvemmeDt brougtt in resolutions for pro- 
sen-ing the protestant religion without inter- 
fering with the hereditary succession, hut the 
commons pressing their eicliieinn bill, in spite 
of B remonstrance from Cavendish in favour 
of ftrst trying milder measures, (hey were 
hastily pnJrogiied on 27 May 1679. In this 
vessioiiCa vendish had also been forward in pro- 
citriogthe paasingof the Habeas Corpus .\.ct.. 
■ a shortly flfter disE«Ived, and 



before the new parliament Met, on 17 Oct., 
the Duke of York had retiUTied from FUnderB 
and retired into Scotland. The new parlia- 
ment was at once prorogued to prevent any 
legislation for his exclusion. Before it re- 
j assembled the king, falling ill, recalled the 
duke, 25 Jan. 167i>-80, whereupon the coa- 
lition of the country and court parties into 
one government broke down, and Cavendish, 
Russell, Capel, and Powle praying leave to 
withdraw from the council, their prayer was 
very readily granted. Sunderland, Godol- 

S'ltn, and Lawrence Hyde remained in power, 
arliament again met 21 Oct. 1B30, and Ca- 
vendish carried up articles of impeauhuient 
against Sir William Scroggs, chief jiistiue 
of the king's bench, While Ihe grand jury 
of Middlesex whs eitling at Westminster 
Hall, Lord Shaftesbury induced Hunting- 
don, Russell, Cavendisli, Thynne, and others 
to appear with him before them, to present 
reasons for indicting the Duke of lork as 
a popish recusant. While the grand jury 
were deliberallug on this, they were hastily 
discharged by the queen's bench. The com- 
mittee of tlie commons which sat to con- 
sider the conduct of the queen's bench re- 
solved that the discharge whs illegal, and 
the house directe.d Cavendish to prepare 
articles, but parliament being prorogued the 
matter dropped. He was also active in de- 
bates upon the exclusion of the duke, and 
promoted an address praying the king to 
Parliament, however, 
and dissolvol IB Jan. 
parliament, which met 
at Oxford on 21 Maret and was dissolved in 
a week. Cavendish showed his nntura) fnii> 
ness, when Mr, Secretary Jenkins absolutely 
refused to obey the house's order to carry up 
articles of impeachment against l-'itiliarris, 
an Irish papist, then under arrest for a libel 
on the Itmg. Tlie house was crying 'To the 
bar I to the bar ! ' when Cnveudiah interposed 
and indiicikl Jenkins to xubmit himself to 
the house. Asimilar proiif of his superiority 
to mere party spirit apjieats in his prolest 
against the description of Monmouth, when 
in favour, in commissions la ' the king's dear 
and entirely beloved son,' showing that his 
seal for the exclusion of the Duke of York 
was not due to mere devotion to Monmoulli. 
Afterwards, tn 1681, in grand committee of 
the House of Commons, Mr. Powle in the 
chair. Cavendish renewed hie efFnrta for the 
duke's exclusion by moving for leave to bring 
bill for the association of all protestant 



religion, and the exclusion of the duke 
from succession to the crowa. fti\\. -wWa, 
after tlie fligVt rf ?ftiiiS\KAittTj,'ft.™«^fi. «»i. 



Cavendish 



372 



Cavendish 



others began to concert measures against the 
king's absolutism, Cavendish, alarmed at their 
expressions, early withdrew himself from 
their meetings ; nor was he at a later date 
in ainr way implicated in Monmouth's rising. 
In May there was some talk of his quittin^^ 
the popular for the court party along with 
Lora Howard of Escrick, and in October he 



doore in the lobby, came Colonel Colepeper and 
in a rude manner looking my lord intnefice 
asked whether this was a time and place for 
excluders to appear. My lord told him be 
was no excluder ; the other affirming it agtin, 
my lord told him he lied, on which Colepeper 
struck him a box on the ear, which my lord 
returned, and felled him ' (cf. Sllia Omt- 



kissed the king's hand at Newmarket, and 1 spondence, ii. 289). On this an information 
was received into favour (LmmtELL, i. 89, was issutxl against Devonshire out of the 



133). Still he appeared as a witness for the 
prisoner on RusseiFs trial, and even, according 
to Burnet, offered, through Sir John Forbes, to 
change clothes with him in prison, thevboth 
being of much the same tall figure, though 
otherwise unlike enough. Russell, however. 



hinge's bench, and in spite of his plea of peer'ft 
privilege the court, wnether witn or without 
consultation with the king or chancellor, 
sentenced him to a fine of S)fQO0Lf and com- 
mitted him to the king^a bench prison till 
payment. The countess, his mother, brought 



refused, and when Cavendish attended him to James bonds of Charles I for 60,000/., lent 
on the day of execution, Russell earnestly to him in the civil war by the Cavendishes, 



exhorted him to a more christian way of life, 
and produced a deep impression by his fare- 
welL Cavendish was also a very intimate 



and offered them all for the release of * her 
son Billy ; ' but James was obdurate. Devon- 
shire, however, found means to escape, and 



friend of Mr. Thomas Thynne, and when the I fled to Chatsworth, where, when the sherif 
latter was assassinated in Pall Mall by three ; of Derby and his posse came to arrest him, he 
Germans, in Count Coningrsmarck's pay, he ' imprisoned the whole force till he arranged for 
not only brought the assassins to justice, but his liberty by giving his bond for payment of 
when Coningsmarck was corruptly acquitted, the fine. But the duke had his revenge. On 
challenged nim to a duel at Calais. The , 30 June 1697, ' meeting Colonel Colepeper at 
challenge only reached the count at Newport the Auction House in St. Alban*8 Street, he 
in Flanders, and he replied that ho would caned him for being troublesome to him in 
wait there three weeks. The reply was sent \ the late reign ' (Luttbell, iv. 246). After 
in a packet to the Swedish president, who, the revolution the bond was found amone 
mistrusting its contents, opened it and com- James's papers and cancelled, and the recora 
municated them to the secretary of state. ' of the conviction was removed from the file 
Thereon a writ of ne exeat regno was issued | of the exchequer. A committee of the lords 
and was served on Cavendish and Lord i reported, 22 April 1689, that the * court of 
Mordant, who also had sent a challenge, and king's bench, in overruling the Earl of De- 
they were com|)elled to give security. Later vonshire*s plea of privilege of parliament and 
on Colonel Maccarty, meeting the count in forcing him to plead over in chief, it being 
Paris, told him of Cavendish's desire to meet the usual time of privilege, did thereby com- 
him, to which the count replied that he was mit a manifest breach of the privileges of 
in the employment of Louis XIV, and that i parliament;' the recordswere brought up, the 
the French law rigorously forbade duels (ib. ' judges. Sir Robert Wright, Sir Richard Hol- 
174, 210). Cavendish had been out before. I loway, and Mr. Justice Powell, brought to 
In 1676 he fought and dangerously wounded I the bar (6 May), and after they had humbly 
Lord Mohun, and in 1680 was Lord Ply- | apologised for tneir error, the legality of the 



mouth's second in his duel with Sir G. Huet 
{Hutton Correspondence f Camd. Soc., i. 142, 

In 1684 he succeeded his father in the 
earldom, and on the accession of James he 



committal of a peer was argued, and the 
opinions of the judges taken on 7 and 15 May, 
and it was decided to be ille|^l. 

For some years Devonshire remained in 
strict retirement, and occupied himself with 



was one of the peers who proposed to discuss the erection of Chatsworth. The work began 
the speech from the throne. After Mon- 12 April 1687, and lasted till 1706 ; the 
mouth's rebellion he withdrew firom court, architect was William Tahnan ; Verrio and 



Having been insulted by Colonel Thomas 
Colepeper [a. v.] he had forgiven him upon 
the terms or his appearing at Whitehall no 
more. But on Monmouth s defeat Colepeper 
reappeared. Evelyn, who was present, says 
(9 July 1685) : ' Just as I was coming into the 



Thomhill were employed on the painting; 
and it is said that tne wood carving, though 
this is doubtful, was the work of Grinhng 
Gibbons. It is a remarkable instance of the 
purity of the earl's taste that at this period 
and afterwards, in the time of the Dutch 



iodging8atWlutehall,my\oidoiT)e£VOTka\dT«l^hio should, in his building andcoU 

standing very neare his ma^efityBX^K^^anAMitY^^^ v&k^sraL tA the best Italiaa 



Cavendish 



nuum^r, but in ercliltectiire and fine axt he 
WHS reputed a consunutmle judge. In the 
result, says Bishop Kennet, 'though the 
situation seems to be 80ioewhat homd, thia 
really adds to the beauty of it ; the glorious 
house seemH to be art insulting nature.' 

But in his retirement he was secretly en- 
safced in concerting plans for bringing iu the 
Prince of Omnge. James, suspecting his 
loyalty, first sent to summon him to court; 
the earl excused himself, and his kinsman, the 
Duke of Newcastle, whom the king sent lal«r, 
could not change hiR purpose. In Ktay 1687 
Sijkvelt left Enclsnd with letters from De- 
vonshire, BedfoM, Shrewnbiiry, Nottingham, 
and tlie H^des, a^ing WiUium to come over 
to the nation's assistance. Communications 
irere usually kept up iliroue-h Edward Rus- 
sell and Henry Sidney, who were now in 
London, now in Holland, and through Vice- 
admiral Herbert, who remained at t he Hague- 
After the birth of James's son, in 1686, the 
invitations became more urgent, and Devon- 
ahire was one of the whig loids who signed tlie 
-cipher letter of 30 June. Ep was now recon- 
ciled to Danby, whom he owned he had mia- 
jndgied, and with him, Lord Delamere, and 
Hr. D'Arcy, he laid plans for a rising. The 
meetings took place at Sir Henry Goodrick'a 
in Yorkshire, and at Wbittington, near Scars- 
dale in Derbvahire, in a farmhouse chamber, 
long known m the coimtry-side as the 'plot- 
tina jiarlonr.' At first it was designed that 
'William should land in the north. HeTon- 
■hire was to secure Nottingham, and Dauby, 
i'ork. Tbe attack on York was to precede 
that on Nottingham, the former Itaving a 
govumor and a small garrison, who might 
take alarm if Nottingham, an open town, 
■were first occupied. However, on hearing of 
Wiiliatn's landing at Brixham, the earl at 
<jnce moved on Derby, and, being always one 
who kept on terms with the leaders of the , 
middle class, invited the mayor and gentry to | 
join him, and read to them his 'Declaration J 
in Defence of the Prot*stant Ueligion.' For 
n short time he was in dangL>r; a courier 
arrived with a letter iu bis boot-heel an- 
nouncing James's flight and William's march 
'41U London, hut it was hardly legible ; the 
newH was not credited, and James's piirty took 
liMtrt. The tiarl, however, presently moved 
on Nottingham, and was well supported, and 
there he issued aproclamatioa justifying the 
rising and drille»l troops. He raised a regi- 
ment of horse, afterwards the 4th regiment, 
and one of tbe first to go to Ireland next 
Tear, and was himself its colonel, and on 
55 Nov., hearing of a plan to intercept the 
Princeaa Anne, while on her way from Lon- 
don to take refuge with him, ho marched out 



to meet her, and conducted her to the castle, 
For some time he entertained her at his own 
charge, and then, his stock running low, ac- 
cepted some contributions, and ' at last bor- 
rowed the public money in such a manner 
as to satisfy the collectors and please the 
country.' When Anne removed to Oxford 
to join Prince George, the earl escorted her 
to Christ Church, and thence, with one or 
two more, hastened to London, and met 
William at Sion House. On 25 Dec. the 
lords assembled at Westminster, and Devon- 
shire was forward in procuring the address 
to the Prince of Orange, praying him to cmtv 
on the government till a convention coul^ 
meet. The convention met 22 Jan. 1688-9, 
and the earl argued i^inst Clarendon and 
Rochester for James's deposition and for a 
king, not merely a regent. This was re- 
jected, whereupon be andforty others entered 
their protest, and finally it was carried. He 
nowreceived the favoursofthe new sovereign. 
On 14 Feb. he was sworn of tbe privy coun- 
cil, on 16 March appointed lord-lieutenant 
of Derbyshire and loid-steward of the house- 
bold ; be was elected a knight of the Qarter 
on 3 April and installed on U May. At the 
coronation on 11 April lie acted for the day 
as lord high steward of England, and bore 
the crown, while his daughter bore the queen's 

He now devoted himself to procuring the 
retnission of bi.t own fine and tlie reversal of 
ihe attainders of Lord Russell, Colonel Sid- 
ney,audothe^. I In 18Jan.l089~90hesBiled 

ith the king from ttravesend for the a 



ture almost all the other nobles there as- 
sembled. On 9 March he gave a banquet to 
the elector of Brandenburg, the landgrave of 
Hesae, and the Prince de Commeray , at which 
tbe king appeared incognito, and in March 
of the year following he was present at the 
siege of Mons in attendance on the king, and 
with him retttmed to Whitehall on 13 April, 
Eorlv in July, after the battle of Beachy 
Hea^, he and the Earl of Pembroke placed 
themselves at the queen's disposal, and were 
sent to Dover, and thence to Ihe fleet, to in- 

Juire into its conduct under LordTorrington 
uring that battle iffutton Corretpondenet, 
Camd. Soc., ii. 155, l66). In tbe same year, 
when Admiral Russell ol^ected to the plan 
for a landing by Schombeig and Ruvigny on 
the French coast, on the ground thai the 
men-of-war were of too great draught for the 
purpose, Devonshire was one of the II ' 



Cavendish 



374 



Cavendish 



who yisited the fleet at St. Helen's to inspect 
it) but the news of Heinkirk disposed of this 
design. In May 1692 he went, with the Duke 
of Richmond and the earls of Essex and Don- 
caster, as a volunteer to the canip in Flanders 
(LuTTKELL, ii. 463). On 12 May 1694 he 
was, in recognition of his services, created 
Duke of Devonshire and Marouis of Harting- 
ton, and having been purposely omitted from 
the commission of the peace on succeeding 
his father in the title, was now appo'mtea 
a justice in eyre, and in 1697 was further 
elected recorder of Nottingham. W hen Wil- 
liam q^uitted England, after Queen Mary^s 
death m 1694, the Duke of Devonshire was 
named one of tlie lords justices for the ad- 
ministration of the kingdom, and he and Tcni- 
aon, archbishop of Canterbury, were the only 
lords who held that appointment on all the 
occasions of the kin^ absence durinf^ the 
whole seven years of its existence. While in 
this office the case of Sir John Fenwick arose, 
in which the duke, though convinced by re- 
peated interviews (see ib, iv. 83, 11 July and 
24 Sept. 1696) of his guilt, was so appre- 
hensive of creating a precedent tliat, almost 
alone of the whigs, he refused to agree to the 
bill for his attainder. 

The question of the Irish land grants had 
long been a burning one. As eany as 1690 
the king disposed of the forfeit^ estates at 
his own private pleasure, and much offence 
was given by the grants to Mr. Villiers and 
to foreigners like Ruvigny, Bentinck, and 
Ginkol. On 7 Feb. 1698 leave was given to 
bring in a bill * for vacating all grunts of es- 
tates forfeited in Ireland since 13 Feb. 1688, 
and for appropriating them to the use of the 
public,* and though the bill then dropped, 
a commission was in 1699 appointed to 
examine the grants, and on 15 Dec. their 
report, containingan exposure of the intrigues 
practised to obtain them, was laid on the 
table. The bill to resume all grants and to 
create a separate court to try all claims was 
read a second time 18 Jan. 1699-1700, and in 
April 1700 reached the lords. Devonshire 
strenuously opposed it, declaring Hliat by this 
bill the barriers between crown and people 
would be broken down,' and by his influence 
with the younger peers carried material 
amendments. The commons, however, re- 
fused them, and though the whig peers would 
have stood firm, Sunderland induced the king 
to beg his friends to give way ; the bill passed, 
and parliament was prorogued 1 1 April 1700. 
In 1/01 he strenuously opposed the partition 
treaty, and on William's death ana Anne's 
accession was confirmed in all his offices, 
acted with the Duke of Somerset as supporter 
to Prince Gborge, at the king's funeral, and 



was again lord high steward at Anne's coio> 
nation. In March 1702 he intiodaced to 
the queen 127 dissenting ministers to oon* 
gratulate her on her accession, to whom she 
promised her protection (Luttrell, v. 153). 
in May he was appointed, with Lords Somer> 
set, Jersey, Marlborough, and Albemarle, t» 
examine the late king^ papers, which wen 
said to contain matter aaverse to Anne's 
accession, and reported that the rumoarwu 
groundless (ib, 169). This was a check to the 
tories, who had originated the rumour. On 

17 Dec. 1702, and on 19 Jan. 1703, upon tlte 
bill against occasional conformity, ne wis 
chief manager for the lords in the conference 
with the commons, and reported in &voar 
of toleration, and in March 1705 was again 
manager in the conference arising out of the 
* writ of error for the Aylesbury men ' (ib. 529), 
He actively supported the protestant sucoea* 
sion and the French war, and having been a 
commissioner in 1703 to negotiate the union 
of England and Scotland, without success, he 
at last, in 1706, brought that ^preat measure 
to a successful issue. In April 1705 he atp 
tended the queen to Cambridge, and ther^ 
with his eldest son, was created an LL.D., 
but being borne down with dropsy, gout, and 
the stone, and his disease proving incurable, 
he treated with the Marquis of Dorchester 
for the transfer to him of the lord high 
stewardship in April 1707, and at length 
died, professing repentance and firm faith, 
at Devonshire House, Piccadilly, at 9 a.iiL, 

18 Aug. 1707. He was attended on his 
deathbed by the Bishop of Ely. The autopsy 
proved stone and strangury to have caused 
ids death (ib, 18 Aug. l707). His body was 
conveyed in great state by the Strand to the 
city, and thence to Derby, where it was 
buried, 1 Sept., at AUhallows Church, llis 
wife survived him, and dying 31 July 1710, 
aged 68, was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
He left three sons, William (who married 
Kachel, Lord Kussell's eldest daughter, and 
succeeded to the dukedom), Liord James, Lord 
Henry, M.P. for Derby, who died of palsy in 
1700, and a daughter, Elizabeth, who married 
Sir John Wentworth, bart., of Broadsworth, 
Yorkshire, and afterwards the second Sir 
James Lowther. 

The duke was addicted to sport, constantly 
visiting Newmarket for horse-racing and 
cock-fighting, now winning 500 guineas, now 
losing 1,900/. (Luttrell, lii. 539-40, iv. 340, 
505, V. 231; Evelyn, Memoirs^ 80 March 
1699). He was munificent, giving 500/. to 
Greenwich Hospital, a supper and masked 
ball costing 1,000/L, and a ' fine concert of 
musick at Kensington.' He lost heavily by 
the fire at Monti^ Hoiue in 1686, and at 



Cavendish 



Wlutehall iu 1698 (Littrrll, iv. 32B, 631. 
600; Etus, Curretpondencf, ii. U, 2S). At 
Tftrioiu times lie was engaged in many law- 
Buits; inlrtlMiwiththBafarquiaof Nonnanby 
about the piKchuse of Berkrij House by him, 
which, after liiBcuseion on the privilege of 
poers in the House of Lords (10 Dec.), ha 
eTBnlually won in the court of chancery by 
judgment of the lord chancellor and both 
chief justices, December 1697; in February 
1698 and again in Juno 1699 against Mr. 
Frarapton, about a horse-race, in which he 
obtained a verdict; in 1699 as ranger of 
Needwood Forest agiunst the Earl of Stam- 
ford, who claimed a right to hunt there oa 
chancellor of the Duchy of l^uicaster ; and 
in 1707 at the suit of the Duke of Bucking- 
faamalure for damages by a fire at Arlingtj 
House, which he lost (LuTTRELL, ' 
298, aw, 174, vi. 187). 

In person the duke was tall and handsome, 
and of an engaging and conuunuding mien 
»nd courteous address. He was n good Latin 
Kholar, and especially a student of Horace, 
■ witli Homer and Plutarch, " 




[Bishop Kenneths Utmoir ; Grovu'i Lives 
the Earls and Dukes of D«»oiiahir«; KBimot's 
Funeral Sermon; Griffith's Funeral Sermon; 
Monthly Miscellany, i. 326 ; Bcajbrooke's NoWa 
to PspjH, T. asi ; GlovM^B DarbjahirB, ii. 223; 
Akenude'a Ode to the Eltrl of Huatingdoa ; 
Introduction to Danlij's Letters, 1710; Com- 
mons' Journalu ; Vou Ranke's History of Eng- 
liind ; Hazard ofa Daathbod EepentoncB. London, 
1738; Jaoob's Compluta Peerogt. Ilfi6, i. 247 ; 
Loiiga'a Portraits, vol. iv. (uttOT ihel»ittti"g by 
liiUy); C'oartenay'sMamoirsof SirW. Temwe.] 



acquainted i 



CAVENDISH, WILLIAM, fourth Df KB 
OF Devonshire (_ 17:30-1764), first lord of 
the treastiry, and prime minister from No- 
vember 1766 to May 1757, at the bepnning 
of the seven years' war, eldest son of Wil- 
151,224, I liani Cavendish, third duke of Devonshire, 
K.G., and lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 
1737 to 1744, was bom in 1720. He was 
elected to the House of Commons as M.P. 
for Derbyshire in 1741, directly he came 
of age, and was re-elected in 1747, and on 
20 March 1748 married Charlotte, baroness 



fine a critic that Lord Roscoinmon entrusted Clifford of Laneaborough in her own right, 
to him his poems for correction, and an ad- | only datighter and heiress of Richard Boyle, 
mirable judge of art and music. The philo- | earl of Burlington and Cork, who broiu[ht 
Sophy of Hobbea had influencwl his early I him Lismore Castle and large estates in Ire- 
education, but in a work ascribed to him, imii_ Xhia marriage greatly increased his 
' Keaaons for Passing the Bill for Exclusion ' I political importance, and on 13 June 1751 
(1681), he uses the social compact aa an the Marquis of Hartington, as he was then 
argument for submitting the will of the gtjjed, was summoned to the House of Lorda 
monarch to that of his people, and is said by ; ;„ i,is father's barony as Lord Cavendish of 
his domestic chaplain, Mr. Griffiths, ' to have j Hardwicke, and in the followmg month he 
publicly disowned Mr. Hobbes'a principles ,rae made master of the horse and sworn of 
as damnable.' He wrote an ode on the death the privy council. In February 1755 the 
of Queen JIarv, which Dryden praised as Marquis of Uartington was made lord-lrea- 
the best written on that subject, and a poem gurerof Ireland, and on 27 March constituted 
called ' The Charms of Liberty ; an allusion | ]ord-lieutenant and general-governor of that 
to the Bi.shop of Cambray's ' Telemachus,' | islBiid, and on 5 Dec. 1756 he succeeded his 
written iu 1707, and published after Ivis father as fourth duke of Devonshire._ _ In 
Aea.'Ch. Lord CWord'a character of him was, inland he displayed no very groat political 
' a patriot among the men, a Corydon among ability, but succeeded very happily in pleas- 
tha ladies.' I& was personally dissolute, I ingaU parties and making himself extremely 
leaving many natural children, among' them | popular. In 1756 thesevenyenrB' war broke 
ord tlunt- , ^^^^l^ gn^ ^\ England demanded that Mr. Pitt 
should he placed at the head of affairs , 



vina many 
ng Mrs. He 



.eneage,who married Lord tl 



ingtower, eldest son of the Earl of Dysart 

aOTTBEl-l., 10 Dec, 1706; cf. Wmtworth 
peri, 19 July 1709), and ia said to have 
taken Mrs, Anne Campion from the stage 
into keeping, but as he was then an old man 
this may be ill-authenticated ; at anv rate 
he erected a tomb to her memory, and gave 
her a private fimeral. A poem. ' by a lady,' 
upon nts death, asys of him, 
Whose awful sweetnesj ohallengod onrealeem, 
Our Boi'a wonder and our bbx's theme ; 
Whoso soft cQtnmftading looks our breasts a»- 
sallad; 
W ami aair and at first sight pnraitBd. 



absolutely decUned to serve under the Duke 
of Newcastle, who had been prime minister 
ever since the death of his brother, Henry 
Pelham, in 1764, and the influence of the 
great whig families was strong enough to 
prevent the king from at once making Pitt 
prime minister. In this dilemma Devon- 
shire was summoned from Ireland, and asked 
to become prime minister, with Pitt as se- 
I cretaiy of state to manage the war. Ho 
1 was eminently a fit man for the post j his 
rank as a borii leader of tho wings, his ex- 
I perience in the House of CommomB, and hia 



Cavendish 



376 



Caw 



popularity in Ireland all recommended him, 
and he was sworn in as first lord of the trea- 
sury on 16 Nov. 1756. He was not, how- 
ever, a success in his new capacitv; his 
leader of the House of Commons, Sir Thomas 
Kobinson, only excited the risibility of Pitt, 
and Pitt himself soon recoppiised the neces- 
sity of making up his dinerences with the 
Duke of Newcastle. In May 1767, therefore, 
Devonshire, who had been made lord-lieu- 
tenant of Derbyshire on 16 Dec. 1756, and 
a K.G. on 27 March 1757, resigned to the 
Duke of Newcastle, and was appointed lord- 
chamberlain of the household, a post which 
he held until 1762. His health was rapidly 
declining, and he died at Spa on 3 Oct. 1764, 
at the age of forty-four. 

[Ck>lliD8'8 Peerage, and the histories of Eng- 
land during the ei^teenth century.] 

H. M. 8. 

CAVENDISH, WILLIAM GEORGE 
SPENCER, sixth Duke op Devonshibe 
0790-1858), only son of William Cavendish, 
fifth duke of Devonshire, and Georgiana, elder 
daughter of John Spencer, first earl Spencer, 
was bom in Paris on 21 May 1790. Ilis 
education was received at Trinity College, 
Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1811, 
and proceeded LL.B. in the following year. 
Shortly after attaining his majority he suc- 
ceeded to the dukedom and took his place 
in the House of Lords, where he assistea the 
whig party by his influence and his silent 
vote, for he never spoke in that assembly on 
any of the great political questions of the 
day. His tastes were literary", as he evinced 
by his purchase in 1812 0/ the library of 
Thomas Dampier, bishop of Ely, for 10,000/., 
and again in 1821 of John Kemble*s drama- 
tic collections for 2,000/. In 1826 he was 
sent on a special mission to Russia on the 
occasion of the coronation of the Emperor 
Nicholas, 25 April, when his retinue was of 
the most superb character. 

This mission is said to have cost the 
duke 50,000/. beyond the allowance made to 
him by the government. The emperor, in 
acknowledgment of his liberality, conferred 
upon him the orders of St. Andrew and of 
St. Andrew Newski, and when in England, 
in 1844, paid him a special visit at his villa, 
at Chiswick, on 8 June {Illustrated London 
Isews, 15 June 1844, pp. 384-5). He was 
chosen a privy councillor on iX) April 1827 
and made a K.G. on 10 Mav following, 
acted as lord chamberlain of theliousehold of 
George IV from 5 May 1827 to 18 Feb. 1828, 
and served in the same capacity to William IV 
from 22 Nov. 1830 to 15 Dec. 1834. He 
was lord-lieutenant and custos rotulorum of 



Derbyshire, high steward of Derby, and presi- 
dent of the Horticultural Society. Mr. Rafter- 
wards Sir Joseph) Paxton was employedDjthe 
duke as manager of his Derbyshire estates, 
and under his hands a gigantic 0(Mi8ervatoiT» 
300 feet long, 145 feet wide, 60 feet high, 
and covering nearly an acre of gtoxaii^ was 
erected at Chatsworth, and served to some 
extent as the model for the Great Ezhibitkm 
of 1851. The duke was well versed in the 
old English dramatic literature, and added 
largely to his books from the library of the 
DuKe of Roxburghe. Afrer 1836 he remored 
many of his pictures from Devonshire Houee 
and Chiswick to increase the interest of his 
gallery at Chatsworth. His collection of 
coins and medals, which is said to have cost 
him upwards of 50,000/., was disposed of st 
Christie's in a twelve days* sale, commencing 
on 18 March 1844, and realised the sum of 
7,057/. 1«. M, He died from the effects of 
a paralytic seizure at Hardwicke Hall on 
17 Jan. 1858; he was never married, and the 
dukedom passed to his cousin, William Caven- 
dish, second earl of Burlington. 

[niastrated London News, 23 Jan. 1 858, p. 75 ; 
Gent. Mag. Febroary 1 858, j)p. 209-1 ; Waagen't 
Treasures of Art, ii. 88-96, lit. 344-71 ; Catalogue 
of the Library at Chatsworth, 1879, 4 vols.] 

O. C. B. 

CAVENDISH-BENTINCK. [See Bo- 

TINCK.] 

CAVKKHMiTi, JOHN (d, 1781), phvfli- 
cian, a Scotchman, was admitted a licentiate 
of the London College of Physicians in 1707. 
He died at Old Melrose, Roxburghshire, on 
1 Sept. 1781. He wrote a * Treatise on the 
Cause and Cure of Cfout/ 8vo, London, 1709, 
in which he put forward the theory that the 
matter of nerves was earthy, and descended 
through the nerves to form the bones, and 
that the friction of this earthy substance, in 
its way to the bones, gave rise to animal 
heat. He followed this by * Experiments on 
the Causes of Heat in Living Animals,* 8vo, 
London, 1770, in which he attempted to 
prove his theory by a large number of bar- 
barous experiments on rabbits, destroying 
various nerves or portions of the spinal coro, 
and awaiting the death of the animals. He 
also wrote a * Dissertation on Nervous Gan- 
glions and Nervous Plexus,' 8vo, London, 
1772, and an * Explanation of the Seventy 
Weeks of Daniel,' 8vo, I^ndon, 1777. 

[Munk's Coll. of Phvs. 1878, ii. 281 ; Caver- 
hill's worka] * G. T. B. 

CAW, JOHN YOUNG (1810 P-1858), 
banker and miscellaneous writer, was bom 
at Perth about 1810, but passed the last 



tUrty vean of hie life in M&nchesler, where 
he died on 22 Oct. 1656. He was eduuled 
■t St. Andrewi, whence he proceeded to 
Tiinity College, Cambridge, but did Dot 
Staj to take a degree. UU fint (houghts 
irere of the A-nglican ministir, but this de- 
wgn WAS abondoDed uDd he filled respausible 
positioas in connection with tlie Bank of 
Slanebester and the Manchester and Sal- 
ford Bank. His leisure was deTot«d to 
liteTOTj and archsological studies, and to 
the extension of the oRertorj «vstem in the 
church of England. He was a fi^Uow of the 
SocieTj of Antiauariea of Scotland, a mem- 
ber of the Roval Society of Literature, and 
of various lo^l associations. He wrote; 
1. ' Plan for the Endowment of the Church 
of St. Andrew, Ancoats, Manchester,' Man- 
cheeter, IBVi (anonymous). 2. 'The Neces- 
eily and Advantwes of a Bankers' Clearing 
House: addressed to theCommercial Public 
of Manchester,' Manchester, 1647. 3. 'The 
Dutj of Increasing the Stipends of the Man- 
chester Clergy, stated and proved by a prac- 
tical example,' Mnncheater, 1852 (anony- 
mous). 4. ' Some Remarks on " The Deaerted 
Village" of Oliver Goldsmith,' Manchester, ' 
1862. The poet Is here surveyed from the 
etandpoint of a political economist, j 

Caw had the reputation of an earnest- ' 
minded man of liberal disposition and intel- ' 
lectual fivmpathiea. He is buried at St. i 
Luke's, Cheetbam Hill, and there is a me- I 
morial of him in the church of St. Andrew, | 
AncoaiB, of which be was a benefactor. i 

[Orindon'f Manehnstor Biinks nnil Banken; I 
Uancbntcr Courier, 30 Oct 18S8 ; ProcBedlngs 
of I^turaty tind PhiloaophicBl Sucietj of Hnn- 
ehsator, 1868; Ciitnlugue of the Alancheiitor 
Public I'ete Librarj.] W. E. A. A. 

CAWDEUi, JAMES (A 1800), drama- 
tist, was the manager and chief rnmedian of 
Totious thRBtres in the north of England, in- 
cluding those of Scarborough, Sunderland, 
«nd Shields. He retinjd from the Htage in 
1796, bsTing disposed of his property to Mr. 
Stephen Kemble, and di&d at Durham in 
January 1800. He puhliabeJ a volume of 
poems m 1764 or 176.~i, and wag the author 
.of tlia following dramatic pieces: 1. 'Ap- 
peal to the Muses,' 1776. 'J. '.Melpomene's 
<)vertlirow,*a mock musijue, 1778. 3. 'Trump 
of Genius,' 1785. 4. ' Apollo'^ Holjdav.' a 
yrel ude. 1 792. 6. * Battered Batavians,' 1798, 

[Bukvr's Biijgraphia BramAticB.^ 

CAWDRTT, DANIEL (15eS-l6(U), non- 
fonformiat dirine, whs the youngest eon of 
Robert Cawdry.not of Zacbarv(^wdry, vicar 
of Melton Mowbray, na Mr. >'ichoLs supposes 
ffittory Iff LtiMiterihire). lie wna edu- 






caled at Peterhoiue, Cambridire, and was in- 
stituted to the living of Great Billing, North- 
amptonshire, in 1^25, ' in the presentation of 
the king bv wardship of Cbiistopher Hatton, 
esq.' He became one of the leading mem- 
bers of the assembly of divines appointed by 
parliament in IBilfor the regtilation of reli- 
gion. He was one of the presby terian ministers 
who signed the address to the Lord General 
Fairfax remonstrating against all personal 
violence against the king. At the Restoration 
he was recommended to Lord Clarendon for a 
bishopric. Instead, however, of coTeting fur- 
ther promotion, he refused to submit to the 
Act of Uniformity in 166^, and was ejected 
from his benefice, upon which he retired to 
Wellingborough, where he died in October 
1064 in his Beventy-eixth year. He was an 
able and voluminous writer of controversial 
divinity, both against the Anglicans on the 
one aide and the independents on the other ; 
and be measured swordB with two of the ablest 
advocatesof both, Henry Hammond and John 
Owen. The titles of his works tell their own 
tales. The pKncipal of them ate : I. ' Sab- 
batum Redtvivum ; or, the Christian Sab- 
bath vindicated,' 164.1, S. 'The Inconsis- 
tency of the Independent Way with Scrip- 
ture and itself,' 1661. 3. 'An Answer to 
Mr. Giles Firmin'n Questions concerning 
Baptism.' 1852. 4. 'A Diatribe concerning 
Superstition, Will-worship, and the Christ- 
maa Festival,' 1654. 5. ' Independence, a 
Great Schism, proved against Dr. (.fohn) 
Owen's -■ipology,' 1857. 6, 'Sun*eyof Dr. 
Owen's Iteview of bis Treatise on Schism,' 
1658. 7. ' .\ Vindication of the Diatribe 
against Dr. nanunond ; or, the Account 
audited and discounted,' IBSS, 8. ■ Bovriug 
towards the Altar Superstitious; being an 
onswer tji Dr. Duncan a " Determination," ' 
1661. He also published several deiotional 
works, and a greot number of single sermons, 

[BakerV BistJiry of Northaniptonehire, p. 23 ; 
Duiiicl Cawdry'a Works ; Prtliiier's Memorial, iii, 
27.] J. H. O. 

CAWDRT, ZACH-iRY (1816-1084), 
author of the ' Discourse of Patronage,' was 
bom in 1616 at Melton Mowbray, of which 
toim bis father, also called Zochary, wna 
vicar. Hcwaseducatedforaevenyearsat the 
free school at Mel Ion, and went thence, at the 
age of sixteen, to St. .lobu's Col]*'ge, Cam- 
Iffidge, where he was ' sub or proper siiar to 
the then master, Dr. Humphrey Gower.' In 
164^ be look hie M.A. degree, and in 164» 



his death \a 1664, and was buried tliei 

his wife, Helen, and bis verydear pupil, John 



Cawley 



378 



Cawley 



Crewe.' His one title to fame is his * Dis- 
course of Patronage/ which, though little 
more than a pamphlet (it contains only forty- 
five pages), well deserves to escape oblivion. 
It gives a very lucid and sensible account of 
the subject, written with great vigour and 
eloauence, and closes with an earnest ap- 
peal for reform. Its full title is 'A Dis- 
course of Patronage; being a Modest Enmiiry 
into the Original of it, and a further Tro- 
secution of the History of it, with a True 
Account of the Original and Rise of Vicar- 
ages, and a Proposal for the Enlar^ng their 
Kevenues. Also an Humble Supplication to 
the Pious Nobility and Gentry to endeavour 
the Prevention 01 Abuses of the Honorary 
Trust of Patronage, with a Proposal of some 
Expedients for regulating it, most agreeable 
to Primitive Pattern ; wherein at once the 
just Rights of Patrons are secured, and the 
People's Liberty of Election of their own 
Minister in a great measure indulged. By 
Z. Cawdry, 1675.' The little work is divided 
into seven chapters, which treat respectively 
of (1) The Original of the Evangelical Minis- 
try, showing the Primitive Church to have 
been not Parochial, but Diocesan. (2) The 
Maintenance of the Clerjjy in Primitive 
Churches. (3) Tlie Donation of Tithes by 
Kings and Emperors. (4) The Original of 
Patronage by Donation of Manse and Glebe. 
(5) The Original of Impropriation and Vi- 
carages. (6) Mischiefs of Simony. (7) A 
Supplication to the Nobility and Gentry. 
The only other publication of Cawdry ex- 
tant is a single sermon preached at Boden 
in Cheshire, at the funeral of Lord Delamere, 
better known as Sir George Booth, whose 
rising in 16o9 * gave ' (to use the language 
of the preacher) * the first warm and invigo- 
rating spring-beam to the frostnipt loyalty 
of the nation.' 

[Ormerod's Hist, of Cheshire ; Nichols's Hist, 
and Antiq. of Leicestershire, ii. 269; Cawdry's 
Discourse and Sermons.] J. H. 0. 

CAWLEY, WILLIAM (1602-1666?), 
regicide, was the eldest son of John Cawley, 
a brewer of Chichester, who was three times 
mayor. The date of his baptism, as entered 
in the register for the parish of St. Andrew^s, 
is 3 Nov. 1602. John Cawley died in 1621, 
bequeathing his property to William, who 
became one of the richest and most influential 
men in Western Sussex. Soon after he had 
succeeded to his inheritance he expended 
some of it in the foundation of a hospital 
outside North Gate, Chichester, for ten poor 
and aged persons of both sexes. The house 
was completed in 1626, including the chapel, 
which was dedicated to St. Bartholomew, 



and consecrated by the bishop of Chichester^ 
G^rge Carleton. There is a long account 
of the ceremony in ' Chichester Cathedral 
Records ' (liber K). 

At the beginning of the reiffn of Charles I 
persons possessed of lands to tne value of 40/. 
per annum or upwards were ordered to take 
up their knighthood under the so-called sta* 
tute de milttibtu (6 Edward I). In January 
1628-9 commissioners were appointed to ex- 
tort a composition from all who declined to 
obey the order. In the majority of cases a 
composition of 10/. was accepted, but the 
name of * William Cawley, gent.' appears in 
the return {Book of Oompontion in Record 
Office) as having compounded for 14/. 

From the beginning of the civil troubles 
Cawley was a €^ paniamentarian. He was 
elected M.P. for Chichester in 1627 ; but this 
parliament was dissolved in less than a year, 
and throughout the Long parliament he sat 
as member for Midhurst. When Chichester 
was surprised hy a party of royalists in No- 
vember 1642, Cawley brought the news to 
Colonel Morley, one of the most active of the 
parliamentary officers, and the successful ex- 
pedition of Sir William Waller into Sussex 
followed, in which Chichester was retaken 
on 29 Dec. 1642, after a siege of eight days. 
Cawley took the covenant on 6 June 1643, the 
same day on which it was signed by Selden and 
Cromwell. He was appointed by the House 
of Commons one of tbe commissioners * for 
demolishing superstitious pictures and monu- 
ments * in Lonaon, and he was selected to re- 
turn thanks to the divines who had preached 
before parliament on the * fast day,' 28 Au^. 
1644, for * the nains' they had taken * in their 
sermons.' Unaer an ordinance of parliament^ 
made 31 March 1643, he was appointed one 
of the commissioners for the sequestration of 
the estates real and personal of those who 
had raised or should raise arms against the 
parliament or contribute any aid to the king's 
forces. On 6 June in the same year the estates 
of the Bishop of Chichester, Lord Montague 
of Cowdray, and others were sequestrated 
under this ordinance, and in February 1644 
Cawley was empowered by parliament to 
pay Hhree able preaching ministers 100/. 
per annum out of the confiscat'Od estates 
of the dean and chapter until the revenues 
of the said dean and chapter in general 
shall be fixed.' In 1646 this allowance 'was 
augmented to 150/. Cawley was one of the 
members of the high court of justice ap- 
pointed by parliament in 1648 to try the 
king for treason. He attended every meeting 
of the court and signed the sentence which 
condemned the kinff to death. He was made 
one of the council of state in 1660-1, and 



^^^^^ Cawood 37 

II commiBeioDcr uid sequestrator for Sussex. 
lie bought the manor of WnrtUng, nenr 
Uastinge, out of the «it«t«8 of Lord Craven, 
and two iQiinurs which had beloiiKed to the 
crovrn in the parish of West Hampoett, 
near Chichiiater. In the CouveDtiou par- 
liament of 1659 he was one of the few reei- 
cides who obt-ained a seat, beine elected for 
Chichester along with Ilenty Pelham ; but 
after the Reetoration, 1 600, hia name apiwara 
among thme who wore absolutely excepted 
from pardon, and he fled for refuge, £rBt to 
Belgium, and afterwards to Switzerland, 
where he died at Vevey in H(66. The place 
of his burial was not certainly known until 
a few years ago, when a tomb was discovered ' 
beneath the boarded floor of the church of 
St. Martin at Vevey, bearing the following 
in»CTiption:'Iiiejacettabernflculuniterrestro 
Oulielmi Cawley, armigeri Angticani, nup. 
de Ciceatria in comitatu Susbbzis, qui, post' 
quam state sua inserrivit Dei consilio, obdor- 
mivite Jan. 1666, mtat.suEc63.' There is a 
tr»dition that his remains were afterwards 
transported to England, and buried in the [ 
vault under the chapel of his hoepitnl at 
Chichester. This W8« opened in 1883, and 
A leaden case enclosing a male skeleton was I 
found there, but it bore no inscription. His . 



him, on the grounds that most of it had 
been settled on him at his marriage, that his 
&ther-ia-law's estate had been sequestrated 
fi>r his loyalty, and that he himself had 
earnestly entreated his father not to 'enter 
the detestable plot,' meaning the king's trial. 
The petition, however, does not seem to have 
been succeasful, and moat of Cawley's pro- 
perty was bestowed on the Duke of iork, 
afterward!' James 11. The memory of his 
name is still preserved in 'Cawley Lane," 
at Rumboldswyke, close to Chichester, and 
' Cawley I'riory,' a house in the city which 
stands on the site of his residence. 

A portrait of Cawley has been preserved 
in his hospital, now converted into a work- 
housa. It was token when he was about 
eighteen years of age, and represents him as 
a dark-eyed and dark-complexioned refined- 
looking youth, with a laced collar and laced 
cuS'a. 

[Noblo'g Histoty of the Regicides, i. UG; 
History of tho King-KillflrB, i. oO; Daltnvny's 
Western Sussex, vol. i. ; Journals of the Houm 
of Oonunoas ; Sustcx Acclwolog. Journal, vols. 
r. siii. xix. xxxiv. ; Fleet's Olimpues of our Ao- 
eestors, Ixt series, p. 164.] W. R. W. S, 

CAWOOD, JOnN (1G14-IG72), printer, 
vu of on old Voikatiira iiunily, as set forth 



9 Cawood 

in a book at the Heralds' office, which has 
the entiT, 'Cawood, Typographiis Regius 
Regime Mariffi,' and gives the arms and de- 
scription of the De Cawoods of Cawoud, near 
York. He was bom in 1514, and apprenticed 

10 John Kaynes, printer, whose portrait, 
along with his own, he gave to the Company 
of Stationers of London, as noted in the 
warden's accounts, July 1561. Their place 
of busineijs was the George Inn, St. Paul'a 
Churchyard, When he printed for himself 
he was established at the sign of the Holy 
Ghost in St. Paul's Churchyard. The first 
booksiven to him in the Lambeth list of books 
is ' a Bible and New Testament,' 4to, 1 549, but 
the authority is not stated. From 1650, how- 
ever, to the year of his death, his successive 
publications, fifty-nine in number, are fairly 
recorded in the ' 'Typographical Antiquities ' of 
Ames, Herbert, and Dibdin (London, 1619). 
In 1663, in the reign of Edward VI, llichard 
Grafton, being queen's printer, was employed 
to print the proclamation by which Lady 
Jane Grey was declared successor to the 
crown, by virtue of the measures of the Duke 
of Northumberland, her father-in-law ; but 
on Queen Mary's accession, he was deprived 
of his office and imprisoned, and Cawood wae 
put in his place n-ith directions to print, at 
the salary of 6/. lar. 4rf., aU ' statute books, 
acts, proclamations, injunctions, and other 
volumes and things,' in English, with the 
profit appertaining, and also with the right, 
on Reginald Wolie 's decease, to print and sell 
books in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, when he 
was to receive an additional 18*. 8d. per an- 
num. On Queen Elizabeth's accessionlie waa 
appointed printer to the queen, by patent 
24 March 1660, on similar conditions, but 
jointly with Richard Rugge, who was made 
the senior. For this branch of the business 
he and his partner rented a room at Sta- 
tioners' Hall for ' IX*.' a year. 

Cawood was elected warden to the Sta- 
tioners" Company in 1564, and was re-elected 
1556-7. On 4 May 1656 this institution {a 
guild as early as 1403) received its first chat- 
ter, HTHnted to the ' master and keepers or 
wardens and commoneltv of the mystexr or 
art of the stationers of Uie city of London,' 
which gave remarkable rights over all lite- 
rarv compositions, and power to search for 
all books obnoxious to the stationers or con- 
trary to law. This charter appoints Thomas 
DocWray, master : John Cawood and Henry 
Coke, wardens ; and ninety-four others free- 
men. At the suit of Cawood and others, 
1 Feb. 1560, the lord mayor created the in- 
corporated fellowship of the stationers into 
one of the livery companies of the city of 
Loudon. Oawood was three limes master. 



Cawston 3-^ Cawthom 



in 'CA ''TjiZiCtirirf Companj. tlie ?»sifin^r3 b^ tiie ^nci^n: KASntiss 'zbmz e^di T«vlbr 

^hr,T^ fritn •imft tr, ".iaift «;nii» ^:h:rv«i Tala«- ^^-tr La. TiLft :ir?ft z»ner&I ppxeaskiiu a fpecial 

Ar,ii» gr.iTA fr;m h..3i. :nAiiui:n^ »bj^ ' paTiHir. r^om .TUffl iTa T'.c a ftiii:alid be mAtfe oC lu' 

jr. 7»n V.y r.Ar-A<iA 'hi*r*irtj»\ vjoixnisa irawsi joiii * i -Ijir. .««^- 17± Jjlxes HztwoobVCJ- 

tr, •j-»i% ^t;uv7r.n«^* H:a aaaift L«* jjuzui bus UKtiiig ^/ SriEtvt^ f^r Camandge^ p^ 175 l 

f.r.r'.f: r.r. 'r.«^ hUr.ic IL-ir. aniri riutr i& l-SfS»3. * for C&'vscnn'' aiiuiilzciim» i^ al^o laui to bare 

cr'l.>r^ of r.r.i% hr.Tr-<%/ whien hft acrt 4Lr:iiiia hl^ -La« ia. db* TxiT-raitV, hid oifu to their 



fifh^ir^ x^r^^ tzfiA i^. rjrf. LTirarjis b<iii2 •p^ciAUr cijaunemorated. A 

ff.* -c^A "hHfift marriert- Bj iiL* *myjrLd note ia. one ot *hi* ToLiiaies preaenredbyluB 



ar.r! •K.r'i w:T*r*^ whc^i naxne^ ir* aiiioiown, to P*t*riioade -iiscnbe* Iiija a« holding, be- 

hfz h;wi r.o ch.!fir*n- hj hU trsi: wii:, Joane *;«itr?* hij Caznbri<i«r» o&«. the prefenoeBt 

. T.f: hA/i r.hr**: ViFji and four dau^atrrPL of lii^n. of Cbicix»ia«« (Cajctes. p.36t Hii 

John. ba/':K*rior of La'w^, fellow of N;^w Col- nanifr iotaj net occur in Le N*ve'« li« lahi 

l^*. fni\Tri ^d. 1570 1, -w-a.* prorAoij rhr *r^pra. i, :!.>$i; brir bepr thf»r» i« a gap of i 

Jof.n Cawyl thft yoaii;r«?r 'who rrio* ^ip hL* n iaio^rr of t-ats becweirii the elcTation of 

fr «:*^om ir; r\.^, T'^K'^Vxi^r^ Com pan 7 1- Mav l>pjin RiohArd l* Scrip* to rhe bishopric of 

1-VJ-' : ^/*orl*:I, al.v* a prinr^r. "wm maA'rr -.f iVbichrstrr in 1-3*3 and the next name in 

th^ ."^tAr.ioT*ftr«'' Company l-Sfc. I-'iCK): E«i- th* ■^rrl-rs, that of John de Mavdi*nhith. who 

Tnf»xA(d, \-9li)\: Mary. wLo*<i yii^-^ to •hi.-- rn:»:rz»:« in 14<".0. Ic :? namral then to place 



/y.-Tif Any ar<: r«?<';ord*;d iiiid^r ItJ<>*, IrJl^J. CaTTiTrin i 
Tf.firr.trfi fi':fjr'/h l>i.-}:.op. dftpur j-pTinr*:r :o " ?i-: 1 acrordinz 



in thi« intrrvaL He died in 13K 
to Peacock. Oi^rratum$ on the 




Uft:k ; and iSarbara, wife of Mark Norton. Le KErx. Lc.'l is apparent! v a misprint. 

r:*wvjl di.rd ! April 1072 H-r wa.s buried rA^thori-i* mentioned a?oW] R. L. P. 
at .V. pAitK ^ under .v. I'aul>. where a tomb ■- -• 




'T;mf;';rl«;y'- Kr.ryclof/<#ylia. py>. 318, 321. 350. first s»rnt to the ShtrrtiHld frrammar scho.)}, 

.'i7S. 411, li?. i'f'i; hymtsr'-i fViid^ra, 20 I-ir.c where h*- displayed some litemri- talent by 

I/7.*».'J; Ni'ii'ij^'H Li^. An*?*.-'!, iii. 5-51-2, ooo, 550. tryinsT to e.stablish a periotlical, "The Tea- 

■Wi, iViH, 5H7 ; Ni'hol-*« Jllu*r. iv. 176,177.105. Table.' He wa.« removed to tin* grammar 

2//!] AmiM\Ty^^,Lrr,\uUq. (l)i\A'm\ 1818), iv. g^-hrK,! ofKirkbvI^nsdalein 17:V): heinl7:36 

:jH5; Wh#;nl«-rft M.cr ;uni and C-AwtMA (IS12); Jxrcame a>*istant-tearher at Hot herham school. 




uK^i.ftant to a schoolmaster in Soho Square. 
fJAWHTON or CAU8T0N, MICHAEL Abrmt 1743 he married Man, this school. 
iir.id. 1 'fliri ), niOMt^T of Micha*4hon.se, Cam- mo.^^ter'r) daughter; wa^ ordained and was 
bridjj*', wuH u Norfolk innn (('aktp:r, IliJttory elffCted head-master of Tonbridge grammar 
of (*nmftrid*jfi/\. 40'{)t preHiimHbly a native school. In 1746 he published 'Abelard and 
<if t \n\ villn^e of Cuw.ston, alK)ut twelve miles Ilelcise ' in the * Poetical Calendar ; ' in 1748 
north-west of Norwich, lie Ix'cnme fellow 1 he published a sermon, on the title-pagv of 
of I'ernhroke (.'ollcfjrr*, (/amhridge (LeKeux, , which he describes himself as M.A. He ej?- 
Mt'TtutrinU of ('nmhridt/pj i. WJ, ed. C H. | tablished a library in Ids school and wrote 
i/ooiM-r), d^Mrtor of divinity, and master of ' Annual Visitation Poems,* and other trifles. 
MicliuelhoiiHe. HIh appointment as master ! On lo April 1761 he was thrown from his 



wuM npnun'ntly made Hubsequently to 1859, 
when Willifiiii of Gotham is mentioned as 
holding lliiit otHce ((-AKTEU, p. .*MK5). In 
VMW (or VMVI, as Lk Nkve gives the date, 
J'fmfif iii. olW, «kI. linrdy) Cawston was chan- 
ctillor of his university. He is famous as 



horse and killed. 

Cawthom was buried in Tonbridge church, 
where a marble slab with a Latin epitaph 
was put up for him, and verses were printed 
to his memory hy Lord Eardler in the ' (Jen- 
tleman*8 Magazine/ xzxL 232. His poems 



1, wLen they wer 



-vreTe not collected till 
published by eubecripti 

Cawthfim was included among ' Eiigliah 
Poets* in Johnson's edition, though not tiU 
1790 (toI. 1st.) ; in PnA's ■ British Poeta,' i 
1808 (*-ol. iv.) ; in Piatt's ' Cabinet of Poetry,' 
same rear (yoL t.); in Sanibrd'a 'Britisli ' 
Poe(a,M8l9(Tol.iiiv.); in the Chiawick ed. , 
1B22 (toI, k.); >n C;iialuier»'g ed. (vol.xir.); 
in Amieraoo's, and others; while his ' Abe- 
lard and Heloise' was also separately col- 
lected, with Pope's ' Epistle,' twice at least, 
vii. in 160.') and 1816. | 

[Gent. Ha^. 1791. rot. lii. pt. ii. pp. 1081-3 . 
(where is a hsC of the seliolsrH who cacitod tha 
Viutation Focimg). vol. Iiii. pt, i, p. 68 ; Chal- 
mera's Kocbsh PoeM. xiv. i29 -. MontUly Revisir. , 
iIt. 1-.%9. 33a.] J, H. ! 

CAWTON, THOMAS, the elder (160o- ! 
1659 1. divine, was bom st Rainhsm, Norfolk, I 
inl6U5. HewaasentloQueens'Coll«(e,Cam- j 
bridge, by Sir Roger Townsbend, and became | 
eo remarkable forhiB piety, thst profane scho- I 
lars used 'Cawtoniat ss'Simoonite' or 'Pu- 
Beyite 'were used more recenily. Aft*r seven' 
3'ears at Cambridge, he studied theology nt 
the house of Herbert Palmer, the puritan I 
vicar of Ashwell. He was then for four years 
chaplain to Sir William Anoine of Chion, 
Nortbaraptonshire, and in 1637 was presented 
by Sir K^^ Townahend to the vicarage of 
Wivenhoe, Essei, where he persuaded his 
parishioners not to sell fish on Simday. He 
married Elizabeth, daughter of William Jen- 
kin, a prencher of Sudbury, and sister of Wil- 
liam Jenkia, ejected in 1663. Seven years 
laterhebecameministerof St. Bartholomew's, 
Ijondon. He joined in the declaration of the 
IjOndonministe rs against thedeathof Charles, 
and preached a sermon before the mayor and 
aldermen at Mercers' Chapel on 25 Feb. 1648- 
1&49, when be prayed for the royal family 
and Charles 11. He woa brought before tlie 
council of stale, and, refusing to recant, was 
committed to the Oatehonse. He was re- 
leaaed with other prisoners on 14 Aug. 1649 
AS a thanksgiving for Jones's victory in Ire- 
land. He was concerned with his brolher-iu- 
)aw, William Jenkin, and others, in the plot 
to support Charles in Scotland, for which 
Christopher Love [q. v.] was executed on 
22 Aug. 1651. and escaped lo Holland, where 
he woa chosen pastor of (he English church 
in Rotterdam. Here he became acquainted 
with many eminent men, and took paius to 
encouragi- Cast^ll'.i ' Lexicon Heptaglotton,' 
and Walton's polyglot bible. On* Nov. 16.>8 
Charles H oddre^ed a letter to liiin, profesa- 
' ~g his xeol for the protostant faith, and re- 
'~*ing Cawton to defend him among the 
!i tiiiniBt«rs (Nkal, Puritant, iv. 233). 



ir Caxton 

Cawton died at Rotterdam on 7 Aug. 16r>9. 
He is said to have been a man of great leam- 
tng as well as piety, but the only work as- 
cribed to bim la the sermon above mentioned. 
His son, 1'hoxab Cawtok the younger, 
learned the oriental laugunges under his lather 
at Rotterdani, and studied for three years at 
Utrecht. He afterwards entered Merton Col- 
lege to be near Samuel Clarke (1623-1669), 
the orientalist, He graduated B,A. in 1660, 
when he produced high testimonials to his 
oriental knowledgu from Professor Leusden of 
Utrecht. He wrote a copy of Hebrew verses 
on the Restoration, and was ordained in 1S6I, 
but refusing lo conform in 1 662, left the uni- 
versity and bi^came chaplain to Sir Anthony 
Irby. In the plague year Irhy retired to Lin- 
colnshire, which did not suit Cawton's health. 
He then became chaplain to Lady ( Mary) Ar- 
mine [q.v.], and coUftoted a congregation in 
Westmmster. He died on 10 April 167T, 
aged about forty, and was buried iu the new 
church at Tothill Street, Westminster. His 
congregation obeyed his dying retjiiest by ap- 

EnntingVincentAlsoprq.v.Jas his successor, 
alamy and Kippiswerelater successors in the 
same pastorate. Cawlonwrote: I. 'Philologi 
mixti disputAtio nona, quoj est de Versione 
Syriaca vet. et novi Teatamenli,' Utrecht, 
1U57 fan elaborate discussion of the authenti- 
city, date, and value of the Syriac versions). 
2.'I>ispiitationuminTlieolojfiaNat,Hraliae!ec- 
tarum Decima septa, continens Decisionem 
Quffistionis: Au Deus creare possit creaturam 
perfect issimam.^' Utrecht, 1668. 3. ' Disser- 
tatio de usu lingufe Hebraicte inPhilosophia 
Theoretiea,' Utrecht, 1659. 4. 'Life and 
Death of . .. Thomas Cawton ' (together with 
h is father's portrai tandsermon noticed above) , 
1662. 5. ' Balaam's Wish, a sermon,' 1670. 
[LifeofT.Cuwlon. 1682; Wood's AthenffiOxon. 
(Bliss), iii. I lOS; Puimer'K Calamy, i. 2S2; Nwl's 
Hist, of the Puritans, iv. 233. 244 ; Brook's Idles 
of the Puritans, iii. 32(Ui3; Bute's Elonehus, ii. 
133 ; Calamv'a Abridgement, li. 73; Funeral ser- 

^ moiisbyH. burst sncTW-ViQceat; Kippis'a Biog. 

I Brit. ; Graugsr, iii. 47 ; Wilson's Biasanling 

' ChuriJits. i. 335. iv. 50-DS.] | 

CAXTON, WILLIAM (1432P-I49I), 
the first Enghah printer, was born, according 
to hia own account, ' in Kent in the Weeld. 
The name was usually pronoimced Cnuxton, 
and often written Causion, and Kentish an- 
tiquaries connect Caxton's family with the 
CuustOQS or Caxtons who held a monor of 
the same name near Hadlow in the Weald of 
Kent in the thirteenth century. Before the 
fifteenth century the manor had passed into 
other hands, but offshoots of the family ap- 

Kor to have been still settled in the neigh- 
urhood and in Essex. A William de Cuua- 



^ . "^— IXZil 



s* ::t 









• ^ — m -• 




i»r*- 






in. 



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% ..r 



t •• ( 



:. EL Tin.—. ■^- "T-— ». LUTL^ "^^trcAi-A 



l~' »1 UT'l -TT« 



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.^ 



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V 



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I. 



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irU 



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• . - ,*,■_■•''. I * 1 * ■-— ZJi2. I ''^ *.• A . ■■< 1^ 14'.''* 

• •.:-". :..-.::- i*: ■:.- >I-r>-r- •■ :r:*i:. 7. 

:• ;. II : - • Lr.T.r-.-r^. T:.- i-i"h f I »:"»•? 

." -.r!-- ":.' IV. ". i :".wv-i ~ !•••-?« -n d V-r!>r 

-,-.- : . ■ -_• • T. o .Tir.. '. ■i'.-. E.i"5%ar! \W *:-'rr, 

" :. -: > r i r J i r-r" . :r. >- rr:- : : Lr r . -w • : . i kr * t ] ir . ijrs 

■>- i*. : .:. "?.- f ■'.:■'■»■• Tir '"o". V.-T Caxt'"^n. uirh 

:•-.• •-*-, Hr.jl:-h -r.\ vi. Trn» al-le t*"* i^nrw the 

i-!" ^I : *r\if\\x.z rr]:i*: r." Ij^'Wcr-n tli»- two i*oun- 






r« • ■.. '. :i ..." ' .'-■..■ •' :. '-'.wf.- ■ . .... i.. * 'jix'onjipj^rar^T'i have f"un«i iim»?forTni- 

l.i '»',/,•", fi j"'i f'.r *!'■ J/-.':' '/f .*.>^. vv.-*' in v-ilinfir and t'lr lit^-rarv pur*niTs in Th»*.se hii*y 

»J.i 1^,7, '',.»•»,« ■• ' ;i\''.ri'-;ii»j.r-riM''-h p y-Hr-. II'* vi-iT»rd Utr»'oht in 144*4. l4t*>o, 

|;..fi'l I. II I 11''. .'.K'h li'- w-nt into hii-ifi' -- Jirid 14*'i7, and in March 14ftS-9 befjan to 

|i,f Jujii' K 'it Ufii^'i ■. fn I I.ViIh- li-'Jirii*! tpan«laTe intoEnpli#'h,asapreA-entiveairainst 

iir. iv i»i l.« li'ill '.I iiri'iJ|j<r Kiij(ii'li [ii'-rrliiint \AV\\i'>^ iXw tells ii«), thn popular mofliaval 

|.,ril.< i.iiviiH nJ ol 110/ II i^/ri'il'Mini" |in»- p.niiinre/ !>' Ilecu»'il des IlistoiresdeTrny,'; 

.„ , ,, . .,ii.l IN I I.VI li'- imi'l n l»riif' \ i-it In f-atiT in 14J59 he was called on to arbitrate 

l.'.ii.l'iii In IniiiHilly 'ii»«r lli'-liviT\ of tin* in H romin«!rcial dispute at l^rujres betwtH?n 

\I. f I. I ;■«■*. iiijiiiiiv.il irrnol, in H|»it«- of tin- ah- u (n-norsi' and an Elnplish merchant, but 

.11111 1,1 iliii'i t dnriiini-nliiry '•vidfuci', ihat he " 
liiid nlii ii'U Im rnni<- ii IVi'i'iniin of tli'* ^nild. 



Mm im \|iiiI I hi** I'Mwnnl IV jfnmti-d ihi* 
Ml iiliiiiil AdMiiluriTs nn HHMN'inlion of 



t<'in]»orar}- alisenct; from IJruges preveut«-d 
him from sifniin^ the final award (dattni 
iL' May I4mM. On 13 Aug. 14419 he received 
a ffiftdf wine, himoriM cauM, apparently in 



Caxton 



Caxton 



Ub capadtf of governor. But this is the 
lut d&te at wbich he appears to have been , 
fillfilliiie the duties of his commercial ofEce. I 

Ths Ensliah princess who had become 
DackcM nf Burgundv in 1406 showed Cax- 
ton much attention from her ttret arrival in | 
the Low Countries, and when lier brother i 
Edward IV took refuge in Fknders in Oc- 
tobio- 14T0 from the succewful rebellion of I 
lh» Earl of Warwick, there is little doubt 
tliAt Cnxton was brought into personal re- 
lations with him. Before March 1470-1 Cax- 
ton had whollv relinquished bis commerciul 
Sursuits for tlie boueebold sen-ice of ibe | 
ufilieas. Doubtless this change wae due to i 
an increaaiug desire on his part for leisure in 
-which to easay various literary enterprises. 
In 1471, white at Obent, he busily emploj'ed : 
himself in completing the translation of Le 
Recaeil,' which he had neglected for two . 
-veais, and on 19 Sept. 1471 the work was | 
^nished at Cologne. Tiie book was in great 
demand, and, in order to multiply copies with I 
the greater ease, Cailon (as he tells ns in his 
' Prologe ') resolved to put himself to the 
pains of learning the newly discovered art I 
of printing, I 

Inall likelihood 1474 was tlievear in which ' 
'The Recuyell " was printed. iTiis, the first 
English book printed, gives no indication of 
time or place, and the date and the exact 
dreumslonces of its publication have been, 
in the alMeni^e of precise evidence, the sub- 

i'ect of much controversy. At Bruges there ' 
ind a skilful caligrapher named Colard 
Msnaiou, who set up a press in that city for ' 
the first time about 1473. Hr. Blades states I 
that Caxton probably supplied Mansion with | 
money to carry out his enterprise, andplaced ' 
himself under Mansion's tuition at Bruges. , 
Tliit OBXt<)n and Mansion were aciiuainted j 
with one another is not disputed. But Ca.x- 
ton'e esplicit mention of Cologne as the place 
in which he finished bis translation in 1471, 
and the remark of Caxtou's auccesiwr, Wyn- 
liyn de Worde, that Caxton printed a Latin ' 
book, ' Bartholomseus de Proprietatibua Ro- 
nun, at Cologne (W. de Wohde, Proheme | 
to fait ed. nf florWo/offKBt«,n.d.), powerfully j 
mppnrt the conclusion that Caxton was as- , 
•oouilcd with Cologne in his i-arly printing [ 



'Bfcuycir 

in Cologne boiiks of tire time, and the pre- 
Mncfl there of most, though not aU, the 
technical jioinls found in the early boohs of 
' 'spre!is,|Kiint to Ibe conclusion that 



c 



Caxton, having learned printing at Cologne, 
returned to Bruges about 1471, and printed 
the ' Kecuyell' at Mansion's press there. 

On 81 March 1474-6 Oaxton states that be 
completed another translation — 'TheQame 
and Plsye of the Cbesse' — from Jean de 
Vi^y's French version (1360)<'f J. de Ces- 
sohs's 'Ludus Scacchorum.' Tliis was the 
second English book printed. The same types 
were used as in the case of 'The Recuyell,' 
and although it also iawithout printer's name, 

Since, or date, it may be referred to Colard 
. [aniiicm's press at Bruges and dated 1475, 
' I did do Kel [it] in imurinte,' writes Caxton 
when bringing out a lat*r edition, and the 
t!Xpressioii probably means that be caused it 
to oe printed, but did not actually print it 
with bis own hands. 

In 147G Caxton left Bruges to practise his 
newly acquired art in his native country, 
and on IS Nov. 1477 be printed at West- 
minster a book called ' The Dictea and Say- 
inps of the Philosophers.' This work con- 
tains a colophon giving for the first time the 
name of printer, tlte place of publication, and 
date. Lord Spencers copy at Allhorpe aun- 
pliea the day of the month. ' The Dictea ' is 
undoubtedly the first book printed in Eng- 
land. Its type, though dissimilar from tbnt 
of the two former Iwoks in which Caxton 
had been concerned, is identical with that 
used in Mansion's later books. It is there- *■ 
fore probable that Caxton brought to West- 
minster his printing apparatus from Brutes. 
Tlie translation (from the French ' 1*8 uits 
moTDux des philosophes') was from the pen 
of Knrl Rivers, but was revised at ihe earl's 
request by Cuxt on, who added a prologue and a 
chapter ' touchvng wymmen.' The 'History 
of Jaaon,' an English translation of Rooul 
Lefevre's ' Lea Fais . . . du , . . Che\'alier 
Jasmi,* which seems to have been first printed 
by Mansion about 1476, was another early 

Siblication of Caxton's Westminster presa, 
ut the claim of precedence over the 'Dictes.' 
OS the first book [irinted in England, which 
has been put forward in ita bchiilf, rests on 
shadowy evidence. 

From 1477 to 1491 Caxton was busily em- 
ployed in printing and translating. His 
later assistant, Robert. C-opland, in the pro- 
logue to bis edition of 'Kxnge Apolyn of 
Thyre,' speaks of Caxton ■ begynuj-nge with 
small sloryes and pnmfletes and so lo other,' 
but it would seem that Caxton was more am- 
bitious from the first. Chaucer's ' Canterbury 
Tales,' a large folio, was one of his early ven- 
tures, and although be printed veij- many 
'lIorR',' 'Indulgeuliie.' Siinim service hooka, 
and other ecclt«iagrical handbooks, together 
with many brief pamphlets of po«ms and 



Caxton 3S4 Caxton 

bi^fcif . -T --iT^T --r=i5 : ? bare e>p:±a^liim- of Woreester were not only intimate friends 

L^ T/---T::: > It- : imc-i iif . L Lc4 f biVKs. many attentions. ' To Rfchaid mQixtaiX 
F-: Lvi^tr aiLi «-^:Trrr. b-*.i-? Chaucer, dicated his * Order of Chivalrv/ HenirVII 




-4^'. - i^ii i I>-:c:. version of in winter. Sir John Faatolf eagerly puidiued 

•K,?yr.iri t'lt F.x' Uf 1 >. :>^ethrr with hi* hooks, and many rich meroen wete hift 

piTijhr^ij^s :: "Lr * -Er.r:i.* jr. vr* s^^me li:e- fastest friends. 

rarv :a*:t. I- :b- rpilvrir ::• Cnauovrs In the parish of St. Maiyaret's, Westmin- 

• IVvk :: Fizir ' N.\ 47 1^1 >w -he printer ster. where Caxton lived, lie was from th» 

crL::::>r> :*::- p-r: '.n & hiirhly hrprvoistive first a man of mark. He audited the paio- 

<lir.-. Hif :::.•. ^Try wlIIt in Eturlisdalinost chial accounts for each year from 14*8 to 

U=rrf vVUv-P- :..* Hr ir:-:e.:i:: fourteen 14S4. In 1490 his friend William Patt. a 

years =:;r? :bin rL^i:-.--r:: :h..:>.»ni paii:^. mercer of London, died, and requested him 




tven Tii-i^-:. 2i'.vhAi;:oa.l liK '.ir. covered, but the parish accounts record that 
Thv am,v;:v: ot h'.> w:rk a> a Translator is fifteen copies of his 'Golden ].,egend* were 
evrn '.n^r>. rtmarkablv. He stares himself 'bequothentothechirch . . . bv AViUiamCax- 
:h:\: h:- translated :w-rn-y-%^nr t-^^ks mainly st on/ and other entries describe tbedistribu- 
r;!r.anv.v<. :r .^ni rhf Fnn^ h ar.d '.v:e trozn the tion of the books. The printer was buried 
b .:t..'h y^- Ki yr.anl : l;e Fox ' •. 1 1:- knowledire in the church of St. Margaret's, Westminster, 
of Frenol: was ver\- ThoroiuL, and the num- and in lSi?0 the Roxbui^heChib erected there 
Kt or" l.ii::n l>-»'»k> h-/ vindert-^ok leaves little a tablet to his memory. In 1883 a stained- 
doubt iliA' lit" wa- :tl<^ acquainte-l with tliat fflass window was also set up in his honour 
laniTuaire. A^ a Aohimin^uis tniuslator Cax- by the L^mdon printers and publishers, and 
ton d-d s^^mftli-.n^: to tL\ the literary Ian- upon it is emblazoned an inscription by Lord 
ffuage of the >'XT''enth tvntiirv. He was Tennysim. 

never very I'tenil : he iiuerpola't d some pas- Caxton married probably about 1469. Maud 

sHif^^s and pa^apll^a^ed otlieri. Not unnatu- Caxton, who was buried at St. Margaret'*, 

rallv liis A^vabiilary lv^rn>ws miieh frmu the AVestminster, in 1490, mav have been his 




wanl 
matters 



j^ve him '201. ' for certain causes and rangement Croppe received, out of a bequest 
matters tvrf*irmed :* whether Caxton's ser- of CaxtonV twenty legends 'valued at l^J.-W. 
vices in Edwanl's Whalf at Bruges are re- each (Academy, 4 April 1874). 
femn^l to, or his magiiiticent enterprise at An interesting discussion has been held as 
Westminster, is uncertain. Edward IV is to the exact site of Caxton's house and work- 
known to have pa-isessed at least one of Cax- shop in Westminster. In the colophons of 
ton's books (^No. .'31 below), and Caxton de- seven books Caxton describee himself as print- 
scribes several works as printed under Ed- ing or translating in Westminster Abbey; in 
ward's protection. Earl Rivers and the Earl 1 other books he merely states that they woe 



minimi Bt WestminRer. Some uf Caxton'fi Bpecial meauine, atul was merely inUnded to 
uiofcrnpheTB have stated that Gallon's offic* eimble the public to identiry easily Caiton's 
■w«a the scriptoriuin of the abbev, lent to him , wares. The siuall letlere ' s. c' have l)een ex- 
liy the abbot (John Eatenej). Then is, how- plained by M. J. P. A. Madden as the initiAhs 
#Ter. no proof that Esteney showed Caiton of ' Sancta Coloaia,' i.e. Oologne ; and this 
(iny spvL-ial tuTour. Caxton'dedicatednobook ' inlerpretatJon pkys animportanl part iu lii« 
to him, and only mentioas Him once in the argument in favour of Cologne rather tbau 
pmlr^ue of the 'Enevdofi' (1490), where the llruges as Cuton'sprintingachooL AUIioukIi 
printer Blntea that tlie obbot had sent him , no othersu^geationliaibe^ offered, this luoKs 
eomeolddocumentsof theabbey with aview too fantastic to be probable. Wynkyn de 
to his translating tliem into modern English. Worda adopted Caxlon'a device ns his own 
Stow sUle^, very inaccurately, that about afterCaxton'sdefith; buthemoditied thecut, 
l471lBlip(whowa8notdeantilil500)erected I and often omitted the « and c, so that it is 
'tJae first preaae of booke-printing' in thai parW possible for an cipert to detect the diffenmoe 
of ihs abbey preciucts at Westminster imowii | between Carton's trade-mark and that of hie 
■s the Almonry, and that Caxton practised pupl and successor. 

printing there. In an advertisement sheet i There is no authentic portrait of Qaxton. 
iMued tiy Ciutton about 1479, announcing] In Lawia's ' Life' and in Ames's ' Typogra- 
■the wU of ' ony jiyes of two and three eo- ; phjoal Antiquities ' a supposed portrait ap- 
g of ealisburi vse' (i.e. boolis of, pears, but it-s association with Caxton's name 
wiastioal offices), thti printer bids the i j» unwarranted. The print from which it te 
— vt 'oome to Weatminsler in to the I in both cases inaccuratelv copied belonged to 
«rye at the reed pale.' Mr. Blsdws's John Bagford [q. v.], and is attributed to the 
,. ..._ lion is that Caiton rented of the ah- I ■well-known engraver, William Faithome, 
I htA'a chamberlain, in the ordinary way of Although Fnitliome and Bagford pretende<J 
, 1 house wliich bore the sign »f a that it was an authentic representation of the 
red pale, in the ancloayre 'west-simlh-west great printer, Dr. Dibdin discoyerud that it 
I af the western front ofth'e abbey.' well known won in reality a reproduction of the portnut 
! Almonry, and so called from the pre- of an Italian poet, Burchiello, which is pre- 
lumtier of almshoases there, built liied to the 1554 edition (small octavo) of his 
it Beaufort, motherof llenrv VII. i«>enia. Failhome is believed to have origi- 
tyn de Worde, who occupied Cuxton's imted the fraud, and Bagford is regarded as 



MFti 



rlcshop for some years after his i 
&MtJi, dates many books from 'Caxton's hoiis,' 
or 'In domo Cajcston,' at Westminster and 
acsr the abbey, but gives no more precise 






Anolher difficulty is the meaning of the 
device which appears in twelve of Ca\ton's 
Imnks, all printed after 1487. The device is 
ftnt met with at the end of a ' Sarum Missal.' 
This book, of which a unique copy belongs to 
Mr. W. J. Legh, was, unlike Caxton's other 
books, printedforhimal Paris by W, Mnynayl. 
On the arrival of the sheets at Westminster 
(hjiton added a leaf with his device upon it, 
■ndpubliahed the . - ^^ • ■ ■ 

iMtwnen the two letters, 



The device consists of Caxton's initials 
CKpitaU, with a strange interlacement of 



vhile n< 



rthe 



ii Btroke Te$«inhliu^ a small i, and nt 

TJ a atroke resembling a amull c. Toe 

It is unclosed in floral oorders. The cen- 

Blines have been assumed by the best critics 

* l)e a fantastic impriui of tbe figures ' 74,' 

■ j-^»l a refemnce to the all-important fact that 

I t^'^^'' '^'^^° prin'^ii '■he Krst English bonk. 

I ^>" cireurasiances attending the first em- 

Wnrmcnl of the device prove that Caxlon re- 

K*«lrditiLshispeculinrtrede-roark, and may 

I *^l)pijrt the conclusion that the design luu no 



the engraver's dupe. ^ 

Caxton printed on papermadeid most case* ~ 
in the Low Countries, and very rarely used 
" " aployedfrom (irBtlt ' 

! Gothic character, b 
closely from the caligraphy at 
time tuai many of his books have been mis- 
taken for manuacript. He often renewed his 
fount, and each fount that he employed dif- 
fered in some respect from its prudecesaor, 
Caxton never mixed lus founts in his boolis. 
The earliest fount, evidently imitated from 
contemporary French handwriting, was only 
used in Bruges. The second fount, used in 
England fi^om 1477 to 1479, was also derived 
from Mansion's office, and is known as ' gros 
bilarde; 'anew varietyof this fount, employed 
in 1479-80, has thinner facings and fewer or- 
namantal strokes. Caxton's third distinct 
fount, in use from 1479 to 148S, chiefly for 
Ijutin books, is imitated from the church t«xt 
of the scribes, and closely resembles the later 
' black letter.' The fourth fount, in uiie from 
1480 to 1485, is smaller than any of iu fore- 
runners, and resemblea Caslon's standard 
type ; another variety of this fount appeon in 
Gower's ' Confessio' (1483) and ' The Knight 
of the Tower' (1483). ThafiAh fount, in uh« 
tigin 1437 to I491,bAS large Lombardic npi- 



Caxton 



386 



Caxton 



tals, and otherwise resembles the third fount. 
The sixth and last fount, in use from 1489 to 
1491, is not unlike the first fount. Caxton's 
books have no title-pages, but prologues and 
■^ colophons are not uncommon. Some of the 
books, especially poetry and Latin works, have 
no punctuation at all ; in others the full point 
or colon is used exclusively ; in one (' Paris 
and Vienne ') only the long comma ( | ). The 
sign If or a coloured capital often indicates the 
beginning of a new sentence. The semicolon 
was unknown to Caxton, and commas are only 
represented by short (,) or long lines (| ). The 

Eages were never numbered, but bore at the 
ottom a signature, a j, a i j, and so on. The 
binding usually consisted of a stiff piece of 

Sarchment with the edges turned in, and often 
ll(ki out with waste proof sheets. Caxton first 
introduced woodcuts into the third edition of 
the * Parvus et Magnus Catho' about 1481, 
and woodcut initials appear first in the ' Fables 
of iEsop,' 1484. The same woodcut is oft«n 
used in different books, and to illustrate dif- 
ferent subject-matter. It is evident that 
Caxton employed several artists. Sure signs 
of a genuine Caxton are the absence (1) of 
title-pages, (2) of Roman or italic type, (3) of 
ordinary commas, (4) of catchwords at the 
foot of the page. The British Museum has 
no less than eighty- three Caxtons, but of Ikete 
twenty-five are duplicates. Lord Spencer 
has fifty-seven separate works at Althorp. 
The Cambridge University Library has forty- 
two separate works, many of them unique, 
the Bodleian thirty-four, and the Duke of 
Devonshire twenty-five. Thirty-eight of the 
102 works or editions known to have been 
printed by Caxton are extant only in frag- 
ments. 

Many fragments of Caxton*8 work have been 
found in the bindings of old books in old li- 
braries. Mr. Blades records a remarkable 
discovery of the fragments of thirteen books 
printed by Caxton in the binding of a copy 
of Caxton's Chaucer's *Boethius,' found in 
1858 in the library of St. Albans grammar 
school. Mr. Henry Bradshaw was on many 
occasions equally fortunate, and to his biblio- 
graphical genius the Cambridge University 
Library owes the possession of its many unique 
Caxtons and unique Caxton fragments. 

In 1877 the four hundredth anniversary of 
the publication of the first English-printed 
book in England was celebrated by a festival 
service in St. Paul's Cathedral (19 June), and 
by an exhibition of Caxton's books and early 

Erinting appliances (June to September) at 
outh Kensington (Bulleht, Cat of Loan 
Collection f London, 1877). 

The following is a list of the books printed 
by Caxton. Asterisks imply that a copy of 



the work is in the British Museum ; notes of 
interrogation after the dates and places of 
publication denote that no mention is made 
of them in the book, and that they have been 
ascertained approximately by internal eri- 
dence ; the numbers enclosed in brackets at 
the close of each entry stand for the approxi- 
mate number of copies of the work nowJmown 
to be extant ; a dagser (t) shows that Caxtoa 
mentions in the b(K>k that he was its printer: 
1.* 'The Recuyell of the Histories of Tm/ 
fol. Bruges P (Mansion & Caxton), 1474 ? fej. 
2. < The Game and Flay of the Chess Mo- 
rallied,' translated by CJaxton ftY>m Jean de 
Vignay's French version ofJ.de Cessolis's * Lu- 
dus Scacchorum,' folio, 1st edition,* Bruges P 
1474-5 [10] ; 2nd edition,* with sixteen w)d- 
cuj8,t Westminster? 1481 ? £13]. The second 
edition was reproduced in uicsimile bv Vin- 
cent Figffins in 1860. 8. * The Dict«s and Say- 
ings of the Philosophers,' folio, " st edition,*! 
Westminster, 18 Nov. 1477 [131, transUted 
by Earl Rivers and revised by CBxton ; 2nd 
edition,*! Westminster, 1480 P [4] ; 3rd edi- 
tion,* Westminster, 1400? [6l. The first 
edition was reproduced from Mr. Christie 
Miller's perfect copy by Mr. W. ^Blades in 
1867. 4.^ * The History of Jason,* transUted 
by Caxton, Westminster ? 1477 ? 5. * Hot» 
[ad usum SarumJ,' 1st edition, 4to, W^estmin-^ 
sterP 1478 P unique fragment in Bodleian; 
2nd edition,* 4to, unique fragment, 1488 ? ; 
3rd edition,* 8vo, 1488, unique fragment; 
4th edition,* 8vo, 1490 P unique fragment. 
6.* 'Chaucer's Canterbury Tales,' folio, Ist 
edition, Westminster P 1478 P [9] r 2nd edition, 
Westminster? 1484? with woodjuts [B], A 
few leaves were facsimiled for priv&te distri- 
bution by Mr. W. Blades (Beedua^x, Caxton 
JReproductionSj p. 16). 7. * The Moral Pro- 
verbs of Christyne de Pise,' translated by Earl 
Rivers, folio,t Westminster, February 1478 
[3]. Reproduced for private distribution by 
Mr. Blades in 1869. 8. ' Propositio Johannis 
Russell,' 4to [a speech delivered by John Rus- 
sell, bishop of Lincoln, when investing the 
Duke of Burgundv with the order of the (Surter 
in February 1469^701, Westminster ? 1478 ? 
[2]. 9. Lydgat^'s * Stans Puer ad Mensam,' 
translated from Sulpitius's ' Carmen Juvenile 
de moribus puerorum,' with ' Moral distichs' 
and * Salve Regina,' 4to [unique copy ini 
Cambridge University Library!, Westmin- 
ster? 1477? 10. 'Parvus Catho: irfagnus 
Catho/ a translation of Cato's distiches by 
Benedict Burgh [a. v.], undertaken in behau 
of William Bourcnier, son of Earl of Essex, 
1st edition, 4to, Westminster ? ante 1479 P 
funique in Cambridge University Librarv] ; 
2nd edition, 4to, Westminster ? ante 1479 P 
[unique at Chatsworth] ; 8rd edition, folio^ 



■witi two wiiodcuW, Westminster? 1481? 
pi 11. Lydgates 'The Hone, the Sheep, 
Uid tbe Oooee,' and other verses, let edition, 
4lo, WpBiniiiisterP 1479? [unique copy in 
Carubriilgf I'liivereilv Libraryf; 2nd edi- 
tirtn, 4tn; \Ve*tmmster ? 1479? [unique in 
Vork Cnlhedral Library ; framnent in Cam- 
bridge Uaiverailj- Libmrj-]. Tbe spcond edi- 
tion wna re^iinted fnr tlie Roibui^he Club. 
IS. 'Infnncia .Solvutciri!*,' an adaptation of 
•Ev(uigBliumInrantia.-"(pr.F*HBiciVB, OHfcj- 
Apoeiyphiu NiK-i T'Kfamrrifi. i.l,4to, West- 
I>Ultst«r? Uifl? [uiiiqiiv iti Oiittingen Uni- 
Tcwity Library]. 13. ■ Tlie Temiil-i of Gla«>,' 
ft poem attributed to Lydg]ilL'. 4tn, West- 
minster? ]47(SP [unique in Cambridge Uni- 
rereity Library]. 14. ' The Cborle and the 
Bird,* a poem attributed to I.ydgute, lat 
edition, 4lj>, VVestminslerP 1478!' [unique 
in Cambridge UDivereity Library ; fro^ent 
in British Mu9cum] ; 2nd edition, 4to, West- 
minster P 1470 P [unique in York Cathedral 
Ubtmry]. Tbe second edition was reprinted 
fortheKoxburgheClub. 15. 'Temple of Brass, 
or Parliament of FowU;' Ballada; 'Chaucer's 
Envoy to Scojran,'4to, Westminster P 1478 P 
[fragments in Cambridge University Library 
ftnd British Muaeum]. 10. 'The Rook o'f 
Courte^,' 1st edition, 4tn, Westminster P 
1479 P [udique in Cambridge University Li- 
bmry] ; 2nd edition, Westminster, 1491 P 
[fragment in Bodjeiaiij. The first edition 



lation, through the French, of Cicero's 'Dc Se- 
nectute,' undertaken at the desire of Sic John 
Fastolf, is attributed by Lelsnd to Tipiofi, 
earl of Worcester,and by Anstis lo WynVyn 
de Worde ; the two lost sections of the book 
are assigned by Caxton himself to tbe Earl 
of Worcester. 25. Carton's ' Advertisement ' 
(long 8yoJ, Westminster. 1478 P [Allhorp 
and Bodleian]. 26. * Directorium sen Piira 
Serum,' version i.,* 4to, 14T8P [unique frag- 
ment] ; version li. (' Directorium Sacerdo- 
tum '), with woodcut, lat edition,* t, WV- 



We( 



, 1467 



' [unique] ; 2nd edition, t, 
"■i9P [iiniijue in Bodleian]. 



Digue in C'ambridgt) University Library]. 
-iO-'Boethius's'lJeConsiJationfiPhilosophiK,' 
translated by Chaucer, t'l ilio, +, Westminster P 
147BP [IfS]. ID.* ■fordyale, or the Four 
Iioat Things,' a translation from the French 
ascribed to Eurl Rivers, folio, t, Westmin- 
(Bier? 24 March 1479 [9]. 20. A Latir 
Treatise on Rhetoric, by L^urentius Guliei- 
mue de Traversanis of t!avons,' folio, Vk' 



»rP 1479 P [i 



i). 21.' 

idwiihsij 



minstarP 1481 [1.1]; Hud edition, fo]io,1490P 
[IS], 2)1. 'The llislory of llevnard theFojt,' 
trajiMlinedfromtheDu'tebbyCaxtonat Wesl- 
mioster in 1481, Ist edition,' folin, Westmin- 
«t«r P 1481 ? [4] ! 2nd edition, folio, West- 
f 1489 f [unique In Magdalene Col- 



Latin Letter 
.ulho 
ntj m 1460 for asaisUnce at the Siege of 
Rhodes' {parc.bment), folio, WeniminsterP 
SI March 1480 [3]. 22. 'The Mirrour of 
llie World/ translated by Canton, tbrougb 
Uw French, from Vincent de Beauvaia'a 
'Speculiun Naturale,'at the request of Hugh 
Bnce, for preaeiitaikm to Lord Hastings, 
let edition,* folio, viitl. woodcuts, Weat- 



gJMlw? 



Psalterium,' in Latin, 4to, Wei 
Bier F 1480 F [unique]. 28. ' The Chronicles 
of England,' called ' Cixton's Chronicle,' 
though it is merely an imprint of the popu- 
lar ' Chronicle of Brut,' 1st edition, folio, +, 
WcBtminster, 10 June 1480 [13] ; 2nd edi- 
tion,* folio, t, Westminater, 8 Oct. 1482 [6], 
29,* 'Description of Britain,'a translation by 
Caiton of a chapter of Higden's ' Polycroni- 
c-on,'folio,t,We8lminBler?18Aug.l480ri2]. 
39. 'Curia Sapienti», or the Court of" Sa- 
pience,' an English poem by L^dgate, fol, 
\Ve8tminflterF1481 [2: fragments in Bodleian 
andBrit.MuB.] 31.*'TbeHistoryof Godfrey 
of Boulogne,' translated by Oaxion from tbe 
French,M.t,We8tmin8ler,20Noy.l481[12]. 
Mr. Holford has a copy inscribed 'This was 
kingEdw.yfounbBooke.' 32.*'Lettei8of 
, Indulgences for assistance against the Turks,' 
in Latin, 1st edition, WestminslerP 1481, in 
parchment [unique fragment] ; 2nd edition, 

1481 [unique in Bedford Library; fragment at 
Cambridge University Library]. 33.*' Polj- 
cronicou, a revised version by Caiton of Tre- 
visa's English translation of Higden's Cbro- 
nicle,fol.^, Westminster, 1482[30]. 34. 'Pil- 
grimage of tbe Soul,' a translation from tbe 
Frem^, ascribed to Lydgate, t. Westminster, 
» June 1483 [&]. 36. ' VocabuUry in French 
and English, a book for travellers, fol. West- 
minster? 1483Pr4]. 30.* 'TheFesiial(Libet 
Festiatis),' on English Iraualation by John 
MirkuB, fol. *, 1st edition, +, Westminster. 
30 June 1483 [4] ; * 2nd edilion. with a few 
additions, +, 1491 [01 37, ' Four Sermons,' 
in English,* lat edition fol. t, W'estntin- 
Bter. 1483 P [9] ; * 2nd edition, 1491 P [5], A 
copy of this work at St. Andrews is carefully 
described in ' Notes and Queries,' "tli eer. 
ii. 264. It has been reprinted by the Rox- 
butgba Club. 38.* • Servitium de Visitotione 
B. Uariae Vii^nis.' Latin, 4to, Westminster, 

1 482 P [unique], 39. ' Sex perelegantiasim» 
Epistulk per Petnun Cormelianutn emen- 

c a 



Caxt:r. jss Caxton 



ii.-» I.L- ix f^n. '.'. Z,*rr'. *.*-! - ?V"'r--fcTT Trir ^-^-ierv in 1*^1-2. 54/ *The Knight 
1-s- t' " 'K -^zz^zs--^ '.k<'' 'u:_i2-- Ptr> an i the Fair Vienne.* translated f ran 
-. : - .1 ri-: : --j=.r _"..-^i.i 1- : rtr: . Hl.'tt- Tr.r Frvnch romance by Caxton, foL +, W«t- 
•-ti'' 4. * 7 v-r- ■ I- :.-~- .\j=.uz':>-" aiinsTf-r. iH Dec. 14-S5 'unique in Britiifa 
Ll--.- i L ■'. '•Vr--— jL---r. 1 "v:--. l»v : "Lr Mi^-eam". R*^printe<lfortlieKoxbunrbeClid> 
-—." .' iT.'--"- u- ■ t "> --sLZi: :■:•■.•: liirx..;.' & in !•*•»■». ."Vo. "The Book of Good Mannen,' 
-— :• jrt:! -L. '— r:' -.iTii.- '.7" il ■ -T^r Tanrla'-rd by Caxton at the desire of hi 
IL' I'j- -'Lr T TT--- :., i" :: -W.i-Irj: f^r frier. i Pratt, fol. +, Westminister? 11 Mty 
i- :Li*"--r-. -rtJi-A--i ir =: -ir FrvnA l-t'?? "3". o»5.* 'Speculum Vitje Christii* 
;.x- - :>.~ • Lr: L.TTr 5 . Ci.^'rblL-rT ir triniliTed by an anonvmnus liand frnm St. 
Li 7 _• Lli irr.' : _ -. W-*-— .-i-r-^-r.:!;] Jan. B mavrnrura's Latin life of Christ, edit. A« 
1»*T /■* -L- • -'.L--./ L- -It-i riTr 0- '31- f tl. •»•. A\V«Tminster ? 14*7 [^8]. Onecopjis 
n-r.-Lr-.' :i vt- "i : *• iL-r*. •rs.r.4".t--i f-T British Mii«*?um is on v»?llum.' Edit. B,toL+, 
C.-- ;n :r i. 'L-Yrr'-:. i lis?., f .. W^*:- AV^rmin-t-r J- 14^^? o]. o7.* 'The Rortl 
i:..:_--rr - li'-i " 'li'. 44-* ' Tz.^ '^1 :-:; Le- B> 'k. or B>«)k for a King/ translated fiiw 
r--. :.':ir.::.rs.— ': i* ■ >" t. : 4-:!: 'vt.ixvn thr Frvnch byCaxtondS Sept. 14^),fol. 
Z". -z. Ji? . ' > i V rir:"r"« * Airvi Lr-jrn ia ' wirh >mallvi;^ni'ttewooilcuts!; Westmin'jter? 
rr . •..-. : ^..n-.. -x :L :Lr l-.t x Kr.r.i^h 14->? >~. oS. * The Image of Pky,' 4to. 
t:.i ¥t'T.:\. *ri- ^'.^'i ::-. '.irjr ::■'.. *. wirh br^idside. irith woixlcuts of crucitixion, 
%v ..:-•-: :r-i:-::r.-.Wri-=:in^>r.l4-^r 14-9? 7,9. » The Doctrinal of Sapience,' 
':>.« : I'r. 1 -ii': :: i4"*7r 'rrijTnrr.-j onlv translated fmm the French bvCaxtou, 7 Mar 
!r: li.-:-:^L M.^!!-:. B>i:r'i.=, Cinibrlize 1 4^9, fol. + Westminster .M4S9? [10]. The 
T.':. ".;»".* 7 Libnri-. aci I'Li'sworrh Li- copy at Windsor is on velUim. 60. *Cc«ii- 
bri-v' : :'>ri -i>: n. tnT-'izh wirh c"l''»ph:»n, mnmnratii* Lamentationis sive Compassionis 
' 14'U 'vr.T.'rV Bv mr. Wvllvam Caxton.' B. Murine in niorte filii/ 4to, Westminster? 
<^.bv:rii-:y Tirint-i bv Wynkyn de WonK*. 1491 ? 'imiqui» in Ghent Library]. 01.* * Ser- 
44. • D-.-a' L-V-d Prriv^-rs,' f."^l. br-'iad-id*^. 1 4^4 r vit ium de Transfitrnrat iono Jhesu Chri<ti;4in, 
'Mni'^u-r a* Alth'-rji*:". 45. •Th'=' Fable* of t. Westminster?' 1491? "unique]. fii'/'Favts 
- K"? 'p.'^ran-rlfit- 1 by <''axronfr»m the French, of .Vrms and Chivalry/ translated by Caxtoa 
f'jl."*",W»-rmiii-r»-r.L'»5 March l4S4.withwiv>d- from the Fn?nch of Christine de Pisan, foL 
CUT* "iiniqu*.- p^rf-i-T cr>])y at Windsor, imper- +, Westminster? 14Jiily 14*^9 '"IV. *>3.**Sta- 
f.-ft c>>])iM> at Briti-ih Must'^um and (Xxforil]. tutesof lien ry VIT/ fol. Westminster, 14^? 
4*1/ *Th*- Ord.-r of Chivnlrv/ translated by '4]. Reprinted in 18t)9. edited by John Rae. 
(.'jixton Jind dndir'ated to Kiclianl III, 4to, ♦m. 'Tlie Govemal of Health: Me<licina Sto- 
Wi-train*t»-r r 14^4 r '4~. 47.* * The Book machi/ the first part lK.Mnjr an early transla- 
of Kani»' irifuh.' bv G»*tri*r»'vChaiic»T/ with an tion fnnn the l^itin. and the seomd a wnrk 
••pil'iiriK*, ^'■ivinL'"tli»*print»T'3opinit)n of (Miau- of Lydpite, 4t<^, Westminstt»r ? l4SV)r T- • 
c'Tu.* ajTH'sit |»oft,fol.+, W«*stmin<terr 1484? R'*]>rintedbv Mr. W. Blades in 1*<5S. tJiV'The 
I" I ■. 4>^/ * Th«' Cnrial/tnmslatiM by Caxton Historic of Hlancharrliu and Eprliintin**,' foL 
from tlw Kn-iH.-li of Alain Chart i»'r. fol. West- translated by Caxton at rtniuest of Mir- 
niin-'t'T? 14x1 r Tii^. 41>." Chauc»'rs *Trovlus paret, duchess of Somerset. Westminster? 
and (yp»sid«'/ fol. Westminster? 1484? [4]. 1489? [unique (*opy at Altlmrp, and one 
7)(>.* Lydirat»'*s * Life of our Lady/ t, West- leaf in British Museum "*. 07. 'Four Soiw 
niinstiT ? 1 |H } ? ""l)]. i}\,* < The Life of Saint of Aymon/ appan»ntly translatefl by Caxton. 
WiiiifpMl/ translat«'d by Caxton. fol. West- fol. Westminster? 1489? Tnnique imj>erfect 
niinxt IT ? HH."):" ["."Jl h'l. ^Tlio Noble His- copy at Althor])]. Re])rinte<l byEarlyEnc- 
tnrii's of Kinir .Vrtliur, and of certain of his lish Tt'xt Society in lK»^iV6. t>S/* Enevdos,' 
Kniplits/by SirTliomas Malory, fol. t, West- translated by Caxton (il'2 June 1490) fp>ma 
niiiistrr, .'U .Inly 14x5 [unique juTfect copy French romance basetl on VirjLril's.Enf id and 
foruierlv in ICnrl .b'rsev's library at ()sterU?y Boccaccio's * Fall of Princt\«/ fol. Westmin- 
ParK, s.*)ld ill 1H<) to'a Chicajro merchant; ' ster ? 14i)()? [;>\\ 69. * A Book of DivrfS 
lOarl Sprncrr has an im|HTft?('t copy, and a (Jhostly Matters, containing; tin* S»'venP«>int» 
fra^^nirnt is in llritish Museum]. This bof)k ' of True Love or On^lopum Sajiientite: the 
ha*' luM'u Vf'rv fnMpn'ntly n-printiMl, and is Twelve Pn.^fits of Tribulation, and the Rule 
still ]»opular as the soun>» of all the Knjrlish of St. Bonet/ translations fnim the Latin ^ 
i»octie versions (»f tlu' .Vrthurian niniance. ■ Westminster? 14JK)? !'6l. 70.* 'Fifteen*^ 
No iiiMnuscript of Malory's b-H»k has been I and other Prayers/ printed by Caxton at the 
uu»t with. .*»;i.' * The Life of Charles the commandof Elizabeth, Henry VI I's wife, and 
Ini'ut/ tninslated by Caxttm, fol. +, West- of Marjran^t, his mother (the fifteen prayen 
minster? 1 IW. l-iSo [unique in British i all begin with 0) t, Westminster? 1491? 
UftnuuJ. RepriuttHl by the Early English | [unique copy in British Museum]. AlsoM 



Caxton 



3«9 



Cay 



toy Bradshaw^s * Notice of a Fragment of , 
Fifteen Oee ... by William Caxton . . . ' 
he Libranr of the Baptist College, Bristol/ 
idon, 18/7. Reproduced in photolitho- | 
phy in 1869. 71. * * Art and Craft to know , 
r well to die/ translated from French by 
rton,15 June 1490,fol. Westminster? 1491? 
. A similar work, of which a unique copy 
a the Bodleian, was issued by Caxton about 
I same time, ' Ars Moriendi : the Craft for 
die for the Health of Man's Soul/ appa- 
.Uy translated from the Latin by Caxton. 
a oriflinal has not been identified, 
rlie few French works printed by Colard 
naion before Caxton lett Bruges are not 
luded in this list, although Mr. Blades has 
unerated them among Caxton's books, 
ere is no proof that Caxton was personally 
loemed in their publication, 
[mmediately after Caxton*s death Wynkyn 
Worde, his assistant, began to print from 
Kton*s fount and in Caxton*s house ; and it 
lifficult to determine, with any certainty, 
J printer of several books which appeared 
)ut 1491, the year of Caxton*s deatn. The 
lowing books, often attributed to Caxton, 
more probably the work of Wynkyn de 
wde, vi«. : * The Chastising of God's Chil- 
n/fol. 1491? (with title-page); ^ATreatise 
Love/ fol. 1493? ; /The Life of St. Ka- 
izine, and Revelation of St. Elizabeth 
Hungary/ fol. 1493; and* The Sieffe of 
odes,^fol.(cf. Caius, John, ^.1480). Wyn- 
1 de Worde states tliat Caxton printed, at 
loffnCf a book ent it led * Bartolomaeus de Pro- 
Btatibus Rerum,' of which Wynkyn issued 
iter edition. No such work is known. In 
I prologue to * The Four Sons Of Aymon ' 
uton says that he had translated, at the 
uest. of John, earl of Oxford, * The Life and 
racles of Robert, earl of Oxford/ but of this 
hinff is extant. In the Pepysian Collec- 
1 (2124) at Magdalene College, Cambridge, 
k manuscript translation by Caxton of six 
•ks of Ovid 8 ' Metamorphoses,' dated from 
tstminster, 22 April 1480. No printed copy 
been met with. 

?he price of Caxton^s books mainly depends 
:beir condition and on the number of copies 
>wnto be extant. The highest price paid 
a Caxton is 1,950/. This sum was given 
Mr. Bernard Quaritch, in behalf of a Chi- 
X} merchant, at Sotheby's sale-rooms, on 
lay 1885, for the unique copy of Malory's 
ing Arthur,' in the Osterlev Park Library, 
the same time and place 1,820/. was paid 
a copy of Caxton's * Recuyell,' the first 
ik in the printing of wbich he was con- 
ned. 

The earliest life of Caxton is that by the 
% John Lewis of Margate, published in 1737, 



and later writers, up to 1861, depended almost 
entirely on Lewis's work. Neither Oldjs, in the 
Biographia Britannica, 1748. nor Ames, in his 
Typogr. Antiq. 1749, nor Herbert, in his edi- 
tion of Ames, 17S5, nor T. F. Dibdin, in his re- 
vision of Ames, with the aid of new notes by 
Herbert and Gough, added to Lewis's facts, al- 
though bibliographical details are treated more 
elaborately by Dibdin than by any of his prede- 
cessors, lu 1861 Mr. William Blades super- 
seded all existing lives of Caxton by the first 
volume of his new life of the printer, which was 
followed in 1863 by a second volume, treating 
almost exclusively of Caxton 's typography. Ab- 
breviated editions of this book appeared in a 
single volume in 1877 and 1882, and it is un- 
doubtedly the standard authority. Full reprints 
are given of original documents, and numerous 
plates give the reader the opportunity of study- 
ing Caxton's varied types. Mr. Blades has also 
issued a useful little pamphlet, *How to tell a 
Caxton/ London, 1870, and a short Catalogue of 
Books printed by Caxton, London, 1865. Mr. 
Blades's Prefaces to his sevenil reproductions of 
Caxton's books, mentioned in the list in the text, 
are also of great service. M. J. P. A. Madrlen 
has criticised adversely many of Mr. Blades's 
conclusiuns in his Lettres d'un Bibliographe, 
4th ser. Paris, 1875, pp. 12-38. Mr. Blsdes's 
researches hate been largely used in this arricle, 
and the writer has hIso tu thank Mr. Bernard Qua- 
ritch for kindly supplying him with informatiou 
respcting recent Caxton sales. See also Wyman 
and Bigmore's Bibliography ( f Printing ; Beed- 
ham'^ Caxton Reproductions, lows, 1879 ; T. F. 
Dibdin's XAes Althorpianae ; nnd the Catalogues 
of the British Museum, Cambridge University, 
Bodleian. Chatsworth, and Huth Libraries. In the 
early part of the eighteenth century an attempt 
was made t^ deprive Caxton of the hononr of in- 
troducing printing into England, and to confer the 
distinction on C< rsellif*, a German printer alleged 
to have settled at Oxford in 1464. For the his- 
tory of the controversy, and the baselessness of 
the contention, see art. Richard Atktns, 1615- 
1677, supra, and Conyers Middleton's Disserta- 
tion concerning the Origin of Printing in Eng- 
land, 1735.] S. L. L 

CAY, JOHN (1700-1757), editor of the 
* Statutes,' third son of John Cay of North 
Charlton, Northumberland, by Grace, daugh- 
ter and coheiress of Henry WoliF of Brid- 
lington, Yorkshire, was bom in 1 700 (BrKKE, 
Landed Gentry, 1868, p. 225). Intended 
for tlie legal profession ho was entered at 
Gray*8 Inn on 3 Sept. 1719, called to the bar 
by that society on 20 June 1724, and sub- 
sequently made a bencher {Gray's Inn Ad" 
mtsjnon Register), In 1750 he was appointed 
steward and one of the judges of the Mar- 
shalsea (Gent, Mag, xx. 429). Cay, as a clas- 
sical antiquary, was admitted in August 1736 
to the Society of Antiquaries. Toffether with 
his brother Robert, a merchant at xCewcastle- 



Cay'rv yjz Cayle\' 

.:■ 1-1' -zs-. V : :.-: »: «i. _-l:^_ -'T-= — *t. i*:-:- Lii: ;:' ii-r i-:l::rral opinions {Biog. LieL 

H' z-i-- ^-s- . 1- vu- 1.- zr-ni LJiii i-t- f Li » ••: -4--*.v-.-#. 1S16. p. o1*i. When the 

"— - 1 :.--.- r r :.'. H -• .-- iz i .7' ■:. ri rv- '\zr.\-Z\..' \.z. iLevir:'"' ' wa* started in 1798, 

'.- ' - 1 'i- : n. ." LI Lijr- ". " \:_ - :- :r -^-r- -^-.tz C i-^r-r :.r*?i:ae ah _o:&si'>iial contributor; he 

..- .-jLt-.^i :■-- n - :- :" -r. ir-i" l.-- ■ t— cz.- r* il^.. \rr-.'=L~'rr. *■ :^r ?4tipe in the mmwrof 






• ■ — i- r'-j-T-Z-- -JL- 'N-T La:! •T^ifdr." He subsequentlj 
.-.i.i ?..-=- J-. I -■ " !i.--. H ^-1-- r '■•r^-iiT: ■-•:!£ i.-irr?. ir.i is 1^14 was presented to 

►^'-'. 'r ir-T-r-f >;•:. "'--r z^r.-rr :: y::T!:an>«v. Yortshipe. He 



-7 •- :.— 1 i" 



■ t- :.-i i- :..- 1 _-T j: r>-Ti i-i \r. Yrk :: ri' April 1>4^, aged 7:1 

1:11. -: :: .i-r^l':' :~»-._V.v. '>--. .v.-. I ■>*"?. X3ti. IOIl Cavlevmir- 

""■-.. -*-r .1 J r \ 11"^. nrr- --£ L 1 rr. -1 :-?: iaajhtrr of his uncle, the 

?- :_-:-' r-^7 - I'.z t.'. i r---:r • ^ j i-r l-r 1 t-:^ Ii-» ^lt :h.r- aurr. r of : 1. • The Life of Sir 

H --_.—. LZ-i-T 1.1 :^i---- 71- -tlt: 1 t- Wi.>-r Ilil-rrh, Kr.t./i tmU. 4to, London, 

\\z i_* i-i*-L "::--- 177--!::*-: Tl- '^'\r.rrr^ 1^ ' ?r-:- ri r-iition. i vM*. >vo, London, 

a- I-trr- rr ~ >i'u:-.j. .'1.:.— 1 - 'l-. ■;».'"'- l"^.r' . & "»■ rk c-: ■ii^riniruished either for 

•-- II. -.--•:'..:. 1^ :ii -. 1"'- r!i_s-L- It"! : r»r?^ir«:h or jrace of style. The 

T -. T-l..i ii- >-:i /^-r'- ^^'i--^- -7 .** slzl-* =:\L-t t-e *A:-i of 2. • Memoirs of Sr 

\-Lr- 'z LT- i v\'.iz\i~. Ti.. ■ --:_ii-: -7 T'l:^.-.* Mr^. with a nrwTninjlationof his 

V T-T- r. .t":-:!: *■ '■ -- III. ■! - >. : 1. . V: Ti. il?-. L^IIiitorvof Kinc Kichardlll, 

L - i.i- 1'-^:^*^ Ii- li: T---.-^rl- I ::- i=.i i-s Li'ii P:-rn.?. 2 voU. 4to, London, 






-- - .-: T ..T :.----. T ^^ CATLEY. CILVRLES BAGOT (1828- 

^ "- H-zrj I; 1- 'ZiT^ In l"'i \ ^y.-\ ISsi' .:r^r-5lA"or. th- it.'n of HennrCavlev.t 

7--"-^- -- '^ ■ '• - -— ""T "*"-.' I -■^?'--- i-1 Kis-i-ii nirrchint. iad a yoiinirer brother of 

i ''.'.< i iii:'.T-T--il T : :--. :■ -:i.-lrr .Vr'iir Civley. Sadleriaii pn^tessor at Cam- 

" - ;" i' -"-- ='^ - 1 1 ' --^ II : : 1 •>- . IIL ' rl ipr. waj V^m on 9 July l>i'3 in the neigh- 

« :v- -A'T. :m---' -^: • -.7 . -"-niT'i :. -l.-.i of S:. P»rr».-rsbunr. He was edu- 

r ■ :1t i*'.<r^-.-r : 1 -^ : :> •:'— . ILL ir.-z -i--.- a- Mr. PoU-oary'* -chonl, Blackheaih. 

V ;.. :'- y-r. -i 'It- j-:::^ r. ■' Tr.z:-:. K —/* < " iH-rrr. L ^n Jon. and Trinity Colleiare, 

H z y ii F>. 71 : «.' it. -:^ ' . : -:jT--r : :.!s i.iz:' 7: Ir-i:. whrrv:- he irraduatvd B. A. in 1 Slo, 

f ■"--'- -i'" -'-• "'-* -- •:'-"' \ '-"^r'j"* ■" "ikir.j i ^-oon-i class in the clas.«ical tripos. 

*---• '. i^ir. :j-. -:v-^r- ^r rT--. : i^v-i I*. A. Hr Ir': th- -iui-rt and unpretentious life of t 

-•- - ■ • -]^ i* Sr-. :-. : ~-7-iZj.-r-. -.r. : - • i.r.vi a sol Ijt. puiss^rii much ^'f his time in the read- 

- - "^^'--T. '^- r.J"" ^' * '^" '^ "V^ .^■'" '•"*'-^- — '-'f *"»^ British Museum, and died 

r :j'r. 1.1 Air->: 177 '. • M>- ^:i':rT' P:r«-.: •ull-r.ly of L-arr di*eas»f in the night of 

• : Iji— .r.j'.' :rr.. 'lizV r. :jr*l:>^. '_"i' '.-•'!• :- Ty-r\ \u.^, lSs:3 at his kidirin^s in South 

r:.- 'iri- :1t Mlillr: T-ni- '.-. :.r rir-rwiri- irv-M.-rr.*. B-dford rNjuare. He was buried 

r.:.-: s-v^r^l =::r. r >r-tl rr >-. ^r.i iiri ri: a* Harinj*. His works are: 1. 'Dante's 

h • rv-:irr..?r :r. C i-^i'T v>-r ■ n -4 Jar.. Divinr C- m-Jv. Tninslated in the oritrinil 

1:.*-'.. l-ivir.r '-K : :i;jh--rs 6'>:?..Vtv. xl- :-rr.ary rhym^.' 3 vuls. Lond. l.N>l-4, i^TO, 

:!i'*i'. l.xv. i. 171. Ixvi. i. !»:>:. with a f-urrh voL of notes.lN>>. Mr.W.M. 

-xr^,.-,^^. , . : ,. If T» ,• .. :^ t r-^.-- Rosset ti remarks that * when all imperfect ioiu 

;■ •.•".■ *\:r- : .-..: v ■ :' I: *;-'- \: -: j .JU. - . .- }^J:. h;iTe U-vn allowe^ilor. Layley s version mart 

Ml* • Burk-i <■ • - ..'^-^ ■ \<\-h H-.^ -- be pn.inounct-d to be verv oonsiderablv the 

J*-.:.'? Njr:.ar:.--r; ir. :. ::. i-. vo!. ii. 442: be.»l anii most I horoufrh rendering into Eny- 

H r.obir.-on'- Nor.Lnr." ►Viae 1. i. l4>-9, 173. lish of the " Com media. " the one which, at- 

11*1^; M;irvi::"s Ltjal B:ll:..rriphy, p. 1S»».] t'r-mptinsr most and aiming highest, reaches 

G. G. also furthest.' '2. * Psvche's Interludes.' a 
small volume of piems. I^:>nd. 1857, 8to. 

CAYLEY, ARTHUR 1^. lS4Si. Vi-^gra- 3. -The Psalms in Metre.' Lond. 1^*60, i-TO. 

jili'T. wu> the son of Arthur Cayley. third son 4. *Filippo Marmc^mtri. or Student Life in 

<'• ' .Sir Grorge C'liylfy. hart., of Brompt«»n, Ven»*tia. An autobiography/ translated from 

York.-hinf. by hi« wife Ann^ Eli^anur Shultz the Italian, 2 vols. Lond. lK)l. 8vo. 6.*In- 

C Foster, PetlitjrceA of Yurk^hire Families, t rod uct ion to the Grammar of the Romance 





s Persectttions,' L' vols. 
% 8vo, conjoinlly with Fernando 
6. 'The llUd of Homer, llomo- 

IIt txMidUted,' Lond. 1H77, 8vo. 

I Sonnets nnd Staniu of Fetrarch,' 

ed, Lond. 1879. 8vo. 

■. A. B. Hurrays Address to (he Philo- 
tooiel7, 16 May 1881; Times, 10 Dec. 
.tbcDBitmi. 1883, ii. 776, S17 ; Academy, 
, 397; Cnt. at Printed Booke in Brie 
'radooti Cantab. (1884), 1)6.] T. C. 

I4EY, CORNELIUS (1720-1780?), 
s writer, wasboru in 1729atllull. At 
1 Lord Scarborough introduced him 
ce at court as clerk in the treiwury of 
Lce of Wales. Wilh a view to iiromo- 
eamt foreign languages and practised 
.nd dancing, and after a time made 
ion to FO aH under-secretary to lie 
Ldor to Paris; but superior iutereat 
1 the place for another. Alter this 
intmeut he attempted to indulge in 
|M of London life; but a strongly 
■■mpenunent led him into other 
^^Bt) become acquainted with James 
^■Rhor of the 'Meditations,' and 
^utL he visited the Tabernacle In 
ld«. There for a time he was in con- 
tendance, read religious books of the 
tan sort, and soon took to preaching 
ondon. He printed a little treatise on 
jCt.rinB of Jeans Christ,' for presentu- 
''or B. time he made hie home in the 
f Lady Cornelia Pl.-rs at MiU Hill, 
« preached 10 very select company, 
umn vacations were usually spent in 
ig through the country and preachins 
>t opportunity offered. He still held 
) at the treasury, until he was told that 
; give up preaching, when he resided 
to devote himselfentirely to reli^us j 
He then settU-d for a lime at Norwich, 
leleftin 1761. Whilethere, in 1750, ■ 
losed a Christmas anthem, which was ' 
tly sung to a fine piece of cathedral I 
.nd he published a letter in answer to | 
ter, a clei^yman of Beymerston, who 1 
ited a sermon against the methodists. . 
autumn of 1772 Cayley started on a 1 
'ough HoUand, Flanders, and France. 
te au account of his travels on the 
was printed in parts in the ' Leeds 
Newspaper,' and afterwards printed 
<ly in a l'2tno volume, tin arriving 
I he set off for bis ' little retirement 
ids,' There,inl778,hepublishedthe 
.tionofhis' Life '(originally published 
'ich in 1757-6), with enfuiwements, 
h little further account of himself 
U. A portniit of ' Comelius Cayley, 




Ceadda 



third edition. The book has Decn reprinted 
four times in the present century, so recently 
aa 1862 and again in 1863. Cnyley also pub- 
lished: 1. ' The Seraphical Vouug .ShepLerd 
and a Small Bunch ofViolets,' 1762, 2nd edit. 
1769, 2. 'The Amethyst; or some Beams 
of Eternal Light,' 1763. 3. 'The Day-Stai 
of Glory rising in the Hearts of the Saiuts,' 
1769, 4. ' The Olive Branch of Peace and 
theShulamite: apoem,'1771. 6. ' AnEvan^ 
gelical Dialogue,' I780,and various othersmall 
things. He also wrote largely on the ' Mys- 
tery of tlie Two Adams,' but the manuscript 
has not been traced, nor any further account 
ofthe author after 1780. 



[LifB of Cornelius Cayley, t 



J, H, T. 



CEADDA, Saint (d. 673), better known as 
Chad, was a Northumbrian by birth. He had 
l.hreebrothers,Cedd,Cynihill,andCaelin. All 
four wereordained to the priesthood, and two, 
Cedd and Ceadda, became bishops (Bbdb, 
iii. 23). He was one of St. Aidan's diwiples, 
but spent part of his youth in Ireland in 
the monastery of Rathmelsige, now Melfbnt, 
in company with Ecgberht, another young 
Northumbrian of noble family, eminent for 

Eiety and missionary leal. In tiHi Ceadda'e 
rotlier Cedd, bishop of the Eaat-Saxous, died 
at bis monastecy of Lastingham, in Deira [see 
Cbddj, of which he was abbot, and by his ap- 
pointment Ceadda succeeded himinlheoffice 
(ib. iii, 23). In the same vear the synod of 
Whitby had been held, which, through the 
inBiieuce of Wilfiith, had decided to adopt 
the Roman time of keeping Easier. Colman, 
bishop of Lindisfomc, who adhered lo the 
Scottish usage, resigned his see, and Tudtt, 
his successor, died soon afterwards of the 
plague. Wilfrith was then elected bishop, 
and thesce,probabtynt1u8 request, was moved 
to York, where there had been no bishop since 
the flight of PaulinuB in 633 [see Cxo- 
wiJtLA I and PiuUNUB]. Wilfrith went to 
Gaul to be consecrated, and tarried there so 
long that Uswy, king of >forthumbria, and 
his people grew impatient, and resolved to 
have Ceadda made bishop instead. He was 
accordingly sent to Canterbury for consecra- 
tion, accompanied by Endha-il, arterwards 
bishop of Ripon, On their arrival thev found 
The see just vacant by Ihedeath of Archbishop 
Deusdedit, so they repaired to Wessei, where 
Ceadda was consecrated by Witii, bishop of 
Winchester, assisted by two British bbho 
probably irom Cornwall (ii, ii 



n 






t 



w^rtrt 




tc !!» £ji>9!9K- ik'.iuy ' n.'tiz3ij«s ?t- •ii"wjiii cBdwdnL and a ihort diituiee'froB 

Bz3 z. T 1 r . FnoL ij« Tzr^TTg laas i2»t ai-crk he bmh a dweUing for fciwi^ 

. %iii :z. 'M J^is. sinrntosj x»i^ hMZ iAd»-^<tsn>«^^iitbe«lireii,iriicret]ieymit 

!«i "L^T v^i:^ :<f fija^u*- 3D:«aiftR p^- ^ jcisi*? And sodr tlie little leimre vuch 

p m ' ti fricL 'v'.rji.'j Lmrf- uii KTr"r6Hgzi>a**£ r:*^£ te ra ajed from tlie ' ministiy of the 

OfT'-o:* :•: irrj i:c Tiua. -Lr r-jw'j.j c<f •»-;c^' K^p Wialfhere also granted fifty 

ih^ S'.r.r'ii.fi ffC^'xC -v«s» TozdnLtt^T zj^iss- Li5«5 nf luid'to ibe bi&hopric for estaUiihii^ 

gxjsij*iL H-'-^ii.iit -_3ir: -wTi iJTjie^d t»!?nrt«« & =iCBafT<?7 is a jlaee called * tlie grort,' ia 

(rftj*?. f: ^fj. ftzif Ti«e t:&'.a:li:il :tf 15s £j> Ti>e p-^TiDoe of Lindeer. supposed to beBtr- 

c«Mr '^: jrT*-ii ta£ 'r«.T(:L«^. Hi* v^^rarxs •»■«* mr hi Liaeolnshiie. vhere tTaees of Chad*! 

a!l £».« :c J:t:r. li^e? :b^ troR-rti^ luu:c t». a:<zifcsTLe ral« nill existed when Beds wrote 
Hi- ife . ^Vijiiri- :^ Li* rvrcn frai •jf-L •?'. :t. S l The fauhcp entered upon his epi- 

diri Tk-r. Tfi^ssr, zhiT «T^:c=ti»^* c^ Crr^iis. •MTttl mod adaEMDazrlabonn with the tune 

a&d co-rlr riTi?»c *:•> kv lmft cif Kh*::. fc>'jr: >Ii^ fimplSeiiv and seal which had du- 



Sc^Q bfr-rT Tb€<«ic?^ h^i *««£ sa-de ars±.~ Tiririiisbed Lizn in his foiuer diooeee. He 
bl*h:- :i C^rr.TT'.nrr. #irti». b* brli s r»=:rrTiI 5--I11 -.>:im*-T*d ererrwhere on foot, and oirt 



TiK:*.::::: :i 'hr EiLnl*l cizrri- lti i-^^-et- of ■*5*l-:ii* lore of pious toil' xvsist«d the 
ti:«ii* itt^v : ix^ :. r*i*rc tzt-r.r. '. Lr t :ciri:T»:: :r It i iiar of Ard^bishop Theodore, who oideml 



of C-eaci* ait Ltxirx >:rs rrrv-irilir. T*r:!T. Lin :•:. rid-e when he had a longer circuU 
r^ xt*T * •-i'T'".»«^. '^aTi^r: Wilfri:*:. Lti iZir'iA'iT -L^n u*^**! T> make. The primate, howervtf, 



b*a fcTp:;rL:-ri ::■ <.'■=*£ ii"* s-r^. ani pi^Ij ii:>i«trd on Lavinff his way, and on oneoc- 

b»cau*<«- •-«■: yz "iLr c'.nsnrfTiTiiVfc ri^i.r'j* l^r- o*ji:n with his own hand helped Ceaddsto 

lon2«r«d :•. tirr Br-::*L cL'srr^L. irLioL dii n>: a? .in: : l«ecause, as Bede sars (iv. 3i, he 

k*»t^ ELfcsr-rr accH'-r *:■:' '-r c*n:ii'?Al ril-e. ba<i 'assuz^dlT discoTered him to be a h(Jy 

^^'L*Il TLe.^:-re:.::dC^*iiaTLa^ irr Lai n^*: mn ' Hrd<r relates sereral beaut ifiil in- 




iie%'*rr 'i*rtrzir-d Liits^:: -»■ rr.Lr. and wLich be nasirrv at La«tmehanL If he heard a loud 




v 



u]«tn 



his ni''.r.4.**rrA- at LasTinjLsin. aci Wihrith Li* facv in pray*T. It it rest* to a temiK-pi 




On t bfr d»ra*ij -i^f Jaruman. bishop of : hr Mrr- -Vf:»:T having: ruled his church for two years 

cians. in *>•<*. Wulfher^. th*^ kin^. rv^ju-srited and a hab*. Cradda fell a victim to a pesti- 

Theodore ro provide a 5ucc->**or. Theodora lence which was fatal to many of his clergy 

r^fiiswj to consecrate a new bi>h'-'p. but a?>ke«i before it attacked the bishop. Seven day* 

Oswv. kin?of North umbria. TO let CVaddab*.' before he died he had an intimation of hi* 

transplantwl to this South Humbrian diocese coming: end. A faithful disciple and frimd 

(if/, iv. tjf. Oswy consented, and Theodore namtd Owin. who had once bc^n steward in 

either r'^f-on-recrated Ctradda, or by some ad- the rival household in Northumbria, but had 

ditional rites made po^/d the supposed defrcts forsaken all to become a lay brother at Last- 

or irr»*;^ulariti*?< in the oncrinal act of con*e- insrham.was working in the fields hard hy the 

cration (*Ip«e ordinatinn»*m ejus d»^nuo ca- bishop's house, when he heard the sw«*tH<t 

tholica rati'ineronsiimniavit,' i"A. iv. '2 ». The sound as of songs of joy coming down ffm 

langiiA^re of Wilfrith's biosrrapher Eddiu^. c. heaven to earth. It gradually reached and 

15, is fftron^rer: * Per omnes crradus ecclesia- encircled the chamber where Ceaddn was 

fiticos ad swjt.'m pnedictam plene eum ordi- sitting alone, the other inmates of the dw^ll- 

naverunt.' IlHals^j impli*-s that it was AVil- inp havinjr pone to the church, and after 

frith who recommended CVadda for Mercia, about half an hour it floated heavenwards 

and with other bishops reconsecrated him. asrain. While Owin was wondering what 

But h i H part i nl i t y for ^^' il fri t h prolin bly makes this might mea n. Ceadda opened t he windi)w 

him lesK triir>t worthy on this point than IMe. of his oratory and summoned Owin and the 

Ceadda fixf'd the Mercian see, which had rest of the brethren. He told them that * the 

hitherto Ijeen uns«4tled, at Lichfield. Here lovely guest who had already visited eo many 

he ^' "^ built a church, dedicated to St. of their brethren had deigned to come to him 



from Ihe world.' ■ Go 
back,' he said, 'to the church and bid the 
btethrea b; their fTnynn commend mj de- 
puture to God." After they had depm«d, 
Owin ventured to ask him the meaning of 
th« (train of joy which he hod heard, and 
Ceadda told bnn that it was the song of an- 
gels, and that in seven days thev would re- 
turn uid take him with tbem. He speedily 
sickened, and died seven daja after, 2 Starch ^ 
672. He was buried near St. Mary's Church, 
but the body was aiterwards transferred to 
the cbiirch of St. Pettiir. His shrine was 
a wooden etructure in Bede's time (ii.), 
roofed like a little home with a hole in the 
side, through which devotees inserted their 
bands and took a few particles of his dust, 
which, when mixed with water and bo drunk, 
w«re eupposecl to have a marrellous virtue 
for the cure of divers diseases in man and 
beast. The memory of Ceadda was revered 
in ImliUid, where he had spent a part of 
bis youth. Ik^berht, hie companion there, 
bod remained in Ireland, ana some yenrs 
aft«r Ceadda's death he told an abbot ^m i 
Lincohishire (perhups from Barrow) who 
Tieited liiiu, that a man then living in Ire- 
l&nd had seen on the day that Ceadda died 
th« soul of his brother Cedd descend from 
heaven and return thither, bearing the soul 
of the holy Ceadda with him (i£.iv. 3), The 
number and beauty of these legends help us 
to measure the real sanctity of Ceaddn's life, 
wbich esi-ited so much love and respect. As 
Bede> says (iii. 28): 'The things which he 
bad learned from Holy Scripture ought to 
be done; these he diligently strove to do.' 
Ceadda became one of tlie most popular of 
English saints under the name of St, Chad. 
Bis day was kept on 2 March, and still has 
■ placainthe black-letter calendar. A richly 
decorated copy of the gospels, which is said 
to hkTO belonged to bim, is preserved in the 
oatbedral library at Lichfield. 

[Then IB ■ short life of Ceadda in the Acta 
SniclomiD, and nnother in Capgrsve's Nova Le- 
gend*, pp. fiSi A9. but these and all snbseqneiit 
bioaraphiw am reall; only compiUiiunB frutn 
B«ao. Kiidiiijs. the friend and biagrsplier of 
Wilfrith, wus I'ODtrmponuy with Bede, but Uia 
nairative in not urarly so truslworthv.] 

W. H. W. S. 

CfEADWALLA. [See C^dwall*.] 

CEALLAOHAK (rf,964),kingof Cashe!, 
called in ]>oetry C coir, or the jusl, and 
C. cmaidh, or the hard, is the hero of several 
old TXHiular tales of Aliuister. He was king 
of Cdshel from 936 till his death in 954. He 
first appears in history as plundering Cion- 
-n 936, and in S^ ravaged Meath ; 



33 Cearbha 

. in alliance n ith the Danes of \v uii-ihird. In 
93U he raraged Ossory and the Deciec, but 
later in tlie same year was defeated by their 
tribes. Muircheartach, king of Ailech, in- 
vaded the south early in 941, and cairtal oS' 
Ceallachan as a hostage to Douegal, where he 
kept him for nine months, and then sent him 
to Donnchadh, king of Ireland, who set him 
free. In 942 Deallachan defeated Cenneide, 
father of Brian Boroimbe, in the battle of 
Maghduin, and ever after ruled in compara- 
tive quiet till bis death from natural causes 
in 964. Ceallachan was chief oC the great 
tribe called the Eughanncht, and is the an- 
cestor of many families odco powerful in ihe 
south of Ireland. TheO'CeallachansorO'C'al- 
laghans of the south take their name from 
(he great-grandson of bis Bon I>onnchadh,and 
ihelrtst chief in direct line of the chief branch 
of his race is believed to have been Donn- 
ehadh (or Denis) O'Callagban of GUnu, who 
died in 1760, having married hiB couaiu Mary 
O'Callaghan in 1745, and left one daughter 
of the same name. Cornelius, her kinsman, 
though in what degree is not known, was 
in 1T05 created Baron Liamore in the peer- 
age of Ireland. 

[Chronicon Scotonim {Rolls Serii!.), p. 201 ; 
Tracts relating to Ireland (Irish Archieolog. Soc, 
1811;, pp. 43. ice; Annnlii Rio^hucrhtH Eireanc, 
vol. ii. : genealogical manuscnpte of the lute 
B. C. Fisher.] N. M. 

CEAEBHALL, lord of Ossory (d. 888), 
son of Dunghal, was one of the most famous- 
chiefs of the GaillGaedhel, aa the Irish cbriw 
niclers call those native tribes who lived in 
alliance with the Danes. He is called by the 
Danish writers Kiarvalr,and firsl appears in 
history as slaughtering the Danes of Dublin 
in &15. Six years later he slew the king of 
^tith Leinster, and in tiiie n^ar bad Danes 
for his allies. Several of his clau intermar- 
ried with the foreigners, and the alliance con- 
tinued. In 856 they together plundered part, 
of the present Tipperary, and m P67 marclied 
into Weatb. Here, however, tbey made peace 
with the king of Ireland in the presence of 
the arclibisbop of Armagh and the nhhai of 
Clonard. In 858 Cearhhall fought and de- 
feated Ihe Danes of Waterford, and inB59 he 
joined the king of Ireland in Meath and 
fought against an invading army of northern 
Irish. In 861 he defeated the Dunes at Fear- 
tagh in Kilkenny, and in 862 he plundered 
Leinster. In 868 the Danes atlncked his 
earthen dun, but were driven oil' with heavy 
losa, and Cearbhall wus sulHciently secur» 
afterwards to go a foray into Waterford. 
The nost year he crossed the Shannon, au J 
drove otr the cattle of both Counaugbt and 



Cea-vV I i n jm Ceawl i n 

M ..^^^.*r. xtui •▼*. 7-»r^ liiri»r auii«i & 4ii<!niui vwc £;r%¥td of Wyrs uui .%jtieii oa tiie 
n.il .'4' ',' .onn.'i'if n'. ^'j'hv^rj. aid a«~.ini». beins' ^.rrlu v^ *he Ainet of Meiuiip Aod the ht^ 



nt^u'i"? r. Ml* '*rr.r.-» -.f IrsLuui. t^.riivi 4 Axe on. tiii» ^oarh, the vhole coamrr. lare 



-T J- ro««y;j'W •^.■* 



*ri«i -ar-iiij*: of forest IazuI tliac rvi op to t^ 

pan or v^ aTi-T' VL^f^ '.f Malmeabuzj. fell znco th« h^ah >jf 

f..;". ao-v -allrtri Ij^.-j». la r75 hi* ttw -a* invinier. The wide extent of Ceawlm'i 

r .'»>ir. A..'.«<' -.f r/-;r«L.a rt-j 'z,jk InuiUa kiiLft- iociizuoiLi Led Betdx to r»ck':>« him amonz 



ff •\«: -A*»* :•;? .^ntn',a!» .a laj l:j%cru:ti. tail 
1/. -Tj .'.t» v/i.n. nTij»fi rht par: of Warrf- 



.T.-r.. ir..l ..-/*7'^* >.i^ rilat=< & rjry.rr j'^'*t "ir ra^ kin;* who held a speciAl pre-^anioeiiee in 
M :.-.4r^r:nt^n zAttr Cocai*%L A^f^ 4^1 tbefte Britalzu aiiti who vere described br the 



W-;^ r.tr -i.*i p^yusBiOiT ia %>«. Hj 3ii>«r, .liir-^nlcLe-writftr, when, he copied B««U^i list. 

/"> .r.<*4r.* ii'..'^ -^^Ti C&4 f>uiei» of Iriblin. bu: a^ Br^o-al'iae. In-SSS Ceawtin mi^le a fresh 

hr- \i^ T-^uij '.'. join aLxiV^t laj ^>^ ajcaLaat tdv.uio«r alon^ the upper coane of the SeTen. 

ttr.r •,r...^r -whi^r* -aer* ww hi'^pe of spoiL md Dr. Girwt hsLA «hown that the iziroed ca»- 



vL-»4n Ir.Ah 'Z:^'7 ,f a :'?candlrjiTiaa roT^r. aneai-nte^i in Llrwarch Hen*« ^^^^ * 

\.-. v...i P: .-■^v.-A :-:i.--aa-. t.L. :. : O D..!:.v- KvndjUn refers to this war. Tren ofUn- 

7-. - Tr.v.'. I.-..: .>rr.-.-,r.^ of Ar.c-:.=t:- ''.s^crr. <xin: iai. the :ownat thefor,t of thr 1!\ refaa. 

; - '> . . OvjT.:.-. • r>>ti:i.. r» O-ilUiii. E.:Lj ^r.-ri] ^a-"* d*.rroje.l; Pengwrm. thr forerunaer of 

X. M- ' ??=^«sWifcarT. wad bomt ; and the like £iie 

f-:Il on Ba&9a*8 churcheAr pp-ibably "soine 

CEAWLl^S" 4. .!iC»;*', k>.^ of the Wr*t- .roup of churches lite GI^*ndalough.* of 
ft:iX'>rM*. !ir-r app»rar* in •>>» ft^ taking par: which the memory i* still pr»rserTed in Bi*- 
w.-tl-. h.^ farhrr flyRr.r. in the V^ttle of * Be- church, near Shrewsbury. Here, however, 
ra ri r, jri ;r, ' p r ^ i-A h 1 7 Ba rh i ry h i II . ?o t he nort L- Cea wlin'* fart her projrnEss^ wa» at opped, for 
vf,""- f.i MAriv^T^-.^r. I (jr:E^ 1, Hk *Tic- th*: Bhtons under BrochmaeL pnnct; d 
4:t^f\.-f\ f.yr.ric :r. '^'4). The ha:. tie of Barhiiry Powy^, met him at FethanlMi^, or Faddiley, 
fth^*: •r.-r Wfr*r-.Sa.xoTi.- the command of the at lh»; rnt ranee of Valr Royal, defrattdhis 
doTrn* '.'.r*:*r.:,.ng towards the north-east. army, and slew his brother Cut ha. 'Wrath- 
^.'-Jiwlin \*-A hi* ho*r ajniin.nt rjilcheiter » Cal- fiil," the chronicle says, 'he thence returned 
1*:VA AT^rViatim-. • wh*:re the road.^ from to his own." In oOl his people ro^ against 
WincJ.^-^rr htA Old rianim unitf:<l on their him. and «:t up Ceol. or Ctrolric the son of 
w*iy fo I>,r.'ion" •'»£?:£??». The remains of hi* bn'ith'rr Cutha. William of Malmt'sburv 
th- cir.y >;ear wiTi'^-^^ to ^h-i formidable .^ay^tliat t hi.'* revolt was cause<] by the ^enend 
i:\.!irHfrr*'.T of 'h- invader-' ra-k. for it is still hatred with whirh he was regarded \ Gftta 
flirt with if- korr.an wall of lVi70 yard= H^/nm, i. \7 }. It ha> b^n sUiTkrestHd with 
*-;,-'-ii:t. and it- fr^-^ of V^) fe»:t width t Ar- considerable probability that tht? rev«dt was 
rhoob^ivnl Journaf, \xx. \'2\. Xo written mad*; by the Hwiccas, thepe^iplt? •prttled in 
re-'ord r»Tnain- of T'^awlin*-! niicce-ws. From th*.* n*:wly conquered country a lon^th*' lower 
.<ilrh'-»*rOawlindoubtle-v advanc*-d, over- Sevf-m/ and that for a time it left Ceawlin 
ninriin;.' tli«r c'liinrri' ♦oihe nouth of the jpreat the old»:r West-Saxon terriionr. In '»95, 
B-rk-hire fnrt-t.and ke-pin;f to the ?j'>uth of how».'Ver, C'e^jlric attacked him tfiere also. A 
tlj«- Tharne;* until, in .>!••, he encountered the league was made, so Malmesbury assert *tbe- 
fr,n-.- f.f .VA\\t-\\tt-T\i\ , kinjf of Kent, at Wil>- tween the revolted Saxons and the Britons. 
b;indiin or Wiiiibbf^lon. In thin firjit battle The armies met at Woddesbeorg, or Wan- 
fontrlit liv th<' invad^T"! >j»rtwe»-n themselves l*<»roujrh, *the key of Ceawlin's ^hrunken 
('•■awliu and hi-. )>rotlwr T'litha n^^uted the realm/ where the downs rise above the vale 
•J uti"*. and drove -KthelU-rht Imck into Kent of the White Horse (Grees). The battle 
(A,'S. Chron.\ (\kYsV:S). In the expwlition wa< fierce: Ceawlin was defeatt^aml driven 
of lii- brother ditliwulf, who in 'u\ carriwl out of his kingdom. Henry of Iluntingilon 
th»- W«-f.t -Saxon arm.- as far uh IWlforrl, brinf^s the part taken by the Wtds^h pn>mi- 
('<-a\vlin had no shan*. Six yiMir.s Inter he nwitlv fomvard, and describes the battle of 
bd hi:^ lio-t from Winchester, and marchefl Wanix)rough as one between Britons and 
I0 Deorhain. Then^ he met, defeated, and Saxons. In 593 Ceawlin and his brother 
hl<w thn-c ISritish kin^H, and as a conse- Cwichelm were slain. Ceawlin*8 son was 
<|ii»nr«' of \\\t' battli; wrin Oloucofter, Bath, Cuthwine; his house was restoretl in 685 in 
iiiiil ( .'irenc» -ter, over whicli one may riuppose the person of Caedwalla [q. v.] 
tiny rub-rl. Tlio virtorv' forms an important [Anglo-Saxon Chron. ; B«da*8 Hist. EaL iu 
era in tlie Instory of the conquest of Bn- c. 6 (Eng. Hist. See.); William of Mai mesburv.i. 
tain. Indi'iH-ndently of the wealth and im- c. 17 (Eng. Hist. Soc) ; Henry of Huiitin«ion, 
port a nee of the cities themselves that were Mon. Brit. Hist. p. 714; GuestVOrigiDes Celt ioe, 
thuH gfiinfxl, thf'y were at the head of a wide- ii. 195, 246-314 ; Green's Making of EngUnd, 
4*pniading district. From the borders of the . 128, 201-8.] W. H. 



CECIL, Sib EDW ARD, ViacotrNT Wxm- 
»LBI>oKtl5r:J-!G381,uavalaiidinilitiu-vcom- 
nundor, wus the third son of Sir Thomas 
<.'ecil, second lord Burghley and first esrl of 
Exeter [q. v.], grandson of Sir William Cecil, 
iiret lorn Burgnley [q. v.], and nephew of Sir 
Robert Cecyll, first earl of Snlisbiiry, whose 
' ' '' "rom the paternal spelling ol 
vstemitictilly adopted, lie 



deviation from the paternal spelling of the 

unme be avstemitictilly adopted. 

bom on 2a Feb. 1571-2, and entered the 






n the Low CoimtTies about 
]5Dt> ; in 150!) he was appointed captain of 
« company of English foot-eoldiers, and in 
ilaj' 1600 was appointed to a troop of cavalry, 
"which he commanded at the battle of Nieu- 
|Knt, under Sir Francis Vere. lu 1601 be 
comtnnndedabody of one thousand men raised 
in London for the relief of Ostend, then be- 
fiie^ed by the Spaniards, and on his return in 
SepWmberwHsknighled by Queen Elitabech. 
In the springoflwS he was colonel of a regi- 
ment of English horse under I'rinee Maurice, 
And served in the expedition intoBrabant and 
ktlhesi^eof Grave. He continued actively 
•erving during the vears imniediat-ely follow- 
ing, and achieved aliigh reputation for valour 
And vonduet. In lulO he commanded the 
Eii^lsh contingent of four thousand men 
under Prince Christian of Anholt, at the siege 
of Juliers, 1-17 July to 12-22 Aug. 

At court bis credit slood at least as high 
as it did in the camp. In March 1612 he was 
•ent, as the prince's proxy, to stand sponsor 
to the child of Coimt Ernest of Nnssuu; in 
April 1613 he bad a commission to receive 
and pay all moneys for the jonmey of Lady 
Elizabeth and her husband, and in November 
lie was ordered to request his lady to attend 
Che electress at Heidelberg. In January 
1617-18 he was a suitor for the comptroUei^ 
ship, and so also in February for the chancel- 
lorship of the duchy of Lancaster; buttbouch 
fliippcirted by the Duke of Buckingham be 
■wn* unsuccessful. In 1620 he was nominated 
liy lluchingham to command the English 
troops in GermBnv>bnt was superseded by Sir 
Horace Yere on the demand of Count Dohna, 
the agent of the king of Bohemia in England, 
A violent quarrel ensued between Cecil and 
Dohna, in the couteb of which Cecil assured 
his opponent that it was only his character 
AS an ambassador wliich protected blm from 
a demand for personal eatisfaction. He has 
lieen credited with a speech in the House of 
<'<immons (Cdl. State Paj-er», Hotu. 5 Feb. 
1620-1) on the importance of granting an 
immediate supply to the Palatinate; a good, 
honest speech, which was published under 
Cecil's name (1621, 4lol; but Professor Gai^ 
diner baa been reluctantly forced to the con- 
is a forgery (JIUt. of England, 



.^c^usiost) 



iv. 29 n.) On 4 June, however, when Sir 
James Perrot called on the house to declare 
that if the negotiations then on foot failed, 
' they would be ready to adventure their live* 
and estates for the maintenance of the cause 
of God and of his majesty's royal issue,' Cecil, 
in seconding the motion, said : ' Tliis decla* 
ration comes from heaven. It will do more 
for us than if we had ten thousand soldiers 
on the march.' 

During all these years Ce:^ was markedly 
supported by the Duke of Buckingham ', au^ 
in 1626, when theexpe<litiou against the coast 
of Spain was determined on, Buckingham, 
though nominating himself to the supreme 
command, as generalissimo, appointed Cecil 
as his deputv, with the title of lord maislial 
and general of the sea and land forces ; 
'the greatest command,' it was said, 'that 
any subject hath had these liundred years ' 
iCmirt and Timet <f Charles I, i. 53). Buck- 
ingham offered indeed to procure him an ap- 
pointment from the king; but Cecil. ' not to 
lessen the duke's honour, took it from him- 
Bfelf {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 16 March 
1620-30), Notwithstanding these high-sound- 
ing titles the preparations were wretched in 
the extreme. The men were raw levies, and 
the otRcers, for the most part, no better; the 
fleet was mainly composed of merchant skips, 
hastily pressed into the service, and com- 
manded by men ignorant of war and discon- 
tented at the part they were compelled to 
undertake. Even the general had never yet 
held any independent cbmtu and, and was to- 
tally ignorant of naval aB'airs, Nevertheless 
Buckiughamanticipatedan easy success. The 
king came down to Plymouth to review the 
troops and the fleet, and it was officially an- 
nounced that Cecil was to be raised to the 
peerage as Viscount Wimbledon. 

After many delays the fleet finally got to 
sea on 8 Oct., with vague instructions to un- 
dertake some operation against tlie coast of 
Spain. Cn 20 Oct., after rounding Cape St. 
\^ncent, a council of war was at lost held, 
in order to determine on what point the at- 
tack should be made. It wn.s decided to 
land at St. Blary's (Tuerto de Santa Maris), 
in Cadiz Bay, and from it to march to Sbji 
Lucar, a distance of twelve miles. Orders 
were therefore given out to anchor at St. 
Mary's. But as the fleet arrived at its station 
a number of ships were seen in the outer har- 
bour of Cadiz. No orders had provided for 
this contingency. Essex, who was leading 
in the Swiftsure, atood towards them, inter- 
changed a few random shot, and, with his 
topsails brailed up, waited in hopes of being 
ordered to attack ; but receiving no instruc- 
tions, and the ships of his squadron showing 



Cecil 



39^ 



Cecil 



nc signs of supporting him, he fell back to his 
station and anchored off St. Mary's. 

Meantime the Spaniards cat their cables 
and fled up the inner harbour. Had the 
Swiftsure been supported, the enemy must 
liave been destroyed. Cecil attempt^ after- 
wards to throw the blame on the captains of 
the squadron, and especially on tne mer- 
chant skippers. He alleged that he went in 
among them and called on them to follow 
the Swiftsure, but that they tacitly refused 
to obey and let go their anchors, lliis state- 
ment IS, however, at variance with that of 
Essex, and almost all the other superior ofli- 
cers of the army. It was suspected from the 
flight of the ships that Cadiz was without de- 
fence, as indeed it was, and it was proposed 
to attack it at once. Essex, Sir John Bur^h, 
and Lord Cromwell urged this measure with 
vehemence ; but Cecil was incapable of any 
resolution, and determined rather to attack 
the fort of Puntules, which commanded the 
entrance of the harbour. But even this at- 
tack was made in a very half-hearted way. 
Orders were sent to twenty of the merchant 
ships to support Ave Dutch ships and to can- 
nonade the fort. The orders were never de- 
livered ; and though the oflicer sent with them 
was Sir Thomas Love, the captain of the Royal 
Anne, carrying Cecil's flag, Cecil was appa- 
rently left m ijmorance till the next morning. 
Essex with his squadron and some other ships 
were tlion ordered in, but no care was taken 
in stationing them, and the cannonade was 
weak and desultor\'. It was not tiU towards 
evening that the lort capitulated to a body 
of trooj»s landed in its rear under the com- 
mand of Sir Jolm Burgh. 

On the following morning, 24 Oct., the sol- 
diers were landed at Puntales. The general's 
hope was vaguely to reduce the town by 
blockade ; but on an alarm of an approaching 
enemy ho turned to meet them. He had 
given orders tliat on landing every man was 
to carry provisions in his knapsack ; but no 
care had been taken to see that the orders 
were obeved, no instructions liad been issued 
as to where the provisions were to come from, 
and the pursers of the ships had refused to 
supply tliem without proper warrant ; and 
thus, though some few companies may have 
had their day's ]>rovisiona with them, by far 
the ^eater part of the force, consisting of raw 
soldiers and ignonint ofticers, was absolutely 
destitute. 

As the English advanced, the Spaniards 
fell back along the narrow causeway which 
connected Cadiz with the village of ban Fer- 
nando and the bridge beyond. The English 
followed nearly as far as the village, a distance 
of six or seven miles. And here it was appa- 



rently that the superior officers iirst discovocd 
that the men haa no proYiaiona. Cecil wai 
informed of it, and answered angrily that tlii» 
was no time to be thinking of proviaions with 
the enemy in their front. But the men were 
utterly exhausted : many of them, who had 
been landed with Sir Jolm Burgh the day be> 
fore, had been upwards of twenty-four houit 
without anything to eat, and the march under 
the noonday sun had completely knocked 
them up. Some wine was found in the villagv^ 
and Cecil ordered a measure to be served out 
all round. But no examination was made, 
and it was not found out that the place was 
the great store for the use of the ^ est India 
fleet until the soldiers were all mad drunk. 
Then, indeed, an attempt was made to stave 
the casks, but amid riot and confusion in- 
describable. Fortunately the enemy remained 
ignorant of the condition of the army, and the 
next morning the men, still without tood, were 
for the most part sufficiently sober to stagger 
back to Puntales. 

The Spanish ships had meantime warped 
into a creek at the head of the harbour, and 
sunk a merchantman at the entrance. They 
as well as the town seemed now unassailable; 
the troops were therefore re-embarked, and on 
the 29th the fleet took its departure. Two 
days later the Spanish treasure-ships, keeping 
well to the southward, got safely into Cadiz, 
while Cecil with the English fleet was watch- 
ing for them broad off" Cape St. Vincent. And 
he continued to watch till 16 Nov., when, 
his ships being foul and leaky, the ri{?&[ing 
and sails rotten, and the provisions putrid, he 
gave the order to return to England. But 
before it could be carried into eflect want had 
produced sickness, which assumed the pro- 
portions of a pestilence. Many of the ships 
thus left without men sufficient to work them, 
were either lost or exposed to the greateist 
danger. The Anne Royal, having buried 1 -iO 
men, with 160 sick, and leaking like a sieve, 
got into Kinsale on 11 Bee. Having partly 
refitted, sent the sick on shore, and rec^jivt-d 
the crews of some of the ships which had \)evn 
cast away, she put to sea on 28 Jan. 16l*5-fi. 
A gale of wind drove her to the westwanl, 
and she got with some difliculty into Bert^ 
haven, where she lay till 19 Feb., and did not 
arrive in the Downs till the 28th. 

The failure of this costly expedition gave 
rise to much popular indignation, the weiglit 
of which fell, not undeservedly, on Buckinir- 
ham. But no censure of Buckingham can 
absolve Cecil from the blame which must 
attach to the gross incapacity which he di:^- 

5 laved under circumstances of no peculiar 
iticulty. To his incompetence the Spa- 
niards owed it that every snip in the harbnur 



yrnii not Inlten or iiuml, tbat Oiidi* was not 
•acked, and Ibat the Irtiifiure-ships were not 
captured. The BurBrior offieere of ihe expe- 
-ditioii, especially the Earl of Essea, did not 
1)«it«te to prefer a formal char^ of roiwon- 
duFt agUDAt Ihe general. It appuera to have 
"bean Cursorily eiBmined by the king in coiui- 
«il. but no eVidenee was taken; tlie favour 
<.f the Diike of Buckingham and Cecil's denial 
of every point were held to be Butticieat to 
-wnrTBnV a full ocquitlal ; and thiiR, far from 
receiving every censure, hii credit at cimrt rose 
and cnntuiued ta nee till, a few yenre later nnd 
after th« more ditstitroiiB failure ntthn Isle of 
B£, ewQ tli»peoplebcfran to consider him as an 
heroic leader of armiea. Hie elevation to the 
peerage had been announced before thy flKCt 
flailed, and he had since been even officially ad- 
dressed as Lord Wimbledon, though his pat«nt 
u Baran Cecil of Putney was not dated till 
9 Nov., while the fleet was vainly looking out 
fijr the treaaure-Bhips off Cape St. Vincent, nor 
ira* heactuallv created Viscount Wimbledon 
tillSSJulyloM OnlfiDeclfBOherecsived 
« commission aa lieutenant of the county of 
Surrey. In 162" he lield a command at the 
tif^e of OroU, and at Bois-le-Duc in 162». 
On 80 July IBSO he was appointed governor 
of Portfmoulh, an office which he held till 
btadtwih. 15N'ov.l63£i. During this time he 
aeems to have been recognised as the highest 
English authority on military afiWira. He 
tras a member of numberless committees and 
councils of warj even Buckingham did not 
disdain to receive advicefrom him{Cal. State 
I^pfn, Dom. 12 Oct. (?) 1627), and Sir Ke- 
nelmDigby wrate{31-31 Jan. 1636-7) to the 
«ifiect that ' England is hnymy in producing 
persciDS who do actions wliich after ages take 
for romances; wilnnan King Arthurand Cod- 
wsllader of ancient time, nnd the valiant and 
ingenious peer, the I»rd Wimbledon, whose 
«pin1e eieeeds anything ever done by so vic- 
torioua a general of armies, or so provident a 
goreraor of towns.' 

He was three times married, the last only 
two years before his death (Clii. Statt Papen, 
Dora. 163ft-r,p. 149); but leaving iseue only 
four daughters, all bv the first wire, the title 
became ejtlinct {ib. l'63e-9, p. 106). His lust 
wife, Sophia, daughter of Sir Edward Zoiich, 
who was described (27 Nov. 1638) as n rich 
jonng widow, lived to a ripe old age, and died 
in November 1691 (Colliss, Peti-age ( 1768), 

iu. lit)). 

rWiroWwIon's own scnaiint of ths Cadis Eipe- 
dtUon is hi* Jintnul snJ Gelation, &e. (lfl2S, 
Ml. (W) ; another ■pcoanl, wliich must bo Con- 
•irl»r«d as to a grant extent alw) WimLlB-lou's. 
U The Tm'aga to Csilii. by John Olimrillis 
«dtla<i by Sm. A. B. Oromrt (Camdon i^ocicty, 



_8B3). the introduclioi 
nary of nearly all that ii kuown ve to Wirabls- 
d.m'B Ufa; The charge delivered bj the Earl of 
Essex and nine other Colonels ut the Couacil 
Table against the Viscoant Wimbledon, general 
of Ihe liutt Cales voyage, with his answer, oon- 
taining a full rektiim of the dnreaC of the aame 
voyage is printed in Lord LunBduwne's Worka 
(ir32), ii, 249. The originHl manuKcipt. is la 
the Brit. Miia. Harl. 37, f. 88. Copies of the 
Jonmal of the Swiftaore are in Harl. MS. 864. 
No, 34, nnd in S. P. Dom. Charles 1, li. 23 ; see 
also Oiirdiner'a Hist, of England, vi. !-24, where 
there iaaneKCBllBnlmBpofCft.ii». ALifeof Cecil, 
Vi»count Wimblndon, by Mr. Charles Dnllon.wM 
publisbod in two volames in 1885.] J, K. L, 

CECIL, JAMES, third EiRL op Saus- 
BTTKY (rf. 1683), was the son of Charles, lord 
Viscount Cranboum. and Jane, rlaughf er tind 
coheiress of James Maswell, ear! of Dirleton 
in Scotland. He was educated at St. John's 
College, Cambridge, where one of his no* 
quaintauces was Joshua Barnes [([.v.], author 
of the ' Life of Edward HI,' who states that 
for ' loyalty, generoBity, and affability ' he 
was most likely to ' advance the noble name 
of Cecil to the utmost period of glofv.' On 
21 Oct. 1669hetookhi8aeatinthe House of 
Peers, where he was a lealoua opponent of 
the Duke of York's succession. In February 
1676-7 he was committed with other noble- 
men to the Tower for supporting the proposi- 
tion of the Duke of Buc'kingbam, that ' the 
last prorogation of parliament wiie null and 
void in law' {Eachaeb, ffiXon/o/i'nyfcind, 
3rd ed. 928). In January 1678-fl he was 
sworn a privy councillor and took hia seat at 
tbeboard(Lp'rrREti.,Z>iiiry.!.6). In August 
16ftO he was elected a Icnight of the Garter. 
He died in May 1688 fti. 260), By hia wife, 
Harvsret, daughter of John Manners, earl of 
Rutland, who died in France 30 Aug. 1683 
(r'A. 216), he left five Bona and five daughters. 

[ColJina'B Poemge, Bthed- iii, HR-9 ;LuttreU'8 
Diary ; Eachard's History of EiiglandJ 

T. F. H. 

CECIL JAMES, ffiuitb Eael op Situ- 
Buar (i. 1693), was the eldest srm of James, 
third ear! of Salisbury [q. v.], and Margaret, 
daughter of John Manners, earl of Rutland. 
He married Frances, one of the tbrt-e daugh- 
ters and coheiresses of Simon Itennet of 
Beechampton, Buckinghamshire, when she 
WHS only thirteen years ohl { LtTTTEEi-L, Diary, 
i. 209). ' Salisbury,' says Lord ^MacHuIay, 
' was foolish to a proverb. His figure was 
BO bloated by sensual indulgence ns to he 
almost incapable of moving j and Iliia slug- 
gish body was the abode of an eq uaUy sluggish 
mind, He was represented in popubr lam- 
poons as a man miide to bx duped, as a miu 



Cecil 



398 



Cecil 



who bad hitherto been the prey of gamesters, 
and who might as well be the prey of friars.' 
In January 1688-9 he was committed to the 
Tower as a popish recusant (ib. 493), but the , 
prosecution was finally waived (ib, ii. 123). ' 
His name was for^d by Robert- Young to I 
a document purporting to be that of an asso- 
ciation who baa bound themselves to take 
arms for King James, and to seize on the 
Prince of Orange dead or alive. On this ac- 
count he was on 7 May 1692 committed to 
the Tower (ib. 444), but nothing being proved i 
against him his bail was finaUv discharged 
in the court of king's bench {16. 629). He 
died 25 Oct. 1693, leaving an onlv son, three 
years old (ib, 388), who succeeded him as 
fifth earl. He was buried at Hatfield on 
29 Oct. ' 

[Luttrell's Diary ; Reresby's Memoirs ; Sprat's 
Belation of the late Wicked Contrivance of 1 
Stephen Blackhead and Robert Young, 1692 ; | 
Macaulay's History of England ; Clutterbuck's 
Hertfordshire; Chauncy's Hertfordshire; Col- 
lins's Peerage, 6th ed. iii. 149.] T. F. H. 

CECIL, KICILVRI) (1748-1810), divine, 
one of the leaders of the evangelical revival, 
was bom at his father's house of business in 
Chiswell Street, in the narish of St. Luke's, 
Old Street, London, 8 Nov. 1748, and was 
baptised in the parish church on the 30th of 
the same month. His father, Thomas Cecil, 
a descendant of Cecil, lord Burghley, was 
scarlet-dyer to the East India Company, a 
lucrative* calling in which he had been pre- | 
ceded by his father and cfrandfather, who es- | 
tablishecl their dye-works on their freehold 
property in Chiswell Street. His mothers ' 
maiden name was Tabitha Grosvenor. She j 
was the only child of a I^ondon merchant, a 
pious dissenter. Richard was the youngest ' 
child of his parents, and was born after his 
mother was fifty years old. lie was allowed ' 
to relinquish business for literature and the j 
fine arts. He wrote poetry and cultivated | 
music, becoming a proficient on the violin, 
but his chief passion was for painting, which 
he pursued insatiably, attending all the pic- 
ture sales in London and j)ractising at home. 
He made a clandestine visit to the continent 
to see the pictures of the best masters, and 
would have gone to Rome if his funds had 
proved sufficient. He acquired great influ- 
ence among his youthful associates, and glo- 
ried in being an anostle of infidelity and a 
leader in everj' kina of profligacy. Like Au- 
gustine he was brought back to faith and 
purity by the prayers and holy example of hig 
mother. On nis' conversion he resolved to 
devote himself to the work of the christian 
ministry. To this his father made no serious 



objection, only insistinff that he should not 
leave the church of England. If he connected 
himself with 'diasenters or sectaries,* his- 
father wonld ' do nothing for him living or 
dying.' Cecil commenced residenceatQueenV 
College, Oxford, 19 May 1773, and took hi» 
B. A. degree, we are told, ' with great credit ' ia 
the Lent term of 1777. His ordination, both 
to the diaconate and priesthood, preceded hi» 
B.A. degree, the former taking place in the 
chapel of Buckden Palace at the hands of 
Bishop Green 22 Sept. 1776, and the latter 
23 Feb. 1777. His title was ^ven him by th» 
Rev. John Pugh, the incumbent of RaucfW 
and Cranwell, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire, it 
that time one of the most influential membn^ 
of the evangelical party in the church, and one 
of the originators of the Church Missionair 
Society ; his stipend was 40/. From Lincoln- 
shire he was speedily removed to Leice^tt^ 
shire, then also comprised within the dioct^ 
of Lincoln, to take temporarv charge of th» 
parishes of Thomton-cum-bagworth and 
Markfield, then vacant through the incum- 
bent's decease. Early in 1777, through the 
interest of powerful evan^lical frienas, he 
was ofiered the two small bvings of All Saints 
and St. Thomas of Canterbury at Cliffe in 
the town of Lewes in Sussex, to the former 
of which he was instituted 27 Feb. of that 
year, the combined income of the two recto- 
ries being only about 80/. per annum. Ilt^rfr 
he took up his residence and fulfilled the du- 
ties of his ministry with great zeal and ear- 
nestness until the dampness of his rectorv 
Eroduced a severe rheumatic afllection in hi3 
ead, when he returned to I^ndon, making 
his home at Islington. Cecil held his two 
L(»wes livings for twenty years, and certainly 
did not reside upon them or pert'orm the duty 
personally for more than half that jteritMi. 
He resigned St. Tliomas*s early in 17l>7 to 
the curate who had done his work, and All 
Saints at the end of 1798. His fume ns an 
earnest evangelical preacher had prece<leil 
him in the metropolis, and he was spetKlily 
engaged to undertake various 1ectureshij»s, 
one at St. Margaret's, Lothburv, at 6 a.m., aii 
evening lecture at (hrange Street ChajH-l. 
which subsequently became a nonconformist 
place of worship, and others. He 8liare<l the 
charge of l^ong Acre Chapel with the R»*v. 
Henry Foster, another of the fathers of tlic 
evangelical movement, a friend of Newt 4 m 
and Scott, and in 1787 he undertook tin' 
evening lecture at Christ Church, Spit a 1- 
fields, which he held alternately with Mr. 
Foster, the lectureship being only tenable f^tr 
three years consecutively, till 1801. Tlie 
sphere of duty with which Cecil's name is 
most prominently oonnected is St. JohnV 



Clinpe!, rVilfijrU How, in the pirisli of St. 
Andrew's. Holbnm, now pulled down, which 
eontioiietl to the middle of the present cen- 
tury s stronghold of the evangelic«l doctrines 
firitintroducedb^ him there. Tothischami 
liewii9sppointedinSI»rchl780bySirEiirdley 
Wilmnt, acting for the tmateea of Rixgby 
School, the patrons thereof, on the recom- 
mendntionntArchbiahopComwallia, Hewas 



Wilberfbree, which, the speculation proving 
Sttceeoeful, she was noTer called upon to iiilfil. 
CSecil continuedroinisterof St. John's Chapel 
till his dtiath. TwDyeareafterhiBregignation 
of his Lewes livings he was presented by Mr. 
Samuel Thornton on behalf of the trustees, 
i& whom the presentation had been vested by ] 
his folher, Mr. John Tiiornlon of ClBph»m, ' 
'with the luiited benohceof Chobluun and Bis- i 
ley in Surrey. Here he spent three months ' 
in the Bummerof each year.to thegreat moral . 
and religiouH benefit of the people, until ' ' ' 
health, which was enfeebled by ■-"'-='•■ 
miutsteriat labours, after one or two serioue 
illnesses and a paralytic 8eLZUre,entirely broke 
down in February 1808. Visita to Bath, 
Clifton, TunbriJge Wells, and other places 
afibrded him temporary relief, but no perma- 
nent benefit resiuted, and he died at Belle 
"Vue, Hampstead, after a fit of apoplexy, 
15 Aug. 1810, in the sixty-tliird year of his 
age. Cecil was married to a woman whom 
heradntirablememoir of her husband proves 
to iiave been in every way worthy of him, 
and left behind him a large &miiy of sons and 
daughters. Of the remarkable body of evan- 
jfelical preachers who were his contemporaries 
in I>ondon Cecil may safely be pronounced (he 
intellectual chief. He preached from notes, 
and wrote hut little for the press, and his 
few printed sermons, though characterised 
by great originality of thought and vigour 
or style, can give no adequate idea of his 
pre'Sminence aa a preacher. He was ' cap- 
able,' we ore told, ' of rivetting the atten- 
tion of a congregation by the originality of 
his conceptions, the plam, straightforward 
force of his language, the firm grasp of his 
subject, and by a happy power of illustration 
■which gave freshness and novelty to the most 
fiamiliar subjects ' (Jbbium, Memoir, p. 267). 
' Nature," writes Canon Overton, ' had endowed 
him with an elegant mind, and he had im- 
proved his natural pfis by steady application. 
. . . There is a stately dignity both in hta 
character and in his atvle of writing which 
» ver» impressive" {The Englieh Church in 
the ^igktrmth Cmtury, ii. 207). His * Ori- 
ginal Thoughts on Holy Scrinture,' a posthu- 
i£ publication of not«e oi hia extempore 



Cecil 



taken down by some of his hearers, 
fully deserve the title given to them. The 
truest estimate of the originality of Cecirs 
mind is gained from his ' Reraaiiis,' which 
might more properly be called his 'Table 
TaU{,' being a collection of reminiscences of 
bis conversation made by his friend and tbo 
editor of hia writings, the Rev. Josiah Pratt. 
Of these Canon Overton justly remarks they 
' show traces of a scholarlv bahit of mind, & 
sense of humour, a grasp of leading principleB, 
sliberalityof thought, and capacity of appre- 
ciating good wherever it might be found, 
which render them, short though they are, a 
valuable contribution to evangelical litera- 
ture' (rt,) Thesame maybe said of his con- 
tributions to the discussions of the ' Eclectic 
Society,' which met in the vestry room of St. 
John's Chapel, the notes of which were pub- 
lished in 1866 by Archdeacon Pratt, under 
the title of ' Eclectic Notes,' In his breadth 
of view and freedom from prejudicehe shows 
bimselfio advance of his age. His ministry, 
we are told, was everywhere popular, and in 
the best sense Buccesaiul. Both at St. John'a 
and at Chobhnm he had to encounter a large 
amount of prejudice. He lived down this 
opposition, and in both spheres of duty ha 
speedily gathered large and deeply attached 
congregations. Hisperson and IMaring wero 
dignified, and his sermons were delivcredwith 
a conscious authority which silenced opposi- 
tion. His decision of character and self- 
mastery ia shown by his cutting the strings 
of his violin when at Oxford, and never re- 

t lacing them, lest it should divert him from 
ia studies, and by his resolve never again to 
visit an exhibition of paintings on discovering 
i that his attention had been unduly diverted 



from a sick person he was visiting by a picture 
hanging in the room. The works of Cecil 
were collected and published after his death 
by the Rev. Joaiah Pratt, and have p)ne 
through several editions. They include Me- 
moirs of the Hon. and Rev. W. B. Cadcwan,' 
' Memoir of John Bacon, the Sculptor, and 
of the 'Rev. John Newton,' a collection of 
' Miscellanies,' comprising 'A Friendly Visit 
to a House of Mourning,' one of the best 
known of Cecil's works, ' Short Hints to a 
Soldier,' ' A Word on the Peace,' written in 
1801, and other minorpieces. These are fol- 
lowed by the only sermons, six in number, 
preparedby the author for publication, thirty- 
three sermons taken in shorthand, and, by mr 
the most remarkable of tbe whole collection, 
the'Remaina' already mentioned. To these 
may he added the ' Original Thoughts oa 
Holy Scripture,' published in 1&4S, also from 
shorthand notes, under the editorship of hia 
daughter, 



Cecil 



400 



Cecil 



[Memoir of Rev. Richard Cecil, by his widow ; | whom Elizabeth had made the victim of her 



A View of the Chamcter of the Bay. R. Cecil, 
by the Rev. Josiah Pratt ; Memoir of the Rev. 
Charles Jerram.] £. V. 

CECIL, ROBERT, Eakl op Salisbttbt 
<1663 P-m2), statesman, was son of William 
Oecil, lorJPBurghley [O; ▼•]» ^7 Mildred, 
daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke. The place of 
his birth has never been fixed with certaintv, 
though he himself declared that he was bom m 
Westminster ; the exact vear, too, has been the 
«ubj ect of much doubt. ^When Thomas Cecil, 
his elder brother, was travelling in France in 
January 1563, it was deemed advisable that he 
should return sooner than had been intended, 
because his father*s * younger son ^ had recently 
-died. It is to be inferred tnat Thomas Cecil at 
this time had no brother, and hence the birth 
of Robert, the future Lord Salisbury, must be humiliatii^ reverses in his protracted con- 



set down at the earliest some time in 1563. 
Beinji^ of a weakly constitution and a delicate 
physique, he was educated at home under pri- 
vate tutors. It is probable that Dr. Richard 
Neyle, eventually archbishop of York, was one 
of them ; it is certain he was one of Lord 
Burghley*s chaplains and received his prefer- 
ments through the aid afforded him by father 
and son. When it is said, as it often lias been 
«aid, that Robert, earl of Essex, was his ' early 
playmate/ it is forgotten that Essex was his 
junior by at least four years, and was actually 
a member of Lord Burghley's household only 
for a few weeks. It is said that Cecil entered 
at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1581, 
though if it were so he must have gone up to 
the university four or five vears older than 



statecraft and rained for his port in the exe- 
cution of Marv Qoeen of Soots, was a friend 
and prot6g6 of Essex, and the earl was beat 
on restorinjB^ him to his old place of secretanr. 
Though ElijEabeth woidd not so far gratify the 
favourite, she kept the post vacant from year 
to year, Cecil in the meantime doing all the 
real work that was required. In 1591 (20 May) 
he received the honour of knighthood on toe 
occasion of the queen's being received at a 
strange entertainment given by Lord Burgh- 
ley at Theobalds. In August 01 the same year 
he was sworn of the privy council, but it was 
not until 1596, during the Earl of Essex's 
absence on the Cadiz expedition, that he was 
at last appointed secretary of state. In 1586 
Philip it, wearied by his long succession of 



flict with England, made overtures of peace 
to Henry IV. If Spain and France should 
unite in any friendly alliance, it might be a 
serious matter for the queen and her people. 
To prevent such an alnanoe Cecil was sent 
over, with his brother-in-law, Lord Brooke, 
the Earl of Southampton, Sir Walter Raleigh, 
and some others, on an extraordinary embassy 
to France, and arrived at Paris on 3 MarcL 
Two despatches of CeciVs, giving an account 
of this embassy, have been preserved. He was 
back again in England on 29 April. Lord 
Burghley, who was now in his seventy-eighth 
year, was beginning to show signs of failing 
health, and he died on 4 Aug. 

After his father's death Cecil's position was 
one of peculiar isolation. He had nothing 



was usual at tliis time. In 1584 he was sent i like a caoinet to support him, or to share with 
to France, and probably remained abroad ! him the burdens and responsibilities of his 
during the next three or four years. We first ' official duties. In political sagacity there was 



hear of him in an official capacity when in 
1088 he was in Lord Derby's train on the oc- 
casion of tlie sending an embassy to negotiate 
conditions of peace with Spain ; and we may 
assume that his familiarity with continental 
languages qualified him to act as emissary to 
announce to Parma the arrival of the com- 
missioners. In the parliament that was sum- 
moned to meet a few weeks after the destruc- 
tion of the Spanish armada, but whicli did 
not actually meet till February 1589, Cecil 
sat as knight of the shire for the county of 
Hertford, and this year ho served as high 
sheriiFfor that county. It seems, too, to have 
been the yeur of his marriage. Robert, earl 
of Essex, was at this time high in favour with 
the queen, and, intoxicated by the kind treat- 
ment he had received, his vanity led him to 
regard himself as a power in the state. He 
actually hoped to supplant his former guar- 



none to compare with him, none to look to 
as a coadjutor who might be trusted, and 
no friend to whom he could unbosom himself 
with safety. His gifted mother had died nine 
years before. Sisters he had none surviving ; 
only one of them had left any offspring. His 
brother Thomas, lord Burghley [q. v.], can 
never have been much to him. He had been a 
widower since 1591. His only son (William, 
the second earl of Salisbury) was a child of 
seven, his only daughter a year older. His 
aunt, Lady Bacon, in one of her letters of this 
date, expresses her belief that he would be 
* better with a good wife ; ' but he never mar- 
ried again. His cousins, Francis and Anthony 
Bacon [q. v.1, had taken their side against 
him, and looKed upon Essex as their patron 
rather than their cautious and inscrutable 
kinsman. Always in sore need of money and 
always greedy for any advancement, they 



dian. Lord Burghley, and to become the di- thought there was more to be ^t out of the 
rector of the counsels of the nation. Davison, dashing young earl, who gave mmself all the 



UTH of a bountifol sovereign, and perhaps tliev 

(hiired in their patron's contempt fnr Cecil's 

Bnol l>w«J Miiii provokiiijt tu-lf-comraand. It 

l« muiU winder if this mnii of thirtv-five, 

■VfttchinR thf> queen gTowiug old and know-' 

ng hims If to he inloved, should at limes 

'ia\ i pn tied b> a, «en«e of lonelinesn, 

ricten n a cynical tone In 

m L ood knight, tbsI con< 

I to one thai halh Hoirowed 

of arourt, and p>ne heavily 

\ El -seem n^ fairground, t know 

t brui|!<e h 1 I comfort on earth. an<) he h, \ 

[ vedton n n "p man tl at. looketh thie wav i 

o hM-ien I 

^ft^r I i olut on of the purliament in 

[■fir ■< n new parliament was Buni- 

hfT 1601 Meanwhile Essex ' 

* f Cec Ispath by being sent 

Ir I I September l.i99 Essex 8ud- I 

l«l>1> presenleJ htmsetfbefore the queen with- | 

rat MtTing previously obtained any leave of ; 

jfiaemee tram his province. Such nn offence i 

»iitd not l>e passed over. On 5 June IfWO I 

ihe earl was brought before eighteen commis- ' 

aoaete, numbering among them the chief of- 

teen of the state, whose business it was to 

MpOTtuponhisniisconduet. Cecil was omfing 

lu> eommifsionera, of course, and it 

JtTOUgli his discreet intercession and the ( 



[till forbidden the roynl presence. In the 
Sfebrtiary t'oHowing Essex eagageil upon his 
Bad outbreak, and' on 10 Feb. IBDl he was 
Ua upon hiatrinl. Inlheconrseof that trial 
1 Iiifblv cJhumHilc incident nccurred. 'Essex 
K-r i-.l.--ii l:"iH'rt. Cecil of having said that 
-|ij.in was therightneir to the 
I . . ■■]■■■[. Thesecrelarr . . , stepped 
'<:'ii "ii !':!- i"irtL^gaid,itndde8iringto speak 
nniBteil ihiif Eisex should produce his au- 
liorily, who only replied that Southampton 
kild heard it us well as himself. Cedl then 
Migiired the latter b^ his duty to Ood, by his 
ihrWMiutj and their ancient friendship, to 
itRWtbecoiincJUor to whom he was reported 
ia ha,w made this speech. Ueing told it was 



r feU c 






, desired that Sir William Knollyi 
a!^t be sent for, and sent, a message to the 
nUeni vowing to God that if she would not 
HlowSirWilliam to come he would die rather 
han ever serve her again.* The baseless 
ter^r^ was entirety disciwdifed, but it was a 
nitical moment in Cecil's life. It was only 
Anr Essex had suSered for his awkivard at- 
itmpt at nn insurrection that Cecil allowed 
kiraadf to t-nter into comuiunicatlon with 
FvDM I, preciiielvas his fat her bad done with 
BUiab(4L, and with characteristic caution he 



began to prepare the way for the king of Scots 
to sueeeed to the throne, as Burghley had done 
for the queen. So well, however, was this 
secret of state kept that it was not till a cen- 
tury age) that the existence of any such cor- 
respondence had been suspected, and not till 
, Mr. Bruce published them for the Camden 
I Society that the renl«ontents of those letters 
were mode know^ to Ihe world. 
! In the following October Queen Elixabeth's 
I last parliament assembled, and Cecil repru- 
I Rented Hertfordshire, as he had done in the 
I three previous parliaments. In the ilebates 
I that ensued he spoke with remarkable dignity 
I and force. His business was tn obtain tho 
supplies for prosecuting the war with Spain, 
which now threstened to be carried on in Ire- 
land, and to make the best of thegrievnnces. 
especiallv ibose which had lo do with mouo- 
polies, of which the popular party id the house 
were dis|iosed to complain loudly. He managed 
to obtoin the necessary subsidies, and the par- 
liament was dissolved in less than two month* 
af^er it had assembW. During Ihe remainder 
of the queen's reign his work necessitated bis 
keeping many secretaries: even his private 
lett-ers it was difficult for him to attend to. 
' not being able,' as he writes, 'to undergo 
the continual multiplicity of the despatches 
of state and the due correspondenees which I 
owe.' Tlie accession of James I found him 
prepared at all points for the new order of 
things. Elizabeth died 24 March 1603, at I wo 
o'clock in the morning. At eleven, in the 
presence of some of (he chief nobility and 
others, Cecil read the proclamation declaring 
that James was king of England. He was 
continued in his place as secretary by Jomesl. 
and on 13 Mav made Baron Cecil of Elssing- 
den, on 20 Aitg. 1601 Viscount Cranbome, 
on 4 May 1605 Enrl of Salisbury, and on the 
2Qth of the same month a knight of the Garter. 
A large portion of his father's londed property 
had descended to him by the deed of settle- 
ment made when Burghley had married Lady 
Mildred, Burleigh House and the bulk of 
the Lincolnshire estates which had come 
through his grandmother being entailed upon 
hia elder brother, now Earl of Exeter. He 
bad abo succeeded his father as master of the 
court of wards, and in October 160.^ was 
appointed lord high steward to the queen, 
Anne of Denmark, His resources must have 
been very large. From this time till his death 
it is hardly too much to say that the whole 
adminiatrat ion of t he country was in his hands. 
The extravagance of the king and the greedi- 
ness of the courtiers knew no bounds- Thii 
Englishmen denouncedthe Scotchmen as ra. 
pacious plunderers; but it appearsthat.theM 
- little to choose between them, anil 



Cecil 402 Cecil 



addressed him in writing as his * little beagle.' 
He made no sign of pain, but he felt the 
sting of it. Perhaps there is no Europein 
statesman who has occupied so prominent tnd 
so commanding a position in liistory during 
the last three centuries with whose puUic 

i*j* ^ Y*.*Y 1**. .■ 



that the English actually absorbed the larger 
share of the spoils. Every one seemed to be 
bent upon enriching himself as speedily as 
]);>ssible. Only Salisbury continued steadily 
at his duties. He worked while others were 
])laying each his own game. The policy of 

Salisbury during James s reign and his states- life and political administration we are 10 
manship are hardly w^ithin the province of ' familiar in all its details, and of whose pri- 
such a biography as this ; they may be studied vate life we know so little, as Lord Salieburr. 
in the pages of ilr. Gardiner's history. Salis- It is only when he is death-stricken and wlien 
bury's last preferment was bestowed upon a few days of life remain t/> him that we find 
him wlien by the death of Thomas, earl of the curtain raised which covers his priinte 
Dorset, he succeeded that nobleman as lord character through life, 
treasurer on 6 May 1608. From that time It has alreaay been pointed out that we 
till his death the finances of the country came are ignorant of the exact place or time of hU 
more than ever under his direction. The king's birth. Tlie same may be said <^f his marriap', 
debts, notwithstanding the reckless profusion of the birth of his children, of his wife's 
that characterised him, were greatly reduced death, indeed of anything concerned with 
by Salisbury's dexterous management, and his boyh(X)d and early manhood. AVe know 
the ordinary revenue of the country- nearly nothing of his tutors or schoolmasters. There 
doubled itself in the first ten years of the is no record of his matriculation at Cambridge 
king's reign. With regard to lii« receiving nor any evidence of his having taken a degree 
money from Spain it was ])urt of that vile there, except such as is niforded by the fact 
system wliich his father had established, and that he incorporated at Oxford in lfi06. 
into which he was perhaps forced, of employ- Though there are many indications of his 
ingever>' means that came to hand for obtain- having possessed a kindly and affectionate 
ing information of the doinp of the catholics, nature, he seems never to have had a friend- 
That he gave any information or that he ever ship. Life was to him a game which he 
betrayed the trust committed to him there is was playing for high stakes, and men and 
not a tittle of evidence to show. women were only pieces upon the b(«rd, set 

It is said that he was an abler speaker than there to lx» swept off by one side or the «th«*r 
his father, brighter and quicker. Certainly or allowed to stand so long only as the risk 
the imprevssion made by his speeches in par- of letting them remain there was not tcwiji^t. 
liament appears to have been very great. The immense tension at which he lived ren- 
Yet he was a man of far less wide culture dered it impossible to cultivate any taste for 
than the first Lord Burghley, and though art or literature, yet he certainly had an in- 
chancellor of the university of Cambridge for . nate appreciation of grandeur and symmetn* 
some years, and a liberal benefactor to Ox- in architecture, and he inherited fmm hia fa- 
ford, in the shape of a valuable collection of tlier what amounted to a passion for building 
books bestowed upon the university library- and planting. In 1607, James I, having taken 
in 1605, he appears to have had but faint a fancy for Ijord Sulisbur>V beautiful hoiis*' 
sympathy with learning or learned men, and ; at Theobalds in Hertfordshire, offered to fX- 
had none of the instincts or tastes of the change Hatfield for it. Tlie earl could hanlly 
student. refuse. He had no sooner got j)ossession '»f 

He was in person much below the middle the new domain than he began to plan and 

height, probably not exceeding five feet two construct the glorious mansion which remain" 

or three, with some slight curvature of the a splendid monument of his gofrtl taste and 

spine, the efiect of which, as Mr. Brewer says, magnificence. Mr. 15n?wer says he was hi* 

was * exaggerated by the dress and fashion of own architect. This is true only so far as the 

the times.' He was sensitive upon this sub- general conception was his own; thedraught^^ 

ject, as all are who labour under any defor- man of the plans and details, the real arehi- 

mity. It is said that his cousin, Sir Francis tect was Robert Limminge, who afVens'nrd* 

Bacon, aimed one of his most famous esvsays designed and built the hardly less l)eautiful 

against this misfortune, and some of the most mansion of Blickling in Norfolk. Hatfield 

cruel and scurrilous lampoons which were j was never the residence of the first Eari '^f 

circulated to his annoyance by the hangers- Salisbury*; it was not completotl till after hi? 

on of the Earl of Essex in 1600 did not I death. 

forget to draw attention to his Svry neck, I-iord Salisbury married Elizabeth, daughi»'r 

crf)oked back, and splay foot.' Queen Eliza- j of William Brooke, fifth baron Cobham, and 

beth did not scjruple to call him her * little elf,' sister of the two wretched men, Henn*. lord 

and James I called him his * pigmy,' and even Cobham, and G^rge Brooke, who wen* im- 



Cecil 



altcatwl vfitli Marklium, Walmii, mid Sir 
Walter Raleiffh in Ihe ' Bye plot.' By this 
jtdyliehadlwocliildnm; Fr&ucue,adau|;hteT, 
R-boon 2S June IGIO married HBUiyCli^ord, 
IoIt son of the fnurth earl of Cumberland, 
IBd Wiliiom, his Hiiccessnr as second eurl of 
Salislinry, who, on 1 D«r. 1808, married lady 
[iBtheriiie Howitrd, y oiingOBt da lighter of Tho- 
Bias, CiUl SufluUc, and aiarer of tlie infamoiu 
Dauntcss otEanax. The earl seems never to 
iiaTB had the sBtisfaction of seeing anv male 
issue from either of these aUiancee. Of Lady 
[Clifford's childrea only one daughter attained 
t marriageahle aae; his aucceasor's eldest son 
WM not born liU 1616. Of that successor 
Dbiendon has left perhaps his most caustic 
'character.' Lord Salishury'sconstitulion bad 
begun to show signs of breaking <ip for a year 
or two before his death. As eiirly as the 

griiig of 1611 he was reported to be dying. 
tbe summer Sir Theodore Maverne re- 
nrded his case as hopeless, but he c<)ntiuiii.>d 
Uuough the winter transacting business, and 
in January there was some amendment. 

In April Ifil2 he set out for Bath, where 
the waters, it was said, were likely to restore 
him. On 8 May he wrote hie last letter to 
his son, whom he had eipreasly ordered not 
ho come to htm ; but the young man would 
not heed the injunction, and on the I9th was 
tt hia father's side. Feeling that nil liope of 
a cure was gone, and onxioiui to reach home 
before the end should come, he left Bath on 
rhe 31st. "I'he journey told upon his ex- 
h«uited frame, and heonlysucciwiied in reach- 
ing Marlborough, where he was received into 
the parsonat^ houxit, and [here breathed his 
lut on 24 Mav 161:i, Hedied owing nearlv 
S8,0U(W.,Bt that limeanenormoussum.whicli | 
it nNjuired the sale of an exteiuive territory i 
to dear off. I 

Two curious stnriea which have reached us 
regarding Lord Salisbuty deserve to be no- 
ticed, 'fhe first is to he found in Lodge's 
' niuatmtions of English History ' (iii. 1 40), I 
ind lias been more than once quoted or re- 
ferred to as showing that Cecil was a ' man 
■^ gallantry.' It apponrs that he had given 
t picture of himself to Elizabeth, lady Di>rby, 
wparently as a wedding present ; that the 
ptctnre'was on a dainty tablet, and the ijueun , 
Hpjing it . . . snatched it away, . . . fas- I 
Mned It to her elioe, and walked long with 
it there.' Hereupon Cecil got one of the 
xmrt poets to wnte some verses upon the 
ncident, and some one eUe to set them to 
nnuc Writers who are prone to draw hasty 
nferencen frfini scraps of information, and 
runders who are always ready to accept the 
tfOnt rather than the simplest interjiret^tioD 
^^fSUxf anecdote, require to be warned that 

h 



a told 

by Dr. Donne in one of his letters, but nothing 
like an allusion to the circumstances is to be 
met with in any contemporsry writer. The 
internal evidence which Donne'sletter affords 
fixes the date to about 1 Aug. ltM)9. Accord- 
ing to this letter, in consequence of a violent 
Suarrel between Salisbury and Lord Hert- 
ird, Salisbury sent the other ' a direct chal- 
lenge by his servant, Mr. Knightley. , . , 
All circumstances were so clearly liandled 
between them, timt St. James wa^ agreed for 
the place, and they were both come from 
their several lodgings and ujmn the way to 
have met, when they were interrupted hy 
such as from the king were sent to have care 
of it.' Fifty years before this time Salisbury's 
elder brother, the future Earl of Eiet*r, 
hod been ordered to leave Paris to remove 
him from the contaminating influence of this 
same I.«rd Hertford, then a young man of 
diasolute life and expi'nsive habits. He was 
now considerably over seventy. Salisbury 
himself was thirty years his junior, and had 
been made lord treasurer the year before. 
Donne, in telliiip the story, regards it assoim- 
DTobable that his correspondent would hardly 
be brought to believe it ) but that it can have 
been a mere invention, or that an event so 
e.ttraordinary should have been hushed up 
and never found its way into the news-letters 
of the time, seema equally inexplicable. Pos- 
sihly when the Hatfield SlSS. which are con- 
cerned with this period shall have l>een calen- 
dared, some light may be thrown upon the 

[The maiu sources for the biogrnpUy of Lord 
Salisbury ore lo be fouud in the dociiaients aum- 
marised in the CotsDilan of .Stale PaperB (Do- 
inestiu) coveriug Che peiioJ butweiin l^Sl and 
iei8. Next in imporunnvoincWiawood'sMB- 
nioriali of State (3 vols. fol. 17*J5)>iadtheCuiirL 
andTinuMof JsidbbI, printed in l$4S from tb>- 
nianuBcripls which Dr. Birch left behinil him. 
Bishop Goodmoa's Court and Times of Jsmea 1 
WHS published by Professor Brewur in 2 vuU. 
Stu, 1S39. It contoias some vnlunblc lectors 
priaCed nowhsro o1»B, The biHhop'B ■ chunicter' 
of Salisbury moaC be taken for wfial it is wurtli. 
The best sketch of Lord Salisbary is to be found 
in Brewer's English Studies ; the wricer hud tlie 
great ndvantJige of having the HntHuld puperti 
for years undur bin supervision. Nichols's Pro- 
gresees of Elitalietb and James I are full of 
eurioiu iarorm.iiioii, but the Index lo chesit seven 
quarto Tolunies is altogether insufficienl. The 
minute acfoaut by Mr. John Bowles, afterwards 
bisboD of Rochester, of Salisbury'i last sickoeBi 
and daath is to bo found ia Peck's Deaiilcrata 
CurioHu, i. 30£. For all that comwrns Cecil's rcW 
tioni with Sir Anthony Bueon, Birch's Memoir* 



Cecil 



burr vna chan 



of tbs Reign of Quvon Elizabeth is inTnlu- 
able. For all that TOncarns his dnilings with Sir 
T'r&nciB Bbcqd, .Spedding'a Life nad LeCteT9 of 
Biuon is exhaqatirp, an ]a Edwarda's Life uf Sir 
WnllLT Bulcigh for all fhich coDcaniB his con- 
DectioD with that uafortuDute genius. These 
three IsHt-DHmed vorks are, each m its own wuy, 
Ohsentiikl to the student of this period. Captain 
Duvereux'a Lives of the Derereux, ElirU uf Ebmx 
(2 volii. Sto, 1833). is a oircfiil and industrious 
pioCD of tdvoaicy. The following works will Lo 
found to support statemantB made in the toit : — 
Collina's Peemge, ii. -186 et aeq. ; Lodge's lUua- 
trations of British Hi^torj {-Ito, 1791), iii. 87, 
134, 1*6, &c.; Collins'a Sydn^ Papere (fol. 
1746), ii. 334 et scq. ; Fronde's Hiatorj of Eng- 
lauU, voL lii. ; S. H. Gnrdiner's Hiatory of Eug- 
liind. 1003-1642, Tola. i. mid ii.; B'Ewea's Jour- 
uiila of the ParlianicDig of Queen Hiiabeth (fol. 
lS93|i Correspondence of EinK James VI witb 
Sir Robert Cecil, ed. John Bruoe (Camden So- 
ciety), 1861 : Donne's Letters, 4ta, 16fi4, p. 213. 
Thi-re are a few scrape concerning him in Wood's 
AthcusOioii.nadiu thuFasli. Theflimi^f>owiip 
which fnrma the staple of auch writers as >'auu- 
lon, Weldun, Uabarne, and the ratholica, who for 
the most part got their stories at second or third 
' ' e smraly worth notice. Though Sulia- 
a chancellor of the unirersity of Cam' 
B appwiTB but once or twico in 
('rwiMrr's Annals. The HatHeld MS:^., when 
completed, may bo eipecled to giro some light 
upon tarioiis incidftnta of his priv&ia life.] 

A. J, 
CECIL, THOMAS, fimt EiBLOPExBTBB, ■ 
neciind Lusu Bfroiixei (164:^-16:^2), eldest 
son of William Cecil,lord Hiireblev, by Mary 
Clieke [see Cecil, Wilham], was Iwm on 
5 May 164:i. He se«ms to have been broug'ht 
II]) under tutors at his father's liouse, nnd never 
to have received a university education ; he 
pave no signs of more thanaversgeability,ftnd 
It Avas probably because his father knew him 
to Im) deficient in capacity that he felt com- 
iwlled to keep him in the bnckground during 
Ms owii lifetimf . InJnnel561 hcwassent 
witli Sir Thomas Windebauk to travel on 
the continent, but he had hardly got to Paris 
before he beran to exhibit a taste for dis- 
sipation, and lie seems to have indulged that 
taste with much freedom. His father was 
greatly distressed by the reports be received, 
and ill one of bis letters expri'sses a fear that 
bis son ' will return home like a spending 
sot, meet only to keep a tennis court. 

Windebank, when he liad been in Paris 
for more than a year, wrote home in despair, 
saying there was no doinfr anything with 
the young man, whose idle and dissolute 
habits had quit« got beyond his control, and 
recommended bis being recalled. To this, 
however, his father did not af^ree, and we 
hear that in Angusl 1502 they left Puis 



« Cecil I 

'secretly,' and slipped sway to ADiweFDini , 
thence made their way to Spireci, Heidelberg, 
anil Frankfort. Young Cecirs conduct ahowMl 
no improvement, and though his father visbed i 
him to visit Italy and Swiiterland lie lud 
no desire himself to prolong his stay abroad, 
and returned in the spritig of ldU3. In lbs ' 

Eirliament of 1563 he was ret timed ts mem- 
er for Stamford. In 1504 he married Don- 
thy, second daughter and coheiress of Joha, 
lord Latimer, negotiations for the miniap 
having, it appears, been begun two yean be- 
fore. During the next five years we hstf 
little of him, but during the rebellion of tbs 
northern earla in 1569 be showed a cota- 
meudable activity, and did not fomt to 
claim his reward. In 1570 the Earl of Siw 
sex, under whom he had served, recommended 
him to the queen as deserving some reoognt- 
tion, and he wrote a letter of thanks, vihA 
has been preserved. If it be a fair specimM 
of his style of composition, he must iadcMl 
have been a man of but small 'parts.' Kelt 
year, on the occasion of the French ambassa- 
dor visiting Cambridge, accompanied by hai 
Burghley as chancellor of the universitt, 
and other notables, Cecil was admitted MX 
h^ n special grace of the senate. At a mif- 
nificent tournament held at Westminster 
during this year he took n prominent put, 
and received a priEO at the hands of iIm 

S[ueon for bis prowess at the barriers. H« 
lud always had a desire for a militarir life, 
which his father would never allow hus to 
gratify J but in 1573 he volunteered for the 
Scotch war without asking leave, and «« 
present at the storming of Edinburgh «n 
38May. In July 1575 henKeivedlheboDiW 
of knighthood on the occasion of the quern'* 
visit to Kenilworth. When Leicester went 
in command of the English contingent to 
the Iiow Countries, Cecil accompanied bin 
and distinguished himself by his valour in 
the cam]migti. In November 1685 he ww 
made governor <if the Brillc, one of the ctu- 
tionary towns. There was little cordiahtv 
between him and Leicester, for whom heen- 
t«rtuincd a scarcely disguised contempt ; on 
the other hand, he was one of those wh* 
showed a loyal admiration fur Sir Jobn 

In August loB7 we find him amnnc the 
mourners at the funeral ceremonies of jttatr 
Queen of Scots, which were celebrated U 
Peterborough. In 1688 he was among the 
volunteers who served on board the flert 
whicli was equipped to resist the Sp«iii*li 
Armada. Dunng the next ten years we Iwar 
nothins of htm. At his ftthn's fiineial is 
1598 the queen gave order that he, as datl 
mounier, should ' mourn as an euV 



It W83 nol unlil tbe summer of 1599 thut firet wife. Lndy Dorothy, he had a family of 
b« received his first preferment. He was . fire sons and eight daughters. His eldest 
Cu^ president of the council of the north. I son, William, who succeeded to the oaridoui. 
The iusiruotions addressed to him by the | wua the Cither of the despicAble Lord ICoox 
queen give a most curious account of the ' who died before him, in 1618, and a» he hml 
Eondition of Yorkithire at this time, and of ^ no other son the earldom passed tu Sii' Ki- 
the widesyreud discontent that prevailed. . chard Cecil, the Sisl earl's second son, from 
Lord Burghley is charged to resort to strong ) whom the present Marquis of Exeter is line- 
measures (o reduce the recusant gentry to I ally descended. The third eon. Sir Edward 
obedience, and to huntdown the pa^sts and Cecil, was created Viscount Wimbledon 
tha priests. He showed no reluotauoe to i 25Julvli)2(),but dyiugia 1638witboutmali? 
obey his orders, and before be bad been in heirs the title became extinct [aee CeciI, 8ib 
office two months be writes to his brother, Edwakd, Viscount WmL&Doii]. Uf his 
^i Robert Cecil, boasting, ' Since my coming daughters, Hlixabeth married, first. Sir Wil- 
I have filled a little study with cojies and . liam nutton,und secondlySir Edward Coke, 
maee-books,' In October 1600 he bad leave i The violent quarrel between this laily and 
of absence, and being in London diiriua the her second husband was a caute rilrhrf be- 
•o-called rebellion of Robert, earl of Essex, ' fore the law courts in 1017. Lord Exeter 
in the following Febriutry, he took a leading | imitated his illustrious fiither in founding a 
part in auppresstng the foolish riot and in i hospital for twelveooormenandiwowomeii 
proclaiming Essex a traitor with due for- i at Liddlngton in IlutlandBhire, and was a 
molities. In recognition of his service he | liberal benefactor to Clare Colleger. Cam- 
was made a knight of the Garter, and in- bridgt. By his second wife he had a daugh- 
fltalled at Windsor 20 May 1801. On tbe ^ ter, who died in infancy. His widow siir- 
accesston of James I (1603) he was sworn of , vived him more than forty years. She died 
tie privy council, and on 4 May 1005 he was in 1IM13 and was buried in Winchester Cn- 
creatied Earl of Exeter. In April HXW his I thednil. 

wife. Lady Dorothy, died, and about the same | .^^ ^f theautboritios for the lift of Thomas 
time bir Thomas Smith, master of requests (.^,,^1 ^^^ ^^^^^ „„jgj (;gp,j^ Willuu. Lo!ii> 
to James I, being carried off by afever. Lord | BuBQHLBT.Iotherainiistbeadded:CalflQdapi.Uo- 
Eixet«r consoled nimself for his own loss bv niosiic, covering all the period of his life, pasniin ; 
^ ir Thomas Smith's widow, thonali Birch's Court and Times of James 1 ; Nichols's 
a Ihirly-eight years his junior; ani 
>e daughter of William, fourth lord CTian 



marrying 8 



Progresaesof Eliz.and Jaa. I; Stiype's Annals, 

i. as, and elsewhere through his irorksi Coopor's 

Annals of Cambridga. ii. 278 ; Qaidiner'* Hisl. of 

James I, tqI. iii. chap, iii.; SpeddiDg'a Bacon's 

LifW and Letters, vi. at seq. ; Collics's Peeraga, 

' Marquis of Kxeter,' ii. ; Li& and Timc# of -jir 

Edmud Cecil, lord Wimbledon, by C. Dalton, 

2 vols, 8vo, I8SS: Fmnde'a Hilt, of England, 

vol. ii. ; Motley's United Xethrrlaods, i. and ii. ; 

Col. Chester's WoitminBlor Abbey Registers. 

p. 21, □. 5. There isacuriouadocnmi'nt quoted 

upon aU of which be certainly did not serve. j„,i,^ ^^,^^^1, ^ „ ^f ^^^ m^t „sj,_ commi*. 

The last years of his life were embittered by | .ioners. p. 125, which appears to throw some 

the scandalous lawsuits in which he found joubt upon the marriage of Thomas Cecil to 

himself entangled through tbe quarrels that Borolhj Navill. The fact of lliat marriogo 

arose between his grandson and lieir. Lord [ go certaia that it is di 

Boob, and the violent and wicked woman to , the mattor here.] A. J. 

whom that son was married. Tlie story of 

the hateful business may be read in Mr. Gar- CECIL, TIIOM..VS (^. 1630), engravrr, 
diner's ' Hiatory of Prince Charles and the i has the credit, rare in artists of hia jieriod, 
Spanish Marriage.' Lord Exeter died 7 Feb. | of being ati Englishman. ^ Beyond this there 
1623, in his eightieth year, and was buried * ' ' ■■-■"■ 



He appeared hut little at court afli^r this— 
indeed, he was nearly seventy at the time of 
hie second marriage. He had suffered a great 
deal from the gout for many years before, 
and he spent most of his time at Wimbledon 
House in c^imparative retirement, though his 
name occurs now and then upon commissions, I "'I;, '''"^"^'^Tt,™" 
n all of which he certainly did not serve, f . . 

St rears of his life were embittered by \ , 

mdalous lawsuits i: 



I lliiMUHS 



_i Westminster Abbey three days after, in 
the chapel of St. John the Baptist, where 
B splendid monument to his memory st.iU 

It is clear that the first Lord Eseler wna 
A person of very ordinary abiliti'^s, and that 

If he had beun bom of other • 

■konld have heard nothing o 



much to be said. John Evelyn speaka 
highly of him, and be seems to have Ixiea 
well thought of by his contemporarJKS. He 
wEis working in London 1627-35. The poiv 
trait of HeniT VUI prefixed to some copies 
of the first edition of Lord Herbert of ctiet- 
bury's ' History of Henry " is by Cecil. Hia 
,. ,, . best works are portraits, often from his own 
ly bis drawings,'executede»tinlywithUiD graver.' 



Cecil 406 Cecil 

His ' Queen Elizabeth on Horseback * is the ' before he was nineteen, but this is probaUj- 
most im])ortant of these. * His works are a iwrversion of facts or a mere &Dle. Si. 
neat in finish, but stiff and wanting in taste; John's was at this time the most famotu 
his drawing of the figure weak and incorrect, place of education in England, and numbered 
the extremities bad.* ' among its fellows several enthusiastic scbo- 

[Vertue's Cat. of Engravers, 1794 ; Walpole's ^'■? ^'^^ were soon to win substantial recog^ 
Aneclotes of Pninters, iii. 875, od. 1849 ; Ked- nition as men of leammg. Foremost amon^ 
grave's Diet, of Artists.] : tli^m were the courtly Koger Ascham [q.vj 

— five years older than Cecil — and the nn- 

CECIL, WILLIAM, Lobd BmEtCHLET fortunate John Cheke, whom men esteemed 
(1520-1598), minister of state, the only son the profoundest Grecian of his time. Cheke 
of Richard Cecil of Burleigh in the parish was admittcnl to a fellowship at St. Jdui'ft 
of Stamford Baron St. Martin, Northampton- in March 1529. His father, who occuped 
shire, by Jane, daughter and heiress of Wil- the position of university beadle, died a few 
liam Heckington of Bourn, Lincolnshire, was months after this, and left but a scanty pio- 
bom at his grandfather's house in Bourn on i vision for his widow and their young familv. 
1 3 Sept. 1520. Though immense pains were , Mrs. Cheke was driven to support her children 
taken to construct a long pedigree of the fa- as best she could, and ^he kept a small wine 
mily by no less a person than Camden the ----- _ 



nntimiury, and though Cecil himself spared 
no cnort to prove his descent from an ancient 
stock of notable personages, it has hitherto 
proved impossible, and probably will always 



shop in the parish of St. Mary's. Her 8onV 
rt^utation increased from year to year, and 
when Cecil came up to St. John's he threw 
himself with eagerness and enthusiasm into 
the studies of the place and became a devoted 



remain so, to trace the origin of the family ' friend and pupil of the great Greek professor, 
further back than thegreat statesman's grand- ' The intimacy between the two young men 
father, David Cecil. This gentleman was early ' took Cecil to Mrs. Cheke's house more fre- 



taken into favour by Henry VII, under whom 
he held some oflSce of trust, the nature of 
which does not appear. As early as 1507 he 



quently than was prudent, and when 8carcelv 
out of his twns he lost his heart to Cheke » 
sister Mary, with a fortune of 40/., which 
had founded a chantry in St. George's Church, ' was all her father could leave her. and no 
Stamford, and was apparently then * yeoman j further ex])ectations in the world. It seems 
of the chamber' to the king. On the accession ! that news came to Cecil's father that his only 
of Henry VIII he rose in favour, became high ' son had become fascinated by the winesellerJ 
sherifl'of Northuniptonshirein 1529 and 15^50, ' daughter, and the news was not pleasant to 
and died in 1541, bein^ then in the enjoyment i him just at the time when he was actually 
of various offices and emoluments which had : high sheriff for Kutlandshire, and a great fu- 
beenbestoweduponliim by his sovereign. The ture might be in store for the heir of hi* 
same astuteness in making the most of his op- estates. Young Cecil was at once removed 
port unities and advancing his fortunes was from Cambridge, without taking a degree, 
observable in his son Richard. He, too, was a though he had resided already six years at ^ 
courtier. In his youth he was a royal page; the university, and he was entered as a stu- ' 
in 1520 he was pn?sent at the Field of the dent at Gray\s Imi on ($ May 1541. If the 
Cloth of Gold ; he rose to be groom of the motive of his abrupt departure from Cam- 
robes and constable of "Warwick Castle. He bridge was to prevent a m^«i//MWoe, the plan 
was high sheriff of Rutland in 1 539, and was failed. Two months after he came up to I»n- 
one of those who received no inconsiderable don Cecil married Mary Choke, probably s*- * 
share of the plunder of the monasteries, and cretly» for the place of the marriage has not 
when he died (10 May 1552) he left an ample been discovered. Indeed, it looks as if the 
estate behind him in the counties of Rut- union was concealed for a considerable time, 
land, Northampton, and elsewhere. AVilliam for Thomas, the future earl of Exeter [q. v.]f 
received his early training ut the grammar the only fruit of the marriage, was bom at 
schoolsofStanifonl and Grantham. In May Cambridge on 6 May 1542, and therefore 
15<^ he entered at St. John's College, Cam- prt?sumably in the house of his grandmother, 
bridge, being then in his fifteenth year. He , The marriage was so distasteful to Cecil** 
had already given unmistakable signs of his | father that he is said to have altered his 
great abilities, was doubtless a precocious I will, or, at any rate, had intended to do so: 
youth, and had acquired a certain mastery I but the young wife did not live long to enjoy 
over the Greek language, which at that time 1 her married happiness or to seriously inter- 
was an accomplishment few young people ! fere with her husband's ad^'ancement^ She , 
could boust of. It is oven said that lie | died on 22 Feb. 1544. This is the one romtn- 
' read the Greek lecture ' in the college j tic episode of the great stateemanV lifie. It 



Cecil 407 Cecil 

should be added, to his honour, that he kept with by the party in power, and the eyes of 
up the friendliest intercourse with his wife's ^ all the chief personages in the state were 
family, and when his mother-in-law died in ' turned upon him. On 6 Sept. 1550 he was - 
1548, she bequeathed all her * wine potts,' , appointed one of the secretaries of state, and 
with her 'second feather bed,' to her eldest sworn of the privy council, and from this 
daughter, but her * new bed, with the bol- time till his death he continued to occupy a 
sters and hangings,' she bequeathed to her ! position in the aifairs of the nation such as 
grandson, 'Thomas Sy8ell,'to be kept by her no other man in Euroj)e below the rank of a 
executors in trust * untill the saia Thomas sovereign attained to, his transcendent genius 
shall come to school to Cambridge.' and wonderful capacity for public business 

As Cecil had been a diligent student at making him forforty-eight years an absolutely 




under the notice of the king, but there is no , liest preferments indicate that he had already 
indication that at this period he looked for , won some reputation as a lawyer. In Janu- >. 
advancement to royal favour only; the pre- , ary 1551 he was one of a commission with 
sumption, rather, is that his ambition pointed I Archbishop Cranmer, Bishops Ridley and 
to a brilliant career at the bar. In 1547 he Goodrich, and others, for trying certain Ana- 
became custos brevium in the court of com- , baptists {Fcederaj xv. 250). Shortly after 
mon pleas, a valuable office, the reversion to this he appears as recorder of Boston, and in* 
which he had secured by grant some years ' April 1562 he was appointed chancellor of "^ 
before. j the order of the Garter. 

He did not long remain a widower. As In October 1551 he received the honours 
his first wife was the sister of the greatest \ of knighthood, together with his brother- 
English scholar of his time, so his second in-law, Sir John Cheke. In May 1552 his^ 
was the daughter of a man hardly less emi- ' father died, leaving him large estates in 
nent for his profound learning. This was i Rutlandshire, Lincolnshire, and Northamp- 
Mildred, eldest daughter of Sir Anthony 1 tonshire. He was now a rich man, and be- 
Cooke of Gidea Hall, Essex, to whom he gan to live in a manner befitting his ample 
was married on 21 Dec. 1545. Sir Anthony means. His ambition began to widen its 
was preceptor, or governor, to Edward Vl. j horizon, but it never betrayed him into trea- 
Cheke was the king s tutor, to which office he ■ sonable intrigues or tempted him to forget 
was appointed in July 1544. Roger Ascham ' that the highest honours he could hope for 
pronounced Lady Mildred and Lady Jane were to be won onlv by faithful service to 
Grey the two most learned women in Eng- ' the crown. When tte insane scheme of the ^ 
land ; but Sir Anthony's second daughter, , Duke of Northumberland for altering tlw* 
Ann, became eventually even more cele- I succession and setting Lady Jane Grey upon 
brated than her sister, and, by her marriage the throne was forced upon the judges and 
tvith Sir Nichola8jlac2Ei ^'*® ^^^ mother of nobility in June 1553, Cecil adcled his sig- 
the illustrious Sir Francis. With the acces- nature to the document under protest, de- 
sion of Edward VI a new direction was given daring that he signed it as a witness only 
to Cecil's ambition. The lord protector So- (Froude, v. 500). He had already expressed 
merset took him by the hand and made him himself very strongly against the measure, 
bis master of requests. When the war with and actually resigned his post, as secretary' 
Scotland broke out, Cecil accompanied his of state when it was persisted in (Tytler). 
patron to the north, and was present at the When Queen Mary succeeded to the throne 
battle of Pinkney, where he narrowly es- by the death of her brother on 6 July, Cecil 
caped being slain* (11 Sept. 1547). He had was out of office, and the queen did not re- 
scarcely returned to England when he was instate him ; she was already imder the in- 
chosen to sit for Stamford in the parliament fluence of very different advisers. During 
that met on 8 Nov. 1547. In the following the first year of Mary's reign he seems to ^ 
September he became the protectors secre- have lived in retirement, if that might be 
tary, and when Somerset tell his secretary called retirement when he was attracting 
was committed to the Tower. There he re- attention by the great expense of his esta- 
mained for two months, and was liberated blishment and the large sums he was spend- 
on 25 Jan. 1550, only after giving a bond for | ing upon his houses at Wimbledon and Bur- 



% thousand marks to appear before the coun- 
cil when he should be called. By this time, 
however, it had become evident that his ex- 
traordinary ability could not be dispensed 



leigh {Saliffbury MSS.; Calendar y p. 127). 
He was watching for his opportunity and 
biding his time. 
Meanwhile, on 23 July. 1554, Mary became 



_-:/. 1^1 Cecil 

- 1- T-;,- ■ r'i_l_- ■ —^r.^::. i:i i ~-Lrz irrxT- . Li.ia-rr l>Ti-. L2»i .-♦i-il Tce m'>xv> took his , 
L.-.-- -f:— - 1 -L- =-:— oj^- -r-i.- -_Li.- -^--^-s T'TiT fc* im^ri." "C *1- *lirv f:-r Lincoln. He 
T-— ■"• — L_- -k^--: - -- ''t- > • Tr.*rti iiui i-jvaiiT A*-j*-i >=r:Air. iavoiritss as tothe 

- - L- ■::_.:- i '' 2. zl- !■ j? ir -.i^ i^-zr.;"*! - aiL."-' c. .: -iLr'j-* :r tL^ o>untiT. TVw 
M-i. —1 iJ7a--ir'- 'jTr t- I L~_ 12-1- i=-. "L -^z^Tz L^'.'LJTjrri i-z LI {.in* TO coui end With 

- I ■ ;- — " ■:" "«"~-L 1- ""1 2 uTr'" till "^r T-^rr^-r i*r T-z^-*^ Li* *-Tr*5w In Dectraibff 
L: v_-: Zj«=l;:^'- i i =_==: c ■: irji^ ~ lt- l i-im ~rrr c L-r:z.-=« 3*:: at the house of 
-_:i^ ? ._- ■ «"" r ^"^'' Ls- iz.7i*~- ^ "-le !• Q*? '^^■ Tit =*LJi*- "mi-T*, tti-: Lad been vioe-ehtn- 

7~:l22. 1^1 -r- Ti: ~~i-z. --. -•:• . t. " . -r-- c -v:l-5l J-kl1»-jj %'. CAznbridge in 1543, 

•-- l-TIir- "li: L-LTUi^ T-J. ".l-Cl- Iz. "IL- Zl~">ri LZii W^T IT. TT Tlr TvfOTmAtion of 

. ."«-.i^ .'i^L^"^ -^- -.-r'-^;'ir_- a. It^lz. -_l- -:t:_-rsji«".'!*l j.**^. Ai thr same time 

i:^'! Id -r J-: '.'•'' 7 r-r- - :*- ir-- :c -Jie 2*^^: :z 'yzn^^ SAi-r 11? TUTTAf^oiupropoed 

-Ci-T^-- r.1.- — ^•. Ti^ '.TTL— : 1* Si:-~-L:irLL •: zrAzr-tr-- "■".i-s:! rritif was a menace in 

li Ili- lz. L—-CIT" '^L.-T ziLiii- "■ !■ iij-.L'i- L rxa^ c rif->iJ_ TbsTVTAe a ferious want of 

♦•-■b/r ir'T—!! '^•17^ H LZ. i "I*- -ziiT-fr T ^■i.-- T-if* 7''T"r. "i.r Es^'.i*h catholjc liartT. 

a:i'i iit:- =.■ tt .- _ t-i.- i»T-»-:»;- ii— i "r-.-iLi Jnzi-^ tz-i >.- r.iJiL ±11 wriv fact nrs m the 

-I.- i-LTiJi.'^ T LmjLS' -^T '-t::.- T:- r-?- rrr'-i' '^ :--rzi* "■: •'i-r 'k-.'.'l. which the new 

jT'-i." rLr .-1.^.- -: z.- ' ' ^ - L". i Lt '^"l- Tmiit: ZLZ .-""-T u.i-- :r4l Ellir*tPr:hwaaorf>wn«rd 

uTL-i. *~ "-- -"-'■- ^ r — - TiK 7ii_*_a.z.T£L- "n 1: ~LZ. Tlt. i—T^z nir: •■^n the i-ith. 

n-- /I il •:' . ill .V:_ -v-tj :i -^^ =T- "^.r yj:i Ll? 3a;- -. L-rcil'? bn-iher-in-Uw. 

:: -«- iz-xi'-? :" *--^ ?-.:— ^ :' " 1-zi ■ -'. A tts.? "i:T-rT»:r :' rL-r r?*^: seal. (.>n 9 KeK a 

n.—urU'z 1-1. i .r-z. :-*L^i- Ji : • :•; i±j.:-f- VI^i.Trer irjLrtir rryil suj-rvmacy wasin- 

.-_^ -JL- r-f- 1-T-r :: "LI.- tt't-^" li" Tt: 1^^-- ~r>: . :-• : ^" ■ lir 1 . w-rr 1 :-u*e and refenvd to 

•I-:., ir "TT-"-i i^i-Ji-" "^^ ^i_:_:-*7 : 'irr l :•:!:- u.rrr. :" -^-il:!! ??ir Anthony Cwk**. 

'.T-.t-FJ-^z. L.zi r iT^-'L-* :!iA- .: Tij. vji^ r-et.JTfiiii-rr-js-liw.wi* chairman. In April 

' : —.i zr --r. ".i-i" ■-- zirL? .re 'b-l- tIt* "s^ "1- :_11 -wt* TASar^i. McAnwhilr a {^eace bad 

. " Li -It tilt i~--t -s^l_:z. ZL-"- ^ -"lz-- :•;-- r-zj:!.!-?-! witL Frinc»r : Scotland wa^ 

u^ 1V»? l-i*.:— Ill z ?rt-. r.- zTin'.j — fV r.^ -ti^z rv^r: :7«r* f t an alliance with 

Zt- i 1 zu-.: il • : Li" -?^— 7- li £ "z-rr- .- ttL- T- j-j:. i . t-r- Ez^lijL oAiLolic* wriv di«pi- 

i..-. '. ■.•:"_T- -r ".li" z- r-^j_-:-i -V .-z 5- zlt- r."-ri . "z- . 3zz.-:zi vied a »u£cirnt siili- 

■_ z^ l_i-: z rr.r -z- i-:-:"ri It :r^-".---- : f. it . -Ir .-l-i r-TTrrwL-rr^ ^tvw clearer. 

•It Ir.-rr-. I*. .Z "1. Z L-JT!..-'£ -< -.— Z MiTT • Iz T t " T-iTV C-r .'. Li Z h«-r-!l rl'rv-t'-d chanCrl-' 

r^,jz. '•Vj":"' "J " -T : -.-T^z" : -■ t-"-. _r 1 r z '.'l- -juz.-rz^.'y :f Canibri-ij*? : in June 

i-T-zLT ■ z.i-T — 1--1- : -• zz^": z' - :- — - '-r — i* i* "Zt Zr^ii ::' :hr ci~'mmi»»ion for a 

iz_--.:i-.z ~ .*z 'jLf rr_z -s- zr._:.i>::z. .Tr- T->.-i-. - ■: :1- r-sr; :niYrr?i:ir«. Jiisr at 

•:-z!- z- "zii " -Z z-r riiTz;-. :z : — z-- -"z.r * zi-r L.:ri R:Vr: Duil-y ap|v:-ai> up^n 

Mi-r i.--; z 1" N. . 1-V--' "z- 2^ -"zt It^j: -Zt s.rz- i.-:z.r r-*:r.j:aT dhie. Foratimt? 

T r-:-.-- i- _z., -iL~-: -XT>--. z ::' — '-rzz .: ?r-r=i-r': i.* :: L- hid itrpprd betwern the 

T' :z '.Zt zt"^ . 1— z- ZLz.i>-"z i" z.- lz- : --r-z. izi '/.T «<-i.r^:dTy. and there wtrt ru- 

y.-z'-ri ...21 :_--: ---. r-'ir;.- : Vi"-. >"z-: zi-r* :zj" LWil"? .ndurnce had re^vived a 

TPLf i: Hi""-". i -^"z-- :zt Z-- • : "ztt *>:-T"i . z- k. N-vrrb^Ir^.*. p^rrLaps a: no jK-rioil 

«;-:i"'z r^^t. 1- :_r"" S_t Lii ilrrdi"-z->'r.."'ri :" "zi5 li:e wi* -hr a=:"^iint oi* work which 

*.-r .- z "K- *: i -. i- ; z. 'It -iAz:- z^y -'zi* zr r:: :b.r:urL n:orva*"oni<hinirthanduriDi: 

Mir;.- iir-i _- Ir.i'r-l "Zt :' rzi .: -r«:li- *:. i^-r vrT}- =::r.tLi which paf*»-il while Li'rd 

=:i*. r. -i^L: :z :• -s- :.i ii". .'c' ".-. ! >*zr. izi K.'.Tr I»zil-y wi^i s.ipp->=i-d to be ^upplant^ 

b.'*iTL-^i -':.r L.T^r: ZL .: z'zr *: v^rr.nirr.-. iz^ hz^:. J-^t in propsrtion a« the queen 

*.».-. :"zr irrz PIl j-.V- -L j-i'. r z-r zz^' a-: i:rn.>r -.Lrew :Le c:ir>si' ox' business aside and chew 

iz "Zt :. ill i* Hitr.-rlL C^.l. : ■ k-;.- itz* "^ a2:.>- Iirrfelf with her early playmate 

a- T-rCrr'-ir-.-. ^:. i *: L:zz 'Le vji— r. ii ir^isei w-rr^ th- afair? of the nation left to Cecil 

r}. .-^ w rir w:.:;:. Lavr r--rz «• ■ :r-rt;^.:rr.*'.y *•.> mana^re iicconlinj: t«> his judgment : and 

*i : '-d :La* ;• !- Lardlv riT».r:i:ijrv :■ r^ri-ra*: if Elizabeth withdrew herself for a bri'-f 

?:.-n: hTrv. Wh-;.': -r.r "^ii. 'Tl'.i* ju Ijturrn* peri'>d fr»">m the routine •"^f busine^^ the 

I i.;tvr o!'y ..:;. rhat y.iuwill n---: >>r c ■rrjptird secretary had mor>f anxietv and rvsponsibi- 

wirh any n:ar.r.»rr ui jif*?. and that y -ii will lity thrown upi.in him. Hi* health suffered 

1/r fni^liful tm the *tiit»r.' .-"he pave pr»"n-»f of under the severe strain of all this c«^Mtant 

h»-r i4iffar:irv. and showed that she kn-w the labour of mind and bndv, and he seems to 

ch.'tritct*'r of th»r man wh-.>. thn^ugh evil r^ have been in dan^r of breaking down. In 



Woltoii, aiid the trentv of Ediubiirgli wns 
Wgned on B Jul;. The quetiD nas angry ■>' 
the concessiuns that bid b«eu luuile, nnd 
when Ct«it re[iirue<l tn court he found that 
Dudley Itad gaiual irround and be liimfielf 
fawl lost it. lu September Ain^ RohBU'L 

«AO>e by her deRth. Uudlev wea in — " 

perplexity, and applied to Cecil for 
liia reply bos perialied. 8oon the 
spread that tlm queon was icoing to ro&ny her 
«(uly playmate, but graduitUy the reports 
io«t credit. Cecil's star a^in rose. On 
'IOJrq. 15111 Cecil wBfi appomted muster of 
llie court of wards. It was bis first really 
lucrative office, and a very important oiie; 
but il was an office wherebv a great deal 
■of vexntioiLB tyranny had been exercised 

Xn the gentry for a long time. The court 
irards was talked of with the aame nb- 
hon^nce und <!r«id oe the court of cbanMrv 
nai among ourselves thirt3'yearBB^. With 

charncteristie energy Cecil applied uimsetf to 
reform the abuses which were matters of 

«oinmon scandal, and at the same time he 

contrived to make the department a source 

of increased revenue to the crown. Nor 
was this all. Tlie country was suffering se- 

■yerely from all the religious and social dis- 
turbances of the last fifteen yearni. The 
condition of the peojile needed to be looked 

into, for there was disorder everywhere. In 
July 1561 Cecil orgBJiised what we should 
now call n cummiscion of inquiry into the 

discontent that prevailed. At this tine be 
appears to have been considerably embar- 
MKed, insomuch that he was compelled to 

.bbU his utllct: of custos hrevium, to lessen 
Ilia eslftblishment, and borrow money of Sir 
^ODiae Oreshnm for his immediate necessi- 
tieo. The truth s«ema to be that his build- 
ings nt Ilurleigb, which had been going on 
for your*, were curried on upon a scale which 
no ordinary incomu cotild siipport, and to 
tbismuBt be added the grent demands which 
about this time wpre made upon him by his 

.Ma Thoina«, who occasioned him great 
uuUety and disirtss by his dissolute way of 
^living while on his travels abroad. 

In the parliament of 1 563 Cecil was chosen 

riker of the House of Commons, but be 
lined the honour. The duties of speaker 
''Were hardly to be discharged along with 
thoet) for which he wan already responsible. 
Ont) "f the Itioet important measures of the 
seMion was that n'bich was intended to carry 
'Out the domestic policy wbich liad been in 
•Cecil's mind while he wa« formulating the 
inqiiiriee circulated during the previous year. 
■OnO July 1564 Queen Ehiabetli stood spou- 
ir toCecilVdaughter lillini bet h, who became 
sntuaUy the wife of William Wentworth, 






eldest son of U.rd Weurworlh of Xellle- 
sted. In August she paid her famous visit 
to Cambridee. Cecil had cause for uneasi- 
ness as to the reception the queen mi^hl re- 
wive. Party feeling ran very high m the 
imiversity, and there had been unseemly 
disorders in some of the colleges, as well as 
a good deal of strong language and insub- 
ordination outside the college walls. Cecil, 
us chancellor of the university, felt that 
his own credit was at stake, and be took 
the precaution to go down to Cambridge be- 
fore the queen started on her progress, to 
smooth the way for hei reception. By his 
adroitness he brought it about that the 
Cambridge visit was one of the most suc- 
cessful entertainments of her long reign. 
The university, in recognition of Cecil's 
merits, created him M.A.,and the townsmen 
presented bim with tome wonderful coufec- 
, tionery ! In 1506 he was with the queen 
i' during her visit to Oxford, and there ton he 
was created M.A. 

The neict. three years were full of events 
which could not but have their effect upon 
the line of policy that Cecil found himself 
henceforth compelled to follow. 'Ilie long 
and fierce struggle between the protestflnt 
and catholic party in Scotland ended at last 
in Mary Stuart's crossing the border and 
becoming a prisoner upon Euglish soil in 
May 1568. New complications arose, undtbi^ 
great question of how to deal with the cii- 
Uiolic parly in England soon forced itself 
into prominence. In March 1569 Cecil drew •, 
up a most able paper upon the political situa- 
tion (IIayseb, p. 579), in which he shows 
cleorly that he knew what was coming, ami ' 
that ue was no less completelv master of the 
intrigues that were going on in Europe than 
he was of all that was passing ai home. 
The great northern rebellion came upon him 
as no surprise ; the attempt to crush him in 
theconncil(FROi:i)&,ix.441; Salisburf/ MSS. 
1319, 1S38) caused him no disturbance. 
Tlie northern outbreak had collapsed before 
Christmas, The ferocity with which the de- 
luded victims were treated must be laid to 
the queen's account, not to that of any of 
her ministers. One thing had made itself 
clear to Cecil — the northern rebellion had 
been a religious war, and the calholica in 
England were a far more powerful and for 
more dangerous party than queen and mini- 
ster had hitherto allowed themselves to be- 

In February 1570 the bull of Pope PiusV 
excommunicuting Elizabeth was published, 
and on 16 Maya copy of it was nailed to the 
door of the bishop of London's palace. It 
was not only an insolent and wooton defiance, 



Cecil xt= Cecil 

''.-*:. .r*ii«r-r.:i:fi -j»- ■•■,rLj:«!a-ii;*? '.z "iitr ii!r. 'iin : ir-t-n. T. :">Ll>w hj career from thit 

1*1' : i.i»*-v T*-*:?--? 'iiiia 1*17 o*- ---^ 'Oiir fr.ni ji'd" :■ :*:.■* :L:kk 'srifil-i he to write thehi»- 

-f-':iTKE':rrii 'iirr-t :•'.»: !•: >r i: 3«u> -v:")! :-.rr -r Fr. jUr.'i : : -r br him. oi' ire than br 

r:.-.r.i-. 1.1 -.ir icmii:". .:•• «r • li t.3i'>r l..--.iik. izt Tr^rr iiiiriw- nun iurinz the U*t thiriT 



T.*iir» -.t els '^-T. "w^i zh-* biitonr of EnzUod* 
?Lk>r>L H-^ :<iuIiT'=^ all th*>5ie who had ir 



izd 1 3LIZ. : *i- TTL- orr-ti: laii '.niL.' i-iii *-ir"'ri w-.-h him in the race for power 

A^ I. r.^'r 'r^K i»rii7^z Is.'Tr.Titri'.'zjiT.w-^r^zr'^'rTT' !-■: fLSrr. Aichis an4 Cheke and Sir 

T^ii-r"- .':•■.•■' 17 ▼:•?!£. i:i«i '^f* ^eir^*: -tsl.*- Ti' ci;i--'f:r.:*ii-Tirh'i3ihf*haii l-"»Vi*da*faiinilitr 

-ii.r-P! i ■:.if* Er-^'iidii -•»^ir?«-- *:ip^Lr«i "ar-.tii rr.-;i L- it ".' tnibrl i£»r ; Sir Nicholas Bacon. 

X r.-7 rr-.m •htr:.' »7-:ira-iiJr^n i" i ae in-i t!^ *d- with hi ai iorlonz in the counciL noc 

:r.Gi ^piLs i=.'i r:.:c:tr irr^-iLLCri::! frl" hizi- i1"*"it« iiT»r^iai wirh hU >>t'inion5: 

^.:' ^-.mpr.lr-i V .>*:r: "■ -iL»^r wr-ip^^r.,*. izi WaL*l:uztij^ and:*LrChn*topberHati*MU 

H.* llf-r -jit^z *: "r --rvjt'rnni; lAsLsr-.z.'? ir.'i =.1=." m-r^h-rr wh-.Rse name has brtx»in«ji 

■Tr*- .rlv^i "■: »LiT h^zi li-i 'ir . :-^r- : r'^r "1 : i*rh. :ii w:ri. ail p&5<s«<l awaj befor* bin. 

=: *.->f -.r s« «■;. r ri'L-r. .- wi* •ii^h*. I" «tr»rni»K£ li if h*? oo-iM d''> without any or 

w . .1 : -»r •• ci-r:ii.=^ 3i-.rr 2: r.--jis •>ji- =:-7»r *il :: 'Zr-.zn : but i: is T.*rr «afe to assert that 

; :-:.r-i-..- h..2:i.r. i-. .^.r^.-.-t thK n-?-*- io- tt-.:-:-:: him the >-:m -"^ Elizabeth would 

T.-' i:i'i -"* i-rsp^-ri-r ii?«::il-:*, rr ■:«-^!i^ ■ :■• '.Ji'*T }L*rTii i* glorloiL* as it waii. norct^uld 

rTr-zi Tr^n-'.il'r*.'? mi ::-:■;.* L4 tz-rir r^.l ir»r* t:"-T rLi'i-.-n Lav* em-erzijd frnm all the long* 

::i ..'.pLT-i. .T *rr=:rii * C»rt;ii 'Li" -iTi:-:- *^r.T^ if -iiSoulrie* an I p«eril« thn^ujjrh whicb 

i.r.ir;.- -.T'rt:*:'::"-'!- •^rre n-:r<ini. m-i f:r ••:- :" t.-L**r-i un-irr hi* vigilant and vifrorous 

z^-rj.- ■•v-rn"y vrJir? Lr k-ipr a s^iall irmv ■ f i-:^ i'ini.>:. *«:» pr*>«i<*:r*>iia and stmnir and «lf- 

ip.r- in-i irifjT^irr:^ :a Li* i-aj. wLo w-rv :h- rvlian*. :f rhen* had been no Cecil in tin* 

■ir*r:i:^r:veptvli'>r. *:.*: L- ^.tj-i wl-'-'i* '•^rjplr •> :r.o:l ■•^f hi* wvepri^c, and if hi* greniu> 

'■; iv irJ "rTniir-.o- wher. :* "»a* nr^ied :■■ l::i'i rx-n^ii-^i less paramount control. Only 

krrp -aitoh. ip*::! :!■* ?avinz^ ind d Lru"* f ■•ncr in hi* career did ElizaUrth display tn- 

• iap"=<rV'i -vhAri.rvrs 1" L-sr irA abr:--ii- war-U him any ?eriou* marks i>f her di*- 

T r. Ty wr rv .1 v . 1- *. .1 r. I . an i -rnp l : y m-n *: f 7 Ir 1 r^orv . Ai: er : h»? ex i*out i' >n of Mary* St uart 

- i:L ;r>:r iEirr.t- • :'.i r.:-: '■ :* brinr t- r.:-? slir d:*:ii;*Siril him Irom h»rr presence, and 

rn-Ji-ir^ •.•! :>h"r. .7 'ip-.r. tr-Tlr ^hit' yrr. *T»rn: h-r fiiry up in him in wonis of .^at- 

"^ ; -:. :::-:: li:::-.-' i.-v-r'-:* itd 'h;'.: or.L-l'j r'.*.-v-'ij* insult. He had carritrd out her -s^ 

■-.rA •.-•rucri^r-'v •!. , .; i >.•- -.vr 'i^r.t :n irr*hrr> cr»;t wi^h-r*. but ir suited her to have it he- 

:. :ri i-. ftn : •?.•: :st t • irr-ire ar.i •••Iivr bur- iivv-ithat hrr had misinteqtretedher insinic- 

'.•.ritir* in ti;- •7--<i::i:-n': :ind «i.:-ijL:vr -tf ti n*. 

•:-•* ili.riiiri mi -?.■?;• ir.-:> and 'hrir *'ip>"-7trr* A> Iw oirLivtsl alm-^r all his old friends. 

•.Tr rh*: *hjime ai: I ini-rliblv rnryr- irn??! which -i*' diil li»? »'.irvive all his children exct»pt hi:? 

fi''';u:ii tr:».-m«.-!v.-*:.ii>c:r*i?iindu-;rnf atfair*. 'wi son*. Tlioma*. hi* fir^tb^m 'see Cecil. 

utA -.vhich R 'r all tlieditficultirs of Ki* posi- ThuMa*. K\rl of Exeteb , and lloben. hi* 

•; -n. or Th»- un-x?impl»:d pr-^vocati'^ns he en- .*ucce*>"r in more than one of hi* otficv* of 

d ir*A, f:hn alt'»?»rrher exc'i**:. In the grim stare aiid the inheritor of no small |»ortii>nof 

i"iriri;cr. thfjt en-ii»;d. h«ov.^v-r, he carri»:d out histrenius'seeCEi'iL. Robert, Eari. ok Salis- 

li:.- puqKise and :rain','<l his end. JW'.»re the bury". Of five otht^rchildren hv Lady Mildr>;d, 

d'rtVrat of th" Arrr.ada, all chance '}t' a r***^"*- three s^ms died early. His daufifhter Eliia- 

ra*ion of the papal .-upremacy in Knjland beth married, as ha* lieen sii id, Willi am Went- 

hiid i!on»- f<>r ever. worth, eMest s«>n of Lonl Went worth of 

Ifithertn. thoii^rh the most jKjwerful man Nettlt-sted; the marriai^ to<.»k place in 1.V2: 

in x\i^ kingdi^m. and far tlie ablest and most the hu*band died about a year after, and hi^ 

laUirioii" v.-rretary of the que^.-n, C»?cil had widow did not lonp survive. There wa* ni'» 

r»'C«;ivtrd no gT»*at n.-ward. He had lived issue of the marria^re. His other daufrhter. 

boiiiitifiilly and .six-nt lavishly, but lie was -Vnn» married Mward de Vere, seventeenth 

-t ill a plain kni(?ht. On 'Jo I'Vb. 157 1 he was earl of Oxfonl, by whom she had three daui^li- 

creatj'd Haron of Jiiirp-hh'y. ' If ynu list to ters, but no son. It was a very unhappy 

writ*' truly/ he savs. addntssing one of his alliance; theearl treated his wife very badly, 

frorn!-«pondt?nts, * tfi»i jK>orest lord in Eng- and she die*J in June 1588. Her mother, 

land * ( WKi<iMT, i. .'{ill ). N»;xt year he was Lady Mildred, followed her daughter to th'- 

iuHt ailed a kniglit of the Garter, and in July grave in less than a year ; she die<l on 4 April 

1572, on the death of the Earl of Winchester, 1589. C'ecil mourned her loss with pathetir 

hi* Ijf'came lord high treasurer of England, sorrow. His mother, who had been to him 



Cecil 411 Cecil 

through life an object of tender solicitude, | guest, and the cost of her visits entailed on 
had already passed away in March 1587. In . each occasion an outlay which sounds to us 
his old age Cecil must at times have felt his 1 almost incredible. II is gardens were cele- 
loneliness. He had almost completed his | brated over Europe, and we hear of his ex- 
seventy-sixth year when death came upon periments at acclimatising foreign trees, which 
him at his house in the Strand on 4 Aug. 1 he imported at a great cost. For mere pictorial 

■^ISQS. His body was removed for burial to art beseems to have cared but little, though 
Stamford Baron, his obsequies being per- his agents were instructed to procure speci- 
formed on the same day with much magni- | mens of sculpture for him from Venice and 
ficence at Westminster Abbev. probably elsewhere. He had a g^reat tast^ 

/ Illustrious as a statesman, liis private life tor music ; there is no indication of his being 
displays a character peculiarly attractive, fond of animals. His hospitality was un- 
He was a man ot strong affection — gentle bounded, and he kept great state m his esta- 
and tender to children, of whom he was very 1 blishments. He had a high idea of what 
fond — an indulgent father, even when his was expected from the prime minister of the 
son Thomas tried him sorely by his early queen of England. All this splendour and 
dissipation and went so far as to remind his profuseness could not be kept up through 
father that he could not be cut off from the life and any large accumulation of wealth be 
entailed estates, which were settled upon him. ' left 1)ehind him. In truth Cecil did not die 
He watched the education of his children as rich a man as might have been expected, 
with constant interest, and made liberal pro- j and there is good reason for believing that if 
vision for his daughters when they married. I his father ha!d not left him an ample patri- 
His loyal fidelity to his early friends and mony he would have died as poor a man as 
kindred showed itself whenever a legitimate many another of Elizabeth's ablest and most 



opportunity occurred for assisting them [see 
especially under Bbowne, Robert], and his 
grateful love for hb old college and for 



faithful servants. Cooper, in the * Athenae 
Cantabrigienses,* has given a list of sixty of 
his works. They are lor the most part state 



Cambridge he never tired of expressing in ' papers, apologies, and ephemera, never printed 



word and deed. The hospital for twelve old 
men at Stamford still remains in testimony 
of his kindly charity, and in his will he left 
many legacies to the poor and the unfortunate. 
In the midst of all his wonderful official 
labours he contrived to keep up an interest 
in literature ; he was a lover of books and of 
learned men, and a student to the last. His 
health was frequently impaired bv overwork 



and never intended to be published to the 
world. He had made large collections in 
heraldry and genealogy, with which studies 
he was much interested. He expressed him- 
self with facility and precision in Latin, 
French, and Italian, and he returned the 
letters which his son Thomas wrote to him 
from Paris with corrections of the mistakes 
in French which the young man had made. 



and mental strain. In 1580 he su^ered much The mass of manuscripts which he lefl behind 
from his teeth, which had begun to decay. ' him is prodigious. In the single year 1596, 
He was always an early riser, and writing to when he was in his seventy-lifth year and 
a correspondent who wished to speak with his constitution was breaking up, no less 
him at the court, he warns him that his only than 1,290 documents, now at Hatfield, and 
chance of securing an interview was by being every one of which passed under his eye and 
in attendance before nine in the morning, were dealt with by his hand or ihe hand of 
The sums he spent on his buildings and gar- his secretaries, remain to prove his amazing 
dens at his various houses were enormous, industry, his methodical habits, and his asto- 
In defending himself against the attacks of nishing capacity for work. It must be borne 
his slanderers in 1585 he thinks it necessary in mind, too, that the Record Oftice and other 
to excuse and explain thus lavish outlay, archives probably contain at least as large a 
Burleigh, the glorious palace which still re- collection of his letters and other writings as 
mains as a noble monument of his magni- , his own muniments supplv. A very valuable 
ficence, he says he had built upon the old * Calendar of the Hatfield NiSS.' is now in pro- 
foundations, but such as he left it — he left cess of being drawn up ; only the first volume 
it while it was his mother s property, and he has as yet appeared ; but a rough list of his 
never presumed to treat it as his own during papers has been i)rinted in the 4th and 5th 
her lifetime. It was not till after her death * Reports of the Historical Manuscripts Com- 
that the queen was entertained within its mission.' 

walls. It was at Theobalds and Wimbledon Cecil was of middle height and spare figure. 

and Cecil House that Elizabeth was re- In youth he was upright, lithe, and active, 

oeived with such extraordinary splendour, with a brown beard which became very white 

Twelve times, it is said, the queen was his in his old age, brilliant eyes, and a nose some- 



Cecilia 4" _^ Cecilia 

what large for his face. His portraits are ^NEiyment of wliicli was afterwards secuNd on 
numerous, and have all probably been en- 
graved (Bromley, Cat, Engr, Portraits^ 28^ ; 
none of them are of any conspicuous merit. 
The authorities for his biography must be 
sought in every work which has any bearing 
upon the history of England during the latter 
half of the sixteenth century. The sources 
referred to below will be found to suijport 
the account of his life and administration 
given in the foregoing pages. 



the sureties of the provoet and buigfaen of 
Edinbui^h (i6. xii. 161). When, however, 
James III, being at variance with his brotlier 
Alexander, duke of Albany, who was then 
staying at the English court, made an in- 
cursion into England, Edward transiened 
his dauf^hter*s engagement to his guest (Jane 
1482), intending to make him king of Scot- 
land (Hall, 21 Ed. JY ; Rymbr, aai. 16^-7). 
After various delays all these Scotch pro- 
[The earliest and, in some respects, the most P<?sals fell through. On the usurpation of 
valuable life ofLordBurghley is that first printed Ifichard IH, Cecilia, with her mother and 
by Peck in the Desiderata Curiosa, The author's j sister, took refuge in the sanctuary at 
name is not known. The Lives by Arthur Col- Westminster (PoLTDORE Vergil, p. 175), 
lius, Charlton, and Melvil (4to, 1738) are useful : and l)etbre long Edward IV's childi^n were 
as far as they go ; but a really satisfactory bio- declared illegitimate by act of parliament 
graphy is still a desideratum ; the materials are (CoMlNES, bk. v. c 20, bk. vi. c. 8). In 
scattered very widely. In citing the following March 1484 Richard succeeded in inducing 
authorities special references are given only in 1 \^^ sister-in-law to deliver her two daogh- 
cises where in the text a statement or opinion ^^^^ j^^^. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ Letters; Hab- 

putjbrwanl for the first time, or o herwise note- | 53^^ ^^^ ^^ ' ^ ^^^,^ 

worthy, may need verification : Collins 8 Peerage l**^ " .1 - ., ,. ^t t 

(1812), ii. 582 ; Cal. Dom. 1609, No. 295, Cal. , °^arrying one or other of them himsetf. A 
1513, No. 4597, Cal. 163i, No. 461, Cal. 1535, '"^^^.^^ next sprang up that he had already 
No. 149 (61); Calendars Dora. temp. Eliz. pas- mamed Cecilia to a man of a far inferior rank, 
«im ; Calendar of the Hatfield MSS. pt. i. (1883); and these reports had some effect upon the 
Coopers Atheme Cantab, under * William Cecil* I movements of the Earl of Richmond, who 
and' John Cheke;' Cooper's Annals of Cam bridge, had sworn to wed the elder or the younger 
ii. 137 ; Baker's St. John's College, and Roger sister (Hardyng, p. 540 ; MoRE, JRtck. UL 
Ascham's Scholemaster, both by Prof. Mayer ; I p. 93). On the accession of Henry VII 
T}iiler's England under Ed. V^Ijind Mary (1839); she was receiv^ into favour, and carried 
Burnet's Hist, of the Refonuation, pt. ii. bk. Jier nephew, Prince Arthur, to the font on 
ii. ; Wright's Qu«en Elizal)eth and her Times, I the day of his baptism (Fi/teenth-centurv 
1 838 ; Birchs Memoir=^ of Queen Elizalx'th froni ! Chronicles, p. 104). Somewhere about \^: 

\^' t^^' i^^'' '/''^^'Pf ' Annals and Life of ^.^^^ , ^^^^ ^ fortunate as favre,' marri«l 
Wh.tgilt; RvmcTs Foedem. xv. 250; Hayjies s , j^ 'j yr ^ ^ ^r ^ . j^g 

Burehlev Pai>er8, fol. 1740, cover the ])eri()d be- I ,^ ' .. t ^ if • -^^ox t« 

tween 1541 aid 1570 ; Murdin's Burghley Papers, (^«f ^^ ^^^^'^« Lelaxd Coll it, L>o3) hi 
fol. 1759, cover from 1578 to 1596 ;CollW8 I l^^-^/^e appears as a legatee in the will of her 
«vdnev Papers, fol. 1 746, vol. i. ; Forl)es'8 Public grandmother and namesake, Cecilia, duchess 
Transactions of Queen Elizabeth, 2 vols. fol. 1 of \ork ( W't/^^/rom Doctors' CommoiUj2). 
1741; Nichols's Progresses of Queen Elizabeth ; \ Somewhat later (1501) she was train-bearer 
Jcssopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House, at the wedding of her nephew Arthur and 
chap, i v.; Morris's Troubles of our Catholic Fore- Catherine of Arragon (Gkeex), and a few 
fathers ; Naunton's Fragnienta Regalia ; Wood's months after her sister's death seems to havf 
AthensB Oxon., and Fasti, by Bliss; Kemp's been married a second time (loO^W) toone 
Losely :MS.s. ; Froude's Hist, of England, passim ; ] Thomas Kymbe, or Kvne, who, according to 
Camden's Annals of Queen Elizabeth ; Nicolas's | ^£^8. Green, was a gentleman of the ble 
Life of Sir Christopher Hatton. There are some ^f ^yight (Hakdyng, p. 472 ; Green). By 
valuable scra^ of information in Burgon s Lite | j^j^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ child^n, a son and a aaugh- 
and Times of bir Thomas Gresham (2 vols. 1839), , , . ^^rriaire seima nPVPr to have 

a book which deserve* to be better known, and J^^' ^"^ ^"** marriage seems ne\er to myc 
would be more frequently read and referred to ! ^««n recognised by her royal kinsfolk, and in 
but for its want of an in<lex.l A. J. ^^"^ M^ntdiem claiisit ertremum issued on her 

death, she is styled, * late wife of John, late 
CECILLAorCBCiLY(14(>9-1507),thetliird viscount Wells ' (Gkben). She died :^t Aug. 
daughter of Edward IV, was born towards i 1507, and her descendants can be traced in 
the end of 1469. At the age of five she was , the heralds' visitations for a hundred years 
betrothed by ])roxy to James, the eldest son | later. She was buried at Quarr Abbey in 
of James III of Scotland, and arrangements the Isle of Wight, where her monument was 



were soon made by which her dowry of twenty 
thousand marks should be paid by yearly in- 
stalments (Kymeb, xi. 827, 842, &c.), the re- 



destroyed at the dissolution of the monas- 
teries under Henry ATLII. Her features are 
still preserved in the stained-glass windows 



of Little Mnlv{ini('liiirch and the Martynlum 
U Canlurliury CnthtMlrnl. 

[Mm. Ureea's Lives of the Eagliiih Prinonuaii. 
iii. it)*~36 : R^er's Fcedora. si. lii.; HdrdTng'a 
Clironicle, cd. Ellis ; Hall's ChruDicle. od. Ellia ; 
Blore's Eichsrd HI, e-l.Lmnby, p. 03: Polydoro 
Vergil'B I]i>tton. ed. KUi* {Ouni. Soc.): NicbolU 
Uld Brncv's WiUa frjin DoetDrs' ComtnonB (Ciirod. 
Soc.): Three I'ifteenth-cenHify ChioiiifllM, ed. 
Jkiiie*Gjiiidn«r(Ciimd.Soc.): Ouroines.ed.ClinD- 
teUaw, PsrrB, 1S81. pp. 410, 462, 4T0 j UUiVn 
LelMr^ and ter. i. 140.] T, A. A, 

CEDD or CEDDA, Siinr (rf. 6ft4), 
bishop of tht! Eflst Saxone, was tin Aiig:le 
of Northumbria. He was apparently the 
eldest of four brothers, all of nliom became 
monks and priests under the iniluencc of 
the great mi^ionary moTement which, early 
in the seventh century, radiated from lona 
throughout the North. The names of his 
brothers were Cjnibill, Cuelin, and Cesddo, 
the last of wliora, often called St. Chad, be- 
came famous aa the lirst bishop of Lichfield 
[gee Cbadsa], The close Bimilaricy both of 
the names and the careers of Cedd ondCendda 
sometimea makes caution necesaary to distin- 
guish them (see Fuller's quaint remarks on 
this point, Ch. But., 1S15, i. 213. They are 
luipelessly confused in Henry of Hunting- 
don and IJromptcm), Rotli were brought up 
Bt Lindisfnme, under Bishop Aidan; and if 
not, like Ceadda, once an inmate of an Irish 
monastery, Cedd's reputation for leamtnK 
and Banctity was wunlly great in Ireland 
and in BrilAin. In 653 Peada, ealdor- 
Hum of the Middle Angles under his father 
Pends, requested his overlnrd and fathei^in- 
Uw, Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians, to 
Mtod biin four priests to assist in tlii^ con- 
Tersinn of his subjects to Christianity. Of 
these Cedd was one. Their mission waswry 
fluoceasful. Everyclnssof the Middle Angles 
ffludly listened to their preaching, and ^ressvd 
tonnwd to receive baptism. Penda himself, 
whose long life of antagonism to Christianity 
wu now drawing to a close, permitted them 
to preach in his own dominions to any who 
chose to hear them. But in «n3 (Flor. Wto. 
Jtt ir. B. :-<m d) Oswiu recalled Cedd from 
the land of the Middl<! Angles and sent liim 
with another monk to Kaavx to aid Sigeberht, 
king of the East Saxons (himself a recent 
convert), in the work of converting his sub- 
jecte. Again the saint's endeavours proved 



that on iiis return (o report progress lo his 
master, Finon, he was consecrated bishop of 
the East Saxons. Two other Scottish bialiops 

liiteil Fiunn in the cooMcratiitu (65i). 

jwx soon became thoroughly chrielioniacd. 



^U»exso 

i. 



Cedd showed grout activity in building 
churches and ordaining priests and deacons 
lo assist him, He founded two monoatt'ries, 
one at a half-forgotten place, Ithanchester 
(Ythancwstir), on the river Penta, which 
Camden has iaentified with the Komanstittion 
Othona, situated on the Blackwater not far 
from Alaldon, and the other at West Tilbury 
on the Thames. Here his rude East^^xon 
converts strove to imitate to the best of their 
ability the austerities of a Columban mona- 
stery. The iron discipline established bv 
Cedd is well illustntted by the rebuke which 
he hurled at Sigeberht himself for feasting- 
at the house of a thegn who bad coulraeted 
a union in violation of the christian law of 
marriage. In vain the king cost himself at 
the bishop's feet imploring pardon. ' Because 
thou hast not refoiined from visiting that 
lost and accursed man, thou wilt have death 
in thy own house,' was the only answer. 
The murder of Sigeberht by hii own kms- 
folk (660) was universally regarded as the 
fulfilment of Cedd's prophecy. Swidhelm, 
the next king, was baptised by Cedd before 
he was permitted to ascend the throne, or- 
even cross the East-Saxon frontier. 



was chaplain to /Ethelwald, son of Oswald, 
the under-king of Deira, brought him into 
close relarions with that monarch. jEthel- 
wald requested Cedd to receive from liim 
a site for the construction of a monastery 
where jEthelwald himself might worship 
during his life and be buried after his death. 
Cedd chose for liis church a remote place 
among the wild and desolate moors of north- 
eastern Yorkshire. There tlie saint hallowed 
the spot by long fastings and prayer*. The 
monaaleiT was to follow the rule of Lindi»- 
fame, Odd's own old home. Its name, Lfpst- 
ingwu, is in its modem form Lasttngham, 
a little village a few miles north-west of 
Pickering (see Raise, fhtti Ehoracmtei, i. 
4", for an account of Laatingham at the 
present day). 

Up to this period ail C-edd's actions were 
baaed on the customs of the church from 
which he bad reci>ived baptism and ordina- 
tion. But at the council of Whitby, which 
he attended in 664, ho played the part of a 
watchful mediator between the Scottish and 
Roman parlies. When the declaration of 
Oswiu and the retirement of Colman secured 
the predominance of the Roman champions, 
Cedd's recognition of the catholic Easier pro- 
claimed hhi conversion to the winning sidi^ 
Immediately after he seems to have viailed 
Iiaetiughiun,wberethcwurkofoi^iiigui^his 



Cedd 414 Celesia 

EinASt^rv wi*. itill pr«*»<:n^ undt-r iw-ve* i"-e I>ictioDanr of Christian Biography andl>r. 

•::'*:.:* ■'wns-rlr:^:':'!!- But iLr*vellowplft*:aie" Brigfat's chapters of Early Eogliih Chveh 

vlich Wis Thrn devajiixiiu: Northumbria His-tory are i he fullest] T.F.T. 

. Bei.e. :ii. iT . i^ne:«j«o ev.n :o lus s^lad^ CEDMON, Sautt. [See Cxdmo5.] 

xLr ni^: vierisis. Iledir^i -aiWCKri. iFwR. CELECLERBCH, CILIAX, Saixt (7th 

AVio. y[. H. /r. .Vijf/i. IILs tpiKiy, at drst cent.» "See Ciliax." 
l.-^j-rird La thr choarLvaTri, wa.* afterwards 

TvaiovT-d :o a iii»- ma^iiicent tomb on the CELESIA, DOROTHEA (1738-17P0), 

rijhr •■! ihe hi*:!; alrar 'jf the siontr cbiipch i^vt and dmmatist.daufrhter of David MtUet, 

iha: ti*>k thr platv of the on^rinal w.xiden the poet, by his first wife Susanna, waslxip- 

buildinr. Ceadda *ucceed«=d his brother ti^e<l at Chis wick on 11 Oct. 1738 (Memoir 

a: L.H>T:iu:ham. Thirty m^nk^ of Cedd's ear- of Mallet prefixed to his Ballads and Sotipff 

lirr ioi;r.dati'-»n at £thanchr<ter hurried to by F. Dixsdale). As a child she wm re- 

I^siin^rham that they mljht either live nr markable for briierhtness. Thomson, in a 

die in th- n*-i^hbciurh«>xi -'f their -father?" letter to Mallet, dkted 9 Aug. 1745, «petks 




l)atnc] 

SO \. ^iding here as ambassador from 175o to 17'i^ 

A iucct-iviful mis^^ionarx- and a zealous had been hnnoured bv admission to the Moxnl 




and oriranisim: the East-Saxon church. It residt>d at (venoa, except for one brief in- 

i* remarkable that the copious narrative of terval in 17S4, when Celesia was gazetted 

his life never speak? v"»f nim as bishop of ministerpIenipotentiar%' to the court of Spain 

I>ondnn. Either the 4n>?at city was Mer- {WiX}DW\KDhndCATis,Encyclop.ofCkrono- 




t'Keni E-isex t«"» tixini: his bishop's see in the l>een her fathers friend and her guest whiK- 

bu>t liner city, loiter wrhers have put him tnivellincr in Italv (iV/tYi/r Correjtpttndmcf 

second t.^ Melliiiis in tin- lone catalogue of of O'arn'rk, 18:J1-L\ i. ;V>4, .S70, ;i9!>. 41-"»). 

London bishop? le.ir. Flor. AVig. M. H. li. After undergoing some modifications at th<» 

p. ()17//; Will. Malm. Oeata Pontijimm, hands <»f (larrick the piece, under the title 

bk. ii.^, but Bede only knew him as bisliop of* Almida/was brought out at Drurk'I-am* 

of the East Saxons. on IJ .Tan. 1771, with a well-written prol<»pu*' 

Cedd so.»n bt-came celebnit*^! ann^ni: thr by AV. AVhitehead, Garrick himsell contri- 

saints of the old English cliun*h. IK- was buting the epilogue. Thanks to Mrs. BarryV 

tile pattern of lift* and <l«>cTrine fi^r his more inimitable ]»erl'ormance as the liennne, aidVd 

famous brother. YHar> afterwanls. when by s<»me excellent scenery, the play kepttht- 

Ceadda also ended his saintly carrer, an IkxihIs for about ten nights, a success far 

Anglian nnchoritf in an lri>h monasti-rx* b»*yond its merits, for while the number* 

>aw in a virion the soul of (.'e<ld descending are uncouth, the plot where it deviates fr>n> 

from heaven in the midst of the angel host the original is improbable (Baker, lii'Mfra- 

TO conduct his bnnher's soul back with him phia Draniatica, 181:?, i. 97, ii. 20). It wis 

to the celestial kinjrdom. printed the same year with the title •.^- 

[All wo know of (.\»*M ^Nimes. fnun Ikile's His- mida. a Tragedy, as it is wrfiirmed at 

tori:i I'^ecli-iastica Goiitis Anglorum. bk. iii. the Theatre lioval in Dnirv Lane, by a 



. 21, 22. 23. 2.), bk. iv. 3. Beile gut his in- Lady/ 8vo,l>m(Jon, 1771. The year follow- 
rmatiitn fr^im the niuiik> ff Listingham (Pn^- ing there appeared * Indolence, a poem, bv 
CO to H. K.) Floronco of Wontstor is some- the author of Almida,' 4to, London, 177i. 



00 

form 

frtc 




cive nothiuff in addition. The Btjllandist ac- \ - ' ". \ a: • *i ' 1 • 1 * / k:^ 

couut. Acta S«.K-t.,runi, Januarii. torn. i. p. 373, 'mportont olhces in the lepslatuiv of h» 

cfiHics from BeJe. It gives Cedd's day as 7 Jan. 



on the authority uf the Martyrologium Angli- 
caoum. Of more recent writings, the article in 



native city, survived until 12 Jan. 180(1. 



[Geoest's llistory of the Stag*, v. 295-7.1 

G. 0. 






^H Celeste 4>s Cellach 

CELESTE, Madame, whose iiroper n 

ii-D6CKi,KSTB-ELLH)TT(18U?-lea:i), actress, ■ she pkyed in Bayle 

WDJ bom, iiPi^ordiiiK to stAtcments pKSum- . conge,' also written for her. Chriatmaa 18J3 

ably supplied by Weelf, on Aug. 1814. I saw her ft»soci»led with llenjamin Webster 

The triie dnte of her birth, which took place in the nmnagemeat of the Theatre Royal, 

in Pttris, may Bafelv be accept^ as three or Liverpool. The following year she undertook 

fonryeari earlier. tler{>arentagena8bumble the manogetnent of th>i Adelphi, at which 

uid oheciire. At an early age ahe diqilayed house her firet speaking' character was in 

histrionic capacity, whicn led to her accept- Bayle Bernard's drama ' St. Mary's Ere.' On 

Aaee at the Couservatoire, where during tier -27 Jau. 184o she was seen for the firsl time 

prabation aUe played with Talma in ' Le in wliat became her most famous character, 

VieiiK CSlihataire' of Collin d'Harleville the Miami in the 'Green Busbes.' Ehnire in 

ch»Tact«rof Armand.Hnd with Madame Puata 'TartutTe' and Harlequin it la Wuttenu fol- 

in 'Medea.' She distin^Uhed herself as a lowed. and the Gipsy Queen in the'FIowere 

dancer, and il was in this capacity that her of the Forest,' and other performances in ibe 

finl engvgBment, which was for America, ' Willow Copse,' the ' Cabin Boy,' &c,, esta- 

took place. At the Bowery Theatre, New blisbed her in public favour. In NoTember 

Vork, she made, October 1827, her first pro- 1859 Madame Celeste began her management 

fesaional apiiearance. In March of the fol- of the Lyceum with ' Paris and Pleasure,' an 

lowing year she danced two pas seuls at the adaptation of 'LesEnferade Paris.' With the 

Chestnut Street Theatre, PbJadelphia. The loss of her youth her attractiona diminished, 

Scat spuaking character assigned her was M^i^ ' and the disadvantage of a singularly foreign 

tillo in th« ' Broken Sword,' a drama wbich pronunciation became more evident. In 

fcilad to win public approval. During her re- October 1874, at the Adelphi, in her favourite 

Bidence in the Unites States she married a character of Miami, which she played for 

'QMOg man named Elliott, by whom, before twelve nights, Madame Celeste to<^ lier fare- 

lis death, she had a daughter. In 1830 she well of the stage, to which no inducement 

quittodNewOrleansfor England.andlanded could persuade her to return. She died of 

«tLiverpool,wheresbeplayedFenolla,amute cancer at half-piwt five a.m. on Sunday, 

part, in 'Maiianiello.' Her ignorance of Eng- VI Feb. 1882, at her residence, 18 line lie 

Ush at this pijriod was all but complete, and Cbapeyron, Paris. In gracB of movement 

the representations she gave in various coun- and m picturesqueness Madame Celeste was 

try towns were confined to ballet orjianto- surpassed by few actresses of her day. She 

jmme. AtEasterl831,ftttbeQueen'flTheatre, bad, moreover, histrionic gifts, including 

Tottenham Street, London, so named after command of pathos. 

QiieenAdelaide,thenunderlheraanagement. [T.dlis's Dramatic Uagnrine ; Era n.wspsper 

ofGeorgeMacfarrenjUiefatherorthe musical fo^ jj peb. 1882.1 J. K. 
composer, she appeared as an Arab boy in 

t^ • French Spy, a piece written usriecially CELLACH, BlsHOP and Saikt (6th cen- 
to show her talent. In August 1832 she lury), of Killala in the county of Slayu, was 
madearavourableimpreseioninapiececalled the eldest son of Eogan BSl, fourth cbria- 
ibe' Poetry of Motion' at the Surrey. After tian king of Connaught. His story, t«ld at 
a tour through Italy, Germany, and Spain, considerable length in the ' t«bar Brecc,' is 
hhe was engaged by Bunn for Dublin, and interwoven with the political circumstanceB 
afterwards by Murray for Edinburgh. Bunn, of Connought. Eogan reigned over the ter- 
Bt that lime manageruf both Covent Garden rilory of northern Hy Fiachrach, wbich com- 
»nd Drury Lane, then brought her to Lon- prised the modem baronies of Carro, Erris, 
don, and she appeared in March 1833 with and Tirnwlev in the comity of Mayo, and 
Duveruay in the ' Maid of Cashmere,' and Tireragh in ("he county of Shgo. There was 
i>n 23 Oct. of the same year as Fenella in ' olso a small territoir' called Ily Kiachrach 
• Mosaniello.' The following November she Aidbne, in the south of the county of Gal- 
led at Covent Garden the famous d/iTUif det ' way, over which Guaire, who was descended 
foUet in ' Giistavus the Third.' Slie also from the same ancestor, then reigned. The 
mred ut Drury Lane in 'Prince Le Boo' I tribes of the northern and southern HyNeill 
the 'Uevolt of tiie Harem.' A second hndmadeadescentontheterritory ofuorlhem 
yiwt to America, extending over three years, 
]t(84-7, was so successful, that the actress 
returned with a fortune that has been esti- 
motod at 40,aM/. On 7 Oct. 1837 she renp- 
pnar«d ot Prury Lane, still in a non-speaking 
- - ■ "'mciit-' '- - --'"'-J^ '- 



appeaj. 

And tbi 



port, in Plonciiii's drama the ' Child of the 



Hy Fiftclirocb, and collected a 
spoil. Eogon attacked and defeated themin 
the battleoTSligo, but was mortally wounded. 
In view of his death a question arose as to 
the succession. He had two sons: Cellach. 
then a clerical student at Clonmacnois, and 



*— ■ - 'i."'- •■ ^— T^ _^1 »'im "If- "i. IT" i J 



-iin.— : • -^ • 



- — *• 



" h - 



1 

-. : r. 



. - - --...-. -. " - _ . - " ■ 1. ■•• T j_- i.r'-"'"^ * ■> fi*". 'A'Ti 

■ - -".' ':~l :.■ .■ ' ■- '-■"• '■*•■ '"''T ' ' I.~ ' - _':.* f •'.•• 

...... - • :.- V :.T r_'. ■_ *.■ " ■_ • •.•':~' H - *T V'.-r iv.r- 

: -. . . \1 ... .: "-.".- Hi" J -_ *• "l" - . •."■- «»".v- 'v * "• *'.•• 

■'"■■—*" •"»■ L"" ' I- ••■-■. ■' '••■;" 'H 

..- ■■-■••■ 

_" . _ ""u 1 ■* ' ■- ■ ~ :-• r-7 ..^— ■- * IT.'.. ; '.* .-T".J*.\, il'iW- 

' * ^ _ ^ ^^ — ■ > > ■ ■ B^i^ * A— k ■■■• ■ 

. .. , •- "■-•■ - 1.- :.-T— •-•: 'i.-^ -"_-:. ir.* x:-:-.'- :. ourr:- l*h-m 

. - ; • ■•-.-..-_•.- I :i-.r.- " - T.iir r.-.ir T' :r' i». '.vL.-r^ h" 

. . - -. • 'T y. -' '-■"=" T-r. tI- .'-: •"'.- :". :r. crri-.j' ■ r" :h*ir l-.iuJ»- 

_-. .• I" "■ ^' --'--^ "■ ■ •' * -'•■ """-^ -ivlr.j. C-->i!-.-r;il>!»' obr»- 

. . - _- ■ • :...:--• — : : '. z -■ - "^^ ilv-r j r-i'.'^.r Th.-m>»-lv:-5 wh'.-n 

...... }{- ^-.- ■.:-..■.- :.!:^. -'. - z.Lrr.'.vr ':? o-'r^Iy -.xam:ii»i?. For in- 

. -..- - r* - _- " •':.■■' -• lt. ;r. * T :j.:r^. aocoiinz to Th»* • Four M.i*- 



longer. Ilowever tliis nmy be exjilamed, tLe j 
iarriB on which the niirmtivfi is based appear 
to be niilheiTtic, nntl lo rhis tin* Iwai niinn-s | 
bear wit nesH. Artl-na-riajh, 'th» hiUof t1ie | 
exeout ions,' has given U« name to the village , 
of Ardiwren. And the cwimlech of Ard- i 
na-maul, ' the liill of the MooU,' erected to I 
B their execiilimt, is still lo be 



Mra.Cellicr's tnvct reject- 
ing tiie trealment of the prisonera in K«w- 
Ste exposed her to a second trial (3 Sept. 
80) for iibfi!. Slie was found ^ilty, and 
condemned topa^afineto the king of 1,0001. 
and to Dtund tlirice in the pillory. Accord- 
ing to Roger North the real object of the 
Mcond prosecution was to disable her from 



Iwid hiatoricBlly identified. The chant of 
Uuredacii im the discoverf ot tiia brother's 
body and lh« death-wiiig of Celluch are full 
of pathos. St. Cellncli's day ia 1 May. In 
the ' Martyrology of Tnmlach't ' he appears as 
St. Cellan. 

[Lebar B«kc (pp. 272 h-27- a) ; Bollandist 
Acta SS. 1 .May. p. lOl; O'Donomn's Oaum- 
lof^es, TrilwB, Rnd CiiBtoins of Hy Fiachrofh ;tlw 
SonftinsMMF(RoIlsed.).iii. Irii; AnnaU of Foot 
M.iatPr»; Bceru's Adamnan, p. 346.] T. O. 

CELLACH. Saint (.1079-1129). [See 
Cei^us.] 

CELUER, ELIZABETH (^. 1680), 
' the Popish midwife,' was n member of the 
Dormer family. She married Peter Cellier, 
a Frenrhmnn, and became u noted midwife 
in London. Ori^nally shi^ was a protestant, 
1>Ut Ab Adopted the catholic religion, and at 
the time of the popinh plot faoncated by 
Tltiu Oates she visited the prisoners in New- 
gat4i| and relieved them ihrouf^h the charity 
of Lndy Powis and other persons of rank. 
There she found the notorious Dangerfield, 
whoso release she procured upon condition, 
M ha afterwards alleged, that he would enter 
int« an engagement to lake off tlie king, the 
Earl of SuaFtesbury, and some others who 
were obnoxious lo the catholics. Moreover 
he pretended that he was to be employed in 
concocting n sham plot, and he stated that 
the document on which it was to have been 
founded lay concealed in a meal tub in Hra. 
CelUer's house. There the paper was dis- 
covered, and from this circumstance the 
whole transaction is known in history by the 
niune of the Meal Tub plot. On U June 
1680 Mrs. Cellier was tned for high treason 
and acquitted, she having satisfied the court 
that her accuser was too infamous in law to 
bo admitted as a credible mtn ess, Shepiib- 
lishedaTindicationofherselfiOntitled' Malice 
defeated 1 or n brief Relation of the Accu- 
Mtton and Deliverance of Elizabeth Cellier. 
Together with an abntmct of her orrnign- 
loentand tryal, writtun by heraelf Thisoc- 
cndioned the publication of numerous pamph- 
IbIs, inn of which was eulilled 'The Scarlet 



favour of the lords ii 
the Tower. Lysona says that she lies buried 
in the chancel of Great Missenden Church, 
Buckinghomsbi re. 

She was the author of: 1. ' A Scheme for 
the Foundation of a Royal Hospital, and 
raising a revenue of 5,000f. or 6,0OW. a 
year by and for the Maintenance of a Cor- 
poration of Skilful Midwives, end such 
Foundlings or exposed Children as shall be 
admitted therein : as it was proposed and ad- 
dressed to his Majesty King James II in June 
1687,' printed in the 'Harieian Miscellany* 

and in the ' Somers Tracts.' 2. ' To Dr. . 

An .Answer to his Queries concerning the 
Colledg of Midwives,' London, 4to. Written 
'from my House in Arundel-street, near St. 
Clement s Church, in the Strand, Jan. 16, 
1687-8.' 

[Cut. of Primed Bo..k9inBrit, Mus.; Dod.lV 
Churxih Hist. iii. S2B: HHrlBiauUi8CPl1aDy(Fark), 
iv. 143: Howell's Stnte Trials, rii. I0i3 soq. ; 
Lingard'a Hist, of England (18491. viii. 461^ ; 
Lipsuombs's Hist, and Antiq. of Buckingham- 
Bhiro. ii. 3B6 : LuttrBll'B Hial. Relation of Stato 
AflHir», i. 2i. aS, 20, >l. 31. 17, SI. SJS, 57, 00. 
3*5 : Lvtones Miipna Brilannia. i. pt. iii. 698 ; 
North's Eumpn. 260-4 ; Soiaen Traota, ii. 243 ; 
I Watt's Bibl.Brit.J T.C. 

OELLINO, Wn.LIAM, or perhaps more 

SroperlvWiij.iA.MTiLLroFSBLi.ixo(rf.l494), 
erivedhisname,uccordinii:toIielBnd,fromtlie 
village of Celling, or SeUiDg,some two miles 
distant from Faversham in Kent : Hasted, 
however, aasicrns him lo a family settled at 
Selling near Hythe {Hitt. of Kent, iii. S5). 
He appears to have been a monk of Christ 
Church, Canterbury; thence he proceeded 
to Oxford, where he became a member of 
the newly founded college of All Souls. In 
the Orford Register (February 1457-8) Wil- 
liam Celling, a Benedictine, figures as B.D.) 
Tanner states that be wo^ a fellow of All 
Souls at the beginning of Edward TV's reign, 
but without assigning any authority for the 
assertion. He must have left Oxford before 
the close of 1472, in which year a William 
Celling wna elected abbot of St. Augustine's, 
Canterbury, but seems to have rosiijued im- 
mediately. But whether this William Cel- 
ling be the subject of this article or not it 
I ia certain that the latter was elected prior 
I of Christ Church, Canterbury, on 10 Sept. 



Celling 418 Celsus 



1472. It was in all probability later than 
this that he made his first journey to Italy ; 
if, indeed, Leland is ri^ht m his statement 



ardent collector of manuscripts he wbh a gnat 
patron of promising students. 

^1 -. •* .„ +1,;^ ^^..-^^^ ♦!,«♦ r'^ii;*!^- [Leland's Catalocue, 482; Bale, De Script. Brit, 

that It was on this journey that Celling ^^\ .. gg ^pj,,., ^^^^ [^^ Scri^.Brit. 

became acquainted with Politian, who was , 851-2; Tanner's Bi 1,1. Hib..Brit.: Johnsin'slifo 
bomm 14o4, and can hardly have established ^f ^j^^^^ {ISZ5); Li nacre's Galeni de Tempe- 




when he returned to England brought these ^ Sacra, i. ; Bonse's Bcgibtrum Univ. Ozoo.] 
treasures with him. Among other works a ■ T. A. \. 

copy of Cicero's * Republic,^ of St. Cyril's ' 

and St. Basil's * Commentaries on the Pro- | CELSUS or CELLACH, Saixt (107»- 
phets,' and the works of Syntisius are speci- , 11 29), archbishop of Annagh.andthegrsatest 
ally mentioned. For the reception of his manu- of St. Patrick's successors till the election of 
scripts he r»'Ston»d the library over tlie prior's St. Malachy, was the son of -Kdh, and gnnd- 
olia{H.4. Unfortunately many of his books son of M»?iisa, who had held the same office 
were destroyed some quarter ofa century later from 1064 to 1001. Hence he belonged to that 
in the fire' caused by the carelessness of , powerful local family of which St. Bemtfd 
Henry VI IPs* visitors.' At home Ct»lling was says that, though sometimes lacking in elerk^s 
a careful steward of his convent's wealth, it had never for fifteen generations, or two hun- 
He cleared tho priory of all the debts under dred years, failed U) find one of its menibere 
which it had laboured ; ho built a stone ready to accept the bishopric at it* dispo«l 
tower, afterwards known as the prior's study, {^Vita MalachifTj ch. x.) This statement, 
roofed it with lead, and glazed the wind«)ws. though perhaps somewhat exaggeratt^d, i* 
He also beautified the cloisters, bejran to re- partly corroborated by the Irish annals, when*, 
build the * Bell Harry steeple,' and placed a to confine ourselves to the eleventh centorr, 



new ceiling over the before-mentioned prior's we find Celsus's grandfather, great-uncle, and 
ary' (Hasted, iv. 5o5, &c. ; Whartox). It great-grandfather all preceding hii 



would appear t o be after his return from Italy see of Armagh {^AnnaU of Four Mn^tfi'M, sub 

that Celling charged himself with the edii- aiiiiis llOo, 1064, 102()V ' r)n the death of lii« 

eat ion of Linacre, who is said to have been his gn^at-uncle, Domhnall, Celsus was ehfteil \i\> 

])U])il at Cnnterhurv, and who certuinly ac- successor, at the illegal age of twenty-f«uir'>r 

<M)inpanied hi>old masteron his sttcond journey twenty-five, although, fnun the wortls iu«ed in 

to Italy (1480), whither the prior of Christ recounting theevent.it is by no means iuip<»p- 

(^hurch was sent on an embassy to Uome sibh' that he had not yet l)een ordaine<l priest 

(Lf^lanp, and ♦•pitaph of Celling, (juoted in (A.F.M.and Afin. f7^ sub anno 11 Oo; with 

Hasted, iv. 55.'), Szc; AViiarton, i. 14")-0). which cf. the ease of Gregor\' ap. KiDMKB. 

Passing through Bologna, Celling left his 7//V. .Vor. lUolls Ser.), p. L>*.)!S). The prede- 

vounjr friend there to enjoy th** society of cessnrs of Celsus s«»em, for the most part, tn 

Politian. This embassy must have taken place have been married men, and tohavediM-liarjred 

Ij4;tween 14>^5 an<l 14iM). In 141K) and 141U their e<'clesiastical functions by the aid '>f 

we find (\*lling's name constantly assoeiate<l sutlnigans; but, despite the attempt that ha- 

with that of the bishop of Exeter in the ne- been made to prove that Celsus too wtlsma^ 

got iat ions between England, France, and rit.'d, it is more likely that, in the pa^>ageon 

Ikittany ( Uy3IER, xii. 431, &c.) Some three which this thecm- is ba<e<l ( J'it. Mai. e. 10). 

vears laterhea])pearsto have died on tlie day the wj»nls ' uxor Celsi ' are to 1k» interpret*^! 

of St. Thcmias's passion (l*0 Dec.) 14i»4,after of the church of Ireland (Lamoax, iv. .*>3<. 

having rule<l his monastery for nearly twenty- Celsus, however, sei-ms to have retained Th«» 

two vears and a half (Hastbh, iv. r).V> ). He , custom of appointing, «»r at least continuirur. 

was buried in the martyrium of St. Thomas, the services of suifragan bishops (..-I /m. ('/'• 

in a richlv blazoned tomb, on which was in- p. 371 ; A. F. M. sub anno lli?2K The n^-w 



.scribed a longe])itaph narrating his embassies 
to France and Itoine. A book from Ceiling's 
librarv* is still preserved at the Bodleian in 
Oxford (Laud, V 120). The same library has 
also a letter writttin to him frt)m Home, and 
dated January 14>^8 (Ash, MS, 17i>0). Cel- 
ling was esteeme<i a great scholar in Greek 
as well as in Latin, and besides being an 



prehite entered on liis office with vip»ur 
{'j:\ Sept. 1105). In 11 OH he made a visit«- 
tion of Ulster and Munster, receiving his full 
tribute of cows, sht?ep, and .silver from ev»*n 
cant red {A. F. M.) 5liinster was revisited in 
1108 and 1120, Connaught in 1108 {Annals 
of Loch OS, i. 77) and in 1116, and Meath in 
illO (A. KM. and Ann. UlL p. 374). <« 



Celsus 419 Celsus 

the treasure collected upon each visitation | minee — one Grein or Gregory — to be conse- 
Celsus may well have made a noble use, as, | crated by Archbishop Ralph at Canterbury 
for example, in the case of the great ' damh- ' (Eadheb, Historia Novorum, pp. 297-8). But 
liag/ or church, at Armagh, which he fitted ; the influence and generosity of Celsus seem 
with a shinfi^le roof (January 1125) after it ' to have restrained his rival (though appa- 
had remainea without a coping for 130 years rently supported by the good wishes of Uie 
(^Annals of Loch O, i. 119) ; or when he gave kin^ of England and of Ireland) from ven- 
the precious silver chalice to the churdi of turing to assert his rights actively (t^. ; 
Olonmacnoise (Chr. Scot p. 329). Besides his Usshbr, Sylhga, pp. 100, 101). There seems 
ecclesiastical auties Celsus was constantly to be no authority for Dr. Lanigan's stato- 
being called upon to mediate between the ment (p. 48) that Celsus ^ acquiesced in Gre- 
rival kings and tribes of Ireland. So in gory's appointment.* This dispute appears in 
1107 and 1109 we find him making a yearns j great measure to have been one between the 
peace between Donald Mac Lochlamn, king | nominee of the Danish burgesses of Dublin, 
of Elagh, and Muirchertach 0*Brian, king of who would naturally prefer to have a Teuto- 
Munster — the northern and southern claim- " nic metropolitan — especially at so convenient 
ants for the supreme lordship of the whole is- a distance as Canterbury — and those who 
lamdi^Ann. Ult.^^. 372,373; A.F. M,) Again, supported the rights of the Celtic archbishop 
when Donald came to ravage Down in 1113, of Armagh. Celsus's success led to the tem- 
and the two armies lay confronting each porary severance of the close connection that, 
other for a whole month at Clonkeen, it was since the first years of Lanfranc's episcopacy, 
Celsus, with his ^Bachall-Isa,' or staff of office, had existed between the sees of Dublin and 
who reconciled the rival hosts {Loch CS, i. Canterbury {EpUtoUe Lanfranci^ ap. Migne, 
103). Many years later (1128), just before ' cl. 632-7 ; Freeman, Noi-m, Conq. iv. 526- 
his death, he made a year's peace between the 530) ; Gregory seems, however, to have reco- 
men of Connaiight and Munster (-4»/i. Vlt, vered his bishopric on Celsus's death (vl.Jl AT. 

L894), and two years previously (1126) he , pp. 1157, 1162). If the king of Ireland, 
i been absent from Armagh for thirteen 1 alluded to above, be Turlough O'Conor, who 
months on a similar errand, 'pacifying the ! had become master of Dublin in 1118 {Loch 
men of Erin and imposing good rules and | O, i. Ill), it is curious that Celsus should 
customs on all, both laity and clergy ' {Loch j have succeeded in maintaining himself in his 
O^, i. 121). new office. It was a little previous to this 

As head of the church of Ireland, Celsus Dublin contest (1118) that Celsus was sub- 
convoked the great synod of Fiadh-mac- merged in the river Dubhall (Blackwat^r in 
.^nghusa (1111), sometimes called that of Armagh), and had to swim ashore, 'pro- 
Usneach {Ann. Buell. p. 21, &c.) At this priis viribus/ with the loss of his treasure of 
synod, Murtogh O'Brian and the chiefs of cloths and silver (ZocA C6/\, 109). In 1128 
Leth-Mogha (S. Ireland), fifty bishops, three he was subject to a most unprovoked attack, 
hundred priests, and three thousand students of which all the old Irish annals speak in 
are said to have been present {A, F. M., with terms of the greatest horror — as of an insult 
wliich,however,cf. the less symmetrical num- offered to Christ himself — a deed that, until 
bers g^ven in the Chr, Scot, sub anno 1107). it was avenged, would bring down the wrath 
Of this council we read that it made better of God on the whole land. Th»j O'Ruarcs 
ordinances and rules for the conduct of all, and the O'Brians had set U])on Celsus and his 
both laity and clergy (ZocA CS^, i. 1, and Ann. . retinue in a church, plundering him of his 
Inisf. p. 98). According to Dr. Lanigan it goods and slaying his retinue, and among 
was probably about this time that Celsus con- them a young clerk who had taken shelter 
firmed Cashel in the primacy of S. Ireland beneath the altar. Next year Celsus died, 
{Eccles. Hi^L iv. 30, with which cf. Vit. Mai. in his fiftieth year, at Ardpatrick in Munster 
c. 15). The same authority tells us that Cel- (1 April 1129). Two days later his body was 
3U8 was present at the council of Rathbreasil conveyed to Lismore, where it was buried on 
(1117), over which Gilbert, the papal legate, the following Tuesday (4 April ). 
presided, when the boundaries of the Irish Celsus seems to have det<ennined to break 
dioceses were fixed (Laxigan, pp. 38-45). through the hereditary succession to the see 

On the death of Samuel O'Hamgly, bishop of Armagh, and, with this end in view, drew 
of Dublin, who had been consecrated by An- up a kind of will (Ustamentum or constitute} 
ieLaty we read that Celsus was chosen his sue- , CeUi), in which he recommended St. Malachy 
cesser by the election of both Danes and Irish , as his successor. From his deathbed he sent 
{Ann, Ult. p. 1121). This appointment was, 1 his pastoral staff to this saint, whose career 
howeyer, cnallenged by another section of - he had watched over from its earliest man- 
the townamen, im> sent over their own no- | hood, and whom he had himself ordained 

£ B 2 



Centlivre 420 Centlivre 



deacon (T'tV. Mai. c. 2), priest (c. 1119^, and rally accepted is that of Giles Jacob, which 
bishop (r. 1123) {Vit. Mai. cc. 3, 8, 10). In states that her father died when she wib 
fact, so great was his confidence in the dis- , three years of af e, and her mother when she 
cretion of St. Malachy that he appointed the was twelve. Whincop, or the author, who- 
young priest his vicar almost immediately ever he was, of the list of dramatic poetn 
after ordaining him (' etiam vices suas com- , appended to ' Scanderbeg/ who wrote while 
misit ei '), and a few years later recommended she was still living, asserts that her fiither 
him for the see of Connareth (Conor). De- , survived her mother, and married a second 
spite the dying wish of Celsus it was five wife, by whom the future dramatist wis » 
years before St. Malachy made good his claim ill-treated that she ran away from home, 
to the archbishopric of Annagh, having to , with little money or other provision, to seek 
contest the see with Celsus's cousin and oro- i her fortune in London. Hiographers hiTe 
ther (A. F, M, sub annis 11*34, 1129). In the . recorded various supposed exploits— one of 
* Irish Annals ' tliis saint appears as Cellach, ' which consisted in aressing as a bov and 
in St. Bernard as Celsus, but m Endmer under living in Cambridge under the protection of 
the more j>er\'erted form of Ccelestinus. Tan- Anthony Hammond, then an imdergraduate 
ner, quoting from Bale, gives a list of the of St. John's, and subsequently commissioner 
works of Celsus, including a * Testamentum of the navy, the 'silver-tongued Hammond' 
ad Kcclesias/ several letters to St. Malachy, of Bolingbroke. They also mention a mar- 
certain constitutioneSy and a *SummaTheo- riage(P), which lasted one year, with a n^hew 
loj^iai,' which in Bale's time was said to be of Sir Stephen Fox. Thev have neglected a 
still presented at ^'ienna. St. Celsus appears biographical record supplied after her death 
in the * Komaii Calendars ' on 6 April, by a j in foyer's * Political State,* xxvL 670, a por- 
clerical error of VI for IV, the day of his ' tion of which runs as follows : 'From a mean 
buriiil. parentage and education, after several gtj 

[AnnHls of the Four Masters ( A. F.M.),tmn8l.;*^^:^"^^? (over which we shall draw a 
O'Di.novnn (1856), vol. i. ; Annals of Inibfallen ^^^1)' «,*^« 1»?^1' ** \BsX,m well improvd her 
and Annals of IJoyle (Ann. Buell.), Annals of | natiiral genius by reading and good conTer- 
Ulster (Ann. Ult.), ap. C. O'Conor's Scriptores sation,a8to attempt to write for the stage, m 
Eemm Hibemicarnm, vols. ii. and iv. The An- which she had as good success as any of her 

sex before her. I ler fi rst dramat icperformance 
was a tragi-comedy called "Tne Penur'd 



nuls of Inisfallen are seventeen years in arrear 
of the true dates. Eadnier's Historia Novorum, 



ed. Kiile (Rolls JSer.) ; Annals of Loch 06, ed. Husband," but the plays which gained her 
Henn«\s&ey(KollsSer.); Chronicon Scotomm, ed. most reputation were two comediei?, "Th*^ 
Hennessey (Rolls Ser.) The dat«8 of this work Gamester " and "The Busv Bodv.*" She writ 




Wilkins's Concilia, i. 301 ; IJolIandist ActaSani^ this statement, which commands respect^ih.* 




T. A. xV. not, was Hawkins.' A connection la<tin^a 
year and a half, and rightlv or wronglv styled 
CENTLIVRE, SUSAXNAIl (16G7?- a marriage, subsequently existed between her 
1723), actn\«^s and dramatist, is said to have and an officer named Carroll, who died in a 
been the daughter of a Mr. Freeman of Ilol- i duel. Her early plays, wlien not anonymou-s 
beach, Lincolnshire, a man of some position, an? signed ' S. Carroll.' * The Busy Bodv,' 
who suffered on account of his political and printed in 1709, is the first that bears the 
religious o] unions aft or the Rest oration. After name of Centlivre, the previous play, *The 
the confiscut ion of his estate he went with Platonic Lady,' 1707, being unsigned. Her 
his wif(», the duupfhter of a Mr. Marham or first appearance as an actress was made, af- 
Markham, a * gentleman of good estate at cording to Whincop or his collaborator, ai 
Lynn Kegis in Norfolk,' wlio was also ob- Bath in her own comedy, * Love at a Venture,' 
noxious to the authorities, to Ireland, where which was produced in that citv after being 
Susannah is by some supposed to have been ■ refused at I)rury Lane. She tlien joined a 
bom. At this early point her biographies ! strolling companVi and placed in di&nent 
commence to be at issue. The account gene- j country towns. Wliile acting at Windsor, 



about 1706, nccnrdiiig to the anme authority, 
the port of Alextuiilor tJie Great in the tca- 
gedj of tbat mune, or, mure prubablj, in the 
' Riral Queens, or the Death of AleAiinder 
the Qreat ' of Lee, she cuptivuCed Mr. Joseph 
Centlivre, principal cook to Queen Anne 
and Geoi^e I, whom alie married, and with 
whom she lived till her deat.li. This took 
place OD 1 Dec. 172.S in Buckingham Court, 
^ringOsrdens, where, uccordinij to the rate- 
books of St. Martin'«-in-the-FieldB, her hus- 



ealla her ■ the cook's wife in Buckingham 
Court.' She is usually stated to be buried 
doae at band, in the purisb cburcb of St. 
Martin's-in-f he-Fields ; but Mr. Peter Cun- 
ningham discovered in the burial raster of 
St. Paul's, Covent Giinlen, the entry : ' 4 Dec. 
1728, SuHinna, wife of Joseph Centlivre, from 
Bt. Martin-in-the-Fielda' ('^'ni'- ^ag- IS^i 
pt. ii. p. 368). No record of her actinB in 
London is preserved, and it is supposed that 
her histrionic efforts were confined to the 
coimtry. In spite, accordingly, of the romantic 
ctories associated with her nnne, her life, like 
that of most of her contemporaries, is practi- 
cally the bistorv uf her works and her literary 
fhendshipa. She enjoyed a certain amount of 
intimacy with Kowe, Faniuhar, St«ele, and 
Other djamstisls, some of whom wrote pro- 
logues for her plays, and with Budgell, Dr. 
Bewell, McboluE Amliurst, &c., with all of 
wham she corresponded. Of her plays, eigh- 
teen in number, fifteen were acted, generally 
with success. The list is as follows : 1. 'The 
Peijur'd Husband, or the Adventures of 
Venice,' tragedy, -Ito, 170U, acted the same 
year at Drury Lane, 2. 'Loveat a Venture,' 
comedy, 4to, 1706, refused at Drury Lane, and 
icted by the Duie of Grafton's ser\ants at 
Uie New Theatre, Bath. It is taken from ' Le 
aalantDouble'ofTbomasComeille. Gibber, 
|iy whom the play was refused, is accused of 
inDorporstiug it into his ' Double Gallant.' 
». • The Beau's Duel, or a Soldier for the 
Ladies,' comedy, 4to, 1702, act«d at LIncohi's 
[nn Fields 21 Oct. 170-i, taken in part from 
la^erMnyne's' City Match.' 4. > The Stolen 
Smresa, or the Salamanca Doctor outplotted,' 
jotnedy, llo, no dale (1703). acted at Liii- 
sola's Inn Fields 31 Dec. 1703, and taken 



sonedy, 4lo, 1703, acted ut Drury Lnn 
I June 1703, and lakeii from the comedy uf 
Holi&re of the same name, and from ' Le 
Manage forcfi;* this phiy is sl^ed R. M. In 
thededicnliontotheEarlof DdrseC. 6. 'The 
Oameeter,' comedy, 4to, 170Q and 1708, acted 
It Xdncolu'e Inn Fields, not for the first time, 



2-2 Feb. 1705. In the ' lllogruphia Dni- 
malieu ' (he play is sold to be borrowed from 
' Lb Dissipateur.' This Is Impossible. ' \m 
Dissi^ateur' of Destouchea, acted in 1753, 
. was in part taken from Mrs. Centlivre, whose 
I ' Gamester ' is an adaptation of ' Le Joueur ' 
I of Keninrd, played 1696, 7. ' The Basset 
I Tahle,^ comedy, 4to, 1706, acted al Drurv 
I Lane 30 Nov. 1705. 8. ' The PUtonick Lady,' 
' comedy, 4to, 1707, acted at the Haymarkut 
25 Nov. 1706. 9. ' The Busy Body,' comedy, 
4to, 1709, acted at Drury Lane 12Muyl709, 
This plav, one of the most successful of its 
author, lirst introducing the character of .Mar- 
nlot, woasocoldly regarded by the actors, that 
, Wilks U said to have thrown down his part 
of Sir George Airy,' and to have been with 
difliuulty Induced to resume it. A portion of 
; the plot is tukeii from ■ The Devil is an Ass ' 
of Ueu Jouson. 10, ' The Man's bewitched, 
or the Devi] to do about her,' comedy, 4io, 
no date (1710), acted at the Haymarkel 
12 Doc. 1700. This clever farce is said, 
without mudi just IKcat ion, to be indebted 
I to ' Le Deull' of Hauteroche, which name 
is in the 'Blograpbia Dramatica' erroneously 
supposed to be a pseudonym of Thomas Coc^ 
I DBiIle. II. ' A BickerslaTs Burial, or Work 
, for the Upholders,' farce, 4to, nn date, acted 
I ut Drury Lane ^7 March 1710, al^rwards 
I revived at Dtuty Lane 5 May 1715 as the 
j ' Custom of the Coimtrv.' This play Is said 
to be founded on one of Sinbad's voyages lit 
I the 'Arabian Nights.' The publication of 
' Les MUle et une Niiits ' by Galland, 1704- 
1717, had very recently commenced, and this 
source seems doubtful. A curious coinci- 
dence, hitherto unnoticed, is that ' Le Nau- 
frage nu la Pompe funebre de Crispin' of 
Lsfonl, produced In Paris on Saturday, 
14 June 1710, is all but Identical with th« 
work of Mrs. Centlivre, who, however, is at 
least earlier in date, Parfaic freres, the 
historians of the French stage, suggest iin 
origin for the plot earlier thou the ' Atabiim 
Nights.' 12. ' 3Iarplol, or the Second Part 
of the Busy Body,' comedy, 4to, 171 1, Drury 
Lane 30 Dec. 1710, afterwards altered' by 
Henry Woodward and called ' Marplot in 
Lisbon.' 13. 'The Perplex'd Lovers,' comedy, 
4to, 1712, Drury Lane 19 Jon. 1712, from lUe 
Spanish. 14. 'The Wonder! A Woman 
keeps a Secret,' comedy, 12mo, 1714, acted at 
Driuy Lone 2i April 1714, and owing some- 
thing to ' The Wrangling Lovers ' of Ravens- 
croft. 15. ' A Gotham Election,' farce, 12mu, 
1715, never acted, a dramatic satire on the 
tories, dedicated to Secretary Craggs, who 
sent tlie author by Mrs. HrHcegirdle twenty 

fuineaa. A second editlou of this, 12mo, 
737, is called the 'Humours of Elecliono.' 



Ccntsrine 4^^ Centwine 

.■•. "^ tr- T-:! aiiLiiJu:--!. iiTT**. l::mi}. ^Vr. .- l-j, rlmz tririr LFaLTrili.'* .^mt\ 







niv-. • mr-i-. "••■ . '.'.:". ur-'i ir Drir^ Lan« ri-r -.i'lis ^liiiT Sii'-jLrii : il>?n .EacWiae. 

1' f^r. '.Tl'l. Tjtr^T "*• .r.« •\--r«- ^ritlrtirpfi in i 3i»fnib**r -.t laj.rii'rr hrinoh of 'se bicse i-f 

Mr-r ■■• ! vjxt^. l-in--. '. '"il- in«i r-nr.nr^fi in C'lrlni. r^rumi. "inuil zn Li* i«^^ be is soc- 

\<i .^wj*:ei hr ''>nTTniiT iz. riTo, "Hie rvl^a .f 

T!i»- • ni^-::'r.- t" if.--. '. -n*ll-7«? i:** ■.r'-*n '"'-tn'Tinr is miiri-^i *-t i. r^Ti-r'aril o? :ie 

.;-4r-*T:'.'i- »:'.•: -^r .-:!">. la'i "i:- ^■".nia; *ir»*nes '^■»*'-Swli:ii Tior-irirs -Tr-7*Iir WTljh."»-tii 

i.v jf-T.-ri.i • ;r.-:i. .\l."a. •",»-;: '11" r- "miiriLeii a*-«:2i *■ iiii-- rtra."*^ i.z i tfL:It iTTcrCes:- 

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:*. r I "^.r- •-in;! -.ir? r.l- -v-i-ii f. r -v'lurh Pirr-r. :' r in ^r- • •.'•siitTririr driT-e rh-; Br.- 

<»!-.»f .' I' -.\f yv.T..'. r "Liuni izA^'Xir" :ri;r-- T'o ' "iir Tr:i ' . _i.-»S. Chrrta.^ '.T.'jL'yCuT 

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■■• »i.^r I -■ip*-ri-.--7 T-rr i.jn«;f»r ill ii»rr i^jin- in<: sia-ir ii.-j p«- pL-r nuL^t-fr^ c "he Qain- 

.^„-^, ".'.K".. T.-ii'.- '-^ -.t .!»:?:■ niTfiirT* remain t-.iik Tir.jr-=-. .S'.«*z. Ti^r* tij aorxn implit* 

.r. -i:r -i.-r .: i.-"..:^- v-i^--. ^C rv '>.Ar. :ce '^-.n.-i'i-riKL- irrvn;r'':i- md irtrn:* :o raik^ S 

.rhrr-^ rc > 'iicji.'.i'-. T-^a "^^.m** iI'Tpir:':rj. .>r".i:n. *z.ir ■.:* BijeiLi L» ri^hr in &i<^7tiBj 

■t h»rlr.r iir-T*:. A ii-r^r. c«'..-r.i:uir., *h.« iL»- rhiir -lie ii-ra'i !-iLn;r*fc.:p ■:' 'hr Wr*r Sax-?iL> 

p-.i':'* .:'. -c:*- .r iif-r irizui'io •m'isira i ww ::t i ':;*:»: in ibt-TiE.oe.ti'ent'w-ine most bv 

■«. .:r- :' r ' ■.- -• - .-s^: — . S"-^ir ir. ->.^ ■ i ir- k:::^-' !n>' r..i'r or>ryT*i him. Th-r i.<«rt:0D 

ir. i -IT- -..i" •-;.-■ -i - i- i :-■?■.:--'- i:« ■ir^.^!lly :■ rrf-r.-urr?: by :h- ':n::=«::ri of tiie 

i.i. i -r.- . -;..L" •.■"ir'.r : -'.ri* "vi. .^ii L- n.irr.- : i-t W-.-^s jj n kir.j- in :L- rwol 

;.>-i ....'..". :-::-.:■--- .: -^i'. >n:- ■: .:-? zi- ^- -.: ".- :i.-.n.:- ■: ILirnrl-i n-.:-i :a »>^: it 

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■ r-.-n-..i.-. :'. : V. -• ..ir..--:.u'-:-. Fr.r -:i:ni-r ri..^' !-< •■: 'h-r -x.it of '■-'•j mav Live giTdi 
: i!T'V> • . ■^.■..- ..:...-: r. :- -.i:- .r. rf* ^r-r-r ^ :.^ :.r:i-:*I-_:p ■■: ti^r i:njd:ni t:- «. rCtwiL*. 

■ F''.i:'.^:! ^•■-."r ' — i'.' T-: :-..i? r. ".' "vr^rn By -i. .- =r. ■rrrnir.r tLr in'ervil ■>: -lirids^ 
:.iO.-.-.v:. A - .p3-.o-.-. r. rr-.i* i' nii^-i.: h*; ki^r-:.;:'. :hr ipp:ir*rn-'.y c^-ntradiet'-^n- ic- 
1 Tc-'-rA. • i-r:"--;- tr, i Fl--.i' - r. i*^v-rii a^ib- i:v.:n*- ji '■•.-:. by B^T-ia ;Lnd rhr 'tpi-nici** 
/••■;•"-. I':..! -:/.'.::.. >I.r:i. Hi7"-r:oai, «''r:- ;i>- ir. i m-i-ure T^ro-ni'Il^^:. C-^n'wire mar- 
• i ■ a . . A r/. ■ - '. - . ' .■.'■.. 1 r ■> 4. nir n : i • r.-e^i by ri- 1 -i -» : i* r r of E-i-rnir nl^ ' irh. t he wife of 
r^i-w- r. i r * /; ■ ■'. '. M'.' . ' . : 1 -"il-? . n. ■i.?" r^ rr. i: r. PL.-k'tri • li ■ » f X'-r* h i La; h ria . a nd r !iir enemy of 
'"'-inj-cr .r-:. .:- '..•=: V r>: > r.-.* ir. ".Lr Bri-i^h Wilfri'h. A ocnrdin;rly.wh-.-nWilfr:"h. having 
Mii.-r'irr.. .S:.- !-!** .i' h^r !-.vh ni.:r*y -.^iluablr b»-*rn r'>r»>^i ' • Irave M-^rcia, tied f«:ir refui':' t) 
o.TiA.T.-r.*- {.r---r.*»:«i ^■. l.-r by r-.yrilry -.r rhr Wf-i.-i-^x and wa> r»rOoived bv the king, the 
ari.-ir'xriVi': p:*.* r.- v.- v. i-.-^m i?.-r d-^icatrd q'i»::r-n aft^i-r a lirtWu-hile per-uaded herhiis- 
b*-r drarr.w-. band t'-k drivr him out ijf the land ^EPDir?). 

[i:.:-. o: .M:-. r:.r::vr*r j-r.-fix*ii *.o h*:r works, I^- Fr»^man hMl-l* that Centwine i? the 

Z vol". I7rl- M-r. '.t Er.;:r;:-h liram.jr.i? Po^.-* Kfnt*-n d«^scril>rd bv Fariciu* a? the fftil:rr 



f .r-r,*-^ - .I'-'^.onnt oi rn*: h.nff.:-n ^^ll'H : isnfi'R AJdhHim to JJu^e^ « JLadburh). the dauihter 

^Jl•.AJl^i^ vol. i. r^. rhalrr.frrji » : P»r.<-r Cunning- of Kfrnten (Centwine). In tliis w^m •Ken- 

I irr/. H.md'.y.k to I»r.-!on : Po^r'^ Dunciarl; ten' is .spoken of a.* a mightv kinff, vervr^li- 

.Nof^. ro IV;f !"al IUir:!»t^r ^«iiles Ja<H.bM723.] ^^^^^ ^.jj^ ^fter winning th'ree great battle* 

• ^* retired from his throne to become a monk; 

CENTWINE or KENTEN (d. 680 ), th*- writer, however, does not hint at inr 

kinjf of tli»- \V#-«f Saxonf'y wa.-* the son of relationship between the king and hims^A 

('jrn<;gilH niid tli*- brr^th#'r of Cenwalh 'q. v.] Faricius, indeed, says that .Vlohelm'^ father, 

Accept irig tii«: Htat»*mf;nt of Rit'da '(Enel. Kenten, was the brother of King Ine. Wil- 



Cenwalh 423 Cenwalh 



liam of Malmesbury promts out that this is return to his land, built St. Peters at Win- 
impossible, mentions it as one of the on- Chester, and on the death of Birinus per- 
founded assertions of Faricius, and says that suaded Agilberht to become his bishop, and 
in King Alfred's Handbook it is clearly established his see in his new church. In 652 
stated tnat Kenten (or Centwine) was not the chronicle-writer says *Cenwealh fought at 
the brother, but a near kinsman of Ine. It Bradfordby the Avon.' William of Malmes- 
certainly seems impossible to refuse to be- burj- must refer to this campaign when he 
lieve that the Kenten of Aldhelm's poem was speaks of a rising of the VN elsh, and of a 
other than King Centwine, and equally im- victory gained by the West Saxons at a place 
possible to suppose that Aldhelm could have called' Wirtgernesburg. The battle of Brad- 
oeen writing about his own father. Cent- ford gave the West Saxons the long strip of 
wine's retirement from the throne may have forest land extending to Malmesbury that was 
been only a very short time before his death, left unconnuered by Ceawlin [q. v.]. On 
which took place in 685. He is said to have the site of Cenwalh's victorv still stands the 
been buried at Winchester. He was sue- little church built by St. Aldhelm [q. v.], who 
ceeded by Ceadwalla [q. v.], in whose person has been supposed, though on insufficient 
the house of Ceawlin fq. v.] regained the grounds, to have been his nephew [see Cent- 
kingship. Centwine is claimed as one of the wineI. In 658 Cenwalh again fought with 
benefactors of Glastonbury. the AVelsh. He defeated them at * Pens,* 
[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ; Florence of Worces- and drove them as far as the Parret, making 
ter; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 718, Men. Hist, that river the w^estem boundarj- of West- 
Brit. ; William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum. i. Saxon conquest instead of Ceawlin's frontier, 
c.2f ^^ -. s. -!_ 

352, 
fridi 

'^}^utT'n^^\ ''^^^^'TTd' °»?^°'J" T well have feared lest thev should attempt to 
Stnbbes CounciU and h^.l. Docs in. 141-4; ^^^^^^ ^j^^, ^^^^ territon' of the Hwfccas 

i^reemans King Ine, Soniersen Arehseolo^ical yr^ ,\ t ^oi i 'i c *. ji n n 

vi^v^^fxr'a T/.«^«oi ^,.;;; ;; lo ±1 ^^ ;; 01 1 (CiREEN). In 06I he defeated Cenwalh, 

oooety 8 JournHi, xviii. 11. 69— io, xx. 11. z4. | ,^, '^ii'-ii *. Ait 

W H I ^^^ ravaged his land as far as Ashdown. 

! After a while Cenwalh, who knew no other 
CENWALH, KENWEALH, or COIN- , tongue besides his own, grew wearv of the 
WALCH (d. 672), king of the West Saxons, | foreign speech of his bishop Agilberht. Ac- 
succeeded his father Cynegils [q. v.] in (U3. cordingly, about 660, without consulting 
Although his father had been baptised, Cen- | him, he quietly invited a certain Wini who 
walh still remained a pagan, influenced pro- , had been consecrated in Gaul, and who 
bably by his wife, the sister of the Mercian spoke his tongue, to come to him. He di- 
king Penda. Soon after his accession he put , vided his kingdom into two bishoprics, and 




away his wife and took another. To avenge 
his sister Penda made war u]K)n him, and 
drove him from his kingdom. Cenwalh fled 
to Anna, the king of the East Angles, and 



gave Wini the see of Winchester. Det»plv 
offended at this treatment, Agilberht left 
Wessex and returned to Gaul, where he was 
made bishop of Paris. After a while, how- 



tarried with him for three years. From ! ever, Cenwalh expelled Wini, and the West 
Anna Cenwalh heard and received the truths ' Saxons remained for some time without a 
of Christianity. He was baptised by Felix, 1 bishop. The constant attacks of his enemies 
the bishop of the East Angles (Flor. Wig. ' led the king to think that by keeping his 
i. 20). In 648 he was restored to his king- ' kingdom without a bishop he was depriving 
dom by the help of his nephew Cuthred, the ' it ot divine protection, so he sent messengers 
son ofCwichelmrq. v.], ami gave him in return j to Gaul to prav Agilberht to return. Agil- 
three thousand hiaes of land about .Escesdun berht answerei that he could not leave his 
(Ashdown in Berkshire ), or, as William of bishopric, and sent over his nephew Leuthe- 
Malmesburj^ says, a thinl part of his king- \ rius (illodhere), who was a priest, instead 
dom (A.-S. Chron. an. 648; IIex. Hunt. 716; | of coming himself. Cenwalh and his people 
Will. Malm. i. c. 29). After his restora- , received Lent herius with honour, and he was 
tion he received a visit from the Prankish 1 ordained bishop in 670. Cenwalh died in 
Agilberht, who had gone over into Ireland, | 672. On his death Bieda says that the under- 
and had dwelt there for some time in order | kin^ rid themselves of the supremacy of 
to study the Scriptures. Agilberht pleased their overlord, and divided the kingdom be- 



the king by his energy- in preaching to his 
people, for the accession of Cenwalh appears 
to nave been followed by a general relapse 
into paganism. Cenwalh, immediately on nis 



tween them for about ten jears [see Cent- 
wine]. The chronicle-wnter ana Henry of 
Huntingdon, however, say that his queen, 
Sexburh, reigned for a year after him. Cen- 



Cenwulf 424 Ceolfrid 



walh is said by William of Malmesbury to 
have been a benefactor to Glastonbury, but 
the charter which claims to be his is 
spurious. 



training his young relation, who appUed 
himself earnestly to study and to moDBitic 
discipline. After a while a ]>e6tilence, po- 
bably the plague of 664, having carriea off 

[Baeda, iii. 7, iv. 12 (Eng. Hist. Soc.); Anglo- JJ^jy ^{^^ °^onks of GilW Tunberbt^ 
Saxon Ohron. an. 643-672 (Rolls Ser.); Florence ' *"8 brethren were invited by Bishop \V ilfritii 
of Worcester, i. 20 (Eng. Hist. Soc.); WUliam of to settle in the monastery of Ripon. Ced- 
Malmesbury's GesUi Rugam, i. 30 (Eng. Hist. , frith accompanied his kinsman to Ripon, and 
Soc.); Henry of Huntingdon, 71 6, M.H.B.;Gesta | there, at the age of twenty-seven, was o^ 
Pontificum, 158 (Rolls Ser.); Codex Dipl. i. 10; ' dained priest by Wilfrith. Anxious to leam 
Guest's Origines Celtioe, ii. 245 ; Freeman fully the duties of the priesthood and of the 
in Somerset Archaeol. Soc.'s Proc. xix. ii. 67 ; ' monastic life, he made a journey to Keat, 
Green's Making of England, 295, 328, 339.] | fo^ the coming of Archbishop Theodore and 

W. H. ! Hadfian in 669 had made Canterbury the 

CENWULF or KENULF (rf. 1006), ; s^t of Iwirniiy and ecclwiasti^^ He 

bishop of Winchester, on the appointment ^'^^^ East Anglia in order to observe the 
of Afdulf [q. v.] to the see of York, was fP^*;^^"'^,^^^?^, ^/, monastic discipline fol- 
chosen, in 992, to succeed him as abbot of lowed by Abbot IJotulf at Ikanhoe m Lm- 
St. Peter'8,atiMedeham8tede (Peterborough), colnshire, and when he had learnt all he 
He surrounded his abbey with a wall, changed ' ^^^ ?e made haste to return to Itipon. 
its name to Burch (Borough), and added to The^«? '^ T^« ?J l."8 learning he cheerfully 
its wealth. On the promotion of .Elf heah occupied himself m humble duties, and be- 
fq. v.] to the archbishopric of Canterbury, ?a™e the baker of the house, employing the 
benWiilf is said to have procured his election mter^-al8 m his labour in learning and prao- 

to the see of Winchester in 1005 by simonia- V^^'^g ^^'^ "^^^ ^^%^' ?» » .P"^\ '\7^}^ 
cal means. ^Ifheah when at llome, whither : duty to ob^rve. When in 672 Benedict 

he had gone to receive the pall, is said to Biscop was forming a new congregati^ for 
have announced the dav of lis successor's , ^^^ V'W he wm about to build at W«ir- 
death, which took place m 1006. By Uugh pouth, he invited Ceolfnth to help him. The 
-Candidus,' the historian of Peterborough, invitation was accepted, and in 674 the abbey 
Cenwulf is described as remarkablv learned of bt. Peters was begun. Ceolfnth held the 
and eloquent,and is said to have carefully cor- office of prior m the new house, and ruled 
rectedtlie books belonging to the monastery. '^ »« Benedicts absence. After a while he 
It was probably on the strength of this state- ^^^^' weary of the cares of oftice, and, meeting 
ment that Piti put him down as an author. ', ^^J^ c^'^^^^^'^^e annoyance from certain 
No works have ever been ascribed to him. »\o^^^ members of tlie house who d^liked 
Abbot y^:itric, ^ the grammarian » [q. v.], ^^f 8^"ct monajjticism he enforced, he left 
dedicated his *Life of St. yKthelwold ' to , ^Veannouth and returned to Uipon. His 
Bishop Cenwulf. This dedication, therefore, I thorough knowledge of regular discipline and 
fixes the date of tlie work as 1005-6, the ' of the service of the altar made his ser^-ices 
period of Cenwulf 's episcoi)at4j. ^JK^ly imiwrtant and Benedict went after 

'^ ^ . "*™ *"^o persuaded him to return. In 678 

.J'):"^^'*i^''?I! ^^''*'"- lu^^^V^*^: ^,^A' ??I he accompanied Benedict to Rome, returning 
(Rolls Ser.); Horence of Worcester 1. 149 168 ^.j^j^ j^,^^ ^j^^ arch-chanter, who was peiv 
<Lng.HiHt.boc.); WilhamofMalmesbury.Gesta ..^j^j to come over to England to tiach 
Pontiff. 170. 317 (Rolls Ser.); Osl^rn de Vita S. . l^^^ ?^ \? % Jingiana to teacn 
Elphegi. Anglia .W, ii. 130; Hugo Candidus. j the clergy there the Roman^^ 
Canobii BuVnsiH Hist^ma. 31. e<l. Sparke; ! When, in 682, King Lc^ith gave Bene- 
Vita S. iEthelwolili ap. Chron. de Abingdon, ii. o^ct a second large grant of land, he dete> 
265 (Rolls Ser.) ; Dugdale's Monasticon. i. 347 ; mined to buQd a second monastery at Jar- 
Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 175.] W. H. row. He committed the work to Ceolfritb, 

and made him abbot of the new congrega- 

CEOLFRID or CEOLFRITH, Saint tion, which at first consisted of seventeen 
(642-7 16), abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, monks. Ceolfritb carried out the work with 
the son of noble and pious parents, became, energy, and made a second journey to Rome 
at the age of eighteen, a monk in the mona- to procure what the new foundation needed. 
sterv of Gilling in Yorkshire, which, until In the third year after he began the work 
lately, had been under the rule of his bro- ' he set about building the church of his mo- 
ther Cynifrith. AVhen Ceolfritb entered nastery, and finished it the year after. A 
the house, the office of abbot was held J)y stone still preserved at Jarrow commemo- 
rates the diedication of this church to St. 
Paul. The inscription on it ib : 



Tunberht, the kinsman and successor of Cv- 
nifrith. Tunberht took a warm interest in 



X Ueiliistio Ba«Lli«e ] SciPauliviiiKIMm | 
RDDO IT Ecgt'ridi Itt>g. | . . . . Oollridi Alib. 
ejutdem q. | q. Kecks. Veo Auetare | Can'llt'iriii 

The tiro nionnsteries, Si. Peter's nt Wear- 
month, Biid Si. Paul's nt Jnrrow, were aiitt^ 
houses, und the new convent remaJnMl in 
ehe strictest connection with iJonudicl's ear- 
lier foundation. The number of brethren at 
Jarniw ajipenrs to have shghtly int^rensed 
after tlie con^egution was tirst formed by 
Benedict, and tweotj-two settled in Ctol- 
fritfa's new house, of whom ten were already 
tonsured, and the remainder were applicnntd 
for the tonaure. During tbe progress of the 
building tbe nbbot took no smalt pains to 
instruct bis brethren how to reail and liing 
the serricu, in order llmt they migLt chant 
the psalms and say the responses and anti- 
l^ouB as the custom was at St. Peter's at 
Weftrmouth. His munks studied diligently, 
a&d good progress vas miule. Tbe monas- 
tery, however, was visited by the plague, 
which carried ofl' all the monks who were 
thus able to take part in the sen-ice save 
the abbot himself and one lad whom ho bad 
brought up and iniight, and who was not as 
vet m priest's orders. When the history 
ROm which this incident cornea was written, 
the lad, grown then to munhcM)d, and in the 
priesthood, was still a brother of the house, 
equally famous for what he wrote and what 
be spoke of his post life, and it is not too 
fiuiciM to bt'lievu iliat he was Bteda [q. v.], 
who tells us that Ceolfrith brought him up, 
and that it was by his direction that he was 
ordained priest (Ere!. Hitt. v. 24), Tlie ab- 
bot and tlie lud for one week left out the 




Ceolfrid 



I Ceolfrith rule<l tbe two monasteries with 
I diligence. While strictly enforcing the full 
I Benedictineriilebenevertheli'sswonthelove 
of liis monks. He took pains ivith ths ser- 
vices, and ciiused tUi*m In ue held constantly. 
I Nor was he oegledful of the welfare of bid 
I monasteries in other ways. He obtained a 
I letter of privileges from Poire Serffius, which 
he had laid before a synod and publicly znnr 
' firmed by King Aldfrith and the bishops who 
were present. He enriched his churches 
I with many precious things trom Itome. 
.\mong other matters of good government 
he especially encourageil the pvactice of 
transcription, and, having already one copy 
(if the Scriptures of tlie old version, which 
he had brought from Home, caused three 
I copies of the new version to be written out ; 
one of these he yloced in each of his mouaa- 
teriesand kept the otherto present In theHo- 
. man see. A certain splendid cosmography, 
, which Benedict had bought at Home, he sold 
I to King Aldfrith for no less than eight hides 
' of lanc^ with which he endowed St. Paul's 



wonted autiphons, but the s 

too moumfid, and with such help s 



the 



idd pve tbey kept the 
ae it had been before tbe plague, though not 
without great labour, until the abbot had 
gclhered fresh monks, or taught those he al- 
ready bod to take their part. Un the death 
of likisteru'ini, whom Benedict hod admitted 
to a share in the abbacy of Wettnnoiith, that 
ho might take his place in his absence, the 
monks of St. Peter's consulted Oeolfrilh as 
t(i whom they should choose in his place, 
for, as ii happened, Benedict was at Itome 
at the time. ByCeolfrith's advice they made 
^gfi^ith abbot, and Benedict, on his return, 
Miproved the choice. Soon after tlus both 
Bonedicl and Sigfrith fell sick. Benodict 
therefore sent for Ceolirith, and committed 
both the monasteries to liis charge. Ac- 
cordingly he was conslilnted abbot of both 
bouses, 13 May B8& Sigfrith died on22 Aug. 
' Benedict on IS Jan. following. 



_^1 



succenled in convincing him that the Celtic 
church was in error. Tbe result of this visit 
was the conversion of the northern Irish lo 
the Roman Easter in 704 (Ercl. Dwumentt). 
At the request of NaJton (Nechtan Mac 
Derili), king of the Picts, he wrote him a 
letter in 710 on the disputed questions abtnit 
Easter and the tonsure. When this letter 
was translated lo Naiton and his councillors, 
the king decreed that the Roman customs 
should flienceforth be followed by his people. 
Ceolfrith also, at the king's request, sent bira 
architects tn show liim how l« build the 
church He was contemplating in the lioman 
style. InT16Ceolfrilll.feeUngthat ngehad 
lessened his powers, determined to end his 
days at Borne. Ue took a Boleum and affect- 
ingforewell of his monhs^wbo were now uboul 
six hundred in number in the two monaste- 
ries, and set out on 4 June, taking with liim 
the copy of the Scriptures he luid had pte- 

Kred to present totbepoiie. While waiting 
■ his ship to sail, he heard of the election 
of his successor, Hwietberht, and conlirme<l 
it. He set sail on 4 July and landed in Gaul 
\'2 Aug. He was honourably received by 
the ruler of the district, who gnve him a 
commendatory letter \.o Ijiutprand, king of 
the Lombnr<ls. He orrived at Langres cm 
'2Tt Sept., nnd died there on tbe same day at 
the age of seventy-four. Un the morrow his 
iHxIy was buried with great honour in the 
church of the Twin Martyrs. He had been 
uccrimpanied on bis journey by eighty men 
, from all parts, who reverence<l him asafather; 



Ceolnoth 426 Ceolred 

tte?r. '.•ypr'h.rT Tr::h. A l-irs»r number of "he prvsenc* ^f s*!t:ular clerks in religious hoiuet 
pe'pl-r :f Laa*rv<. :':Ll':«wr»i him to rhe before the struggle between thetwooiden 
jrrave. *Ji :hr ni'>nk* whom he t«vk with in thtr tenth century. On the overthrow of 
him ^•>nL'T iv'.irs'rd to c&rry the ti-iing^ of the* kingdom of Kent it is probable that little 
hi? irath 'o zhrrir m-ina^tche^ : <*?me went g»»l f^relin? existed between the see of Can- 
on : -1 Rii^me. b-earinzthe jift* he had prepared terbury and Ecgberht, the West-Saxon con- 
for th*^ p^p^ : and others, on willing t<> leave quep>r. and it iTas been suggested that Ced- 
their ma.'S'ter'i rrave, stayeti at Lan^rre?. Ce«>l- ni>th was a West Saxon, and that his acctt- 




th»r Script iin?> h-r inren-led. are a!s«^ extant the kimr*s wlicy was successful, for atth«* 

« R.i:d.i: Op. Ili*t. .Vi'.m. 3:3i*t. c^.iunoil of Kingston in 8^^ Ceolnoth madi' 

[The«rw: jTMcf <:. C*-.lfr:th,o-eev:.i-ct> * *^"*^^ ^^^ perpetual alliance between his^ 

t h-r w ?rk of i oocte::: wrarv monk ■>{ Wearmoatii. church and the West-Saxon kings, Ecgberbl 

fvrm»i :h-? ri*.- * or th^ Lives jt" the A I b-:rs of and .Ethelwulf, i«?ei\-ing in return certain 

Wc.4rmo7.:h :ia-i J.irrow wr.::e:: Iv RciU. The lands at Mailing*, which had been granted 

lVeir!U'^u:hl-«>>k.U'?:onAAbt«vxi'n<TyiTv£:*iufn. to Canterbury by Baldred, king of Kent, on 

c in hi* Baedx the eve of his final defeat. This alliance was 



ff drst pri=re*l ". y J. Srer^nsoc 
Opera Ui«. rioM M:i.>r.i. for :h« Elj. Hist. <..v,. c»>nfirmed in S:i9, the first vear of .£thel- 




«-.,- .-ir • L. • .' T> ■--.-* an'i ^^^ heard in 810, was decidtxi bv 

58: Surree.-. Durham, ii. 67: Hadd-.n and ^ ^^ noth m favoiir of the church at an as- 

Stul.bs-9 ConnoiU and EcoL Documer.t.s iii. 2S6- ^J'^^h' ^^^ at Canterbun; m the presence 

23^ 1 ^V. H. '-^^ ^"*^ kmir. In Nil the Danes took Canter- 

bury, and in 8t>4 a Danish army wintered in 

CEOLNOTH yfh >^:0), archbishop of Thanet : the invaders made p^ace with the 

Canrfrb»r^^ i> s,iid bv Gervase to have be^'u ^^entish men. who pn^mised them money, 

dean uf that clum-h: this statement. h..w- I'Ut during the pwffres.s of the negotiations 

.^ver. pn>Uablv arises fn.m a onnfi^i.^u l»e- ^*^:'>" pl^^'l^ri*^? the countr^^ The measures 

t ween Cenlnnth and .KtheliiotlMO-.n^-erate.! taken lor deteuci- and the i>avment here 

HWK wh.. ovrtainlv \wh\ that .>rHoe t/T^v/. "'^t^^^ havr U^ii conne<;teil with the largt* 

n.^.<^\\.ty\\n.^ He was elect ».-d 1>^» .Tune and nnniU-r of C eolnoth s coins that have been 

cons^'crated 1>: Auir. n:« ,Gervasi:>. Tliis !'*""^^= '^ ^^ l^^ssihle that he may have 

date, h.^wever. d-TH^nd< nn that nf tlu- death ^«^ ^9 !"™ ^'™*^ l»**'l,^* !*»*; treasure of lus 

of FeoHr^W. and nn hi> bein^r aocvpted as chiin-h into monev. He died and wa^buncd 

ail arehbishnp. Feolo^^^-ld api>^ars t.. havr "^ *"^^ ^^",^^:'^ «J I anterbur>- m s.O (AssEB. 

died L>9 Aii^r. ^V2, and his o.ms,vration is Gkrvase\ tor the statement of the ^^npcester 

mentinned bv the Camerhiirv version nf ih.> fhrnnicler that he died at Home is evidently 

clironiele foHnwrtl by Williim of Malmes- incorrect. 

bury and others ; on tlu' other hand, the [Ha^i^lan and Stubl«!.'s Councils and Eecl. Docs, 

dates of the chnmiclHS do not auree with iii. 61 <>- 36; Anglo-Saxon Chn»nicle: A *8or. Mon. 

tliis (■hn.>nolnt,ry, and 27 Auj^. did not fall on Hist. Brit. 476; Gcn-aw. Twysden. ool. 1643: 

a Sunday in ><W. hut did so fall in >^^\. Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of CnnterK-air. 

'Th»* point is very i)hscure. and it is not pnv i. 282-96.] W. H. 

liable that it can ever b»^ comjjletelv cleare<l 

uj)' {Erri. Ih^,,) It is said, on the highly CEOLRED (d. 716), king of the Mer- 

doubtful authority of a Latin insertion in cians. was the son of .Ethelretl bv his 

the Canterbury chronicle ( anno 90.")>, that in wife Osthr>th of Northumbria. < >n .I'-thel- 

the first year oh 'eolnoth's archbishopric there nnVs retirement to a monaster}.- in 7iU he 

wa< a gr»'at sickness among the monks of was succeede<l by his nephew, Coenrwl, an«I 

Chri>t C-hurch, so that five onlv were left, Ceolred did not come to t lie throne until 7t>9. 

and that, finding it difficult to supply their He then sent two abbots to Wilfrith to bee 

places with other monks, he admitted secular him to come to him, promising to onler his 

clerks into the monasteiy, Thisstorj', which life in accordance with the bishop's instruc- 

fornis part of the account of the supposed tions. Wilfrith accepted the invitation, but 

expulsion of the seculars by Archbishop /Elf- died soon after his coming into Mercia, and, 

[q. v.], cannot be accepted as of much as it seems, without meeting the king. The 

ight, though it illustrates the constant . revival of the West-Saxon power under 



nc 



O^adtcalln iind Ine hud caused the loss of 
the Meccinn territory beyond the Thames, 
together probably with Essex and London. 
Ceolred made a ^"igorous attempt to win 
back the atipremacy of the south, and in 715 
led Ilia army into Weesei. He was met hy 
Ine at Wodnesbeorg, probably Wanborough, 
where a battle was fought so fiercely that 
none could tell which eide Buffered the greater 
loss (Hen. Htrirr. 724) ; it is ecident, how- 
i-viw, lluit tho invaaian failed, Ceolred waa 
jmloiu of Uis iMinBin jUthelbald, and perse- 
cuted him so that he was forced to flee from 
the kLngdom. The good intentions Ceolred 
tiftd when he sent for Wilfiitb seem by this 
time to have disappeared, for he greatly op- 
|iFeseed the church and did much evil to mo- 
na«terie» and nuitncries. In 710, as he was 
fi^BstiIlg with iiis nobles, hu was suildenly 
eeiied with madness, and so died, bis end, sc- 
uordingloSl. Boniface, bein^ the worli of the 
evil spirit that poesrssed him. Itis widow, 
Werburh, is said to liave lived until 7B2. 
Ceolred was buried at Lichfield. On his death 
J!thelbald was chosen king. 

[Bada'a Hiitoria Knlra. v. 19 (Eng. Hitil. 
Soc); Anglo-Saxon Cbniuivle, 701. 716. TIS ; 
Eddiua's Viu Wllfridi, cap, 63, a]>, Ilisloriana of 
York, p. flfi {Bolls Serioa); Florence of WorCMler 
(Kng.fiist, Soc): Ueai^of Hantiiigdaa.SIon. 
Hist Brit.; Haddaa sod Stnbhs's Councils and 
EmUs. Doci. tii. 381, 3S.), and 350, with letter 
of St, BoniGice from Jn8£, No, 6S, given in B 
ahorltincd fiirm b; Wilbam of Halmmbnrj. 
Omta Segnm, i. SO (Eng. Hiit. Soc.); Vita S. 
GDiblaci, Mabillon Act* S3, tmt. iii. I. 371; 
Ramble's Ctxlez Dipl. i. 72; Oreen'i Making of 
England, 392,] W. E, 

CEOLRIC or OEOL (d. 597), king of 
thf West Saxons, whs the son of Cutho, the 
brother of Ceowlin. jVftec his victory over 
bia uncle Cenn-lin [q, t,] at Wodnesbeorg in 
SfQ he reigned for five vesrs. At his death 
in 597 he left n aon, C'ynfgile [q, v.] He 
was succeeded by hi« brother, Ceolwull, who 
reigneduntiieUjWhcn, at his death, CjTiegils 
Eucoeeded to the throne. 

[Anglo-SuoD Chronicle ; Florence of Wnrces- 
ler.i. 9, 258. 271 {Eng. Hifll. Soo-); William of 
Malmcsbory. i. e. 17. 18.] W. H. 

CEOLWIILF (rf. 764), king of the North- 
umbrians, was the son of Cutba {A.-S. Chron. 
an. 781; Symeos, Df Duiielm. Ercl.), snil 
the brother of Coenrcd, king of the NorlL- 
umbrions. On the death of Coeured in 71 8, 
Oeric succeeded to the thronf. Before ho 
died he appointed Ceolwidf as hia successor, ' 
Vho flccumingly began his reign on H ^Iny I 
7£S). nis chief claim to rememhrnnce is that 
' IIJHtoria EoolaaiMtioa ' \ 



to him (' gloriosissimo regi Ceoluuo!pho')ina 
prefatory letter in which he says that he 
has sent him his book that he may read and 
test it and have it transcribed, and speaks 
of the king's delight in the study of the 
Scriptures, in Iiiatory, and especially in the 
records of famous Englishmen, Bmda ends 
his history with an account of the flourish- 
ing state of the kingdom of Xorthumbria in 
731, noticing the large number of men of all 
ranks who at that lime retired from the 
world to adopt a monastic life. It seems, 
however, as though a strong party in North- 
umbria disliked the increase of the eccleai- 
Bsticol power, and was impatient of the ruls 
of the studious king, for the next year na 
insurrection broke out, and Ceolwulf was 
seized and tonsured. He was restored to the 
throne the same vear, the tonsure thus forced 
upon him being held therefore to be no im- 
pediment to the resumption of the kinsly 
olfioi'. Aa BiKbop Acca[q. v.] was banished 
at this time, it has been suggested that the 
troubles in Norlhumbria may have been con- 
nected with some change in the arrangement 
of the northern diocases. Ceolwulf mode his 
cousin Ecgberbt bishop of York in 734, and 
Becda, writing to Ecgberht, remind* him that 
he would find the King a ready helper in 
the ecclesiastical reforms he was urging on 
him, and especially in the increase of the epi- 
scopate. Ceolwulf resigned the throne in 
737, and became a monk of lindisfame. He 
richly endowed the monastery with treasures 
and lands. From the time of his entrance 
into the house the monks were allowed to 
drink wine or beer instead of water or milk. 
He died in 764 (Stmbon, 760. A.'S. C*mn,), 
and waa buried at Lindisforne, Uis body 
was aftem-ards translated to Norham, where 
miracli^ are said to have been wrought at 
his tomb; his head wad preserved umn:ig the 
relics d^sited in the church of St. Ciith- 
bcrt at Durham. Ceolwulf has u plooe in 
the calendar, his day being 15 Jan. 

[Bieda's Hint. ICccI. prolog, v. 33, Epietolu ad 
Ecglierctum ap, Op, Hist. Minora, p, 21* (Eog, 
Hist, Soc.); Anglo-Snxiin Chron. ; Symeon Us 
Dnni'lm. EcclMia, cul. 7. 9, <le Sto Calhlvrro, 
col. 70. Jb GiBtis Regani. col. 100, lOB. Twys- 
ilna; William of Mulmesbury, i. 64; Hiiine's 
Historv of North Durham, p. 68; Ditna and 
ltHina,'Faat; Hnr. 94.] W. H. 

CEBDIC {d, 631), king of the West 
Saxons, bore the title of culdormati when 
in 49.^ be and his son, Cynric, came over to 
Britain, and landed probably at the mouth of 
the Itehin, at a spot afterwards calkMi Cer- 
dics-ora. Theinvaderswere attackiid onlbo 
day they landed. According to Henry of 
BtutLingdon, wluaa liiakiiy Of tbaio gyoaiiv 



Cer\'etto 



-"■* *ii:."i.n. -r^j'. • m-^ j.rait-: *.iirair- icri_ t* l :r>-> ir Ti^t fcr^^srls. FoKign 
o- -f ..T . L -..j1 Uifc~ !*i."i ■-'" "ij-." •ii-i'-- vij>, irr -»«.7»_s:-w >!t«r«i- C"=riic WAS foiwd 









- ::: tv: 1 • -.1 .:i ^Jr ..-, ttij* 1 i <i-.-_-:..-i izi: nii-zi-^ Sr:^ i:ii WiLtirfcr. to at least 

4.^'. « ••-*-/' liijut- .■.• "-"j- -^ '» tT/iijtO— LZii -!l- '" — «■ .""> <ATi: tai wiiir the stonr of 

1 T -r ■ , ..It J. :f _-• :if<i ▼■=".•> •-»-^ --^ "J; "K'Ji-^TLj ^a^ sskTOrlv Wr fcccvrj-T-ed wiihout a& 

/, :;,_-.•-.. -.^' --^--Jr- -.-t*. t:?-^-- L-- "A-r jT ■ -.jr _i^i *c .T'- -•- i-U:.i "B^ c*rr:ainiv colonued bv 

wfcf .--tn-r: >'i--i.-_-st L* iiT L- l^ri ,vr--: ri" J-^ B^Ia, ^T. £ :. io . In .>a4 Cerdic 

#. •• '•:Lf >■"- **- ' -Jr-_=^,zTt* - '-Tf • ""^b^ ■- '-—=-■ B».ia* Hi^-ona Eecl. 

r^r*:-. -..-r ...-. t -^r *^ --■- -^ . =^i-r H --lS.-. : iv/rl^ft^-L ViS. .H -a. Hi<. Brit.; 

.l*x.-.-. -.-.r r*r._-r -^-.prn-- .1. ,.^, t-i •.•r^--o-* C-.:i=». rl. lyi-&3 : •>r«*=»Makin«of 

MahUfj \f K^f/Jiwi. < . H-lr .- p^.-v or.- CKRXACH, ^aixt. 'Sc* C ARiy tacts*"; 



•*/,••. --•*:. *:.•; -• cor-'.rir".' "o T-It a/.t^vir." ^."•■ra 

V. llH:.r. All -:.-;r.;r^ .:.. * ■i.T-pr--r:.:-C-rr- (nE3tyErT0.GLVCCiBBE^16S2r--17tt3), 

«i:': «i- ujLti.T^'j f>',:.\,z.\^',^''. \:,y^i. -'.o"»- j.r>- v: l,>:ic>rlll*':. w&* b>m in Italy of Jewish 

^•r— .Xi o'/:*^'| .r-r. I4«9^1dr*.ri.'T :.-*]>.: -ri ".Lai paiva*- al^ju: Ui^^. Hia real name was Ba- 

ttir«?«? -h-p* w*rrv ^i^i by "h*: Uvr atdriv- by vrvi, bat he had adopted the name of Cer- 

th«: •Arj.«rr ^n*. i'i*:r- i- aIiL'.»rc fartl :o ".Le \>:t:o l^rfore Lis arnval in England in 1738 

th'r'^r.' •}*A» Tfi*: ^-.j.wYw'jAi 'A C*:r*iy: in 45*-'i -'r 173£*. He played first at a concert in 

wa- 'hr'lr rfi'y.'*- tLirj a pia-vi-r ral'i/ and H:ckf-.rd'« Rooms. Brewer Street, Golden 

tiiAi i\t': triU- CJ»rft<: '/\*:r in .014. Ti.^r*: :* no Sjiiar^. where Festing Itrd, but he wa* so<»n 

r»Ai^in ♦-> 'Ion Jit rh*? rhe •lowpr'^<r>-*- of the -nraff'^ for the Dnir\- Lane orchestra, of 

invur.ftJi it. )♦"• '-arly -^^i^^e wa- 'i iv ?'» *.h»r fact '.vjii.-ji he wa» a conspicuous member until his 

tliAt '.•rH:*:'- i'o.-'Mr- w»rr»r iio* -irJirienilv drath. Cervetto. with Caporale and Pasquali, 

atronj^ to advanr-e inland until reinforced wa» one of the first to popularise the violoii- 

bjr *'.x\MAitifm-i ?iich aij the on*r which now cello in England. His tone is described as 

landed in Britain. If the account in the having Ijeen a>arse, and his execution n<>t 

chronicle of r h«' comin^r of two Juti-h Iva/iers, remarkable : but Bumey stat€*s that he wat^ a 

Hluf and Wihfj^ar, de-^rriU--*! as Cerdic's po^xl musician and a good man. At Drury 

iK'ffheWh, ii trii-t worthy, their cf>-^;p*.'ration Lane, where his large nose and a huge dia- 

miMt have con/^iderubfy ntn-iigthened his mond he used to wear on the forefinger of his 

poi^ition. in 5H> he defeated the Britonn at bow-liandmadehimvery conspicuous, he was 

Cxhiirford. Thi-* victory H.-cunril the valley very ]K>pular with the audience, and it is said 

of 111" lower Avon, and at the same time that the gallerv cry, * Play up, nosey,' ow»-s 

ojHMied a new field for invasion. Ak in other its origin to his appearance. Cervetto puln 

cu'«4;n whfre a ]>«rople won an im[Kjrtant vie- '. lished a few trios, duets, and sonatas, mostly 

tory, thiH KucceHs le<l to the e'^tablishment of for the violoncello. He was a constant frt- 

liingnliip. r^rdic and his Non exchanged the quenter of the Oninge coffee-house, and in 

title of i'Jildornmn for that of king, and their ■ the early pirt of liis London career he lodgeil 
(xMiph-, from tliegttographical ponitionoftheir I 'at Mr. Marie's, tobacconist, in Comptou 

iM'ttlenH-ntH, were culled Went Saxons. On Street,Soho,'but afterwards lived at 7 Charle.* 

att.<Mnpting to follow ni) liiH victory in o20 Street, Covent Garden. He died, aged over 



hv an advancre througn the valley of the 
I'VonMt(OKi:KN), (ycrdic wan utterly defeated 



one hundred, at Friburg's snufi'-tthop in the 
Haymarket, on 14 Jan. 1783. Bv his will 



til iMount Badon,or Badhury, in Dorsetshire 1 he directed that his body should \ie buried 
((}iji:ht). While (iildas does not mention I according to the rites of the churcih of Kng- 
t hi) nauH* of t lie British hjader, the victory is land. In the course of his long life Cervettu 
uMi;rilN'(l to Arthur by the writer of Nennius 
an<l tliM roni]Mlf;rriofthe ' Annales Cambritc.' 
It iHevidont that Gildas looked on this battle, 



had amassed a large fort une, which is variously 
estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand 
pounds. There ia a fine mezxotint of him by 



439 



Chabot 



V.M.I'icr^il.afU'rZntliin;, published 16 April conjuDction with Uichnnl de Hemingti 
1771, and aamn!!eriK)rtrBilinH. de Jttnvry'B lie died in the followinfr year, and was si 
' Miniatures of Celenmted Musicians.' ' ceeded as master of the domut 

[Grove'* Diet, of Music, i. 331 ; Baes's Kncy- ' ^ Th<itnn« de In Leye. 
-n -.. 1. I. ... !_ ,-. . < [Ne« 11)11 rt'» Bepv: 



eli^wedia; British MuBenm Music CntnIo^« ; 



■art and BB^dn iu London. 61. be ; Musicid 
QiuirtBTlj Mttg. yi. 3o4 : CarrBtto"* Will, ProbaW I 
lUtfiBtry, communicitted by Mr. J. Challoner 
Smith.] W. B. S. 



338 ; Exorrpta e 

les.'iea, iflS-ra, 475-78: Fosb'» 

Judgua of EiigliiDd, ii. 294.] H. B. 

CHABHAM or CH0BHAM,TH0MA8 

BE (fl. 1230), tlieolopian, is mentioned bs 
subJean ..f Puliab.iry in 12U and 1280 
^Le Kbvb, FiuU, ii. 619, ed. Hardy : comp. 



[eamt the violoncello from his lather, whom \ g^p^g, 
1 ii„.i „.. .. — [rformer, hie *""" '- ' 



_ . excelled 

CcuUr being renmrkably puw 
first appeanmce took place at lue iitcie 
theatre in the Haymarkot on 23 April 1760, 
vben the adreTti^inent stated that his nge 
wus ekveu. The other performers at this 
concert, were Misa Bumey, aged eleven, 
Mi» Schmaebling (afterwards celebrated as 
Hme. Mnra), whose aae was »tat«d to be nine, 
though she was really eleven, and Barron, 
ftoed thirteen. AfterltOShe travellednbriiad, 
plnjing in moetofthecapitala of Europe; but 
an WB8 in London in 1765, when he played at imnwr 
■ concert given by Pany, the harpiat. In „? j-i.p 
J771 he became a membe'rof the queen's pri- 



de pwnitentia ei 

1,' which is still extant in manu- 

ipt. Other works enumemted by Bale 

(Script. Brit. Cat. iv. 98, p. 379) are ' Specu- 



litm ecclesia',' ' Tractatus de baptisi 
' De peccatis in genere,' besides ' Commen- 
tarii and 'Sermones.' Chabbam has been 
geiieraUy identified by biographers with 
Thomas de Cobham [q. v.], who was biBbnp of 
Worcester in the fourteenth century. But 
it is clear from the manuscripts (Coxe, Catal. 
o/0.>/ord MSS., Universitv, cxix. 35 h, Oriel, 
xvii. 6 a. and Queen's, cccliii. S4 6) that the 
writer of the treatise ' De p(I^nit«ntia ' was 
only as sub-dean of Salisbury, and two 
manuscripts cited date from before the 
end of the thirteenth century. ' ' "" 



In these the 
between 
-^ - it. , ■ , r. - i-Do ,^ . -'Chab^hani," 'Chobham,' and 'Ohebeham;' 

tie FrofeMional Concerts m 1.83 Cenetto ^^^^ ^^ ^j,^ suWean is given bv Tanner as 
was engapd as soloiflt ; at the firet wncert < ci,abaam; and bv Le Neve as' ' Chabaum.' 

5l"nuJ'™'.i!°r™i'nF™S^«-^'r^«^; """^ ^^'•"P* ""^^.'«" 'he other hand, seems 
. .„ - ID, ™, n m 1-ow.oi. oTve n ^ j^^^^ j^^ invariably spelled with a simple 

J ; he ia described by contemporary writers 

IS canon of St. Paul's or of York, both which 

preferments he held, but not as sub-dean of 



During the earlier part of his career Cerretto 
wn» in friendly rivalry with Crosdill [q. v.] ; 
but on his tsther's death he inherited a \a.ige 
fortune and retired fron 
of hiaprofe; 



seventy-two years. He wrote a few imim- 

portant pit-ces of music, mostly for Ihe vio- 

lonoello, He died on Sunday, 6 Feb. 1837. 

[Authortlieii an ander QuiCOBBK CervEttO ; 

"-»c»l World. 10 Fab. 1837; Dictionary of| 

'eiiUM,182T; AnnualRegister,1837.p. 17a; I 

Isl'i Husikallsches Con rersatioos-Lei ikon.] 

W. B. 8. 



fore among the officers of Salisbury Cathedral, 
found in Le Neve (^. r.) under the later date, 
plainly In orderto suit Bishop Cobbam, mitet 
be an error. 

[AuthoriticH citsi above.] R L. P. 



I CHABOT, CHARLES (1815-1882), ex- 
pert in handwriting, belonged to a Huguenot 
family, and was bom at Baltersea in 181fi. 
t, 'OESTEETON, ADAM be (d. 1369), ! lie was originallya lithographer, but gradu- 
i»one of the justices itinerant in thereign ally acquired a large private i>mclice as an 
f Henry Til. Tl<> h said to have been the pxprt in handwriting, while his unswerving 
fug's chaplain, and on 28 Nov. 1265 he re- integrity, no \e.ii than his skill, made htm in 
cpived a grant for life of the mastership of much request in the law courts. He (fare 
ihp domtm ranveffiivm, an establishment evidrnce lulheHoupellandTichbome Inale, 
for convrrti-d Jews, which Henry III had and in some other important cases his teati- 

EAnm^cd about 1231 in New Street. London, mony practically governed the decisions. In 
ailed Chancery Lane. In t& Hen. HI 1871 Chabot examined professionally lb» 
'8) ho sal as judge in nine different \ handwriting of tlie letters of Junius and 
let, aomstlnu'S alone and sotneUmes in ', compared it with the handwriting of those 



rr:Wt*r^' v 









iTZ. 



Z ~ JLa Tl- - 






I HrrUlr. lil 



•^r. 



'^.'..'.yj?^.'^' 






r. ;: _- -i:-sr.- i. . n- > " 



— -_■- -J- 



:^ « '*« 






\ . 



A. 



- t" -■ 



V , - 



»■■ ■ 



-.1 ^. V 



- '4 



: — "^_ 






• - • 



1 ■ 



/ 1 : ' 



« > ' 



■ ■ *• 



vr 



• m - « 

- - ■ a 



•\ - - - - - • 



. J 






« . » 



• • • * " ■ 

CHAD " CKADDA, -i:^: "^ ':. r :-^V-^^^ 



I 



rjlAhKHJOS, L\riii:SCK (IV'/i'r- ii^l wi-.b -;:. i: K-rni*. carrrinr ou* hi* 
'JiO/, rfifcA»>,r '/f Kmr/ian iftl Coll'r?*:, Cam- thrtii 'if i.5:ali*nun<» completely; and m 



Chaderton 431 Chaderton 



1576 he vacated his fellowship at Christ's by tliroughout, although his chosen iriends were 
marriage with Cecilia, daughter of Nicholas , the leaders of the extreme party, such as 



Culverwell, Queen Elizabeth's merchant for' ' Cartwright, Perkins, and Whitaker. In Oc- 
wines. The Culverwell family were strong , tober 1022 he resigned his mastership, appa- 
puritans ; two of Mrs. Chaderton's sisters rently under some pressure from the fellows, 
were married to well-known members of the who wished to have Dr. Preston, a fellow of 
same party, Dr.Whitaker and Thomas Gouge, Queens', as his successor. Preston was chap- 
and her brothers Samuel and Ezekiel Culver- , lain to Prince Charles, and intimate with 
well were famous puritan preachers. Chader- Buckingham; and the fellows thought that 
ton continued to reside and preach at Cam- , his influence at court might secure to them 
bridge, and to take part in university matters, the abolition of one of their statutes, which 
He took the degree of B.D. in 1578, and in they especially disliked, and which Chader- 
1581 was engaged in a controversy with ton supported, compelling them to reside and 
Peter Baro [q. v.], who had published some to vacate their fellowships at the standing of 
theses concerning * justifying faith,' which . D.l). The old man was persuaded that by his 
Chaderton denounced in a sermon. Baro < resignation Preston's election could be se- 
cited Chaderton before the vice-chancellor, ' cured, and the danger of an Arminian being 
who heard the controversy, which was con- j put in his place by royal mandate be avoided, 
ducted with less than the usual acrimony, lie accordingly resigned on 26 Oct. 1622, 
In 1584 Sir Walter Mildmay, who had, like | and Preston was elected. He sur\'ived his 
Chaderton, been at Christ's, and had since resignation eighteen years, living in the town 
acQuired great wealth in a long course of near the college, and in spite of nis great age 
public employments, determined to devote a continuing his devotion to his old studies, 
portion of his riches to the foundation of a and especially to botany. His wife died in 
college at Cambridge especially designed to 1631, but his only daughter, who married 
train up * godly ministers.' Sir Walter, who i the son of Archdeacon Johnson, founder of 
•was chancellor of the exchequer and a privy Oakham and Uppingham schools, remained 
councillor, was well known to have sympa- I with him until his death. He preserved in 
thies on the side of the puritan party. For the , a remarkable degree his bodily and mental 
mastership he selected Chaderton, whose cha- , faculties to the last. His biographer, Dil- 



racter he respected, and with whom he was 



lingham, says that near the end of his life he 



personally acquainted. When Chaderton hesi- saw him reading a Greek Testament of ver\' 
t-ated (having been oflfered better preferment), small type without glasses; and that, thougli 
he said, * If you won't be master, I won't be ' he watched for it, he never detected him re- 
founder.' Chaderton accepted the office, and I peating himself in his conversation. Prince 
fully justified Sir Walter's choice. Though i Charles and Frederic the Elector Palatine 
a noted puritan, he was also a churchman, ! visited him in 1613, and insisted on his 
and never joined in the cry against * prelacy,' | taking his doctor's degree, from which he 
though he refused to accept a bishoprichimself. • had always shrunk. In 1615 James I visited 
He ruled the new college with great credit | and conversed with liim, and two of his old 
and success for thirty-eight years, speedily ; pupils who had risen high in political life 
attracting to it fresh benefactions, and large ' took especial pains to show him honour — 
numbers of students from all parts of the I Finch, tne lord-keeper, and Rich, the ill-fated 
country, especially, of course, from families Earl of Holland. He died on 13 Nov. 1640, 
who were in sympathy with the Calvinistic aged 102 or 103 years, and was buried in 
puritans. During his mastership he was em- , the Emmanuel College chapel, from which 
ployed on the Cambridge committee for draw- I his body was removed to the new chapel 
ing up the authorised version of the Bible j built after the Restoration by Sir Christopher 
of 1607-11 ; and, earlier, was with three Wren. 



others chosen to represent the * Millenerary 
Plaintiffs ' at the Hampton Court conference, 
where he was somewhat rudely assailed by 
his old fellow-collegian and fnend, Richard 
Bancroft [q. v.], then bishop of London, who 
denounceahim and his fellow-commissioners 
to the king as * Cartwright's schollers, schis- 
matics, breakers of your laws ; you may know 
them by their Turkic grogram.' Chaderton 
was moderate, and pleaded rather for conces- 
sions to weak consciences than for radical 
changes. This moderation characterised him 



He does not appear to have published any 
work except one small tract printed anony- 
mously, and reprinted with others by Ant. 
Thys of Leyden, * de justificatione coram 
Deo et fidei perseverantia non intercisa.' 
Baines, in his * History of Lancashire,' men- 
tions a sermon and other works, which ap- 
pear, however, to have been in manuscript, 
as also some mentioned by Dillingham, viz. 
the theses against Baro ; two treatises, ' De 
Coena Domini/ and ' De Oratione Dominica ;* 
and some lectures on logic and on Cicero. 



Chaderton 432 Chaderton 

[DilliDgham's Vita Chadertoni, 1700, trans- | The town was out of favour with the Duke 
lated by E. S. Shuckburgh, 1884 ; Life in Clark's of Norfolk, then high steward of the town, 
Martyrologj, part ii. p. 145. See also Ball's on account of some municipal squabbles, and 
Life of Preston in same book. pp. 93-4 ; Gent. Chadderton was despatched to Cecil, then the 
Mag. 1864. pp. 460. 688; Baines's History of chancellor, by the vice-chancellor and heads, 
Lancashire, pp. 456-6 ; Barlow s Summe of the 7 Aug. 1669, to influence the duke against the 
^fr^Ty^r::^^^^^^ ^^^ chadderton succeeded wS?^ as 

ofCambii<&.] ^ E.S.S. "^ re^ ^fessor of divinitv at the close of 

^ '' 1669. His place as Lady ^largaret professor 

CHADERTON, CHADDERTON, or was filled by Thomas Cartwright, who at once 
CHATTERTON, WILLIAM, D.D. (1640?- began to attack the existing form of church 
1008), successively bishop of Chester and government. We find Chadderton speedilv 
Lincoln, was bom about 1540 at Nuthurst, calling upon Cecil (11 June 1570) to use his 
a hamlet of Moston in tlie ancient parish authority as chancellor to repress this ' per- 
of Manchester. He was the younger son of nicious teaching, not tolerable for a christian 
Edmund Chadderton, by his wife, Margaret commonwealth (State Papers, Dom. Eliz., 
CUffe of Cheshire. Tlie Chaddertons were Ixxi. 11 V In the bitter controversies be- 
an ancient family, descended from GeoflTrey j tween the puritans and the moderate An- 
de Traiford, the younger son of Richard de 1 glicans Chadderton actively sided with the 
Trafford, who about 1200 received from his ! latter, and was charged by Bering with be- 
father the manor of Chadderton. Chadder- ing * an enemv of Grod's gospel ' with * small 
ton was educated at the Manchester grammar ; constancy eitner in his life or his religion ' 
school, and afterwards successively at Mag- ' (Strtpb, Parker, App. No. 78). He was one 
dalene and Pembroke Colleges, Cambridge, of Whitgift's assessors when Cartwright was 
He matriculated as a pensioner of PembrcSce brought to trial before him, and fuUy con- 
in November 1663. He took his degree of | currea in his removal from his professorship, 
B. A. in 1668, and in the same vear was chosen ' 11 Dec. 1570. Chadderton delivered the Lady 
fellow of Christ's College. lie became M. A. Margaret lectures in Cart wright's place, and 
in 1661, B.D. in 1666, and D.D. in 1668. On when, in the following September, Cart- 
the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Cambridge in wright was deprived of his fellowship, he 
1664 he was appointed, with Thomas Cart- was one of the heads who wrote to Cecil 
wright (1636-1603) [q. v.] and others, to take entreating him to support Wli it gift in this 




printed 

by Nichols {Prftgrej^ni'A ttf Elizabeth , iii. 68, ed. application to Cecil for the deanery of Win- 

1806). PerhapvS it was on this occasion that cnester, which would deliver him from the 

he ingratiated himself with C^l as well as slaver}- of public lectures (Baker MS. iv. 190; 

with the Earl of Leicester, whose chaplain he Searle, Ilv*t. of Queens' Colleffe, p. 308). On 

afterwards became. He was chosen to sue- 16 Feb. 1674 he received the prebendal stall 

ceed Whitgift as Lady Margaret professor of of Fenton in York Minster, to which on 5 Nov. 

divinity in 1567. The next year, on the death 1676 was added a prebend of Westminster, 

of John Stokes, the influence of Sir William [ Heresignedthearchdeaconryof York in 1675. 

Cecil and the court procured his election as A letter printed by Teck (l)e4tid. Cur. bk. iii. 



president of Queens' College, 7 May 1668. He 
returned thanks to his patron in a servile Latin 
letter. Stokes had also been archdeacon of 



No. 7 ; Strype, ^n?w7/j», vol. ii. bk. ii. ch. 13), 
addressed to Chadderton by some leading per- 
son about the court, shows that he had griven 



York, and on the 31st of the same month, by ofience by political sermons. A disageeable 
the same influence, the new president was ap- ' story is preserved by Strype (Parker, bk. iv. 
pointed his successor. Soon after his election ' ch. 40) about a sermon preached by Chad- 
to the presidentship, being minded to marry, derton at Paul's Cross, reflecting on Dr. Cox, 
he a])plied for leave to his other powerful I then bishop of Ely, and even on Parker him- 
patron Dudley, earl of Leicester. The earl's self, for remissness in enforcing confonnity, 
reply is printed by Peck (Desiderata Curiosa, with the view, it was said, of getting Cox's 
bk. iii. No. 3), who finds much to divert him ' bishopric. It is more pleasant to leam that 
in Leicester's gravity in* writing like a saint.' 1 during his residence at Cambridge he joined 
The earl's permission having been granted, j with Dr. Lancelot Andrewes, Dr. Knew- 
Chadderton married Kathenne, daughter of ' stubbs, and others in weekly conferences on 
John Revell of London, by whom he had an holy scripture. Sir John Harington (Stat^ of 
only daughter, Joan. Chadderton took a ^A« C^urcA q/'^y/amf) describes Chadderton, 
leading part at this time in university affairs, whom he remembered well at Cambridge, 



Chaderton 



Chaderton 



Bs • A Iparned and grave doctor, nble to Uv 
aaide bis gravity, even iu thy pulpit : well 
b«lovi?cl li; scholars for nol affecting any 
aooi or austere fasbioD, either iu leachmg or 

rerning.' Hia maatorship, however, was 
from being a quiet one. Chadderton's 
chief opponent H Hinong his fellows were W. 
Middleton, whom ho removed from his fel- 
lowship in IsrsforBowingdiflcord among the 
fellows, and Edmund Rockrey. a popular pu- 
ritan preacher, who refused to attend the holy 
communion or conform to the ceremonies, for 
which he was expelled the universitv. but 
was nfterwnrds reel-ored to his fellowahip by 
Burghlev's interposition (S&aklb, u.s. pp. 
824-15); 

la 1579 Chadderton was appointed, through 
Leicester's influejic«,to the bishopric of Ches- 
ter. He was consecrated in the church of St. 
Gregory by St. Paura 8 Nov, by Archbishop 
Sandys. He had already resigned the presi- 
dentship of Queens' in the pTe>ceding June, and 
he gave up the regius professorship of divi- 
nity the following vear, and was tt])poiiited 
to the nardenship o^ Manchester 5 June 1580, 
which he held in commendnm with the hishop- 
ricof Chester. He also held at the same time 
the rectory of Bangor. He repaid his patron, 
Leicester, for his elevation bv granting him 
the nomination to the archdeaconry of Chester 
al the next vacancy. He was at once ap- 
poialedoneoftheecclesiasticalcoramissionera 
for the discovery and conviction of popish re- 
cusants. He took up his residence in Man- 
chester as better suited for the execution ol 
hbcoounission, and remained there until 'the 
too frequent joninga between hia aervanta and 
the inhabitanta of the town ' caused him to 
remove to Chester (Lanttd. MS. 983, f. 129). 
While resident at Uunchester the children 
of many of the leading families of the diocese 
irate placed under his charge, with the view of 
gaaxeiag them from the seductions of papists. 
%ie diocese of Chester included the whole of 
XiUlCUhire and the north-western portion of 
;S'oritahire. a district still strongly wedded to 
cfae old faith, and containing more than a quar- 
ter of all the Enrlisli recusants. We have a 
rerv e>t.enaive collection of letters written by 
Lord Burghley, Sir F.Walsingham, Sir Chris- 
topher Holton, and other leading statesmen, 
during his tenureof the bishopric of Chester, 
I68I3 in Peek's ■ Desiderata Curioaa,' vol.i. 
bliB> iii. i V . , ch iefl^ conceniing the mode of deal- 
ing with the popish recusants, who were to be 
proceeded roundly with by fine and imprison- 
tnent, commending him for the care and pains 
he bkd manifested to purge his dioceee of the 
' dangoroua infection of popery,' by which it 
was fondly hoped that taint would ' in a abort 
tine be wholly driven away.' For hia dili 

TOL. tX. 



Lven by f 

J). Thes 



gent attention to this work lie was incused 
attt>ndaiice in parliament in 1580. The bishop 
was not allowed to rebis his vigilance for a 
single moment without a reminder from the 
privy council or from the primate Sandys 
(STBrPB, AmuiU, iii. bk. i. c. 15, Parker ^o- 
ciety; SAKBT9,6>r»n)>w, pp. 435-42). 'Pro- 
phesyings or Exerciaea' having grown up 
without any authority, Chadderton issued 
' ns to regulate them, which are 
Strype (AnnaU, iii. App. Nos. 88, 
ise eierciaes were distasteful to the 
queen, who ordered their suppression. This 
order was communicated to Chadderton by 
his metropolitan, Archbishop Sandys, 2 May 
1581, witli a direct censure for 'yielding too 
much to general fastings, and uU-the-day 
preaching and praying, wTiich the wisest and 
best could not lite, nor could her maieBly 

Krmil it' (Pbck, bk. iii. No. 29, p. 102). 
1584, when the puritans were once more 
in favour at court, we find Chadderton cen- 
sured by the privy coimcil for the scantiness 
of the religious exercises in hia diocese, which 
he was recommended to use more frequently 
(ift. bk. iv. No. 41, p. 149). It appears from 
the ri^isters of the diocese that he was Strict 
in eniorcing the use of the cap and the sur- 
plice, and suspended some of his clergy for 
refusing to conform (Caovs^.AnnaU, ii. 482). 
He is described as ' a learned man and libe- 
ral, given to hospitality, and a more fi^uent 
preacher anil baptiser than other bishops of 
his time ' (Hollinowo&th, Manamiensta, p. 
69). 

On 5 April 1595 Chadderton was elected 
bishopofLiucoIn.on the translation of Bishop 
Wickliam to Winchester, The election was 
confirmed on 24 May, and he was enthroned 
bv proxy on 6 June and in person on 23 July. 
His Lincoln episcopate was uneventful. On 
Easter day 1S03, when James I was nmVin g 
his progress from Scotland to London on his 
accession, Chadderton preached before the 
king and court at Burleigh. He continued 
in his new diocese his endeavoura to reduce 
popish recusants to conformity, and ap- 
parenllv with better success, Ine registeiB 
for 1006-7 contain frequent entries of lay 
recusants, who had been indicted for not at- 
tending their parish church, appearing before 
him in his epiacopal chapel at Buckden and 
taking the oath of conformity. He com- 
plained on his accession that the revenues of 
the see were in such an impoverished state 
through the leases granted by bis predecessor 
that he was hard put I-o it to restore one of 
his epiacopal houses, maintain his household, 
and keep hospitality. More than 1,000/, was 
due for dilapidations, of which he could get 
j^ot)nag (Cat. of State Bapen, IPJunc 1595), 



Chads 



434 



Chads 



He never resided at Buckden, but made his 
home at Southoe, about a mile away, where 
he had purchased an estate, on which, when 
Sir John Harington wrote, he was * living in 
good state,* allowing the episcopal palace to 
fall into decay. He died suadenly at Southoe 
on 11 April 1608, and was buried the next 
day in the chancel of the parish church. No 
monument was ever erected to his memory, 
and the engraved slab placed over his grave 
has been removed. He had only one child, 
Joan, bom on 20 Feb. 1674, while he was 
still president of Queens', who married Sir 
Richard Brooke, in the county of Chester, from 
whom she was soon separated. Her only 
daughter, Elizabeth, bom in 1595, married 
to Torel Joceline in 1616, was the author of 
* The Mother^s Legacy to her Unborn Child,' 
first published in 1624, and died in childbed 
on 12 Oct. 1622. Chadderton's portrait has 
been engraved by Woolnoth, from an original 
portrait, for Hibbert and Ware's * Manchester.' 
The only printed works he left are : 1. A 
copy of twenty-two Latin elegiac verses pre- 
fixed to Bamaby Googe's translation of the 
first six books of the * Zodiake of Life,' by 
Marcellus Palingenius, 1501. 2. * Oratio in 
Disputatione Philosophite coram Regia Majes- 
tate, 7 Aug. 1564,' printed in Nichols's *Progr. 
Eliz.' iii. 68. 3. * The Direction of the Ec- 
clesiastical Exercise in the Diocese of Ches- 
ter,' in Strype's *Ann.' vol. ii. bk. i. App. 
Nos. 38, 39. 4. * Interpretation of the Statutes 
of King's College,' 5 April 1604, in Heywood 
and Wright's * Laws of King's and Eton Col- 
leges,' pp. 276-83. 5. * Letter of thanks to 
Cecil on his appointment to the President- 
ship of Queens College,' in Searle's * Hist, of 
Queens' Coll.' p. 305. 

[Le Neve's Fasti ; Pock's Desiderata Curiosa, 
vol. i. bks. iii. iv. ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab. 
ii. 482-4; Annals of Camb. ii. 196, 239, 251, 
262, 309, 313, 367 ; Hibbert and Ware's Man- 
chester, i. 101 ; Wardens of Manch^ter (Chetham 
Soc.) ; Nichols's Progr. Eliz. i. 186, ii. 298. 434. 
453 ; Progr. James I, i. 96, 594 ; Strype's An- 
nals ; Lives of Parker, Grindal, Whitgift (in- 
dexes); Searle's Hist, of Queens' College (Camb. 
Antiq. Soc); Mullingor's University of Cam- 
bridge, ii. 190, 214, 226.] E. V. 

CHADS, Sir HENRY DUCIE (1788 P- 
1868), admiral, son of Captain Henry Chads, 
also of the navy, who died in 1799, was in 
1800 entered at the Royal Naval College at 
Portsmouth, from which in September 1803 
he joined the Excellent with Captain Sothe- 
ron. In that ship he served for the next 
three years in the Mediterranean, and on 
6 Nov. 1806 was promoted to be a lieutenant 
of the lUustrious off Cadiz. In 1808 he was 
appointed to the Iphigenia frigate, with 



Captain Henry Lambert, and in 1810 took 
part in the operations leading up to the cap- 
ture of Mauritius. On 13 Aug. Chads com- 
manded the Iphigenia's boats in the attack 
on the Isle de la Passe, and on the death of 
Lieutenant Norman succeeded to the com- 
mand of the whole party. In reporting the 
affair, however, Captain Pym erroneously 
described tlie command as falling to Lieu- 
tenant Watling, who was two years junior 
to Chads ; a mistake which caused the ad- 
miralty to withhold the promotion which 
would otherwise have been conferred on the 
commanding officer (James, Naval Hist. 
1860, V. 148). 

The capture of the Isle de la Passe ended 
unfortunately. In an attack on Grand Port 
three of the ships got ashore and were taken 
or destroyed; while on 27 Aug. the Iphi- 
genia was beset in the narrow passage by 
a squadron of fourfold force, and on the 
28th was compelled to surrender, the officers 
and ship's company becoming prisoners of 
war (t^. V. 167). When Mauritius was cap- 
tured, 3 Dec. 1810, the prisoners were set 
free, and Chads was again appointed to 
the Iphigenia, which was recovered at the 
same time. The ship was at once sent home, 
and was paid off in May 1811. In the fol- 
lowing December Chads was appointed to 
the Semiramis, in which he continued till 
August of the next year, when Captain 
Lambert commissioned the Java, and at his 
request Chads was appointed her first-lieu- 
tenant. The Java was a fine 38-gun (18- 
pounder) frigate, taken from the French 
only the year before, and now under orders 
to carry out to Bombay the new governor. 
General Hislop, and a large quantity of 
naval stores. Her crew was exceptionally 
bad; an unusually large proportion of the 
men had never been at sea before, and a verj- 
pcreat many were drafted on board from the 
prisons. She carried also a hundred or more 
supernumeraries, and when she sailed from 
Spithead on 12 Nov. 1812 she had on board 
upwards offour hundred men all told. Owing 
to the crowding, bad weather, and the rawnes.«: 
of the ship's company, drill was almost en- 
tirely neglected, and the guns had been rarely 
or never exercised, when, on 29 Dec. 1812, on 
the coast of Brazil, in latitude 13° S., she met 
the United States frigate Constitution. The 
Constitution was a more powerful ship, with 
a numerous and well-trained crew. Under 
the circumstances tlie Java's defence was 
highly creditable. The action lasted for 
more than two hours. Although, about the 
middle of the time. Captain Lambert fell 
mortally wounded, and though the heavy, 
well-aimed broadsides of the Constitution 



Chads 435 Chadwick 



racked the Java through and through, while | squadron on the coast of Ireland during 
the Java^s return was wild and produced Smith O'Brien's * cabbage-garden * rebellion, 
little effect, her men stuck manfully to their = In September 1850 he was sent to witness 
ffuns to the last. It was only when the ship a naval demonstration at Cherbourg, after 
lay an unmanageable hulk, and the Consti- which he made a confidential report on tlie 
tut ion took up a raking position athwart strategical importance of Cherbourg, which 
her bows, that Chads gave the order to haul he thought overrated, and on the French 
down the colours. i system of manning their ships, recommend- 

English writers have endeavoured to show j ing the introduction into our own navy of 
that tne loss of the Java is to be attributed continuous service. He also pointed out 
to the size of the Constitution, the power the danger of Portsmouth, then without any 
of her armament, and the number of her defence, and urged the construction of heavy 
crew ; but notwithstanding these disadvan- forts. 

tages the true cause was that the Consti- On 12 Jan. 1854 he attained the rank of 
tution's men were trained to the use of their rear^-admiral, and served during that year as 
arms and the Java's men were not. The fourth in command in the Baltic, with his 
Constitution lost in killed and wounded flag in the Edinburgh. lie was present at 
thirty-four, while the Java lost a hundred the reduction of Bomarsund, and was made 
and fifty; the Constitution was scarcely K.C.B. on 5 July 1855. He was commander- 
damaged in hull or ringing, while the Java in-chief at Cork from 1856 to 1858, after 
was entirely dismasted ana sinking. which he did not serve afloat, though in 

On his return home. Chads, with the offi- 1859 he was chairman of a committee on 
cers and men of the Java, was, on 23 April coast defence. He became vice-admiral on 
1813, tried by court-martial for the loss of 24 Nov. 1858, admiral on 3 Dec. 1863, and 
the ship, when he was honourably acquitted was made G.C.B. on 28 March 1865. The 
and specially complimented by the presi- latter years of his life were passed at South- 
dent. On 28 May he was promoted to be ' sea, where he was known as a county magis- 
commander, and appointed to the Columbia trate and a warm supporter of the local 
doop, which he commanded in the West charities, especially of the Seamen and 
Indies till the final peace, and paid off on ; Marines' Orpuan School. He died in April 
24 Nov. 1815. He was then unemployed j 1868. 

till November 1823, when he commissioned He married, on 26 Nov. 1815, Elizabeth, 
the Arachne of 18 guns for the East Indies, ; daughter of Mr. John Pook of Fareham, 
and in her was present during the opera- j by whom he had a family of two daughters 
tions in the Irawaddy. On 25 July 1825 he and two sons, the eldest of whom is the 
was advanced to post rank and appointed to , present Admiral Henry Chads, 
the Alligator frigate, which he commanded i [O'Byme's Nav. Biog. Diet. ; Marshall's Royal 
till the end of the Burmese war, when he Nav. Biop. ix. (vol. iii. pt. i.) 237; Memoirs of 
signed the treaty as senior naval officer, after Admiral Sir Henry Ducie Chads, by an Old Fol- 
which he returned to England and paid off lower (Montagu Burrows), 1869, with a good 
his ship on 3 Jan. 1827. lie was nominated portrait ; James's Naval History, 1860, v. 409- 
a C.B. a few days before, 26 Dec. 1826. He 423, is the account of the capture of the Javji, 
afterwards, from 1834 to 1837, commanded told with all the bitterness aind one-tddedness 
the Andromache of 28 guns on the East . ^^ich disfigures that author's account of the 
India station, and froi? 1841 to 1845 the , transactions of the Amencan war ; Roosevelt s 
Cambrian of 36 guns, also in the East Indies. . ^^^^^ ^*T f 1^12, p. 119 is a much fairer and 
g^. , . . T „ • 4.^A oQ i „« more candid account of the same event, tboui^h 

Chi his return Tie was apnointed, 28 Aug. ^^ ^.^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ colouring.] 

1845, to the command of the Excellent, the , -^ J K L. 

school of naval gunnery, at Portsmouth. In i 

this command he remained for upwards of CHADWICK, JAMES, D.D. (1813- 
eight years, and won for himself a distinct | 1882), catholic prelate, was descended from 
reputation for the improvements which he ' an ancient Lancashire family. His father, 
introduced into the detail of gunnery excjrcise . John Chadwick, who belonged to the family 
and gunnery instruction. He was frequently ■ of the Chadwicks of Brough Hall, near 
employed on committees and in the conduct ] Chorley, emigrated to Ireland at the begin- 
of experiments ; and, though repeatedly ^ ning of the present century and settled at 
offered other employment, he always begged ! Drogheda, where the future bishop was bom 
to be allowed ratner to stay in the Excellent, on 24 April 1813. He was educated at St. 
In 1848 he was selected to report on the , Cuthbert's CoUe^, Ushaw, near Durham, 
Blenheim, the first screw line-of-battle shin, . and at different times he filled the chairs of 
and at the same time to command a small I humanities, mental philosophy, and pastoral 

' F F 2 



Chafy 



436 Chalk 



theoloffy in that Institution. He also la- 
boured as a missionary priest in the diocese 
of Hexham and Newcastle for more than 
seyen years, but being subsequently recalled 
to Ushaw he remain^ there till 1866, when 



1709, son of John Chaigneau, of Haguenot 
extraction (Notes trnd Queries^ 3rd series, t. 
507-8). He lived at Dublin, being, as Tate 
Wilkinson describes him, 'principal ag^nt to 
most of the regiments on the Irish establish- 
he was appointed bishop of Hexham and | ment ' (Wilkhtsgn, Memoirg, i. 162) ; and 
Newcastle, in succession to Br. William i having served in the army in Flanders he was 
Hogarth. He died at Newcastle on 14 May ■ familiarly oadled * Colonel.' About 1740 he 
1882. He edit ed Father Celestine Leuthners married, probably for the second time, and had 
*Coelum Christianum,* London, 1871, 8vo, '■ an only child, a daughter, to whom he va* 



and published ' Instructions on the Prayer of 
Recollection,' London, 1878, 8vo, methodi- 
cally arranged from the 28th and 29th chap- 



strongly attached ; she died in 1749. In 1752 
he published anonymously an Irish novel, 
* The History of Jack Connor,' for which *he 



ters of St. Teresa's * Way of Perfection.' would not have any gratuity fix»m his book- 

[Tablet, 20 May 1882. pp. 791-3; Times, s^Uer ' (Caktbk, Ztf^fer*, ii. 86, and iwte, and 
16 May 1882, p. 8 ; Men of the Time (1879), ^8). In 1767 Chaigneau lent ahouse to Tate 
213, (1884) 1136; Cat. of Printed Books in ' Wilkinson during an engagement at Sheri- 
Brit. Mas. ; Catholic Directory (1885), 140.] dan's theatre in Dublin ; he also showed many 

T. C. ■ other kindnesses to the actor, and in 1765 




CHAFY, WTLLIAM (1779-1843), mas- 
ter of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, was 
the eldest son of t' 
M.A., minor canon 
by Mary, the onl 
(as he wrote the n 

shire. He was bom 7 Feb. 1779 at Canter- [Not^ and Qaeriee, 3rd seriea, v. 11. 607-8 ; 

bury, and was sent in 1788 to the King's ^«°^- Mag. vol. Ixvi. pt. il p. 611 ; Monthly 

School in that city. He entered Corpus Review, 1762, vi. 447-0; Wilkinson's Memoirs of 

Christi College, Cambridge, on 1 Jan. 1796, ^^ T'nlf^l' 'k ^«^'i\l^H^' ^^P"?*' ****?.' 

migrating toSidney Sussex CoUegeon 18 Oct.. '7' ^» 261-2, 262-8; Mrs. Carter's Letters u. 

of the saLe year. ^He graduat^ B.A. 1800, ^«' *°^ °°^' ^"^ «« 1 ^' ^' 

M.A. 1803, B.D. 1810, D.D. (by royal man- pxTAUT qriiTAMFq TPT T noiMU 

date) 15 Nov. 1813. lie was elected fellow CHALlt, Sir JAMES JELL (1803- 

of Sidney Sussex on 4 June 1801, and in that ^.^' ^)' secretary to the ecclesiastical comma- 

vear was also ordained and became curate of T"' second son of James Chalk of Queen- 

(lillingham inKent. On 17 Oct. 1813 he was ^^^^f^Ji!! ^^nt, who married Mary, daugh- 

elected master of Sidney Sussex, and held ^^^ ^f ^^"^^^ .^^S'T^^ «^ *^^ ^°^« P^' 

that office until his death. During his mas- ^^s bom there m 1803 He w^s educated 

tership the college was refaced at his expense; ^^ ^^f CoUe^e, Kent, and after passmg 

many of his books were also present^ by several years 0! his early life m employmeiito 

him to the coUege library. In 1813, anS J^^^^^P^f^^ character he entered, 4 Oct. 

again in 1829, he was viceihancellor of the ^^^' .^"^.^^ ^^^^?Tu ^. ""^ .^^^ ecclesiastjcal 

u^versity. He was also chaplain in ordi- commission, and in that position he spent the 

nary to Oeorgo HI, George 1< William IV, working years of life that were left to him. 

and Queen Victoria. He died at Cambridge ^l ^^^ f?'" «^°l^ ^'™? *^«. ^saistant secretair, 

IH May 1843, and was buried in the cha^l \f ?J! ^^« enforced resignation m 1849 of 



westwooa 01 tiiatteris in me isie 01 Jiiiy, * — " tt vVv^ tT-^^V 1 — • — iTj 

by whom he had one child, a son, AVilliaii ^e^iple. On 4 Oct. 1871, having wmpleted 

West wood. ^^!'"^>'-fiy.^, years of service, he withdrew in 

^ . . ^ . ^ , . , , private life, havmg a short, time prenoiwlT 

[Prn-ate inforrnatioii from his grandson the received the honour of knighthood. He died 

Rev. W K. W ChHfy-Chafy M.A. of Rous ^^ qq Warwick Square, Pimlico, 23 Sept. 

Lench Court, Woreestershiro ; Gent. Mag. vol. |g-g TJe was never married but his oldie 

XX. (new series), 1843, May 16; Annual Reg. ^®'®' ^^^ waa ne\ermamecl, butmsoittage 

Ixixv. 1843. 262; Gmduati Cantabrig. ; Sidt Yj^ ""^^^ ^l ^^! company of his mece. 

botham's Memorials of the King's School, Can- JJ^« "*™® ^ entered in the Bntiah Museum 

terbury (I860), pp. 94, 96.] W. W. Catalogue, owing to the circumstance tliit 

many of the letters from the ecclesiastioti 

CHAIGNEAU, WILLIAM (1709- commissioners to the corporation of London, 

1781), novelist, was born in Ireland on 24 Jan. which are printed in a volume entitled ' Bud- 



hill I-'ields Biirinl Orniind ; I'mceedings in 
rs&i«nce lo its Pre^rration, 1867,' bear his 
signiLture. For many years after the founda- 
tion of tlie conunisBioii its actions did not 
nie«t witli the apprOTol of the public, but for 
some time before Chalk's retirement the in- 
resourced at its commaad and the 
uent which ensued in the pecuniary 
1 of the clergy lad to a change in 
'Me cautious and irapassjve de- 
ls affected neither by ce«Bure nor 



creB;4ed 
improve 

opinion. 



^nftCimes, 



CHALKHILL, JOHN i_j«. 1078), poet, 
was the author of a work which was pub- 
lished under the title of 'ThealmaandClear- 
choa. A Pastontl History in smooth and 
CRAie Vewe. Written long since by John 
ChaUihill, Esq., an Acquaintant and Priend 
<ifEdmundSpencer,'London,1683,8vo. The 
|ioeti), which possesses considerable met^t, 
was edited by Iiaak Walton, whose preface 
IB dated 7 May 1678, though the work was 
not published till five years later, when the 
editor was ninety years old. Walton, who 
had known the wiit«r, says of him : ' And I 
have also this truth to eay of the author, that 
he was in his time a man generally known 
and as well belov'd; for he was humble and 
obliging in his behaviour, a gentleman, a 
Kholar, very innocent and pru<lent : and in- 
deed his wnole life was useful, quiet, and ^ 
virtuous.' In the ' Compleat Angler,' pub- 
lished thirty years before, there occur two 
tongs—' O, the sweet contentment' and 'O, 
the gallant fisher's life' — signed ' lo Chalk- 
hil], S'>meagre were the facta known of the 
author of ' Thealma and Clearchus ' until 
a comnarntively recent period that the Hev. 
Samuel W. Singer, in the introduction lo a 
reprint of the poem issued from the Chiswick 
Press in 18S0, advanced the theory, after- 
wards adopted by a writer in the ' Retrospec- 
tive Roview/ that Walton was its author as 
well an its editor, and that Chalkhill was alto- 
mther 'a fictitious personage.' But Mr. F. 
Bomner Merryweather. in two letters in the 
' Gentleman's Magazine ' for 1860, luis shown 
from tlie Middlesex county records that to- 
wards the dose of Queen Eliiaboth's reign 
I von or Ion Chalkiill, Oent., was one of the 
coroners fur that county, and that be siib- 
aeribed his name ' Ion ' and sometimes ' lo 
ChalUiilVjust as it U subscribed to theson^s 
■ in Walton 8 • Angler.' It is conjectured, 

fimfore, that the coroner may bavc been 
ittieal with the poet. Moreover it is wor- 
^of note that A'alton married Ann Ken, 
^t«r of llishop K«n and daughter uf 



jy, by his first wifo. 
This Thomas Ken married a second wife, 
Martha Chalkhiil, the second daughter of 
John Chalkhiil of EJngsbury in Middlesex, 
and of Martha his wife, daughter of Thomaa 
Brown, great-aunt to Jolin Brown, who was 
clerk of the parhament. 

Chalkhiil has been conjectunilly credited 
with the authorship of another poem, ' AJ- 
cilia, Philopartheus Louing Follie,' but that 
he did not write that work ia conclusively 
shown by Dr. A. B, Grosart in the introduc- 
tbn I-o his reprint of that work (Manchester, 
1879) from the unique copy of the original 
edition (15951 preserved in the town library 
al Hamburg. 

[Aildit. M8. 3-1493, f. 108; Ccloe's .Vnettlotea, 
i. 39-74 1 Bibl. AuKlu-PoBUca, 54: Campbell's 
Specimens of the British Pocis (1819), i. 171 ; 
Cooper's Muses' Library, 315 ; Conei^B ColUet. 
Anslo-Poetica, i. 10. 17. iii. ■i60: Gent. Mag. 
leiii. (ii) 418. 493, uew aeriw i. 2S3. ccriii. 278, 
388 : Gnianrt's Introd. to Alrilia ; A I^ymau'a 
Life of Bishop Ken, i; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. 
(Bohn), 403 ; Pedigree Of Ken family In Mark- 
lands Life of Bishop Ken ; Nicolos'sLifsof luak 
Walton, pp. iv, icvi, lovii ; Not™ and QuHTica, 
4th Keries, iv. 93 ; Retrospective Review, iv. 230- 
249 ; Ritson'B BibL Poelica, 156; Twlil's Life of 
Spenser; Walton's Complelo Angler, ed. N> coins, 
i. 126, ii. 2.^9, 422, ed. 18S1. p. 124.] T. C. 

CHALKLEY, THOMAS (1076-1741), 
qiiaker, the son of George Chalkley, a quaker 
tradesman in Southwark. was sent to a iaj 
school when nine years old. Chalkley wae 
fond of gambling till, when he wus ten years 
old, he was convinced of its sinfulness, and 
burnt a pack of cards which he had saved 
money to buy. When about twenty he wna 

Sressed and carried on board n ship of war. 
in his saying that he would not fight, the 
captain ordered him to be put ashore. At 
this time he was apprenticed to his father. 
Wlien he was out ot^his time he spent some 
months in visiting most of the quAer mecl- 
ings inlhuBouthrif England, and then worked 
as a joumevmnn with his father. In 1697 lie 
paid a ministerial visit to IDdinbiirgh, where 
he preached in the open air, as the Friends 
bad been locked out of their meeting-house. 
The provost returned the keys on the ground 
that they would do less harm indoors than 
out. Chalkley sailed from Gravesend at 
the end of 1697, and landed at Viiginin in 
January 1698. He seems to have visited 
nearly every place of any size in the puri- 
tan colonies, and on his return to England 
married Martha Bctterlon in 1699. He then 



> America, 
le land in Philadelphi 
.r he made a preaching 



in 1700 bought 
The following 



Chalkley 



badoea. According to Allen {American Diet, 
of Biog.), in 1706 Clmlkley altt-mpted to cou- 
viTl na Indian tribe, but hifl diary givea no 
n-cord of tliia. In 1707 he had a murow es- 
ciipe of being shipwrecked on the coast, of 
Ireland, and during this Tear and the neit 
he visitad Scotland and England, and after- 
nurdit Holland and Oennanv, not leaving 
fur America till 1710, having attended up- 
wards of a thousand meetincB and travelled 
more than fourteen thousand miles. On Iiig 
arrival in I'hiladelpliia he was accused of 
■^h 
tl 

fi home. Soon aft«r 
, and in 171J he mar- 
ried a widow named Martha Krown. He 
nnide various preaching expeditions between 
1712 and 1718. In 1724 he waa much re- 
duced in circinnstances by unexpected Iobbch, 
and about the same time he had a dangerous 
illness, and altem-ards had an accident which 
injured his eyesiglit. In 172>) he lost about 
^.000^, but was not reduced t-o poverty- 
Uuring the next two years he was chieny 
engaged in hiwiness and in farming, but he 
found time for preaching excursiouR and for 
voyages to Uarbadoes. He was shot at, 
17%, for advocnling kindness to slaves 
ItiirbodocR, hut refused to prosecute his 
Bailant. After thiptime he confined bis ei 
lions to North America and the West Indies, 
and chiefly resided at Frankfort, near I'hiln- 
delphin. In the autumn of 1741 he 
Tortola, one of the Virgin Island s, where he 
wna whized with fet'er and diud after a few 
days' illness, only one of his twelve children, 
n girl, surviving him, Chalkley was pro- 
bably the most inftuenlial quaker toinister 
in America during the eighteenth century. 
His position w^enis to have been nearly ana- 
logous to that of a modem missionarj' bishop. 
The narrow escau's he had are re^' nume- 
rous, and in nearly every instance he insinu- 
ates that he was saved by a miracle. His 
' .loumal,' from its i|uuiHt simplicity, is still 
intensely intercstinfc ; its popularity among 
the Friends is shown by its tiaving been re- 
printed at least a dozen times in England, 
the last being in 1S42. His chief works 
were; I. 'A Loving Invitation to Young 
and Old in Holland and elsewhere,' liOfl. 
y. 'Youth pers-unded to Obedience, Grati- 
tude, and Honour to Qod and their I'arcnts,' 
1 730. 3. ' Free Thnuglits communicated to 
Free Tliinki'rs,' 1 7:)."i. IWr. works wen? pub- 
lished in 1749 under the title of ' A Collec- 
tion of the Works of Thomas Cluilklev,' and 
republished in ITol and 1790. 

[Allon'a Dictionary of Arocriciin Biojiniphy ; 
Bmith'sCatnlogus of Fliends' Books i Chalkley's 



Challis 



CHA1.LICE, JOHN (1816-1863), phy 
sician, wasbomat KoTsham, Sussex, in 1816. 
He became a physician in London, and bf 
sides attaining some eminence in hig profes- 
sion was an active liberal paliliciBn, andaa 
intimate friend of Sir W. Moleinrorth, Ad- 
miral Sir Charles Napier, and other renr 
sentatives of Southwark. He was one of tba 
first medical officers of health for Bennoad- 
eey, in which capacity he published various 
reports in 1856 and subsequent years. He 
alao wrote ' Should the Cliolera come, whst 
ought to be done?' (1848); a cheap trsrt 
' How to avoid the Cholera,' of which nuuij 
tliousauds were sold; 'Medical Advice V> 
Mothers' (1851); 'Letter to Lord Palmetaloa 
on Sanitary Reform' (1854); and'Howdo 
People hasten Death:-' (18r>l). He w*» 
M.D.and F.liC.P. Edin. Hedied suddanlr, 
U May 1863. 

His wife, Akkib Kjima Chillice, whoM 
maiden name was Armstrong, was bom in 
London in 1831, anddiedthere in 1875. She 
was remarkable for wit and aracefiU manneiSr 
and was the author of: 1. 'The V'illaOB 
School F'ete,' 1847. 2. ' The Laurel and the 
Palm," 1W>2. 3. 'The Sister of Charitf,* 
1857. 4. 'The Wife's Temptation,' 1869. 
5. ' The Secret History of the Court of France 
under I^uisXV,'l86i(anonyraoocl. " 'TIb- 
Toes, Philosoiihers. and Courtiers ni ' ■ le 
of Louis XVI,' 18t!3. 7. 'Freud, > ra 

at Home," IR64. 8. 'Memories .-; :h 

Palaces,' 1871. 9. 'Illustrious Women of 
France,' 187.3. She also edited ' Recollections 
of Soeietv in France and England,' bv LodT 
aementi'na Davies, in 1873. 

[Information from Mr. W, B. Chtillice,] 

CHALLIS, JAMES (1R0:M882>, astro- 
nomer, the fonrth son of John Challis, wm 
born at Hraintree, Essex, 12 l>ec. 1803. He 
rapidlv acquired all the knowledge locally 
available, obtained by competitive examina- 
tion a pn'sentation to Mill llill School, near 
London, and thence, in October 1821, entered 
Trinity College, Cambridse, as a siur. 
Elected a scholar in 1824, he graduated in 
the following year as senior wransler and 
first Smith's prizeman, and became fellow of 
hiscoUege in 1826. On hisordinationm 18.10 
he was presented to thecollege living of Pap- 
worth Kverard,andlield it until 1852, vaot- 
ing, however, his fellowahip by his marritg* 
in 18^11 with the second daughter of Sunuel 



On Airy's appointment as astrtmnmer royal. 



Challis 



439 



Challis 



he was elected, 2 Feb. 1836, his successor as 
Plumian professor of astronomy and experi- 
mental philosophy in the university, and ; 
became at the same time director of the I 
Cambridge observatory, where he resided, 
and exercised a genial hospitality during 
twenty-five years. He resigned the latter 
post in 1861, but retained the Plumian pro- 
lessorship, and continued to live at Cam- 
bridge. He was re-elected to his fellowship 
in 1870. There, after some years of impaired 
health, he died, 3 Dec. 1882, at the age of 
nearly seventy-nine, and was buried with his 
wife at the Mill lload cemetery. A son and 
daughter survive him. 

Courteous in manner, kindly in disposi- 
tion, simple and unassuming in character, 
Challis was nevertheless thrown into a posi- 
tion of intellectual antagonism to many of 
his most distinguished contemporaries by the 
peculiarity of nis scientific views. A strik- 
ing proof of the amiability of liis disposition 
i«» anbrded by the fact that he never lost con- 
sideration for an opponent, or allowed dis- 
agreement to degenerate into hostility. For 
some slight acerbity in the mode of carrying 
on a controversy with Mr. Adams in i8o4 
on points connected with the lunar theory 
(Fhtl. Mag, viii. 98), he, fifteen years later, 

{mblicly expressed regret, while acknow- 
edg^g the justice of the criticism he had 
then repudiated (Introduction to Principles, 
p. xxiv). 

His aim was a lofty one. It was nothing 
less than the co-ordination of all the known 
facts of science under one general theory of 
physical action. Certain hydrodynamical 
theorems, which he believed himself to have 
demonstrated, admitted, in his firm convic- 
tion, of application to the observed laws of 
light, heat, gravity, molecular attraction, and 
electricity. The conclusion pointed to was 
that the physical forces are mutually related, 
because all are modes of pressure of the 
same ethereal medium. The work in which 
these views were most fully embodied, and 
for the sake of concentrating all his facul- 
ties on which he resigned, at some pecuniary 
inconvenience, his position at the observa- 
tory, was published in 1869, with the title, 
* Notes on the Principles of Pure and Applied 
Calculation ; and Applications of Matnema- 
tical Principles to Theories of the Pliysical 
Forces.* It cannot be said, however, to have 
reached its aim. A generalisation akin to, 
though of far wider scope than Newton's, 
rendering all physical phenomena mathema- 
tically dcducible from a few simple laws, if 
attainable, has yet to be attained. 

Challis's name must always be mentioned 
in connection with the discovery of Neptune. 



To him, in September 1845, Adams commu- 
nicated his first results, which he conceived 
the idea of testing on a favourable opportu- 
nity, by a search with the Northumberland 
Xatoreal for the unknown body. Regular 
ervatory work, however, was pressing ; and 
it was not until Leverrier's strikingly concor- 
dant indications became known in England 
that Challis wrote, 18 July 1846, in answer to 
a suggestion from Airy, * I have determined 
on sweeping for the hypothetical planet.* The 
plan adopt^ was a highly laborious one. Its 
preliminary was the construction of a map 
of all stars down to the eleventh magnitude 
contained in a zodiacal belt 30° long by 10° 
broad. The work was begun on 29 July and 
continued diligently until 29 Sept., when the 
places of 3,1 50 stars had been recorded. Chal- 
lis was arrested in his preparations to map 
them by the news of the planet's discoveiy at 
Berlin on 23 Sept. It was then found that, 
after only four days* observing, its varying 
positions among the stars had been twice un- 
consciously noted, 4 and 12 August. ' I lost 
the opportunity,* Challis wrote, * of announc- 
ing the discovery, by deferring the discussion 
of the observations, being much occupied with 
reductions of comet observations, and little 
suspecting that the indications of theory 
were accurate enough to give a chance of dis- 
covery in so short a time * (^Monthly Notices^ 
xliii. 171). The elaborateness of his pro- 
ceedings, in fact, while securing, postponed 
success, and left the prize to be grasped by 
a competitor, whose possession of Bremiker's 
map of that part of the heavens (Hora xxi.) 
rendered the planet*s detection a matter of 
simple inspection and comparison. Three 

Eapers detailing the history of the discovery, 
y Airy, Challis, and Adams respectively, 
were read before the Royal Astronomical 
Society on 13 Nov. 1846, and printed in the 
sixteenth volume of their * Memoirs.' Challis 
further drew up, at the request of the syn- 
dicate of the Cambridge observatory, a report 
on the subject, dated 12 Dec. 1846 {ib, xliii. 
165) ; and a second, on his subsequent obser- 
vations of Neptune, dated 22 March 1847 
(AHr. Nach. xxv. 309). 

The early sets of lectures delivered by 
Challis as Plumian professor (of which a 
syllabus appeared in 1838) were devoted 
to hydrodynamics, optics, and pneumatics, 
special attention being directed to the ma- 
thematical theories of light and sound. In 
1843 he published a syllabus of a course on 
practical astronomy, which he continued to 
deliver until within a few years of his death, 
and issued from the University Press in 
1879 with the title ' Lectures on Practical 
Astronomy and Astronomical Instruments. 



Challis 



440 



Challoner 



! 



ThiH work w&B fi^higned for general utility, 
but Applif^l more particularly to the in- 
MtrunieniH exinting at Cambridge. It is per- 
va^J«'d by tbe effort towardH accuracy wnich 
diHtiriguifllied Cliallis aA a practical astro- 

Tlnj chief iicope of hia twenty-five years' 
laU)UrH at the Cambridge obser^'atory lay in 
determinations of the places of sun, moon, 
And planets, with the immediate object of 
increHHing tabular accuracy, and the more 
remote one of testing tlie aljsolute and un- 
disturlxKl prevalence of the Newtonian law. 
lie followed the methods of his predecessor, 
but (]('viH4;d valuable improvements. The 
€r>llimHting eye-piece, amended from Bohnen- 
l>«!rg<;r's deHign at his n^iuest by William 
HiiiiniM, wan inlroductMl by him in 1850, and 
<|uickly ado])t(;d at (ireenwich and elsewhere 
{Jx'rfureMf p. fti)). 1I« invented in 1849 the 
* Transit- Keductor,* distin^ished with a 
bronzf) medal at the exhibition of I80I {ib, 
,). IW ; Monthly Notices, x. 182). Also, in 

K4H, th(» * Mf*teoro8Cope,'akind of altitude- 
and-iixiniulh instrument in the form of a 
throdolitojdesigned for ascertaining the vary- 
ing (liinenHions and positions of the zodiacal 
light , for meuHiiriiig auroral arches, and de- 
terniining ra])idly the points of appearance 
and (liHappcarance of shooting-stars {lieport 
Jirit. Ampc, IH-IH, i)t. ii. p. \l\). 

( 'hallis nu})lishe<i, l8.*<2-tU, twelve volumes 
(i X \x.) ol ' AHtronoinitral ( )l)8ervation8 made 
at 1 lie ObMervutoryofCumbridge,' each with an 
•idalMinitt* intnxluetion, the first two contain- 
ing descriptions of instrument sand methods. 
lie lirst inthiseouiitrv noticed the division of 
Hiela's comet on lo Jan. 184(), rtvobserv'ed 
both nuclei in 1 Holland at tentivelv studied the 
physical ap]MMiranees ])resente<l by Dimnti's 
ctn'net from UTSept. to lUOet. 18581 J/(wM/y 
SotUrs^ xix. ItJ). He was admitted a mem- 
ber of the Koyal Astronomical Society on 
^ April ls;U),of the Uoyal SiK-iety onOJune 
ISIS, and was ap]H)inted one of a committee 
of llm'e to ^u^u^^inteud the publication of 
the Hritish Assiu'iation Star-Catalogue after 
Haily\s death in 1S44. besides the works 
alivady lueutioniHl he wrote: 1. *Cn»ation 
in IMau and in Pnign'ss, InMug an Eswiy on 
X\w First Chapter K^i Cenesis/ Cambridgis 

IStJl. originally designeil as an answer to 
IJihhIw ill's • M\isaie tVsinogoiiv ' in * Kssavs 
and Ke\i«ws.' -. *A Translation of the 



Kpistle of the Ajn^sile Paul to the Kou 
with an luinHluction and Critical N( 



liomans, 
lOtes/ 

l'niubridkix». lv*^7l. W, • An Kssavou the Ma- 
thenmtical Principles of Phvsics, with re- 
feriMuv to the Studv of ThysVal Science by 
Candidates for Mathematical Honours in the 
I iii\crs&itY of Cambridge/ Cambridge, 1873. 



4. ' liemarks on the Cambridge Mathematical 
Studies, and their relation to Modem Phv- 
sical Science,' Cambridge, 1875. 5. 'The 
delation of the Script lural Account of tbe 
Deluge to Physical Science,' London, 1876. 
6. ' An Essay on the Scriptural Doctrine of 
Immortality*' London, 1880. 7. * The Count- 
ing and Interpretation of the Apocalyptic 
Number of the Beast,' London, 1881. He 
drew up an elaborate ' Report on the Present 
State of the Analytical Theory of Hydro- 
statics and Hydrodynamics ' for the British 
Association in 1883 {Report, p. 131), and 
one *C)n the Theory of Capillary Attraction* 
in the following year {ib, 1834, p. 253). His 
contributions to scientific publications on 
various points connected with mathematics, 
physics, and astronomy numbered 225. He 
had thoughts of collecting into a volume a 
long and unbroken series of papers of a some- 
what remarkable character, prepared by him 
as examiner for the Smith's prizes, 1 836-78, but 
desisted, and they remain scattered through 
the university calendars for those years. 

[Monthly Notices R. A. Soc. xliii. 160; Royal 
Soc.'s Cat. Sc. Papers, vols. i. and vii. ; Nature, 
zzvii. 132; Engineer, liv. 474; Challis*s varioas 
works.] A. M. C. 

CHALLONER, RICHARD, D.D. (1691- 
1781), catholic prelate, son of Richard Chal- 
loner, a wine cooper at Lewes in Sussex, and 
his wife, Grace ^\ illard, was bom on 29 Sept. 
1091, and baptised by a minister of the dis- 
senting sect to which his father belonged. 
Soon afterwards the father died, leaving his 
young widow with her infant child totally un- 
provided for. Fort unately she found a refuge 
for herself and her son first in the family of 
Sir John Gage of Firle in Sussex — a family 
distinguished by its fidelity to the ancient 
form of religion — and afterwards in that of 
Mr. R. Ilolman, who resided for some time 
at Long>v(X)d, near Winchester, and 8ubs»»- 
(luently at his own seat of Warkworth in 
rsorthamptonshire. In both these families 
Challoner was instructed in the tenets of the 
catholic church, of which his mother was at 
I that time a member. It appears, however, 
• that he remained a protestant until he was 
I about thirteen years of age. At Warkworth 
he had the celebrated controversial writer 
I John Goter for his tutor. In 1704 he wag 
sent to the English college at Douay, and he 
to<.^k the college oath in 1708. The annaL« 
of that seminary relate that ^ in all his exer- 
cises, whether private or public, he showed 
an excellent genius, quick parts, and sohd 
judgment.' So diligently did he apply him- 
self to his studies that althoudi twelve 
. years was the time usually allottca, he went 



Challoner 



Challoner 



dirongh ail the schools in eight jeurs. lie 
taught poelrf to 1712, was aleo professor of 
rhetoric, and was chogen pfofeiisor of pliilo- 
«pphyonBOct.l713. The Utter office he held 
Ibr seven years. He wat ordajned deacon on 
9HuchlTl5-ie,iLudpnegCon28Mareh]716, 
bj EniestuB, bishop of Touniaf. InApr)11719 
he WM innda bachelor and licentiate in theo- 
logy, and on 13 Jidy 1720 ho became vice- 
rident of Bouay College in the room of 
DiccossoQ, who in tUal year joined the 
English missinn. He took rhu degree of D.D. 
*tDouayon27Miiyl737. The office of vice- 
president he held for ten years, together with 
the profeceorsbip of divinity, and he was 
liltewiae prefect of studies and confessor. 

After naving been twenly-six years at 
DouHjr he left the college on 16 Au^. 1730 
and joined the Loudon miseioa. lie was 
most lEeolous in preaching, particularly to 
the poorer elassee, and he helped to make 
numerous conversions. With his pen also 
he was inde&tigabli?, and he did not hesi- 
tate to enter into a controversy with Dr. 
Conjers Middleton, n-ho had published 'A 
liettiT from Home, showing an exact con- 
formity between I'opery and Paganism, or 
the religion of the present Romans derived 
from their Heathen Ancestors.' In aapirited 
introduction to the ' Catholic Christian in- 
Btructed' (1737), Chatloner, while paying a 
tribute of admiration to Middleton^ elegant 
Etyle and knowledge of pagan literature, 
sought to show tliat lie was by no menns so 
well acqiiainled with christian and Jewish 
antiquities, and that his modeofealumuiating 
the catholic church must inevitably prove 
fktol to his own communion. Mi'ddleton 
invoked the aid of the penal laws and eo- 
deuvoured to prosecute nie antagonist as a 
person disaffected to the sovereign because 
tut had observed that the established church 
had ' introduced dead lions and unicoma into 
the aonclusrv instead of the cross of Christ.' 
Challoner was exposed to so much danger 
that, yielding to the advice of friends, he 
Trithdrew&omthekinffdomforafewmonths, ' 
liU time and cool reAection had mitigated 
Uiildleton'srancoiiragainethim. Pleavailed 
himself of the opportunity ro visit Douay. | 
About this time the English ColleKewas de- j 
prived by death of its president. Dr. Robert ! 
Witham (20 May 1738), and as the mem- ' 
bersof thecommunitywishedlliat Challoner j 
might be their superior, ihov sent a petition 
to llame. Theso efforts were defeated by , 
Dr. Benjamin Petre, vicai^aposlolic of the I 
London district, who was growing old, and I 
whopetitionet) the holysee to appoint Chal- j 
lonar to be his coadjutor. A ooutroversy I 
« concerning the ^ueeii™ yflii'tUer. Chal- 




loner should be promoted 

ip or sent to Douay, an< 
l)r. Petre's threat to resign the London 
district altogether if his request were re- 
fused. The pope gave his approvalofBishop 
Petre's appucalion on 21 Aug. 17Sfi. Thq 
briefs were acoordinply issued — one of them, 
appointing him to the see of Debrn in parti' 
6™, bearing date 12 Sept., and the other for 
(he coadjutorship bearing date 14 Sept. 1739. 
A memorandum in the propaganda says that 
these briefs were not carried out (' aaa ebbero 
effetto ') ; but in November Lorenzo Maye^, 
proctor of the English vicars, supplicated 
propaganda for adispeiuation to enable Chal- 
loner to be consecrated. It was stated that 
the lather of the bishop-elect ' lived and 
died in the Anglican heresy, and Richard 
Challoner himself, until he wosabout thirteen 
years old, had been brought up in that sect,' 
and therefore a di»pen»a was required to 
avoid scandal. Accordingly fresh brie& were 
issued on 24 Nov. 1740, and Dr. Petre con- 
secrated Challoner as bishop of Debra, and 
communicated to him ihe powers of coadju- 
torship in the private chapel at Hammersmith 
on 29 Jan. 1740-1. 

On the death of Dr, Petru, in December 
1758, Challoner succeeded to the apostolic 
vicariate of the London district. At the 
beginning of 17&9 he became extremely 
ill, and his life was in danger. He there- 
fore obtained from the holy see i» coiuljutor 
in the person of the Hon. James Talbot, 
Challoner was moat zealous in the adminis- 
tration of his diocese ; he established several 
new schools, and he was the founder of thu 
CTharitable Society. At first he was accus- 
tomed to preach every Sunday evening to 
this society, composed of the poor and mid- 
dle classes, which assembled in a miserable 
and ruinous apartment near Clare Market. 
Thence they removed to another room, almost 
08 wretched, among the stables in Whetstone 
Park, Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and 
lastly, after the bishop hod preached for a few 
weeks in the Sardinian Chapel, until he was 
silenced by the ambassador at the instance of 
the ministry, the society removed lo n place, 
rather more commodious, in Turnstile, Hol- 
bom. Occasionally the biehop held meelJnftB 
of his clengr from necessity at some obscure 
inn or public-house, where every one present 
had his pipe and sat with a pot. of beer be- 
fore him to obviate all suspicion of the real 
character of the guests and the purpose of 
their assembly. 

In 1764-6 efforts were made to let loose 



CJjalloner had chosen as his co^utot, Waa 



Challoner 4+2 Challoner 



'•.r— i ir -"■►- ' ''li Piii:!-'- -n 'li»- -Muinr*- ■;! B*imjiri '•ra:»*s thnr ( 'hal loner. « Tersion lir>: 

Iviriii I or»->r. FLiT-r-r. i.s "Hk ^'V-mment ippt^ir^i in 1744 < ^/^ *j_^ f%allonfr, p. !Sy i. 

inii r-.^ri-Miit-f-ju.'-r.rK ^fda.-tieiil *f*r Trheir 3. ■AProtrt»-ion >jt' rbe Catholic Faith, ex- 

:*ai--* »;.i;:;.-r -;u« pnf»»M!'irirn.-i. t :;:«!•! -v**r»- !ii- trruTr?-! iiir i)r* the Co«incil of Trent bv Popp 

it-.r r-i ','- I !?• mnii n !nr^rm»-r niiuiri*: P:ivnt-. Piiw F^". Wirh th^ chi»»f srounds of the 

I \i:— i»-".r-»r ■)'- -."nit*, BUiiop T.ilh«^r 'vru io- -!i">nrnjr»?rt**il .irriole*. By w'av of nae^tion 

vw"-^\. L-i ^-r--- lil "iie TjrHrir.i wiio ^-m** and ■ins':r^r*ian->n.». 173!j- 4rh edit. «l^>nd.?» 

-;i»-Ti *.•■»**•■*';.— Tir nr?. -III? ftt-r. J; Im Bapridt I7;i4. lJini>; reprintf?<i iimW rhe ritlp of 

>f-,t'>n^. v::i. .nriily " nf»*^>^i 'li-ir lit* wu» -The 'Tr-.iimL- of rhe t'arholick l>)crrin€.' 

i nr.»*^r. in«: ^-'i. . -vi.* ■.'oniiemntnl -■■ im- 4. • A »h«'*r' Hi.-r.>ry nf the first beffinnin^' 

pr'x.r.r.i^rn" :'■ r !>. « lialli-nrr liiais^Lt^w and prMir^-sja of rhe Pn^restant Reliji'in: 

pr"-'*ivi-^i :-,y Pi^Tit*. iiiil mirmrvLr .*Miapefi j;i:a»tr»ni our of ""hr be-st Protestant i^Tirers' 

L 'rill ir -he • 'M Buiie^. P^e hu-b-p. t-Tiir uinon. i. 17:W. Loml. 1743. 1742, 17.>;},limo. 

;r!— '.'•. m<i i viit •■i:iiiL«r-»r -r^r* :r.iilrrr-ii .-.n and. ^irh an Iralian tranibiri>>n. Aresso. 

''i*t '.ixm*- '.,VT r'.r i\\iC.\\nz "iit^ir r--ip*M?riv^ 17»C '•v ^: Sirn:u 1790, 12nio. 5. "A K»>maii 

:' ir.-'-.i r-.-5. iriii j-iv- 'jai". rV.r "iir*ir ipptrnnnof:. < 'arlii.-Liok'"* H^a*ijn.'i why he oann«"»t conf'^nn 

Pi'i* Pit.*-. •■ 4jiv- ".lirj.-i^L: -^xper.**-. iiiiil *:."* rli*: Pn:)re>Tanr R»=rli/:on,' 17:J4. ^. ' Thr 

:' r^f-i : 1. ■ ni»- - V 7 ' ''i f -j > r . pi t- na.-*. in* i :'■ 1 1 r • f T *« wc\\*t o ne •■ f the new Rf?l i ji-^n ; or. SixtT 

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4^-i- r. f->.r h ':":>»-' i n^^ra^in.'. Piyn.*-. tear- Rul*^ -.fS«!ripriir»r ali)nr' ( anon. i. 1734. Lmd. 

in J -l-r .r'T.-- f. ir-'-.i:*-^ :f a pr-jvivr .n ror 174"*. 1 -!!:'> : Dublin. I»?l»5, l»>ni«">. 7. • Th«* 

: r_'-7^. ur^-^rd "v-."!: "/.r- '-.i.-iii.p'-i irr-mev. =in-iT'.n;i' aiirhi-rrr i-^f the Carh'>lick Church 

Ti-"- Ti.'i.i'^ri':' n f ii:.'* :--rh**?ir:r.j:"'" pr js^cu'r* -n nia^rrr? --'f Fairli : maintain'd a^ain^t the 

hin: :*t "'i" -:i;".pivr.;L-. "■ w!-l:iiriw 'he- in- •rXir»rp''i-^n* •■■f a late a«ithi>r 'Mr. J. K., a 

i ; .^ r v.- r. - ^ I*- 1 : r. .-r - > ^- hi? ii- . p an. i ' h - ri vr m in i -r ^ r •-. f * h- k i rk '. i n h is an "Twer to a Ut tr-r 

p»=-ri*:r.- ir-dii-r»*ii ir '"he -an:-* "i:i:e. < ^r.-r r^ on the ^ribjetrt ■''f tnfallibili^v. To which 

-iii": vf -K»- p»-r-M*iri.:r. ir -hi.- ^.»*r!t.-i ^a.« are p^-rix'-l -rL'hr preliminaries bv wav of 

•bar "he h.-.L-ie in which <7hallon'*r rc-'fidni in inrr-iiiirti'in r.i the rru^* Church of Chri-r ' 

I-air.h'- •'■-.n-i r* Srr^-er wis purrha.-iMl ov-r il-«n<i. r». I7-i7i. ^r.i. **. • Tht- voung <3vn- 

i.i.- !>aii. an-i heha i "■■ "akr^ r»rfu;r'- in ir.irli-r tL^rnian in-rrijoreil in rhe Gp-»und< of rhe 

h-.-i.^. ..-i rrl:.'i,v--r "^"r^:. •^'•.— n >'i".ar*r. « 'hri-tian Heliii--n." 17:J-"». 0. -A Specim**n 

r»i:Tinj ^;.- 'r r I r. ri-.r^ . f :7'^:» '\\r i-ai-^r- -.f 'h- Spirit ".f rh»: Diss.^n-inc Tracher*/ 

:' 'h- "1 '. !n'-'-. :-i * ■■ ■.li.i-r '.in: ir. n:- ok-ry. 17;!»'. in rK['lv -n a -t-rirs i^f anri-ca'h'Isc 

h'.' h- •'. ■' ■»-.•'. :.-iv;; - -.-:-. ir. i -r:».T-r*'d 'ii-HNrirv- w'-ich ha'i b^'cn d»?liverh7i bv lis- 

-.1 :>:■::■•'- ":: >»■ .n v.- -.-.jiin-- ir::- ""1 ■■! -•^r.-'.r..,-niin:-V r* in .Salt^rs' Hall. 10. "Tlif 
ir.j-._-iV. H- 1. : n - i!v- I r.j ar^r hi- Carh- l.-^k '.'hTi.-rian in<tnicred in Uir Saora- 
:■ * . 7. • I,. '. i ■■.. If- 'v::.* -r:;7r-.i T*.-!:!: pan- m-n""S.'^.iC7irIo»-.Cer*-m"ni»=^.*. aniiHb*r;r\-aTii-..i 
;■-- i\' '..■ -:* r. "iKirr. an L -xp.r-ii t^ ■ ofrh-.* Church, by way nf tjiirsri-in and .in- 
'i.-v- ]:r-r ::. l.ii ;.- ..i- in '^ i-=*^n Si'iar"-:' on -'A^r,* 17''^ 7: -"'ft^^n ni-printe*!. II. A n«»\v 
'..: J ::\. 17"!. 11.^ r-:.: -in' ':v-7- intfrrr^ril in and nn- -liition. prepare*! in r«>njiincT:nn 
' .- r'.::;..I;. V:.;- f Mr. Ur.in Rirr-r. ar wiMi Fnnois Blyrh. 1».I>.. a di^caloul Car- 
^^!*■lr.. nr.ir .Vi-.nji n. IV-rk-'.-ir"-. ;tnl rhe m-lite. of the liheiai-atnin'jlarion of th">Vw 
•■■*"'■ r :'*h.:* p I.'.-!., ri.- li-v. .fmi— Ovt.ri:- T':'*ri!m»=-nr, 17.*i*'.wirhann'ifarion"5 auii prn.^1* 
^^ I.T.-7. v:.*-"- i *:.!- -:n«*ii!ar r»=-cor'l -jf tj.m i'jf rh- d'^itrin*"^ i^if the car h'vlic church tak».'n 
r'.-n* it; *!.'• -■ ^.-''-r : -Ann-' !»■ Juini 17'*!. fr-'in thr* writing* of rht? fathers. IJ. 'The 
J fT.i.ir'.- I'l:. ^ ir!" i *:.- I^:v-:r-n«l I>r. ll:i;!iani G:ird»rn of th- .*N>al : -ir. a ^[anuaI of Spiri- 
( li dIor;-r. i !*■ pi-!: ;Tir>-r. .md 'i'ular '-i-h-p f.i.d Ex»»rris*/s and Instruction for < ■hri:-T:ans 
' f Li/ri'l'.Ti ur.'l ."^^ri'.i-'.urv. a v^rv piou- and who. livini: in t!it* wnrld. aspirv to d'-v-iri..n/ 
.' •■d riir^n. of jT*-'t* Ivarninj and vx^^-n.-ivv print»fil in iir Ijefnre 1740. T]ii> wurk. -.vhii/h 
r.liiliriM-.' has pa^-eil ihrouifh rdmo<^t numberl-.** t^li- 
f*lia]I'in»T :r.-i!ijiira*^'d a r.r'v v-ra in Knif- tion*. rontinuesiolj^th»»mo«t pi^pularpraver- 
li-h ciitiittWf: lir-Tat'ir*.-. an-I miiny nf hi- pub- b«x)k in u.«e amon? En:rl:sh-?peakiiii: cath'»- 
ii'vi'I'in.- a:-- r-. ?.!ii.- li.iv n-irard'-d by hi- o- lie*. lo. * Memoirs* of Missmnan- Pri ►.**:>. 
r*-l!/i'Uii-»- Ji- -'ftn'iard work.- of dMi-rr".ri»=' or a.s well .<».'cular as roirular. and of rirh-- 
d-voMon. .V \\-* i)f l.i- wririnLr?'. »?xcludinir cur holier of lx>th 5exe« thar have sutf^TH*! 
ii f-w f.raii-hiiion- and niiii'ir tr».*arii^'*i. i* d»*arh in Knpland.on r»*liiriousacc»TMnt>. fr-iij* 
.-nbjoin«-'l :- -1. 'Tliirik w*!! on'r : or. Ktf- the year of our Lord 1577 to l»i<4/ i* vol-. 
tl'-xion- on t}i»' uT'-ar Tnirlia of Ktemity.' (]x>nd.b 1741-2. >vo: '2 voU. Man«*hi-,-t»rr. 
'J. 'Th'- Iniirjitjon of Jesu.«Chri.*r,' translate'l 1^*03, 8vo : '2 toU. Jjond. 1:^42, Sm. An 
fn>Tn th*^ Latin, 17(>J. Thi?» isth*; date tdven edition entitled * Modem British Martyro- 
in fhi; Briti.sh MiL^veum catalogue, though ■ logy * appeared at Loudon in 1836, Sro /and 



Challoner 



443 



Chalmers 



another called ' Martyrs to the Catholic 
Faith ' was published in 2 yoIs. at Edinburgh, 
1878, 4to. This is a valuable historical and 
biographical work, which may be regarded 
as an answer on the catholic side to Foxe's 
' Acts and Monuments/ 14. ' The Grounds 
of the Old Keligion ; or, some general argu- 
ments in favour of the Catholick, Apostolick, 
Koman Communion, collected from both an- 
cient and modem controvertists, by a Con- 
vert,' Augusta (Lond.?), 1742, 12mo; 5th 
edit. Lond. 1798, with a memoir of the 
author by Dr. Milner prefixed ; Dublin, 1808. 
]2mo. 16. * A Letter to a Friend concern- 
ing the Infallibility of the Church of Christ, 
in answer to a late pamphlet, entitled *' An 
humble Address to the Jesuits, by a dissatis- 
fied Roman Catholic ** (Mr. J. K., a minister 
of the kirk)* (anon.), Lond. 1743, 12mo. 
16. * Britannia 8ancta ; or, the Lives of the 
most celebrated British, English, Scottish, 
and Irish Saints who have flourished in these 
Islands, from the earliest times of Christianity 
down to the change of religion in the six- 
teenth century ; faithfully collected from 
their ancient Acts and other records of 
British history ' (anon.), 2 vols. Lond. 1746, 
4to. 17. * The Rheims New Testament and 
the Douay Bible, with annotations,* 6 vols. 
I^nd. 1749-60, 12mo. Challoner undertook 
to revise and correct the language and ortho- 
graphy of the old version of Gregory Martin, 
to adopt the improvements of the Clemen- 
tine edition of the Vulgate, and to add such 
notes as he judg^ necessary to clear up 
modem ^ntroversies. The Kew Testament 
was printed in 1749, having been diligently 
revised by the most able divines with whom 
he was acquainted, viz. Dr. "William Green, 
afterwards president of Douiiy College, and 
Dr. "Walton, aften\'ard8 vicar-apostolic of the 
northern district. The four volumes of the 
Old Testament were all published in 1750. 
In that year he also issued n second edition 
of the ^ew Testament, revised. This differs 
fr^m the former one of 1749 in about 124 
passages of the t«xt, but none of them are of 
material consequence. Two years afterguards 
he published a thinl edition, again revised, 
with most extensive alterations (Cotton, 
Bhemes and Doway, p. 49). This modernised 
version of the Douay bible is substantially 
that which has since been used by all Eng- 
lish-speaking catholics. Cardinal Wiseman 
was of opinion that although Challoner did 
well to alter many too decided Latinisms, 
which the old translators retained, he weak- 
ened the language considerably by destroying 
inversion, where it was congenial at once to 
the genius of our language and the construc- 
tion of the original, and by the insertion of 



particles where they were by no means neces- 
sary. 18. ' Remarks on Two Letters against 
Popery,* 1761. 19. * Instructions and Medi- 
tations on the Jubilee,* 1761. 20. * Conside- 
rations upon Christian Truths and Christian 
Duties, digested into Meditations for every 
Day in the Year,* 1763, often reprinted. 
21. 'The Wonders of God in the WUder- 
ness; or, the Lives of the most celebrated 
Saints of the Oriental Desarts ; faithfully 
collected out of the genuine works of the 
holy fathers, and other ancient ecclesiastical 
writers' (anon.), Lond. 1766, 8vo. 22. 'The 
Life of St. Theresa,' 1767. 23. * A Manual 
of Prayers and other Christian Devotions, 
revised and corrected with large additions,' 
1768. 24. *A Caveat against the Metho- 
dists,' 1760. 26. * The City of God, of the 
New Testament,' 1760. 26. * Memorial of 
Ancient British Piety,' 1761. 27. 'The Mo- 
rality of the Bible,' 1762. 28. 'The Devo- 
tion of Catholicks to the Bles-ed Virgin, 
truly stated,' 1764. 29. ' The Rules of a 
Holy Life,' 1766. 30. ' Short Daily Exer- 
cises of the Devout Christian,' 1767. 31. 'Pious 
Reflexions on Patient Suffering,' 1767. 
32. ' Abstract of the History of the Old and 
New Testament,' 1767. 33. ' The Scripture 
Doctrine of the Church.' 34. * Abrid^ent 
of Christian Doctrine; or, first Catechism.' 

[Life, by Barnard, 1784, with portrait ; Life, 
by Rev. John Milner, F.S.A., with portrait, pre- 
fixed to Cballoner's Groands of the Old Reli- 
gion, 1798 ; Ftmeral Discourse on the Death of 
Bishop Challoner (by Dr. Milner), Lond. 1781 ; 
Addit. M8a. 28232 ff. 91, 99, 28234 f. 264. 
28235 f. Id4 ; Brady's Episcopal Succession, iii. 
164-76 ; Catholic Magazine and Review (Bir- 
mingham, 1832), i. 641, 715; Gent. Mag. U. 
47 ; Scots Mag. xliii. 54 ; Husenbeth's Life of 
Milner, pp. 8-9, 12-13, 70; Dublin Review, 
new series, vii. 237 ; Month and Catholic Re- 
view, January 1880 ; Cardinal Wiseman's Essays 
on variouu Subjects (1853), i. 425; Cotton's 
Rhemes and Dowiy, with Olfors manuscript 
notes ; Notes and Queri*^s (4th serif h). vii. 513, 
viii. 14 ; Evans's Cat. ot Engraved Portraitii, 
1967; Flanagan's Hist, of the Church in Eng- 
land, ii. 184, 193, 364 et seq., 370, 375, 385; 
Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. , Butler's 
Hist. Memoirs of EInglith Catholics (1822), i v. 
432 ; Bromley's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 
354; Gillow's Bill. Diet. i. 447; Uistoncal MSS. 
Commission, 2nd Rep. 201 ; Catholic MiscellaLy, 
vi. 255.] T. C. 

CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1769- 
1834), biographer and miscellaneous writer, 
was bom at Aberdeen on 29 March 1759, 
being the yoimgest son of James Chalmers, a 
learned printer, by his wife Susanna, daugh- 
ter of the Rev. James Trail, minister at Mont- 
rose ; and grandson of the Rev. James Chal- 



/ 



/ 



Chalmers 



444 



Chalmers 



merSy professor of divinity at Marischal Col- 
lege. Having received a classical and medical 
education he left his native city about 1777, 
and never returned to it. He had obtained 
the situation of surgeon in the West Indies, 
and had arrived at Portsmouth to join his 
ship, when he suddenly altered his mmd and 
proceeded to London, where he soon became 
connected with the periodical press, and was 
appointed editor of the ' Public Ledger ' and 
' London Packet.' At this period he acquired 
considerable fame as a pobtical writer. He 
contributed largelv to tne * St. James's Chro- 
nicle ' and the ' Morning Chronicle,' and at 
■one time was editor of the * Morning Herald.' 

Chalmers was early connected in business 
with George Kobinson, publisher, of Pater- 
noster Ilow, whom he assisted in examining 
manuscripts offered for publication . He was 
also a contributor to the * Critical Review ' 
and the * Analytical Review.' At this period 
"he lived almost wholly with Robinson. During 
the largest portion of his life he resided near 
the Bank of England, and having, after his 
■settlement in the metropolis, become a sincere 
member of the church of England, he was not 
only a constant attendant at divine service 
on Sunday, but for thirty years was scarcely 
«ver absent from the Tuesday morning lecture 
-of the Rev. W. Wilkinson at the church of 
St. Bartholomew by the Royal Exchange. 
He made frequent visits to the libraries of 
the British Museum and of both universities. 
In 1805 he was elected a fellow of the So- 
ciety of Anti(iuuries ; he was also a master of 
arts, probably of the university of Aberdeen. 
In 1783 Chalmers married Elizabeth, widow 
of John Gillett ; she died in June 1816. He 
died at his residence in Throgmorton Street 
•on 10 Dec. 1834, and was buried on the 19th 
in the same vault with his wife in the church 
of St. Bartholomew by the Royal Exchange. 

No man ever edit ed so many works as Chal- 
mers for the booksellers of London. Among 
them were : 1. * A Continuation of the History 
of England,' L> vols. 1793, 2nd edit. 1798, 3rd 
edit. 1803, 4th edit. 1821. 2. ' Glossary to 
Shakespeare,' 1797. 3. * Sketch of the Isle 
of Wight,' 1798. 4. An edition of the Rev. 
James Barclay's * Complete and Universal 
English Dictionary.' 5. An edition of * The 
Brit ish Essayists, with prefaces, historical and 
biographical, and a general index,' 45 vols. ; 
this series begins with the * Tatler ' and ends 
with the * Observer.' Tlie papers were col- 
lated with the original editions, and the pre- 
faces give accounts of the works, and of the 
lives of such of the writers as are less gene- 
rally known. 0. Lives of Bums and Dr. 
Beattie prefixed to their respective works, 
1806. 7. An edition of Fielding's Works, 



10 vols. 1806. 8. An edition of Warton's 
' Essays,' 1806. 9. ' The Tatler, Spectator, 
and Guardian,' 14 vols. 1806. 10. An edition 
of Gibbon's ' History,' with a life of the au- 
thor, 12 vols. 1807. 11. Prefaces to the 
greater part of the collection loiown as 
^Walker^s Classics,' 45 vols. 1808, and fol- 
lowing years. 12. An edition of Boling^ 
broke^ Works, 8 vols. 1809. 13. An edition 
of * Shakespeare,' with an abridsinent of the 
notes of Steevens and a life of Shakespeare, 
9 vols. 1809. 14. Many of the lives m the 

* British Gallery of Contemporary Portraits,' 
2 vols. 1809-16. These memoirs, thouffa 
short, are authentic and valuable. 15. An 
enlarged edition of Johnson's ' Collection of 
the English Poets,' with some additional 
lives, 21 vols. 1810. 16. 'A History of the 
Colleges, Halls, and Public Buildings attached 
to the University of Oxford, including the 
Lives of the Founders,' 1810. 17. * The Pro- 
jector,' 3 vols. 1811, a periodical containing 
essays originally publisned in the 'G^ntle^ 
man's Magazine.' 18. An edition of the au- 
tobiographies of Dr. Pocock, Dr. Twells. 
Bishop Pearce, Bishop Newton, and Burdv's 
life of the Rev. Philip Skelton, 2 vols. 1816. 
19. ' County Biomphy,' 4 No8., 1819. 20. Tlie 
ninth edition of Boswell's * Life of Johnson,' 

1822. 21. A new edition of * Shakespeare/ 

1823. 22. Another edition of Dr. Johnson s 
Works, 1823. 

Chalmers, who was a great friend of John 
Nichols, contributed many obituary notices, 
especially of printers and publishers, to the 

* Gentleman's Magazine.' But the work on 
which his fame as a biographer chiefly rests 
is his enlarged edition of the * New and Ge- 
neral Biographical Dictionary,' which was 
first published in eleven volumes in 1761. 
Other editions of this useful compilation a]>- 
peared in 1784 and in 1798-1810. The latter, 
in fifteen volumes, was edited as to the first five 
by William Tooke, and as to the last ten by 
Archdeacon Nares and William Beloe. Then 
followed Chalmers's edition, which is en- 
titled *The General Biographical Dictionarj- : 
containing an historical and critical account 
of the lives and writings of the most eminent 
persons in every nation, particularly the 
British and Irish, from the earliest accounts 
to the present time.' The first four volumes 
of this work, in 8vo, were published monthly, 
commencing in May 1812, and then a volume 
appeared every alternate month to the thirty- 
second and last volume in March 1814, a pe- 
riod of four years and ten months of incessant 
labour and of many personalpri vat ions. The 
preceding edition of the 'Dictionary' was 
augmented by 3,934 additional lives, and of 
the remaining number 2,176 were rewiitten; 



while the whole were reviaed and corrected. 
The total number of articleg exceeds nine 
thousand. For many years Chalmers wan 
employed by the booksellers in revisiug and 
eii]ar)(ing the ' Dictionary ; ' but at the time 
oth'u dentil only about oa»-third of the work, 
as far as the end of the letter ' D,' was ready 
for the press. A competent authority, Mr. 
Chancellor Christie, remarks that ' Chalmere's 
own articles, though not without the merit 
which characterises a laborious compiler, are 
too long: and tedious for the general reader, 
andahow neither sulBdent research norsuffi- 
deat accuracy to satisfy the student.' John 
Nicliok,bia intimate acquaintance, at«tes that 
~ " 'as ' a warm and aflVctionate friend 

a deliffhtfiil companion, being very con- 
jfivial, ana his conversation replute both with 
irtt and information.' His portrait has been 

JObdI. Mag. new mr. iii. 207 ; Nichols's Illustr. 
Tiit, ; Nicholi'fl IJt. Anecd. ; QuBrt*rij Re- 
. r. d»ii. 203 i Pojnder's Literary EitntitB. i. 
JS; Evans's Cat. of Kng^mred Portraits. Noh. 
13874, 13973; J. R. Smitli's Cut. of Bnfrraxeit 
Portmits(l8S3). Nwi, 1323,1323; Biog. Dict.of 
Living Anlhors (1818), 6B.] T. C. 



CHALMERS, Sib GEORGE (d. 1791), 
portrait painter, was bom in Edinburgh. The 
fortunes of his family had been forfeited ow- 
ing to a connection with the exiled Stuarts, 
sothat he inherited the bare title. He studied 
painting under Ramsejr, and afterwards trs- 
Telled, staying some time in Home. On his 
return he settled first at Hull. Between 177.!) 
and 1790 we find him exhibitinncat the Royal 
Academy twenty-four portraits in all. One op 
two of his paintings have been engraTed in 
mezzotint. He died in London, 1791. 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Qraves's Diet, 
of Artists.] 

^ CHALMEBS, OEOROE (1742-18^5), 
''eottish antiquary and historian, was almost 
A last of the extinct race of authors who 
re antiquarians rather than historians, cul- 
„ . iora and publishers rather than minute 
Intics of liistorical antiquities. They existed 
% aU oountriea, but Scotland produced seve- 
1 notable examples. The life of Chai- 
ns is compciseil in a record of the works 
wbicfa he compiled with indefntienble in- 
dustry, and issued without a hreaK during 
the last M.y years uf his long life. His fame 
reets on one of them, the ' Caledonia,' which 
he ealleil bis standing work. The rest have 
Ijeen superseded by better editions, • 
antiquated through hix want of originality 



or mistaken piews. Even the ' Caledonia' 
has no) stood the test of time. It is below 
the standard of Camden's 'Britannia' or the 
works of Dugdale, the English antiquarian 
treatixes which can most fairly be compared 
with it. Still, to have composed what is, 
though never completed, the fullest account 
of the antiquities of a nation which has spe- 
cially cultivated that department of history 
is a merit not to be despised, and subsequent 
writers have borrowed from Chalmers without 
Bcknowled^ng their obligations. Bom at 
Fochabers m Moray, a descendant of the family 
of Pittenseur, Chumers was educated at the^ 

tariah school of Fochabers and King's Ool- 
;ge,AI>erdeen. He afterwards studied law in 
Edinburgh. When twenty-one he accompa- 
nied his uncle to Maryland, and practised as 
a lawyer at Baltimore. Returning to Great 
liritain at the outbreak of the civil war, he 
settled in London in 1776, and devoted him- 
self to literature. His first publications were 
political,andchie8y connected with the colo- 
nies. An answer from the electors of Bria- 
tolto Burhe's letter on the affairs of America, 

Eublished in 1777, appears to have been the 
Uest, and it was soon followed by ' Politi- 
cal Annals of the present United Colonies,' 
1760; an 'Introduction to the History of the 
Revolt of the Colonies,' vol. i. 1782 ; ' Esti- 
mate of the comparative Strength of Great 
Britain during the present and four preced- 
ing Reigns,' 1782; 'Three Tracts on Ireland,' 
1785. In 1786he was appointed chief clerk 
of the committee of privy council for trade 
and foreign plantations, and in 1700 he is- 
sued a ' C-oUection of Treaties between Great 
Britain and other Powers." He next turned 
to biography, and published lives of Be Foe, 
Thomas Paine (under the pseudonym of 
Oldys), and Thomas Ruddiman, the Scottish 

Cmmarian and printer, one of his best 
rwn works, containing much interesting' 
matter conveyed in a style copied from Dr- 
Johnson. He was one of the literati decdved 
by Ireland's Shakespeare forgeries, and pub- 
lished several tractsonthat controyersy. In 
thebeginningofthis century he was attracted 
to the poetry and history of his natiye coun- 
try, which had been too much neglected, and 
he printed editions of the noems of Allan 
Ramsay and Sir David Lyndsny, with lives 
of these poets. In 1807 he issued the first 
volume of his ' Caledonia,' designed to em- 
brace the whole antiquities and history of 
Scotland in six volumes, but only three were 
jnibliahed, the second in 1830, and the third 
in 1824. Scarcely a year passed without 
some new work, but none of them have now 
any but a bibliographical inlerest except hia 
* Life of Mary ijueen of Scots,' with subsi- 



Chalmers 446 Chalmers 



diary memoirs, not of much value, but useful with a Life of the Author,' 1804, Sva 20. ' life 

till better memoirs app^r, of the lives of the of Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount, Ljpii 

re^nt Moray, Francis II, Damley , BothweU, Kinff-at>-arms under James V/ London, 1806, 

and Maitland of Lethington. Besides his 3 vols. 8vo. 21. ' Caledonia ; or an Aoooont, 




and a ' History of Printing in Scotland,' most 4to. 22. ' A Chronological Account of Com- 
of which are now in the Advocates* Librarv merce and Coinage in Great Britain from the 
or the library of the university of Edinburgh Restoration till 1810,' 1810, 8vo. 28. ' Con- 
(Laing Bequest). He died on 31 May 1825. siderations on Commerce,' 1811, 8vo. 24. 'An 
A list of his works is appended; several of Historical View of the Domestic Economy of 
them were issued anonymously or pseudony- Great Britain and Ireland.' New edition of 
mously . ' The Commurative Estimate ' corrected tnd 

1. * Answer from the Electors of Bristol to enlarged,' Edin. 1812, 8vo. 26. * Opinions rf 
the letters of Edmund Burke, Esq., on Af- : Eminent Lawyers on various Points of Eng- 
fairs of America.' 2. * Political AnnaJs of the lish Jurisprudence,' 1814, 2 vols. 8vo. 26. A 
present United Colonies from the Settlement : tract, privately printed, in answer to Ma- 
to the Peace of 1768. Compiled chiefly from ' lone's account of Shakespeare's 'Tempest,' 
Records. Ending at the llevolution, 1688,' ; London, 1816, 8vo. 27. ' Comparative \ iewB 
I^ondon, 1780, 4to. 3. *The Propriety of al- j of the State of Great Britain and Ireland 
lowing a qualified Export of Wool discussed ! before and since the War,' London, 1817, 
historically,' London, 1782, 8vo. 4. * An Intro- 8vo. 28. 'The Author of "Junius" ascer- 




Britain during the present and four preceding 4to ; reprinted in 3 vols. 8vo. 31. * The Poeti- 

Ileigns,' London, 1 1 82, 4to. 6. ' Opinions on cal llemains of some of the Scottish Kings 

interesting subjects ofPublic Laws and Com- now first collected,' London, 1824, 8vo. 

mercial Policy arising from American Inde- 32. * Robene and Makyne and the Testament 

pendence/ London, 1784, 8vo. 7. * Three of Cresseid,' by Robert Henryson, edited and 

Tracts on th«» Irisli Arrangements,' London, presented by Mr. Chalmers as his contribu- 

1 785, 8vo. 8. * Historical Tracts by Sir John tion to the feannatyne Club, Edin. 1824, 4to. 
Davies, with a Life of the Author,' 1786, tiS. * A Detection of the Love Letters lately 
8vo. 9. *Life of Daniel De Foe,' London, attributed in Hugh Campbell's work to Mary 

1786, 1790,8vo. 10. * A Collection of Treaties Queen of Scots,' London, 1825, 8vo. 
between Great Britain and other Powers,' [Chalmers's own works ; Anderson's Scottish 
London, 1790, 2 vols. 8vo. 11. * Lite of Nation; David Laing's bibliography in Lowndes's 
Tliomas Paine. By Francis Oldys, A.M., Manual.] JE. M. 
of the University of Pennsylvania/ lin- 
den, 179.S, 8vo. 1'2. * Prefatory Introduction CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836- 
to Dr. Johnson's " Debates in Parliament,'" 1878), painter, was bom at Montrose in 1836, 
London, 1794, 8vo. 13. * Life of Thomas ; and educated at the burgh school of th.at 
Uuddiman, M.A. To ^vhicb are subjoined town. Notwithstanding a juvenile precocity 
new Anecdotes of Buclianan/ London, 1 794, in drawing, he was apprenticed to an apothe- 
8vo. 14. * Vindication of the Privilege of car}', and afterwards became clerk to a ship- 
tlie People in respect of the (.Constitutional chandler. P'inally he determined to be a 
Kijrbt of Free Discussion,' London, 179^), 8vo painter, and abandoned these base pursuits, 
(anon.) 15. * Apology for the Believers in lie studied at Edinburgh in the Trustees' 
the Shakespeare Papers which were exhi- i School, and maintained himself the while by 
bited in Norfolk Street, London,' 1790, 8vo. I painting portraits. His first exhibited picture 
1(J. * A Supplemental Apology,' London, | was ^\ Boy's Head 'in chalk. A portrait head 



1799, 8vo. 17. * Appendix to the " Supple- 
mental Apolog}'," being the Documents for 
the opinion that Hugh Boyd ^vrote Junius's 
Let ters,' 1 800, 8vo. 1 8. ' The Poems of Allan 
Ramsay, with a Life of the Author,' London, 

1800, 2 vols. 8vo. 19, * Observations on the 
State of England in 1090, by Gregory King, 



of J. Pet tie, R.A., was exhibited in 1863, and 
a subject piece, *The Favourite Air,* in the 
following year. In 1867 he was elected asso- 
ciate of the Scottish Academy, and in 1871 
a full member. 

To the Royal Academy of London he sent 
six works between 1803 and 1876. He painted 



Chalmers 447 Chalmers 



portraits, subject pictures, and landscapes — 
the last especially m his later years. ' These 
were remarkable for their richness of colour.' 
In general he was a careful and even fasti- 



a silver claret jug, a salver, and a purse of 
fifty sovereigns for his successful enbrts in 
reducing the time required for the transit of 
the mails and for his plans of a uniform 



dious painter, taking hiffh rank with his bro- j postage rate and an aahesi ve stamp. He 
ther Scots. On 15 Feb. 1878 he attended was an excellent man of business, and in all 
the Scotch Academy dinner. Returning his commercial transactions was well known 
thence (and ' from a subseouent engagement for his integrity and upright character. He 
with some brother artists j evil befell him. died at Comley Bank, Dundee, on 26 Aug. 
Apparently he was attacked and robbed. At 1853, aged 71, and was buried in the old 
least he was found by the police in an area ' burying-ground on 1 Sept. He married Miss 
* with his pockets rifled.' He never recovered Dickson of Montrose. After the death of 
firom this accident, and died on the 20th of ' Sir Rowland Hill, in 1879, Mr. Patrick Ghal- 
the same month. Appreciative notices of mers, son of James Chalmers, inserted adver- 
Chalmers appeared in the 'Art Journal * and tisements and letters in newspapers and pub^ 
in the ' Acaaemy' at the time of his death. | lished several pamphlets in whicli he stated 
Shortly before that event tbe 'Portfolio 'pub- that his father anticipated Rowland Hill in 
lished an etching by Paul Rajon after one ' suggesting the use of adhesive stamps, but 
of his pictures. had been fraudulently deprived of the credit 

[Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Graves's Diet. ' ^^ \^^ invention. Mr. Pearson HiU repHed, 
of Artiste ; Art Journal, xvii. 124; Academy, and satisfactonly showed that his father ^Sir 
23 Feb. 1878.] E. R. Rowland HilH had contemplated the possible 

use of the ndnesive stamp before Chalmers' 

CHALMERS, JAMES (1782-1853), plan was made known. Chalmers was the 

rtstroffice reformer, was bom in Arbroath on nrst inventor, but it does not appear how the 
Feb. 1782, and at an early age became a plan was suggested to Rowland Hill. Mr. 
bookseller in Castle Street, Dundee, and was Patrick Chalmers has published several pam- 
for some time the printer and publisher of phlets endeavouring to prove the importance 
the * Dundee Chromcle.' He took a promi- of his father's sug^gestions, especiaUy * The 
nent part in public matters, first as dean and Adhesive Stamp : important additional evi- 
afterwards as convener of the nine incorpo- dence in behalf of James Chalmers, in papers 
rated trades. At a subsequent period he was bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum 
returned to the town council, and held the Library by Sir Henry Cole,* 1886. 
office of treasurer for several years. In local , [James Chalmers, the Inventor of the Adhe- 
charities and in every philanthropic move- ' sive Stamp, by Patrick Chalmers, 1884 ; The 
ment he was ever ready to lend a helping Citizen, 16 April 1881 ; Athenaeum, 30 April 
hand. In 1825 he appUed himself to the ac- ' 1881, p. 67a, Mav 14, p. 664, May 21, p. 690 ; 
celeration of the mails, and mainly through I Philatelic Record, iii. 194-201. iv. 27, 68, 167, 
his efforts the time for a letter to travel be- 1^9-72, 184-6.] 
tween London and Dundee was lessened by 
a day each way. 



CHALMERS, Sir JOHN (1756-1818), 
ijor-general, bom in 1756, was a younger 



major 



Having turned his mind to the subject of son of Patrick Chalmers of Balnaciaig, and 
.. ^« r ni,.!-. *.j : . x_t_j- • ^ j^ the Madras in- 

romoted lieutenant 



post-office reform, Chalmers suggested a uni- \ went to India as an ensign in the Madras in- 
form rate of postage, and drew out a sample fantry in 1775. He was prom 



of an adhesive stamp, had it set up in tvpe, j in 1780, and first gained his reputation by his 
and a few copies printed and gummed ; these , heroic defence of Coimbatoor in 1791. In that 
he exhibited to several merchants in Dundee | year Lord Comwallis, finding it impossible to 
in August 1834. j advance at once upon Serinsapatam, the capi- 

He laid this plan before Mr. Robert Wal- talofTippoo Sultan, ordered MajorCuppage to 
lace, M.P. for Greenock and chairman of i abandon all the fortresses held by the English 
the fifth committee on post-office reform, in ^ in the Mysore country, except Palgaut and 
December 1837, and he also corresponded on j Coimbatoor, which commanded the passes of 
the subject with Josenh Hume, M.P., Patrick i the Ghauts, and even to abandon Coimbatoor 
Chalmers, M.P., and with Rowland Hill | if it could not possibly be held. Major Cup- 
himself, in 1839 and 1840. His letters to , page therefore directed Chalmers, who held 
the latter gentleman show that Chalmers ! Coimbatoor with only 120 topasses, to aban- 
laid claim to the invention of the adhesive : don it and to join him at Palgaut ; but the 
label, but he finally admitted that his claim young officer, finding that two three-pounders 
to priority of publication was not tenable, j and one four-pounder were fit for use, begged 
On 1 Jan. 1846, at a public meeting of the , Cuppage to send him five hundred shot, and to 
citizens of Dundee, he was presented with j give nim leave to defend the fortress. He was 



• . .. ■ 



- ' ^ * *- 



V 



■ . -■ • » . 



*• ^ 



• ■ 



J ' 



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■ • i" 



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V. ': • ■-.;■•■•<-'; ■• f •-. ■ "■ ' r ••->■.■ :-• V ■ * Ai.* ■ 



Chalmers 



449 



Chalmers 



* On the Use of Masons* Marks in Scotland ' 
(xxxiv. 38), and * An Account of the Seal of 
the Chapter of the Holy Trinity at Brechin ' 
(xxxv. 487). He was also a fellow of the 
Society of Antiauaries of Scotland, to the 

* Transactions ' of which he made various con- 
tributions. He joined the British Archaeolo- 
gical Association in 1849, and wrote for its 

* Journal' (vi. 323-9) a paper on the * Resig- 
nation of the Kingdom of Man to the Pope, 
A.D. 1219.' 

In the spring of 1854 Chalmers left Scot- 
land for a tour on the continent, but an 
attack of small-pox, from which he suffered 
on his arrival m Italy, was followed by a 
renewal of his spinal complaint, and he died 
at Rome on 23 June 1854. His body was 
taken home to Scotland and buried in the 
ancient church at Auldbar, the rebuilding 
of which he had just completed. Besides 
occupying himself in antiquarian research, 
Chalmers ' spent time and money in improv- 
ing the dwelnngs and gardens of the labourers 
on his estate,* and wrote various * pamphlets 
on the improvement of statute labour, roads, 
and other county matters.* He married the 
daughter of Herbert Foley of Rudgway, 
Pembrokeshire, widow of Thomas Taylor 
Vernon. 

[Jonmnl of the British Archfeologicul Asso- 
eiation, xi. (1855) 164-70; ArchaeologiailJour- 
nal, index to voIh. i-xxv. ; Proceedings of the 
Soc. of Antiq. iii. (1853-6), 182; Annual Re- 
gi^ter. vol. xcvi. (1854), 23 June.] W. W. 

CHALMERS, THOMAS, D.D. (1780- 
1847), theologian, preacher, and philanthro- 
pist, was bom at Anstrutlier in Fife 17 March 
J 780. His father, John Chalmer8,whose family 
had been connected with Fife for several gene- 
rations, was a general merchant, possessed of 
good abilities and high character. Thomas was 
the sixth of fourteim children, and the family 
being so large, and both parents busy, the 
instruction of their children was committed 
chiefly to other hands. At the parish school 
he was* one of the idlest, strongest, merriest, 
and most generous-hearted boys.^ At the uni- 
versity of St. Andrews, during his first two 
sessions, he had the same character. His 
excess of vitality displayed itself in frolic 
and adventure. When he entered the mathe- 
matical classes, however, his intellect awoke 
and the vigour of his nature found a new 
outlet. Pure geometry had a strong attrac- 
tion for him and exercised a great influence 
in moulding his mind. From his childhood 
he had for some reason desired to be a minis- 
ter of the gospel, and this wish he carried 
out, though his worthy father could not but 
deplore his want of adequate seriousness. Ma- 

TOL. IX. 



t hematics and other branches of science had 
such a hold of his mind that he did not enter 
into the study of divinity con amore. Even 
after he was settled as minister of Kilmeny in 
Fife (May 1803) he continued to give courses 
of lectures on chemistry at St. Andrews, 
and before he was twenty-five he had been a 
candidate for the chair of natural philosophy 
at St. Andrews, and for that of mathematics 
at Edinburgh. In his parish the question of 
pauperism, and of social economy generally, 
engaged his attention from the first. hIs 
pulpit work at Kilmeny was also remarkable 
from the beginning. His ability as a preacher, 
original, independent, profoimdly convinced 
of all he said, and striving with immense en- 
thusiasm to inspire his audience with his 
views, soon carried his fame far and wide. 
His own mind had already been the scene 
of great religious conflicts. For some time, 
when a student, he had been attracted by 
materialism, but having emerged from that 
view of things, the French ' system of nature' 
had cast its spell on him, and he had long 
hovered on the confines of atheism. His 
misery under that state of mind, and the 
* sort, of mental elysium ' in which he spent 
the first year of his emancipation from it, 
were ever afterwards vivid remembrances. 
But in his thirtieth year he underwent a 
more profound religious change. Partly 
through his bein^ employed to write the 
article 'Christianity* for the 'Edinburgh 
Encyclopa>dia,* then coming out under the 
editorship of Mr. (afterwards Sir David) 
Brewster; partly from his reading Wilber- 
force*s 'View of Practical Religion;' and 
partly from the effects of a severe illness and 
family trials, he accepted with great earnest- 
ness the evangelical view of the gospel, and 
from this time (1810), being now in his thirty- 
first year, he became a pronounced, though 
still independent, evangelical preacher. iSe 
tone of his pulpit ministrations was elevated 
greatly, ana his fame was such that in No- 
vember 1814 he was nominated by the town 
council of Glasgow minister oi the Tron 
parish there, removing to it in 1815. 

Before leaving Kilmeny, besides a contro- 
versial pamphlet, he had published a book 
entitled * An Inquiry into the Extent and 
Stability of National Resources,' of which 
the object was to show that even if Napoleon 
succeeded in his endeavour to shut all Euro- 
pean ports against British merchandise, the 
effect would not be, as many mercantile men 
dreaded, to ruin British trade, but only to 
cut oflf certain superfluities, and turn to other 
and perhaps better purposes the fund out 
of which tnese luxuries had been supplied. 
His article on ' Christianity ' appeared m tho 



Chalmers 



4SO 



Chalmers 



' EncyclopaBdia ' in 1813, and was soon pub> 
llslied in a separate form. A pamphlet on 
the * Influence of Bible Societies on the 
Temporal Necessities of the Poor/ and some 
reviews and other articles in the * Christian 
Instructor' and the * Eclectic Review/ were 
among the published result* of his literary 
activity at Kilmeny. 

The rapid rise of the commercial city of 
Glasgow nad fostered a large amount of what 
Chalmers used to call ' home heathenism.' To 
rescue the lower classes from pauperism and 
degradation was the ruling effort in Chalmers's 
mind. To this, rather tlhan to the ordinary 
work of the pulpit, his main energies were di- 
rected ; yet the power of his natural eloquence 
soon caust»d him to be acknowledged facile 
pn'yiceps among the pulpit orators of his day. 

He preached in London with as great 
effect as in Glasgow. In London in 1817 
"Wilberforce wrote in his * Diary : ' * All the 
world wild about Chalmers. Off early with 
Canning, Uuskisson, and Lord Binning. . . . 
Vast crowds. ... I was surprised to sec how 
greatly Canning was affected ; at times he 
was quit« melted into tears.' John Gibson 
Ijocknart, in his well-known * Peter's Let- 
ters to his Kinsfolk,' after a very elaborate 
description of Chalmers's appearance and 
manner, both of which were rugged and un- 
couth, proceeds: *At first there is nothing 
to make one suspect what riches are in store. 
. . . There is an appearance of constraint 
about him that afft'cts and distresses you. 
. . . But then with what tenfold richness does 
this dim preliminary curtain make the glories 
of his eloquence to shine forth, when the 
heated spirit at length flings from it its chill 
confining fetters, and bursts out elate and 
rejoicing in the full splendour of its disim- 
prisoned wings. ... I have heard many men 
deliver sermons far better arranged in point 
of argument , and have heard very many de- 
liver sermons far more uniform in elegance, 
both of conception and style ; but most un- 
questionably I have never heard, either in 
England or Scotland, or in any other coun- 
try, a preacher whose elotjuence is capable of 
producing an effect so strong and irresistible 
as his.' 

Chalmers delivered on weekdays during 
his Glasgow ministry two eminentlv cha- 
racteristic sets of discourses. One of these 
was his * Astronomical Discoiu^es,' in which 
he sought to bring science into harmony with 
Christianity by showing that the comparative 
insignificance of this globe in the universe 
of God gave an incomparable moral glory 
and significance to the incarnation and atone- 
ment of the Son. The * Commercial Dis- 
courses ' were designed to imbue the life of 



commercial men with the spirit of the gospeL 
In both these directions CnalmeTB set asida 



the current traditions of the evangelical pul- 
pit, enlarging both its scope and itis methods. 
His indepenaence exposea him to the suspi- 
cions of some of the more narrow-minded of 
his brethren, who thought no man safe if lie 
did not keep to the old-established methods. 
By his boldness Chalmers adjusted the pidpit 
to the exigencies of the age. 

His extraordinary success in the pulpit 
did not for a moment divert Chalmers from 
his aim of elevatiujB^ the w^hole body of people 
that inhabited his pariah. The parochial 
system had fascinated him in Kilmeny. His 
Glasgow parish was more than ten times as 
populous as Kilmeny, and certainly ten times 
as difficult to work. But this was to be 
met by subdivision and increase of agents. 
AMien he was translated in 1840 to the new 
parish of St. John's he found his opportu- 
nity. St. John's was the largest ana like- 
wise the poorest parish in the city. Chal- 
mers succeeded in getting from the town 
council leave to administer the fund raised 
by church-door collections for the poor, and, 
in consideration of this, undertook the whole 
mana^ment of the pauperism of the parish. 
Dividing the parish into districts and sub- 
districts, he placed laymen of christian cha- 
racter, office-bearers of his own church, over 
each, established day schools and Sunday 
schools wherever they were needed, and st rove 
to raise the people to a sense of their moral 
dignity, especially in the light of the gospel. 
He was highly successful in all respects, but 
especially in his pauper scheme. Instead of 
1,400/., which the pauperism of the parish had 
formerly cost, the outlay at the end of the 
three years and nine months during which 
he ])resided over the experiment was reduced 
to 280/. This result was accompanied not 
by a diminution but an increase of comfort 
and morality. Drunkenne^ decreased, and 
parents took an increased interest in the 
welfare of their children. Chalmers was 
intensely attached to the old Scotch method 
of dealing with pauperism, not by assess- 
ment but voluntary contribution, believing 
that to give the poor a legal right to paro- 
chial relief was sure to destroy the spirit of 
independence, and to impair the readiness 
of children to help their parents in old ajre. 
Afterwards, when, at the instigation of the 
benevolent Dr. AV. P. Alison of Edinburgh, 
a compulsory method of supporting the poor 
was contemplated, Chalmers, who had aln*ady 
expounded and enforced his own system in 
the 'Edinburgh Review' and in separate 
writings, vehemently opposed the new pro- 
posal. His opposition proved ineffectual^ 



45' 



Chalmers 



and in lt*4?i llie oew eyalem wna intro- 
duced fee*) Alibos, William PclteshtJ. 
During Ilia reaidence in Glasgow, besides his 
astrontumical and commerciu discoarseB and 
a volume of miscellaneous itermons, Clialmets 
published an elaborate work on the civic 
and christian ecoDomj of our large towns, 
In 1816 fae received the degree ot D.D. by 
the unanimous vot« of the sonata of the uni- 
rprsity of Olaagow. 

During two years ofhisminiatryinSt.John'e 
be hod ior his ai>«iataiit Edward Irving, the 
bosom friend of Thomaa C'arlyle. Irvini^hsd 
deemed himself a failure in the Scottitib pul- 
pit, and, despairing of success, was on the eve 
of setting out in a inoat chivalrous spirit 
he a missionnrv t.o Persia, when Chalmers, 
t&er hearing liim preach, offered to lake 
him an naaisiant. The two were very happy 
t<^ether. Through Irving, Chalmers came 
into contact witb Corlyle. They were very 
tmlike^ but thej^ appreciated each other. 
Speaking of their itst meeting, Carlyle 
aays: 'The great man was truly loveable, 
truly loved ; and nothing pereonall^ could be 
more modest^intent on his good industries, 
not on himself or his fame,' Nearly thirty 

Ca elapsed before they met again, a ■very 
weeks before Chalmers's death. 'He was 
t, man,' says Carlyle in the ' Reminiscences,' 
'ofmuch natural dignity, ingenuity, honesty, 
and kind affection, as well as sound intellect 
and imagination. A very eminent vivacity 
lav in him. , . . He had a burst of genuine 
fun too, I have heard. . . .' But ' be was a 
man essentially of little culture, of narrow 
sphere all his life. ... A man copabie of 
mucb soaking indolence, lazy brooding and 
^lo-nolbin^sm, as the first stage of liis life 
WhU indicated ; a man thought to be timid 
almost to the verge of cowardice, yet capable 
-of impetuous activity and hlaxing audacity, 
as- his latter ^ears showed.' 
The work in Glasgow wi 



o raultifarioua 



and exlmusting that, huiing triumphantly 
jirovi^d by the experiment of 8t. John's the 
•uccess of Ills ideas on the parochial system, 
be was glad lo escape from the crowded city 
bv accepting an Hi'|)ointment in 1923 to the 
«tiftir of moral phiiosciphy in the university 
of Si. Andrews. He hdd this chair for five 
years. In thi> special department of ethics, 
the position which charmeil him most, and 
which he was at most pains to establish, 
was tlie authority of conscience. He cor- 
'dially acknowledged the merits of Butler's 
' Sermons on Human Nature.' Chalmers, 
however, advanced on Butler by showing 
bow the conclusions of ethics harmonised 
with tlie teaching of Scripture. Natural 
«thica sbowin] man to be a sir 



theology took liim uji whore ethics left him, 
and discovered to him a mode of reconcilia- 
tion. On the fact of human guilt as shown 
by conscience Clialmers laid much more 
stress than liod been done by most writers 
on ethics. To a lai^ extent his view com- 
mended itself to the religious teoobers of 
Scotland, and influenced their line of preach- 
ing. At St. Andrews he did as much as 
the circumstances allowed to exempliiy his 
principles of parochial activity,and initiated 
many students into bis methods. He en- 
couraged the rising spirit of missions to the 
heathen, and it was one of his pupils, Alex- 
ander BuiT, who, on a miseion to bidia being 
resolved on by the general assembly, became 
the first India missionary of the church of 
Scotland. 

In 1626 Chalmers was removed to the 
chair of theology in the university of Edin- 
burgh. He held this ollice till 1&13, when, 
leaving the established church, he became 
principal and professor of divinity in the 
New College (of the Free church), Edin- 
burgh. In the theologicol choir he was 
more distinguished for the impulse which he 

KVK to his students than for original contri- 
tions to theological science. On the bor- 
der-land between philosophy and theology, 
I embracing ethics and natural theology, be 
'was thoroughly at home. In theology, while 
I strongly Calvinietic, he differed Irom many 
of that school by taking his departure from 
the needs of mon rather than from the pur- 
pose of God. His 'Institutes of Theology' 
present in mature form the views be pro- 
pounded from the theological chair. Ao- 
cepting the Scriptures as the record of a 
divine revelation, he held that true theology 
was simply the result of Bacon's inductive 
method applied to the book of Revelation, as 
true science was the result of the same 
method applied lo the book of nature. On 
this basis his whole theology was reared. 

On lU June 1630 Chalmers became chap' 
lain in ordinary of the Scottish Chapel Baj^, 
apoet which he held till his death. In 1832 
Chalmers was invited by the trustees of the 
Duke of Bridgi^water.on the recommendation 
of the Bishop of London (Blomfield), to write 
oneof theei^ht treatises on natural theology 
provided for in that nobleman 'swill. The sub- 
ject allotted to him was 'The .\dapt8tion of 
External Nature to theMoral and Intellectual 
Constitution of Man.' The volume was puV 
Ushedin 1633, and after a successful aale 
(notwithstanding an unfavourable critique in 
the 'Quarterly Review') was recast aa a pop- 
larger work on ' Natural Theology,' 
~ few years after his settlement 






inburgh that Chalmers found himralf 



Chalmers 45^ Chalmers 



'->at.- :.-^" '-"r^lpT irrrsjz.'. :^' — i. =.:'— =<*??- ""^i* w^cn: v^er li* cooatTy AdvocAUs^ 
iLtlt — '- »"^^* T— ^ ki*i>-T:L: ^r.*- .•:,.-.:- :: ItZj^ :pp:'5..-^:s"«-4ff nj«*i ro this «nd«Avoiir 



iLi .Sy>-*_*i ^iir:i pr.r.irii :.r "ill-- "t^ by iLr *>iT>::;^:«s of the * ToiiinTArr' sT<t«m, 
bT lirr »•■.• :f Q---r:i A-.'r: z*isr.'jzi=^ pii- *=.i ;jLer d-9l;\:C &:-i ir&£ noc '^buuiedr The 



;r>aA^r 171:: "Ji*r rl^*: •■^i pni?"L.:aLlv " Til^n^Arj <»ncroT«*r/ directed again*: ill 
f.2^riKdr:*L 1=. Isit:: l'L&Izl't^ Lki '>-rn cril v&^aili^Lmenif of nrli^on. became tctt 



i :o ".ir cLilr : f : 1-: z»riL-rT\I *Sfl^=.blT. lirrlT. ac £ Cialm-rr? caz.? out a^ the cbampioa 

terJix ":L:i.r br.^ii^: n'^r«: i3>t'> <M-i':4«^ of e^^cablisLei chxx?ciie». A coorseof kcturvs 

wiiL *ci;jirtU«:l.-:al !i-i:'>r». ic ScjTtiii in -.br deliv-rrsd by him in l^yad\xi in l5^ in ibeir 

aMi=skolT vf Isi;::^ in £at -^ir .f as. -rnacz.-^:.!. C£:f^:icn wki a iriumphant 5ncc«a«. * DoJuss, 

rlifh. iLoxfii rvrj-scr.'^i :i.7:i. vas carrl-=d zzuc^uise^. e&rls. iriieoimis. baP3n«« bazv>nciSy 



D!%z* jK!/tz 'jZl '^k TEtjziiz. of l^'jTd. MoHcr^Lf^ bL«L>ps. and niembpirR of parliament wcr« xo 
' Lf 'mji.'j-k^ a* tirr T-j-.o Iat. It was -rn- be -iifen in evcrr diriciion." " Ix>ndp>n set-med 



tirtlT in •OT'^rd tI-.-i Li« ri^Ti of thr: m: ral iiirre*! to it* tctt deptlu. . . . Priobabir Lis 

dizr-'J v: :i:r j^'-pl*^. i-i '':-r :=:pjr.Ai::sr of Ivicii-n l-ctares asori^i the m<>«t tvmark- 

qiickecin; •.L.rir ii»r**. ::: :b.r wvrk of ih.-? ab'.^ illu^iTa:ion* of hi* «rxrra»>rdinarT p>ver. 

cbixrcii. tL^: tLt? £l>^i LaT-: an ^f-rctive aci z:.**: be 7ank«»i amonz the mc«t eijoal 



Toio: in tLt cL-.;.>t of tL-rir pa*:or*. The iHistritli.iii of oratorv in anj afv-.* I: has 
veto Utt dJ : no: wliLdraTr frja the parr'^ns oftea. bwrn rvprv^nted as inconaist^n: in 



the rli'Lr o: i::;2Lr.i:ljn : :: onlrjav* to the CLalmer? to ar^^ru* so p>werfuilv for wti 

male head* ji i^3:lliT•^ a ri^L: of veto. The hki*hrrient& in ls3S. and dre jeazs after h^ 

m-ra^'irv: workrd r-rSLairkab'T ■arell dirinjrthe the largest withdrawal £n:>m an establish- 

f»rw vear^ wLen :: Lai a fair trlaL But it ment ever known. Bat &om the beginning 

wiA this law that ;rave 'jccasion to the liti- he had alwav* maintained that it was ee- 



gration wLicL en led in :h-s diarjption of the senrial for a christian church to pMe<r>« the 
cbirch t^n y^AT't a:t-:rwar»ii. TLe v-to wa* rijii: jf self-^ovemm^rn:. undisturbei bvihe 
tben deijlar^d to t>r v/'ra rire4. Chalmers is intr:isi >n of anv secular power, and tha: the 
Iprlieved to have w-iLrd that thi* question pir'-rple should not be subjected to the minis- 
should !>: Ivifiilv ifrf.led k«fore the act wa« trations of clerzymen to whom thrv had a 
paffre'l: but I>jrd Monc^ridT and o:her emi- decidrd antipathy. It was because: hr be- 
n^nr lawyers tLo:!^-:-: :hi: i:? Iezi»i:ty could lieveii that iLr^e conditions b-;onr«ed !■• the 
O'it \^ qw-stiorirri — in -^pinion arerwards Sco'.ch church that his advixracy oi it* es*a- 
a>^:er.Aine'l to L;ive l«en unlounie^i. blishment was ?*"• stp^nj in ISiS; and be- 

Fr*»?h honour-? contir*ued i-j liow in. In cauii-e he beIi«rv»:«J that it wa» deprivt-i of 

]%.'>4 h»: wa- •rl-cte^l a Ivllow. and in lS.3o & these conditions by what f«:tllowea. he (Az 

\ice-pr»;-i'ien^.'.'f the Rovtl .Sooietvof Edin- constrained in 1S4^3 to abandon it. It must 

bur^ii. In ls>4 h-: wa* bl-^j •ilect'rd a cor- be said -if Chalmers that he wa^ accustomed, 

r»;ip'jndin^ member of the Institute of France, in maintaining the two principles of *rlf- 

ana in 1 '^•>o th».- university of 0x1* jrd mad»: government or spiritual mdependence and 

him a D.C.L. non-mtrusi':»n. to dwell much le?^ than s<«me 

\Junn;r his yearr of calm academic work of his brethren on the direct "divine ri*:hi' 

Chalm*;rs had never be*.-n unmindful of the or scriptural obli^tion of thesv principles^ 

'Xindition of the country', and especially of its and much more on their Ijeing indispensable 

larfre town.?, nor cea-^ed to desire the erec- to the efficiency of the church. Deprived of 

tion of new churches and parish*;* wher*:- in- the»e attributes he thought that an esta- 

i:reas«^d population demanded it. In ]*i'2l bli shed church was not worth the maintaixir 

he ha^l prop'jse'l a .-scheme for the en.'Ction of ing, and that it was better to quit the esta- 

twenty new churches in Glasgow, but the blishment and seek them elsewhere, 

propo.sal wa.s .'^couted as visionarj*. In 1^34 Scarcely had the L*)ndon lecture* been 

the prrjp«>Tal wa> renewed bv an eminent citi- delivered (April IS^S » when the controversy 

zen of Ola^-gow — Mr. W. Collins, publisher in the churcli, commonly called • the non- 

— and Chalmer- thrr.'W him.sell'most heartily intrusion controversy.' assumed a new form, 

into it. It» 6ucce.«*j led to a larger scheme — A few weeks, indeed, before their delivery 

the erection of two hundred new churches (8 March) the court of session had delivezed 

and panshes throughout Scotland. Though a judgment in the * Auchterazder case/ in 

greatly eclipsed by fiub.«e(|uent achievements, which the veto law was declared illegal, and 

thiji WHH ri'garded at the time as an enterprise the church courts v ere virtually called on to 
of extraordinar)' boldness, but it succeeded | disregard it, as a i ct mm. The general as- 



Cha 



aimers 



setublj, however, determined that an app»il 
aounet tbisdecision ahotUd be carried In the 
Uoiui' of Lonis, so that it was not yet fina]. 
But it became final Lu May 1839. lii the as- 
Bembly of 1839 ChaUnere, who had not been 
a member for six years, apoke emphatically 
s^iuat the claims to control the spiritual Ju- 
rudiction of the church put forth hy the civil 
courts, and thereafter he took a moat active 
p«rt ill negotiatioiu desired to terminate 
the colliaiou through a legislative enactment 
recognising, in dome shape, the rights of the 
poopte. All the efiorta thus made to heal 
tbeorvaob, though continued for some years, 
proved in vain. The church having sub- 
jected to discipline certain ministers of the 
presbytery of Stnilhbogie who had disre- 
gardea ber orders hy obeying the court of ses- 
aion, and Chalmera being among those who 
for this reason were held rebels atfuiust the 
Uw of the land, parties became so Keen that 
all efforts at coDciliation were encompassed 
with very great diiBculties. Meanwhile tbe 
civil courts gate fresh decisions, impugning 
more and more the principles held to he in- 
diapensahle hy Chalmers and others, denying 
among other things the right of the church 
to form pioad laci-a parishes, or to make tbe 
ministers of new churches members of church 
courts, thus aiming a heavy blow at the 
church extension enterprise of Chalmers, 
which had added two hundred ministers and 

C.d laera parishes to tbe establishment, 
result is well known. Nettlier parliament 
nor govemment would admit the claima of 
tbe chun-h. On 18 May 1843 a formal eepa- 
ntiou from the estahliuied church took place 
on the part of those who were opposed to the 
pretensions of the civil court. Four hundred 
and seventy ministers resigned their livings 
and joined the Free church. Chalmers was 
elected first moderator of tbe free protesting 
church of Scotland. Tbe disruption was ' a 
sore, bitter, crushing disappointmeut— the 
blasting of all his fondest hopes.' The step 
on bis port was prompt-ed by the conviction 
that under the fetters of the civil courts the 
church could never grapple eifectually with 
the grunt work of reclaiming and elevating 
the whole population of the country, and ha 



Uwtask, that thus the homefaenlhen would yet 
\» rwilsimed, and the desert and solitAry place 
be made to rejoice and blossom aa the rose. 

But it was necessary to find means of 
support for the disestablished church. To 
this questiou Chalmers bent his mind a year 
btdbre the catastrophe occurred, The ruauU 
was his devising the well-known euatenta- 
tion fiind, with which tbe history of tlie 



Free church has been identitied. It was 
founded on a very simple arithmetical priiw 
ciple. On the basis of a contribution from 
each member of a penny a week, Chalmers 
showed that a stipend of 150/. a year might 
beprovidedforfivehuudredministers. Qreat 
incredulity fallowed his announcement of lus 
plan, but Its foundations were on solid rock, 
and ultimately it found favour. Though noc 
without weak points, it was adopted by tha 
church ; it has been substantially carried out 
ever since, and though tbe number ofminieterB 
is now double what Chalmers contemplated, 
the amount paid to each exoeeds considerably 
what he proposed. 

This matter being disposed of, Cbalmers 
now returned to tbe great scheme which he 
had cherished so warmly since his entry into 
Olssgow, The home-heatben problem was 
still unsolved. In tbe great cities especially 
there were yet many thousands att^iding 
no church, many of them in a condition of 
fearful dE^radation. In hia eyes there was 
just one way of dealing efl'ectually with this 
problem — the territorial, aggressiTe system. 
After the recent ecclesiastical changes, be 
could not booe to carry out any undertaking 
directed to this object on a scale corresponf 
ing to the extent of tbe evil. But be might, 
bv an ejyerimentum crudi, show the possi- 
bility of eilccess under his scheme. He se- 
lected the West Port, one of the woral 
districts of Edinburgh, for a territorial ex- 
periment. Markingoll'a district with a pcipti- 
lation of about two thousand souls, he divided 
it into sub-districts, as in Glasgow, and ob- 
tained the aid of a body of lealous christian 
friends as visitors, each to labour in a sub- 
district of a few families. Engaging ail old 
malt-ham, he procured tbe assistance of s 
zealous and able student to hihour among 
the people and conduct sabbath services in 
tbe bam. A dav school was opened for the 
children of the district, and, contrary to tile 
remonstrances of many friends, a fee wa« ex- 
acted for their education. Tbesabbath school 
was added to the day school. By-and-by a 
plain church and school were built, Begun 
in 1846this enterprise had become a great suc- 
cess beibre his death in 1847. Its subsequent 
history has been most encouraging. "Wlmt 
Chalmers desired was that similar churches 
should be built in every suitable locality, till 
the whole destitution of Scotland should be 
overtaken. It wasanunspoakableioy tohim, 
after the loud sotmds of long and hitler con- 
tj^iversy, to return to this practical outcome 
of all bis eccleaiastical ideas, and &how the 
beoring of all on the good of tto country and 
the elevation of its lowest class, and thus on 
the solution of the moat dilhcult of lUl ilw 



, z^mtzTr -^7- ^^rPAT 










■J 









l:*. »r..: ;■:..-;-. t :l ';: i:iaLiT#^. imi xmxr' -i?*ni n.- in. i^irJtr'f * AaAlrrcj."" * it<L To 

uv. .^.- ;■-'':'.=:: ---1.— T i-J5 ^r-^i!?:* v. l-rn. »:> -^ :_»» *rii-3-li^. "*" Hjc^u LIU*-, 

..,-. 1.:.: .--r: t..- c ..- --uT^-»ija. -r^iu.- --r---::: •■**^ ■-: " J»KT»7--.r I^.-r*I^::*3 

»■:■' ■* -^ -. -'-:. ,:- i-i.-^. - -'->r .ij^-ir-i _■ * • — ■ T _-' :^*^- : r*!:-*.'* 

X.' '. ^u -• 7": l.:X- .11- St— <,:«^ ks-^OXtr'l - " "~ ' -^r^xr "'^'-' '^ ^'.'**'r^^ 

•.' I-.-. . . J. ^ . ULTtT— -J**-- -.^^ „ _^_ i--»-.-4T-^T. : *-: 3- J^ir 1^I9: 



*". ' .'- ' .;' . '.J. '.^ 






..t 



I 






CHALMERS. W. A. ,#f. ir'>ii. watrr- 
:''. "*-■. ri-i .- L =: s • .-w^rd-i the rnd vf 




ii\rf r-. •,•>* ' -* '•-■*-.'' !=:•.- "t-".. 21 '.IT 



,, T-.r In-rrmrn* of The lar*r Pn=-*ideiit iSir 

••• ' '. '^' "■-• ' •^^- ' ; -•'^y;"-r=- JvO. .1 Krvrold., at <:. Paul's ; ' in 1793 

-. ... ',: -■.<:.'.-. ^. . :. .'. -v •.-.:.:. tr. -.Lr -Ji:^ i^-..^^^^^ of H^nrv VITsChiH wirh the 

//...;..•;. ./.;:;• :. ' . .* T .,.»... v-r .r.^r.^Trr. r>-.^.,nvofthr Install ar ion:' and in tb-ii«t 






v^r -he • NWt Front of the Ab^iev. Bath/ 



f/.',.'.. r^.f.:.-:. .v. .-»- .r/K.w- .41 ;,r.': mor^ Af->:r an inrerval of four vears he exhibited in 

J,::,.....!. I- :.-..r v.;.- a,.o-*-l -o ..^ it- i7i,..Mr. K-mblea. the -Stranger.-Hnd the 

.-:} .f, .,v-,..v.',n. or to ?-r^.:na-*: in d^^?- . j,. ^^^ ^^f jj^^^ ^-^j . jj^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ 

lf.f,;ij l■.;1^/,r;J• ',,'1-. It ro ,.rl n»rV«:r foWt ^jj^^j vounff. 

lh«- ti-rnumt.* nil nnt-yfi la favonrit*; phra^-i: of fTj'j " • T»--* «>_..•. i^ - T^^ 

... , / . .1 .• -.1,!. [li'.-d^raves Diet, of Artists : Orare&s Diet 

v«i»j'ifi of III" iridr. idiial. and lh«-n th«; r**?*?- ■• 

lii-rfition II nd i-l«rv;itioM of wK-iirly at lar/e. CHAXiM£RS, SiB WILLIAM 0787- 

'I Imi writifi;/''. of riialrm-r-t fiill into two 1W5(J), lieutenant -general, eldest son of Wil- 

rliiK.-<-)< tfioff: p'lbliwliffd during hi»t life and lium Chalmeni of Glenericht, near Blair- 

biK |»'>nl.liiimoii> w'»rkH. Of tlw firrit, liiH prin- gowrie, Perthshire, was bom at <ilenericht 

n|iiii workM, in t w<!nty-fiv<; vol umcH, were: in 1787. He entered the army on 9 Jul? 

1. ' .Nfitiiriij TlH'oJofrv/ :^ voU. "1. * Evidences 1H03 as ensign in the 52nd foot, becoming 

ofMiriNtiiinity,':^ vols. .T 'Moral and Mental lieutenant on 23 Oct. of the same year. 



8 regiment, o! | 
■ ■ ■ g; 

I order wss issued directing that eleven ' 
Bri tisli regiments then stationed in that island j 
should he augmented each by a company of 
Sicilians Milisl^ for seven yeara' general ser- i 
yice under the British crown, it fell to him, ! 
•s simior aubaltem, Co raise the regimental \ 
quota of uieu for that purpose. lie became I 
captain in the second battalion in 1807. He 
MTveil with his regiment in Portugal and ' 
Spun in lyOS-S ; in the Walchertai expedi- 
tion, including the bombardment of l-lusht ng ; I 
and subsequently as a regimental officer and | 
ftsbrigade-majorof various infantry brigades . 
in the Peuinsular camjHiigijs irom 1810 to 
1814, in the course of which he was present iu i 
aerejiteen engagements, including tlie battles 
of BBrossa,Siilttmauca, and Vittoria, and the 
TBjiouB actions in the l^renees and on the , 
Nivelle, and at the eieges of Ciudad Rodrigo, 
BadajoE, and San Sebastian ; had altogether 
ax horses shot under biu; and on one occa- 
sion — the attack on the entrenchments of 
Sarre in 1813— was himself very severely . 
wounded. He received a brevet majority 
for service lu the field in 1813, oud a lirevet | 
lieutenant-colonelcy for Waterloo At the i 
latter period he was sen'ing as aide-de-camp 
to his uncle, Major^neral Sir Kenneth Mac- | 
kemie, afterwards Sir Kenneth Douglas, bart., i 
of Glenbervie, who was commanding at Ant- j 
■wenii which was in a very critical slate, hut 
golleavetojoinhisregimentbefore the battle, 
where he conunanded the right wing of the ' 
62nd, and had three horses killed under him. | 
He was also present at the capture of Paris, 
Uid with the army of occupdlion in France 
until 1817, when he retuvd from active mili- 
tary life. He married in 1826 the daughter 
of Thomas Price. He became brevet colonel 
in 1837, wns mnde K.C.H., and C.B. the 
year following. He became a major-^neml 
ID 1846, was created a knight-bachelor in 
1846, Hjipointed colonel of the 78th high- 
landers in 1S53, and became Leutenant-gene- 
nl in 1854. He was in possession of the 
Feninsulnr medal with eight clasps, and the 
Waterloo medal. Chalmers, who had been left 
a widower in 18fil, died at his seat, Glen- 
ericht, on 2 June 1860. His age appears to 
Lavi' been given incorrectly in tlie ■ Qentle- 
II)aii*H Mngaxine' and other obituary notices. 
[Army Lists; Moareom's Hi«t. Eec, 62rid 
Light Infantry ; Leeke's Lord Seuton b It«gt. at 
Wnierloo, vol.!.: Dod's Knighlago ; Geiit.Mng. 
ard MriBS (in.) p. 101.] H. M. C. 

CHALON, ALFBED E1IWAR1I(1780- 
1660), portrnit wid suhjecl paiulur, joiuijfer 



brother of John James Chalon rq.v.l, was 
born at Geneva on 16 Feb. 1780. He was 
intended, like his brother, for a commercial 
life; but he took early to art, and entered 
the Academy schools in 1797. In 1808 ho 
became a member of the Society of Associated 
Artists in Water Colours. In the same year 
he founded, with his brother John and' sis 
others, the ' Evening Sketching Swiety," the 
meetings of which were mntiuued for forty 
years, and of which a full account will be 
found in the ' Recollections of T. Ewins,' and 
in the 'Recollections and Letters of C. R. 
Leslie.' He exhibited his first picture at the 
Royal Academy in 1810. In 1812 he was 
elected associate of tliat body, and became 
a full member in 1816. ' Ho (hen and for 
many years afterwards was the moat faahion- 
uhlf portrait painter in water coloura. His 
full-leI^[th portraits in this manner, usually 
about fifteen inches high, were full of <ihB- 
racter, painted with a dashing grace, and 
never commonplace ; the drajienes and acces- 
sories drawn with great spirit and elegance.' 
In his younger days he painted eome good 
miniatures on ivory. Chalon was the flrat 
to paint Queen Victoria after her accession 
to the throne, and received the appointment 
of painter in wateT colours to the queen. As 
a portrait painter in this medium he had an 
extraordinaryand almost unparalleled vogue: 
but he survived his fame. In 1856, tho year 
following his brother'a death, he exhibited, 
at the rooms of the Society of Arts in the 
Adelphi, a collection of his own and of John 
Chalon's works, hut it does not seem to have 
attracted much attention. Leslie, hisfricnd 
and warm admirer, writes : ' It was to aie a 
proof, if I had wanted one, of the non-appre~ 
cifttion of colour at the present time that the 
exhibition of J. and A. Chalon's pictures 
failed to attract notice.' If water colours 
were the medium bei^t suited to his genius, 
Chalon nevertheless painted a vast number of 
works in oils, having exhibited altogether 
upwards of thnw hundred oil paintings at 
the Royal Academy and elsen^ere in the 
course of his life. Among his best-known 
subject pictTires may be meatioued 'Hunt 
the Slipiter,' 1831; 'John Knox reproving 
the Ladies of Queen Mary's Court,' 1837 ; 
'Serena,' 1817; 'Sophia "VVesteTU,- 1867. 
He was clever in imitating the styles of other 
painters, and particularly of Watteau, whose 
pictures he greatly admired. 

Chalon had made a large collection of his 
own and his brother's drawings and paintings. 
In 1869 he offered them to the inhabiianls 
of Ilompstead, together with some eiidnw- 
menlsfor the maintenance of the collection: 
but the scheme fell through. He then olTcrtTd 



Chalon 456 Chaloner 



them toth*f nation, with a Mmilarly unsati.s- or attained to so equal an excellence, in lo 

factory i^jiiilt. I^te in life he retirwl with many departments of art. He painted land- 

hU Virother to an oM hou-^e on Campden Hill, scapes, fijBrore and animal subjects, and ma- 

Kfrnsinizton. and then? died, 3 Oct. \¥^. His rine pictures with equal fiacility and succew. 

numeronA fri»?nd* V>re unanimous testimony He belonged, with nis brother Alfred Ed- 

to the delightful social qualities of the man, ward ''(^, v.", to an evening sketching club, 

and were ungrudging in their recognition of which" included Leslie and Clarkson Stans- 

hi.4 genius. fi^ld among its members. 




I860, pp. 487. 7.'»6. 792: Art Journal, 1860, 1854.] 

p. 337, 1^62. p. 9, an article upon A. E. Chalon ^^rr a ▼ r^-M-Em rj i^io l* ^ 

l.v Jam«. Daffr.rne: AutobioffraphioU RecoUee- CHAM^NER, -— ■ {d, 1«3>, a chief 

tiona of C. R. Le»»Ii-, ed Tom Tavlor. 2 voU. actor in Edmund \\aller8 plot of ld«, is 

pa«!*iin; Re.yjl Inrt ions of T. Ewins,''2 vols. 1853, descnbed in contemporary accounts as 'an 

pamim.] E. B. eminent citizen * and linendraper of London. 

rvTTATi^v rr.iix' t * Afx-o /i— a lo-i^ ^^^ lived in Comhill, near tne Roval Ex- 

CHALON JOHN JAMEM1m*-18o4) ^y^ ,„^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ named Xorton. 

lamlscape ami p;rnre painter, born ^' March TofTHther with Xathiniel Tomkins. secretarv 

1 , , H was of a tr.rncfi tam.ly wh.eh had re- ^^ 7,,^ ^,^„., ^„„^^;, ^^^ Waller » brother 

M at Gf:n*,va s.nc« the revrKjation of the i„.^^^.\ „rp,„ised. earlv in IM9, a societv 

erlirt of N..nt,s In 1..h9 the family came ^,,ieh'wa« intended to^brinp topether all 

to hnKl«n<I and Chalons father was a^ citizens desiroiL. of effecting a peace tet ween 

pr.inte.I prr-fessor of l-n?nch language and ^^^ parliament and CharWi. The king aih 

Iit.ratuivatth».Uoynl>r.l.tarvColl.^-,&and- '^j j,,^ ,^^ . ^^j „„ „^^, ^,f j^ "^^^ 

lnir..t The son was ii.tende<l for business ; »„ p^.^ imyiay l»m). Chaloner. Tomkins. 

but Ins artistic jflY-^mfies were strongly Wall^.amlafewothers implicated in it were 
marked, and in I i9f> hf Ijecame a student ut 




oil. but in \^mh.. K-fran to^xhibit at th^ j.^^, ,,f y^^^„ Both were found iruiltv 
ga l..rv of t h.- \N «t.r-<olo..r N^ioty and in „„ j(„„,,,,^ , .-, j^,^ ,^„,, ^^^ sentence of deatk 
1M)« b,,t.„nK- a iwmU-T ot tha Wly He ^-a., .-arried out on the following WVlnesdav 




, . , . , . .1 r' • . '•f »"" "i?? fatlier offered him a roval iiar- 

which IS now m til- >outh Kensington Mu- ,,„„ ^^.,,i^.,^ ,,g ,,^,5^^^ ^^ ^„„,.,, -jj^ '^^j 

Miim In I-', hr w«« ehctod ass.,ci«te of ,,;, friond Tomkiiis alone suffen.>d cai.ital 

th»' Koyal Ac;iil«MTiy, and became a full mem- •ouni-iliment 

>)er ill i>?41. Amonjr lii^ lator works may be ^ 




»u])porte<l him.s<'lf by toacliing. He exhi- 
biti.fl, how.'v»T, as many as !.'« pictures in CHALONER, JAMES (1603-1660), re- 
oils at tlu; iJoyal Acafb'my and at the IWtish picid« and antiquary*, was fourth son of Sir 
lii.stitut<*, aiul had niadp his mark, moreover, Thomas Chaloner theyoimprer ^i-v.";, of Guis- 
as a watfT-rolour ]>airitrT. In 18:?0 he pub- . Ixjronp^h, Yorkshire, and Steeple Claydon in 
ll.shed a book of 'Sk<*tches of Parisian Man- [ Buckin^fhamshire. Inl616 he entered Brase- 
n<»rs,* which was niucli admired byStothard. , nose College, Oxford, and after leavin^r the 



He was a friend of C. II. Leslie, R.A., who 
ffreatly n'S|)ect«;d his genius, and wrote of 
)iim tiiut few painters had so great a range, 



university became a member of one of the 
inns of court. He married Ursula, daughterof 
Sir William Fairfax of Steeton, and his con- 



nectioLii witli tbia liunily, joined vrith the grie- 
Tonces of his own. led nim lo adopt tlie side 
■if tlie porliiuiient durtng the emi vita. lu 
1045 tie was elected member Tor Aid borough, 
the tvrogvnllemeii who represented that placo 
having oeen disabled as rovalbts ( C^mmoni' 
Jtturnab, 12 Sept. IBIfi). " In llUT he 



appointed 
tlia refarm 



I the 



o refomiBtion of the tmivereity of Ibiford. 
In the following yew he was named one of 
the kings judges, and wae present at Ihe first 
threesittiugt of tfaecgnrt, but from that time 
abstained, and was not there when gcDtence 
was pronounced agaiii«l the king (Nalsok, 
JimmeU nf thr High Voart of Jiaticn). A 
more congenial appointment was olTered him 
in 16o2, when hifl wife's cnuaia. Lord Fair- 
fajt, to whom I he Isle of Man liud been granted 
bytheparlininent, named him one of the three 
«ommi«notuir8 to settle lUs affairs in that 
island 1,17 Aug. lf)S2). In Ihe dedication to 
Lord Fairfax of his 'Short Treatise of the 
Isle of Man,' Chalonertmys: '"We gave your 
lordship nn (iccount in writing, as well as by 
word of mouth, of our proceedings there, as 
in relation Ui your revenues and the govern- 
ment of the country. BO aUowliat our actions 
were in pursuance of your pious intentions 
for ihi! promotion of religion and learning.' 
He goes un to say that he himself ' having 
made a more than ordinarj' inquisition into 
the state of the island,' now offers it to his 

Etron. The preface is dated 1 Dtie. 1653, 
,t the book itself wan not published til! 
three years later. In 16^8 Chaloner was ap- 
pointed govemorof the island. When Monck 
marched ogniuat Lambert ,Chalonerattempted 
to secure the Isle of Man for the parliamen- 
tary party, hnt was himself seiied by the 
Sirtisans of the army and imprisoned in Peel 
tatte (Petition of his son Edmond Cha- 
loner, Hintarieal MSS. Commimion, Tth Rep. 
147). ' During his imprisonment,' says the 
petition, 'being of a tender and weak con- 
stitution, he took liis death sickness, whereof 
he shortly after died before the Act of In- 
demnity passed.' He left anliquarianmanu- 
Hiripts. which passed into the possesion of 
John Vincent. Nothing is known of them 
lifter Vincent's death in 1671. 

[A Short Tmatiee of Iho lale of Man. digested 
into Six Chapters, London, 1653. pabtished as 
an AppMiiti* to King's Vale Royal of England. 
Jt wSH reiTinled by tho Maai tlocivty in 1874, 
ulilad by the Rev. J. O, Cvinniiiig. Wood's 
Athans OxDoicniiM, «l, Bliss, iii . 60S-4 .- i^krtoh 
prelUscl tn Mr, Cuoimitig'B sditiou of the Trea- 
tiae. Tht Fmrfai eiirrwpondcncc coutains two 
l«tt«nt«t'nn1»Fairf<uraiid two inFsnlinaiido. 
Loid Fairtni. A^etitiou dated 12 Aug. lSfi7 
•tncw hi* liMnvi by ths war. and the opprwsliHi 
af the king (CulMtdar of Domestic Slate Btpen), 



£Eil) 
I 



uiid ibe lact of his iiu]>rieu]uiient in ISiU ii cou- 
flriiied by tlis JoumalB of ihellcniBe of Commons, 
27 Dec. 1669.] C. H. P. 

CHALONER, Sik THOMAS, the elder 
(1 5-21-1 iiBii), dipiomntist and author, eldest 
Hin of Roger Chaloner, citiien and mercer of 
London, a member of nn old Welsh family, 
was boni in Lmdon, probably in the parish 
of St, DunBtan's-in-t lie-East,* in 1621. It is 
conjectured tliat he studied for a lime at St. 
John's College, Cambridge, and was also for 
a time at Oxford. In 1540 he accompanied 
Sir Thomas Knyvet'a embassy to the court 
of Cliarles V, was well received by the em- 
peror, went with him to Algiers, and very 
nearly lost, his life on the const of Barbsry 
in 1541 (Haklcvt, Prinripnll yamgation*, 
. 1810, ii. :^10). On his return lo Knghind 
I Chaloner became clerk of the privy council, 
I Somerset took him into favour at the end of 
Henry's reign, and in 1647 Chaloner accom- 
panied him to Scotland, fought at the battle of 
Musselburgh 'ir Piiickie, niid wo» knighted on 
thfljatiK'-fii'Iii, Hi' nil- i.iifPFij;f>d in procuring 
eiidenc'ii;;.iiri-( Sheii.c- t'-liriilher and rival. 
Lord Se^ijii'Lii-, in l-">-l--'': ivue one of the 
wilneNx.'^i.i^.'Liii-i l:.>0N.-n l.'>4i')andGardiner 
( 1351) ; i-et'en ed u lireiu* lo eut flesh in Lent 
(1 June )i>50); was granted the lands lie- 
longing to Gnisborough priorv, Yorkshire 
(31 Oct. 1650) ; and on 10 May 1351 was 
one of the commissioners numinnted to ne- 
gotiate with the envoyaof Ihe queen of Scots 
regarding dehateable land on tlie border of 
the two kingdoiuB of England and Scotland, 
proceedings which led to the treatv of Nor- 
ham (10 June). He fulfilled similar func- 
tions on 8 Mapci 1551-^, negotiating another 
treaty with Scotland -J-i Sejit. 1553, and 
received from Edward VI a grant of lands 
■t St. Decs in Cumberland in 1553. At the 
end of Edward's reign he went with Dr. 
Woltou and Sir William Pickering on an 
etahossy to France, but was immediately re- 
called on Mary's accession. Although a pro- 
testant,Chalauer wasnot excluded from pub- 
licemploymentunderQueen Slori-. He was 
sent to Scotland in February 156,^<i; had a 
mnt of the manor of Steeple CInvdon, Buck- 
inghamshire, 13 Aug. 1557. ami on 13 Jan. 
1557-8 was directed lo provide Inmsportfor 
the English troops proceeding to Dunkirk. 
Further lands at Ouisborough were also as- 
signed him on 16 July 1558. On the accse- 
sion of Elixabeth. Chaloner was ordered to 
proceed lo the emperor Ferdinand at Cour- 
tray, in order to detach him fivm the French 
alUance, and, after satisfactorily porforniinK 
this service, was deapatched to ITiilip II, 
then residinc ut Bni^wls, in c>rder to arrange 
for a peac^l treaty between the Spanish 



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ii..*!..,!' |,r.ii.. fi .-..i fjr-t j,iilil:fli*"J in u-r-^, rVxfWy fnm Florence, to tho Earl t'f 
I i/'.»l,v \\illi:iMi M;iliiii,fnirfi:r <,\' >K VtiwW K-rf x :ind Anthonv BiiCon "q.T." -tillMxi^t in 
iili',',1. 'I III v. Iioli I- iji L;itiii v'r-«-,unfl w;i^ th'f La in }i<'th Library. It was excf^'dintrly 
w/jMiii in : ii.iiii !n\v.i«n -J.*! l»«r. |.V;2 and i fond of natural history and philosophical in- 



c BiHToimdiiig vogi^tiiri 
14 tltal or iome piTts nf GuUboroiigli 
hla own Yorkahif e(itnt'>, iinil nil liii-ri'iiii 
iiboiit 1600, n.F>.l" il>" .tU.'ov..r, ..( i.ln 



pope 



fulmiiuited im nnatln 



ttguiuBt CIlM- 

i(! Young'* ' Wliirhy,' 



Qrose'B ' Aatitiuiti 

bat the tt-st is verriaiim lue curse "i i-.rnui- 
phu8 in ' TriBtfMra Sliwiily,' In .rniues I'a 
tuneChaloni'r'n woriwheciime verviii'critiihle, 



ued tliroi ai royal mines, and th«y were 
granted to Sir Pet(?r Pin.lur for l'2,fiO0l. a 
veor to ibe king uiid l',2-IO/. to the Enrl of 
iliilmve und unotlipr, «n(l after piying eight 
hunuredwnrknien still prndiiced nn immense 
prufiti In 15^ Chaloncr was mode justice of 
the pence for Biickingham^liire. Townrdstlie 
end of Eliaibi'th's reigii, nt Ibe instance uf 
Sir Robert Cecil, nfierwards t»rl of 3ali»biir>' 

t.j. v.], Chaloner went into Scotland, wbere 
e became so great a favourite with King 
Jamea tbnt oven Sir FmnciB Bacon souglii 
hiarecoramondation. Ili-nttendeil.Iameson 
hifl journey to take poeM*siiin (if the linplish 
throne, and on the arrival nt York Iiciic1l>c1 
iho depuuilioii 10 llie mayor, (iuceii Auiif 
gave him the manngenipnt oF her priviilL- 
Mtalc, and the king oppoiiiled him p>iLTni>r 
of the king's eldest son Henrj- in ItKKt. lie 
bad to fonn the Uouseliold into what ihi! king 
called 'a eoiirtly college,' and no ifpnilamnn 
could take tile prince out wicboiit his con- 
Mnt, For bis services as the head official of 
tlie 420 servants of the prince his ' wages 
and diet ' were SSI. lHn. id. a your, la UUIS 
he attended the prince to Oxford — Magdalen 
College heing chosi'n out of respect to him 
— and there, along with forty-two noble- 
men, gentlemen, and esquires, he was made 
ttiniiHterofarts, In 1005 hi- was entrusted 
irith the repairs of Kenilworth Castle, the 
planting of gardens, restonition of ii*h-pfmds, 
game prewn'ra, Ac. In 1607 he and u Dune 
and two Dutcbmiin showed ' rare flreworbs ' 
on the occjisinn of a Twelfth-night masque at 
court. In IttIO, when tJie young prince wna 
creati-d Prince of Wales und Itiike of CJorn- 
null, and Chaloner wa4 made bis cbanib'-r- 
lain, tlir scheme of M. Villeforesl to cstract 
silver from lead waa entrusted by the princt- 
. 4ia him dad Sir William Oodolphin for trial. 



Initios he recommended the making of water- 
pip°s of earthenware, of which be asserted 
t^ighl thousand could be made in a day, aafi-r 
and stronger than metal ones. On I'ette's 
triul for xnsufliniency as u sbipwrigbt, the 
king chose Chalontrlo make thut-xperimi-nta 
on ibe powers and capacities ol' ships. The 
ntyai Jiew-jear's gifts to him were of high 
vnJuo. In lfi05 hla portion was 80 ojs, of 
gilt plate, and at the christening of one of 
hU children he received ■ 108 ox, of ^t [iltit«> 
nf all kinds.' The public records mention a 
few grants to him : in 1004, ICO/, a year in 
lauds of the duchy of lAncastcr and 8CW. a 
year in fee-farm of exchequer lands : and 
subaequently part of the manor of Clotball, 
Herifordabire. John Owen addressed one of 
his ' Epigrams' to him ; niid Isaac Wake, in 
bis 'Rex Platoniciis," Oxford, 1607, baa a 
poem on him. 

By his first wife, who died in 1603, be had 
eleven children ; William, created a baro- 
net on '20 July 1620, who died unmarried 
at Scanderoon (the title became extinct in 
UWl)! Kdward, Thomas [q. v.], James, the 
regicide [q. v.l, end tliree other sons and four 
daughters. Bv bis second wife, who died in 
Ifilf), Judith, "dnughter of William Blunt of 
Laudiiti. he hod four sons and three daugh- 
ters. HewHsagr™! benefactor to the gram- 
mar school of St. Bees, giving it in 1608 a 
frond building site, with timber, stone, and 
forty tons of sea coal, with an acre and a 
half of adjoining land. There are two Cha- 
loner scholarships still existing. 

Chaloner left estates at Guisborough, York- 
shire, and Steeple Claydon, Buckinghamshire, 
and died on 17 Nov. 1615. In the chancel 
of Chiswick Church, Sliddleaex, is a monu- 
ment of alabaster having his effigies and his 
lady's, with an inscribed plate. This monu- 
ment makes his birth in 1561, and not 1569 
as in Wood and Tanner. 

[Htowe's Annals, p. 895; Wood's Athauic 
Oion. i. 3DB. ii. 376. iii. 2d6; Wood's Fasti. 
p. 173; Biog. Brit. (Kjppis).iii, 419; Childrey's 
BriU Baconii«, p. 162 ; Bacan's Works, iv. 657 ; 
Camden's Brit. p. 766 ; Fuller's Worthies (York- 
shire), p. 186 ; Hymer'a Fcedeni. in. 64fi ; PsI. 
I Jac. 1, p. 23, m. 10; Winirood's MeRiariali, il. 
87; Sidney Pupora, ii. 3U7 : Dr. Bireb's Prinea 
Henry, pp. 32, 97. 203; Dr. Birch's Qn«eti 
EliEahelh. ii. I6D, 182, 23B. SSQ, -JSV, 304 : 
Grose's Antiqailifs, vol, iv.; DnMUi'? Princae of 
Wales, pp. 350, 877, 379; Ord's Cleveland, pp. 
321. 323. 291; Cal. State Papera. Dom. Ser. 
1603-10; Kiehnls'i Prngressss, i. 79. S53, Set». 
603, ii. 2S2. 373; Rennet's CoUectiona. Harl. 
MS. 983: Bnt«h!naan's Cumberland, ii. SS; 
Peacbain's Complcat Oiintleman, c. 10, p. 93; 
Cliilterbuck's BisL sod Antiq, of Eortronlahire. 
ii. 361.1 J. W.-O. 



Chaloaer 



-cfc 



Cbal*jaer 



^x^.ir\ "'^'••H % p^^i-irr' i«nr tj*iiuii.' hit w-rii 
•fiir* ujim. Aiiii** ' ^«^f'.^xtf\^isu '•caTai^SLL*. 

aii'.n^T .-, ifMt .t,r* Hait >*<ffl. *«*<Tii*fi -r-.rii 'ii** 

liMiKri -,n •!>. *.;.-. j.Hrr ' A a Ar*.'»Tr*r 'o •!•» 
.S^^.'tt P*p«^r^ :rrv.7*r-r<i Lit a** H-.*Wir -/Cchl- 
au.njt/ f ^-.tuli-x.. : ''^t, i^.-, ; ' Aa .Va-^-ww v, 
4Fr3-«rraul ''J^f'/^ '-ft-* , , . a^ckJ-SAr. Mr, T. di*- 
i/-*!^'* •*j^s^#r7:/ I>,tiiir-r.- I*i4^. 4?y. : • "Hut J m- 

rhrr ^**«^>'-. 'i •-.»- K.r.i'/ f>r.--:..r.. I-i;*^:. i-.-.. 

f5o.»* *ri : p^i.r.S''..'*-^ ^i'* ."..*• :...* "J.r-*-* T^rr 
r. ..V. -•.•',■..• .r. \-V^' r. f;. >i4r r.r- ir.-i O . '-.'.r.tL 
T^r.-. p .*r Tc '**r -T-i* i ' ' rr..-:: . .— . r.*r» '^iT parLA- 

'// *:.*- Tf..r,\ I :. >;►>>.** • i^r '. ^olrr.* 'ilvr. 1 1- 
von ',f ^K*: ly.T^ jA-'i.Ani-E.*. Cr^nnr^ril caLftfi 




•iraKfi HIT 31 1' 



'. tad Ji iitiniar7 Jidi^viBir le -wm ictz 
aflfii*^ -^fmnllrir 4^ ikaTp*. V^>iii *0'a^ f' 

^.m. it^ixur t. J » u!Ji -ir 1. ui ^ a i iMv eaia w 1^ 
iye^AJiha l3i]pQrrjact*» ^ -:&u» '!i^ wir 

■tr.ai"3itrtri-r* £wii!e. la. I*!5i> itt pabiidfti?*^ • A 
Sp#jrt2L «?:n:a;T ng a. F^j/fm. i:r M jnar»r!ij/ L'c- 
'2r.li. 4t»-.. ttxji^ *&ow^ taur it wikf bisgrrTT^' 
•c • <^.T> rmaii ' wirii "rii* ti3Ks. bos ti» I*.'-. 

Til .n, "lic: hi* WM »xeifpc#»^ «« ro bock lif- 
acti ■»!?rA*.^ ^.m - ^ Act 'si fMizrvm, AlcbrAc* 
•ii^ EatI :f iy-jiduBBftrm. '-J bmjL ritd %> lii- 

Til- -.nlT 'TU>i 0/ il* £i3ily rh:lAti«:t* -• 
:- I >'*t*Tr fnw J. W. -of Vvrk ::• Thonii* 

•Vy ^-ut'n «ft*?Ju of A 2»titl*!nan. • yr-nr wife'* 
hrr^rh^rr. Mr. Sr-thahte/ 

'N'-.* I^- R«fT^>«, :. 13-*; Ori't C*TrJL&L 
Appir. ifx. p. ^^: : LoilpiV* M«Kr.ria:«w :::, « 
Bi4LTr.r»Jif Co>r>.ca, pf. rr. rrrL si. {. 516: 
Wcoi • A:h«:at Or t. ::L -541 : »ad Ch»:<«r# 
W rkj. J. W.J5. 



Z^ 



KNIi OF THE XINTH VOLUME. 



INDEX 



TO 



THE NINTH VOLUME. 



PAOK 
1 



See Robert of 



Canute or Onut (994 ?-1086) 
Canute, Robert (/f. 1170). 

Cricklade. 
Canvane, Peter (1720-1786) . 
Canynges, William (1899 ?-1474) . 
Cape, William Timothy (1806-1863) 
Capel, Arthur, first Baron Capel of Hadham 

(1610?-1649) 

Capel, Arthur, Earl of Essex (1681-1688) 
Capel, Sir Henry, Lord Capel of Tewkesbury 

(d. 1696) 

Capel, Richard (1686-1656) 
Capel, Six Thomas Bladen (1776-1858) 
Capel, William, third Earl of Essex ( 1697-1748) 
Capell, Catherine, Countess of Essex (1794- 

1882). See Stephens, Catherine. 
CapeU, Edward (1718-1781) 
Capellanus, John {fi. 1410 ?) 
Capgrave, John (1893-1464) . 
Capon, John, alias Salcot (d. 1557) 
Capon, William {d. 1550) 
Capon, William (1767-1827) . 
Cappe, Newcome (1788-1800) . 
Capper, Francis (1735-1818) . 
Capper, James (1748-1825) 
Capper, Joseph (1727-1804) 
Camter, Louisa (1776-1840). 

Capi)er, James. 
Cappoch, Thomas (1719-1746). See Coppock. 
Caraocioii, Charles {fi. 1766) .... 

Caractacus (fl. 60) 

Caradoo, Sir John Francis, first Baron How- 
den (1762-1889) 27 

Caradoo, Sir John Hobart, second Baron 

Howden (1799-1878) 29 

Caradog (<{. 1086) 80 

Caradog of Llancarvan {d. 1147 ?) . .80 

Caradori-Allan, Maria Caterina Rosalbina 

(1800-1865) 80 

Carantaous, in modem Welsh Carannog, 

Saint (>7. 460) 81 

Carausius (246 ?-298) 82 

Carbery, second Earl of. See Vaughan, 

Richard (1600 ?-1686). 

Card, Hennr (1779-1844) 

Cardale, John Bate (1802-1877) 
Cardale, Paul (1705-1776) .... 
Carder, Peter {fi. 1677-1586) .... 
Cardigan, seyenth Earl of (1797-1868). See 

Bmdenel, James Thomas. 
Cardmaker, alUu Taylor, John {d. 1665) 
VOL. DC. 



See under 



8 

8 

10 

10 
12 

17 
17 
18 
19 



19 
20 
20 
22 
28 
23 
24 
25 
25 
25 



26 
26 



36 
86 
88 
89 



89 



PAOR 

Cardon, Anthony (1772-1818) . . 40 

Cardon, Philip {d 1817 ?). See under Cardon, 

Anthony. 
Cardonnel, Adam [de] (d. 1719) 40 

Cardonnel, afterwaids Cardonnel-Lawson 

Adam [Mansfeldt] de (d. 1820) ... 41 
Cardonnel, Philip de (d. 1667). See under 

Cardonnel, Adam [del {d. 1719). 
CardroBs, Barons. See Erskine, Daniel, second 

Baron, 1616-1671; Erskine, Henry, third 

Baron, 1650-1698. 
Cardwell, Edward (1787-1861) ... 42 
Cardwell, Edward, Viscount (1813-1886) . 43 

Care, Henry (1646-1688) 45 

Careless, William {d. 1689). See Carlos. 
Carencross, Alexander {d. 1701). See Cairn- 
cross. 
Carew. See also Carey and Cary. 
Carew, Sir Alexander (1609-1644) ... 46 
Carew, Bamfylde Moore (1698-1770?) . . 47 
Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell (1760-1884) . 47 
Carew, Sir Edmund (1464-1513) ... 49 
Carew, Elizabeth, Lady {fl. 1590). See Carey, 

Elizabeth, Lady. 
Carew, Sir George {d. 1612) . .50 

Carew, George {d. 1588). See under Carew, 

George, Baron Carew of Clopton and Earl 

of Totnes. 
Carew, George, Baron Carew of Clopton and 

Earl of Totnes (1555-1629) . .51 

Carew, Sir John (d. 1862) . .63 

Carew, John {d. 1660) 54 

Carew, John Edward (1785 ?-1868) . 54 

Carew, Sir Matthew (d. 1618) .... 55 
Carew, Sir Nicholas {d. 1589) .... 66 
Carew, Sir Peter (1514-1575) . .69 

Carew, Richard (1555-1620) . .60 

Carew, Sir Richard {d. 1648 ?) .62 

Carew or Cary, Robert, also called Cervinus 

(>?. 1825) 68 

Carew, Sir Thomas (d. 1481). See under 

Carew, Sir John {d. 1362). 
Carew, Thomas (1598 ?-1689 ?) .68 

Carey. See also Carew and Cary. 
Carey, David (1782-1824) .... 64 
Carey or Carew, Elizabeth, Lady, the elder 

(>?. 1590) 64 

Carey, Eustace (1791-1855) .65 

Carey, Felix (1786-1822) 65 

Carey, George, second Baron Hunsdon (1647- 

1608) 65 

I I 



462 



Index to Volume IX. 



FAGK 

Ctfey, George Jftckaon > 1822-1 872 > . M 

Carer, George SftviDe «174S-1807 . . 67 

CureV, Henry, first Bsron Huoiidon 1<>24 ?- 

1596J 68 

Carey, Henry, second Earl of Mor^iuoath 

tl596-1661« 70 

Carey, Henry (<f. 174»! 71 

Carey, James (1845-1883 • .72 

Carey, John, third Baron Honsdon wf. 1617, . 78 

Carey, John (1756-1896) 78 

Carey, Mathew (1760-1889 74 

Carey, Patrick {/1. 1651). See Carj-. 

Carey, Robert, first Earl of Monmoath 1 500 ?- 

16891 75 

Carey, Valentine id. 1626 1. See Cary. 
Care V, Williamt 1761-1884) .... 77 
Carey, William* 1769-1846) .... 77 
CArev,WiUiamPattlet. 1759-1889'. . 78 

Cargill, Ann 1748 7-1784, known as Mi>s 

Brown 79 

Cargill, Donald, according to ^ome, Daniel 

.1619?-16S1 79 

Cargill, Jaiiit-s ■ /. 1605 80 

Carier, Benjamin : 1566-1614 i . ... HO 
Carilef, William de. Saint id. 1096; ... 81 
Carkeet, Samnel (d. 1746i .84 

Carkesse, James <y/. 1679 1 .84 

Carkett, Robert J. 1780/ .84 

Carleill, Christopher 15.51 ?-1.593 . .85 

Curlell, Lodowick . Jf. 1629-1664 ... 86 
Carleton, Baron td. 1725). See Bovie, Heurv. 
Carleton, Sir Dudley, Viscoojit Dcirchester 

(1573-1682) 87 

Carleton, George (1 559-1628 j .... 90 
Carleton, George (/. 1728. .01 

Carleton, Guy 11598 ?-l«85t . . <♦•> 

Carleton, Guy, first Baron Dorchester il7'24- 

1808. im 

CarleUjn, Hugh, Vinoount Carleton a7.'59-182(J i 95 
Carleton, Mary 1 1642 ?-ir.7.^> .... I>5 
Carleton, Richard (1561) ?-16.S8? .96 

( larleton, Thomas • 1593 ?-1666 '. Se*- Compton. 
Carleton, William .^/. l:;(iO?i . .97 

Carleton, William .1794-18691 ... 97 

rjarliell, Robert r7. 1622?i .98 

(Jarlil**. Seealw^Carliell,CH^li^le.J^n'l Carlvl*-. 
Carlile r.r Carlisle, Ajine (J. 1680 ?; . " . 99 

Carlile, Christopher ^/. 15S8?' . . l>9 

Carlile, Cljribtoplier 1 1551-15I»:) . See Car- 
leill, Cliristopher. 

Tarlile, .Jamert (r/. 1691i 99 

Carlile, .lameM (1784-18541 .100 

C.irlile, Richard (1790-184.3 . .100 

(Jarlingford, Earls of. See Taafe, Theobakl, 
firht Earl, d. 1077: Taa!^, Francis, third 
Earl, 1639-1704. 
Carliiigford, Viseounts of. See Taafe, Tlieo- 
bald, second Viscount, d. 1677: Taafe, 
Francis, fourth Viscount, ir»39-l 704 ; Taafe, 
Nicholas, sixth Viscount, 1677-17fii>. 
Carlini, .Vgostino id. 1790) .... 103 
Carlisle. See also Carleill, CarlioU, CarliU-, 

and Carlyle. 
C.irliMlo, Sir Anthony (1768-18401 . . .103 
Carlisle, Earls of. See Hav, James, first Earl, 
d. 1636; Howard, Charles, first Earl of 
the second creation, 1620-1685 ; Howard, 
Charles, third Earl, 1674-1738; Howard, 
Frederick, fifth Earl, 17 48-1825; Howard, 
George, sixth Piarl, I77.'i-1H48: Howard, 
(Miorge William Frederick, «>eventh Earl, 
1802-1864. 



PACI 

Carlisle, Conntefls of (1599-1660). See Hay, 

Lucy. 
CarUsle,NichoU8 (1771-1847 ». . 1<M 

Carloa, Edward John < 1798-1851) . .105 

Carlos, Carles, or Careless, William \d. 1689 1 105 
Carlse, James (1798-1855 > .106 

Carlyle, Alexander (172S-1805 1 .106 

Carlyle, Jane Baillie WeliOi (1801-1866 i. See 

onder Carlyle. Thomas ■ 1795-1881 >. 
Carlyle, John Aitken (1801-1879 • . .106 

Carlyle, Joseph Dacre ( 1759-1804 1 . .109 

Carlyle, Thomas (1808-1855) . .110 

Carlyle, ThoBias (1795-18811 . .111 

Carlyon, Clement a777-1864 1. .127 

Carmarthen, Marqais of (1681-1712). See 

Osborne, Thomas. 
Carmelianns, Peter ^<7. 1.527 i . .127 

Carmichael. Frederick 1708-1751 k .198 

Carmichael, Sir James, fir^t Baron Carmichael 

1.^78 ?-1672) 128 

Canuichael, James t /?. 1587 .... 129 
Carmichael, James WUson (1800-1868' . . 129 
Carmichael, Sir John [d. 1600 1 .ISO 

Carmichael, John, second Baron Carmichael 

and first Earl of Hyndford • 1688-1710) . 180 
Carmichael, John, third Earl of Hvndford 

(1701-17671 * . .180 

Carmichael, Richard. 1779-1 849. . .181 

Carmvlvon. Alice or Ellvs t Jl. 1527-1581 » . 182 
Camabv, William .1772-18391 .182 

Camac,'Sir James Rivett (17^5-1846) . 1.S8 

Camac, John (1716-1800) .... l.'W 
Carnarvon, Elarls of. See Dormer, Rolwrt, 
first Earl, d. 1643 ; Herbert, Henry John 
George, third Earl of the third creation, 
1800-1849. 
Came, Sir Edward f/. 1.561 > . . . l:U 

Carne, Eliziil>eth Catherine Thomas ,1817- 

1873 1 135 

Came, John 1789-1H44 135 

Came, Jost'ph 17H-2-18'.8 . . 13« 

Carne, Robert Harkness '1784-1H44. . 1.S7 

Carnegie. Sir David, of Kinnaird. I.^»r«l Car 

negie and Earl of Southesk 1 1575-1658 . 137 
Carnegie, Sir Robert f7. 156t; . .1:^8 

Carnegie, William. Earl of Northesk (1758- 

18311 i:)9 

Carnwath, Earls of. See Dalyell, Robert, 
second Earl. d. 1654 ; Dalvell, Sir Rolx'rt, 
sixth Earl, //. 1737. 

Caroline 16S.V1 737) 139 

Caroline Matilda 175I-1775j . . .145 

Caroline Amelia Elizabeth of Brnn.swick- 

Wolfenbiittel 1 1768-1821 1 . . . I'-O 

Caron, Redmond I Hwr.?-l6iW; . . V>S 

Carpenter, Alexander, latinised as Fabricius 

(/. 1429) 153 

Car}.>enter, George, Lord Caq>enter il657- 

17321 154 

Cari»enter, Janiefi Q 760-1845 1 . . 154 

Can^nter, John 1370 .M441?; .155 

Carpenter. John I r?. 1476 » .... 156 

CarjwMiter. John 'd. 1621) .... 156 
Curi)enter, Lant '1780-1840) . .157 

Carpenter, Margaret Sarah 1 1793-1872' . . 159 
Carpenter, Mary (1807-18771 . . .159 

Cari)enter, Nathanael (158^1(;28?) .161 

CanK-nter, Philip Pearsall (1819-1877' . .162 
Carpenter, Richard (1575-1627) . .168 

Carpenter, Richard J. 1670?i. . . 164 

Can>enter, Richard Cromwell (1812-1 8.55 » . 164 
Carpenter, William (1797-1874 > .165 



Index to Volume IX. 



463 



I'AUE 

Carpenter, William Benjamin (1818-1885) . 166 
Carpenter, William Hookham (1792-1866) . 168 

Carpenti^re or Charpentidre, irf. 1787) . 169 

Carpentiers, Carpentier, or Charpenti^re, 

Adrien {fl. 1760-1774) 169 

Carpue, Joseph Constantine (1764-1846) . 169 

Carr, John (1728-1807) 170 

Carr, John (1782-1807) 170 

Carr, Sir John (1772-1882) . .170 

Carr, Johnson (1744-1765) . .171 

Can-, Nicholas (1524-1568) .171 

Carr, R. {fi. 1668) 172 

Carr, Richard (1651-1706) .172 

Carr, Robert, Earl of Somerset {d. 1645), or 

Ker 172 

Carr, Robert James ^"74-1841) .176 

Carr, Roger (d. 16121 177 

Carr, Thomas, alias Miles Pinkney (1599- 

1674). See Carre, Thomas. 
Carr, WUliam Holwell (1758-1880) . .177 

Carre, Thomas (1599-1674), real name Miles 

Pinkney 177 

Carre, Walter Riddell (1807-1874) . .178 

Carrick, Earl of (1253-1804). See Bruce, 

Robert de VII. 
Carrick, John Donald (1787-1837) . .178 

Carrick, Thomas (1802-1875) . .179 

Carrier, Benjamin (1566-1614). See Carier. 
Carrington, Sir Codringfton Edmund (1769- 

1849) 180 

Carrington, Frederick George (1816-1864) . 180 
Carrington, Lord (1617-1679). See Primrose, 

Sir Archibald. 
Carrington, first Baron (1752-1838). See 

SmiUi, Robert. 
Carrington, Noel Thomas (1777-1880) : . 180 
Carrington, Richard Christopher (1826-1875). 181 
Carroll, Anthony (1722-1794) . .188 

Camithers, Andrew (1770-1852) .188 

Camithers, James (1759-1882) .184 

Carruthers, Robert (1799-1878) .184 

Carse, Alexander ( fl. 1812-1820) . .185 

Carse, William (/. 1818-1845) .185 

Carsewell, John {fl. 1560-1572) .185 

Carson, Aglionby Ross (1780-1850). .185 

Carson, Alexander (1776-1844) .186 

Carson, James (1772-1848) .186 

Carstares, William (1649-1715) .187 

Carswell, Sir Robert (1798-1857) . .191 

Carte, Samuel (1653-1740) . .191 

Carte, Thomas (1686-1754) .191 

Carter, Edmund (;7. 1758) .194 

Carter, Elizabeth (1717-1806). .194 

Carter, Ellen (1762-1815) .196 

Carter, Francis {d. 1788) 197 

Carter, George (1787-1794) .197 

Carter, Harry William (1787-1863). .198 

Carter, Henry, otherwise Frank Leslie (1821- 

1880) 198 

Carter, James (1798-1855) .199 

Carter, John, the elder (1554-1635J . . 199 

Carter, John, the younger {d. 1655) . 200 

Carter, John (1748-1817). . . .200 

Carter, John (1815-1850) 202 

Carter, Lawrence (1672-1745) .... 202 
Carter, Matthew [fl. 1660) .... 208 
Carter, Oliver (1540 ?-1605) .... 208 
Carter, Owen Browne (1806-1859) . . 205 

Carter, Peter (1580 ?-1590) . .205 

Carter, Richard {d. 1692) .205 

Carter, Thomas (r/. 1795) 206 

Carter, Thomas (1785 ?-1804) . . .206 



PAGB 

. 807 
. 207 
. 208 
. 210 
. 215 
. 216 
. 216 



after- 



name 



Carter, Thomas {d, 1867) . 

Carter, WiUiam \d. 1584) . 

Carteret, Sir George [d. 1680) . 

Carteret, John, Earl Granville (1690-1768) 

Carteret, Sir PhUip de (1584-1648) . 

Carteret, Philip (d. 1796) . 

Carthach, Saint, the elder (d. 580 ?) 

Carthach, Saint, the younger {d. 686), called 

also Mochnda 217 

Carthew, George Alfred (1807-1882) . . 218 
Carthew, Thomas (1657-1704). . .219 

Cartier, Sir George Etienne (1814-1878) . 219 
Cartwright, Christopher (1602-1658) . 220 

Cartwright, Edmund (1748-1828) . .221 

Cartwright, Frances Dorothy (1780-1868) . 223 
Cartwright, George {fl. 1661) . .224 

Cartwright, John ( fl. 1768-1808) . .224 

Cartwright, John (1740-1824) . .224 

Cartwright, Joseph (1789 ?-1829) . .225 

Cartwright, Samuel (1789-1864) .226 

Cartwright, Thomas (1535-1603) .226 

Cartwright, Thomas (1634-1689) .230 

Cartwright, Sir Thomas (1795-1850) . 282 

Cartwright, William (1611-1643) . .232 

Cartwright, William [d. 1687) . . .288 

Carus, Thomas [d. 1572 ?).... 284 
Carve, Thomas (1590-1672 ?) . .284 

Carvell, Nicholas [d. 1566) .285 

Carver, John (1575 ?-1621) .236 

Carver, Jonathan (1782-1780) . . . 287 

Carver, Rol>ert (d. 1791) 288 

Carvosso, Benjamin (1789-1854) . .289 

Carwardine, Penelope (1780 ?-1800 ?), 

wards Mrs. Butler 
Carwell, Thomas (1600-1664), real 

Thorold 

Cary. See also Carew and Carey. 

Cary, Edward (d. 1711) . 

Cary, Elizabeth, Viscountess Falkland (1585- 

1639). See under Cary, Sir Henry. 
Cary, Francis Stephen (1808-1880) . .240 

Cary, Sir Henry, first Viscount Falkland (rf. 

1638) 240 

Cary, Henry Francis (1772-1844) . . .242 

Cary, John (rf. 1895?) 244 

Cary, John (<?. 1720?) 244 

Cary, Lucius, second Viscount Falkland 

(1610?-1648) 246 

Cary, Patrick ( fl. 1651) 251 

Cary, Robert (1615 ?-1688) .252 

Cary, Valentine {d. 1626) 252 

Gary, William (1759-1825) . . .258 

Caryl, Joseph (1602-1673) . .268 

Carvll, Jolui, titular Lord Carjll (102.'>-1711) 254 
Caryll, John (1666 ?-1736) . . . .255 
Caryftforfc, Earls of. See Proby, John Joshua, 

first Earl, 1751-1828; Proby, Granville 

Leveson, third Earl, 1781-1868. 
Carysfort, first Baron (1720-1772). See 

Probv, John. 
Casali, Andrea (1720 ?-1788?) .256 

Ctisanova, Francis (1727-1805) .256 

Casaubon, Isaac (15.59-1614) . .257 

Casaubon, Meric (1599-1671) . .261 

Case, John [d. 1600) 262 

Case, John [fl. 1680-1700) .268 

Case, Thomas (1598-1682) .264 

Caslon, William, the elder (1692-1766) . . 267 
Caalon, William, the younger (1720-1778) . 267 
Cassan, Stephen Hyde (1789-1841). .268 

Cassel or Cassels, Richard (fl. 1757). 

Castle, Richard. 



289 
289 



240 



See 



464 



Index to Volume IX. 



PAOB 

CaBsell, John (1817-1865) . .268 

CasHie, James (1819-1879) . .269 

Cassillis, Earls of. See Kennedy, Gilbert, 
second Earl, d. 1527; Kennedy, Gilbert, 
third Earl, 1517 ?-1558 ; Kennedy, Gilbert, 
fourth Earl, 1541 ?-1576 ; Kennedy, John, 
fifth Earl, 1567?-1615; Kennedy, John, 
sixth Earl, 1595 ?-l 668; Kennedy, John, 
seventh Earl, 1646?-1701. 
GaAsivellannns {/I. 54 B.C.) .... 270 
Gasteels, Peter (1684-1749) . .271 

Gastell, Edmund (1606-1685) . .271 

Castell, William {d. 1645) . . . .272 
Gaetello, Adrian de (1460 ?-l 521 ?). See 

Adrian de Gastello. 
Castillo, John (1792-1845) . . .278 

Castine, Thomas {d, 1798 ?) . . .278 

Castle, Edmund (1698-1750) . .274 

Castle, George (1685 ?-1678) . .274 

Castle, Cassel, or Cassels, Richard {d. 1751) . 274 
Castle, Thomas (1804 ?-1840?) . .275 

Castlehaven, third Earl of (1617 ?-1684). See 

Tonchet, James. 
Castlemain, Countess of (1641-1709). See 

Villiers, Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland. 
Castlemain, Earl of {d. 1705). See Palmer, 

Roger. 
Castlereagh, Viscount (1789-1821). See 

Stewart, Robert. 
Castleton, Earl of {d. 1728). See Saunderson, 

James. 
Castro, Alfonso y (1495-1558) . .275 

Caswall, Edward (1814-1878) . .276 

Cat, Christopher {Jl. 1708-1783) . . .277 
Catcher or Burton, Edward (1584 ?-1624 ?) . 278 
Catchpole, Margaret (1778-1841) . . .278 
Catcott, Alexander (1725-1779) .278 

Catcott, Alexander Stopford (1692-1749) . 279 
Catesby, Sir John (tZ. 1486) . .280 

Catesby, Mark (1679 ?-1749) . .281 

Catesby, Robert (1578-1605) . . .281 

Catesby, William (^.1485) . . 284 

Catharine. See Catherine. 
Cathcart, Charles, ninth Baron Cathcart 

(1721-1776) 285 

Cathcart, Charles Murray, second Earl Cath- 
cart (1788-1859) 285 

Cathcart, David, Lord AUoway (d. 1829) . 286 

Catlicart, Sir George (1794-1854) . . .286 

Cathcart, Sir William Schaw, tenth Baron 

Cathcart in the peerage of Scotland, and 

first Viscount and Earl Cathcart in the 

peerage of the United Kingdom (1755- 

1848) 287 

Catherine of Valois (1401-1487) . .289 

Catherine of Arragon (1485-1536) . . 290 

Catherine Howard (d. 1542) .... .S08 
Catherine Parr (1512-1548) . . . .308 
Catherine of Braganza (1688-1705). .812 

Cathroe or Kadroe, Saint {d. 976?) See 
Cadroe. 

Catley, Ann (1745-1769) 819 

Catlin, Sir Robert {d. 1674) .820 

Catnach, James (of the Seven Dials) (1792- 

1841) 821 

Caton, William (1686-1665) . .821 

Catrik, John {d. 1419). See Ketterich. 
Cattermole, George (1800-1868) . . 822 

Cattermole, Richard (1795 ?-1858) . .824 

Catti, Twm Shon (1580-1620?). See Jones, 

Thomas. 
Catton, Charles, the elder (1728-1798) . . 825 



PAGB 

Catton, Charles, the younger (1756-1819) . 835 
Catton, Thomas (1760-1888) . .823 

Catton or Chattodunus, Walter (d. 1348) . 825 
Cattwg, Ddoeth {d, 570 ?). See Cadoc. 
Caulfeild, James, fourth Viscount and first 

Earl of Charlemont (1728-1799) . .836 

Caulfeild, Sir Toby or Tobias, first Baron 

Charlemont (1565-1627) . . 828 

Caulfeild, Toby or Tobias, third Baron 

Charlemont id. 1642) 888 

Caulfeild, William, fifth Baron and first 

Viscount Charlemont {d. 1671) . .828 
Caulfeild, William, second Viscount Charle- 
mont {d. 1726) 888 

Caulfield, James (1764-1826) . . .839 

Caunt, Benjamin (1815-1861) . .881 

Gaunter, John Hobart (1794-1851) . .633 

Cans, Salomon de (1576-1680). See De Cans. 
Causton, Michael de {d. 1895). See Cawston. 
Causton, Thomas {d. 1569) . . . .883 
Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas (1802-1871) . . 883 
Caux, John de {d. 1268). See Caleto, John de. 
Cavagnari, Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon (1841- 

1879) 385 

Cavalier or Cavallier, Jean (1681-1740) . . 835 
Cavallo, Tiberius (1749-1809) . . . .887 
Cavan, Earls of. See Lambart, Charles, first 
Earl, 1600-1660; Lambart, Richard Ford 
William, seventh Earl, 1768-1886. 
Cave, Sir Ambrose id. 1568) . . . .388 
Cave, Edward (1691-1754) . .338 

Cave, John {d. 1657) 340 

Cave, Sir Stephen (1820-1880) . .341 

Cave, William (1687-1718) . . .341 

CavelluR, Hugo (1571-1626). See MacCagh- 

well, Hugh. 
Cavendish, Charles (1620-1648) . .343 
Cavendish, Christiana, Countess of Devon- 
shire (d. 1676) 843 

Cavendish, Elizabeth, Duchess of Devonshire 

(1759-1824) 344 

Cavendish, Lord Frederick (1729-1803) . . 344 
Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles (1836- 

1882) 345 

Cavendish, George (1500-1561?) . . .346 
Cavendish, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire 

(1757-1806) 847 

Cavendish, Sir Henry (1782-1804) . . 848 

Cavendish, Henry (1781-1810) . . . 348 

Cavendish, Sir John {d. 1881) . . . .853 
Cavendish, Lord John (1732-1796) . . .358 
Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle 

(1624?-1674) 3:>5 

Cavendish, Richard {d. 1601 ?) . . . 857 
Cavendish, Thomas (1555 ?-1592) . . 8.>8 

Cavendish, Sir William (1505 ?-1557) . 868 

Cavendish, William, first Earl of Devonshire 

{d. 1626) 364 

Cavendish, William, second Earl of Devon- 
shire (1691 ?-1628) 364 

Cavendish, William, Duke of Newcastle 

(1592-1676) 364 

Cavendish, William, third Earl of Devonshire 

(1617-1684) 869 

Cavendish, William, first Duke of Devonshire 

(1640-1707) 370 

Cavendish, William, fourth Duke of Devon- 
shire (1720-1764) 875 

Cavendish, William George Spencer, sixth 

Duke of Devonshire (1790-1858) . .376 
Cavendish- Ben tinck. See Bentinck. 
Caverhill, John {d. 1781) 876 



Index to Volume IX. 



465 



1395) 



PAGE 

, 876 
. 877 
. 877 
. 877 
. 878 
. 879 
. 880 
. 880 
. 881 



See 



881 



Caw, John Young (1810 ?-1858) 
Cawdell, James {d. 1800) . 
Cawdry, Daniel (1588-1664) . 
Cawdry, Zachary (1616-1684) . 
Cawley. William (1602-1666 ?) 
Cawood, John (1514-1572) 
Cawston or Causton, Michael de [d 
Cawthorn, James (1719-1761) . 
Cawton, Thomas, the elder (1606-1659) 
Cawton, Thomas, the younger {d. 1677). 

under Cawton, Thomas, the eldei^ 
Cazton, WiUiam (1422 ?-l 491) 
Cay, Henry Boult (d, 1795). See under Cay, 

John. 

Cay, John (1700-1757) 889 

Cayley, Arthur id. 1848) 890 

Cavley, Cliarles Bagot (1828-1888) . .890 

Cayley, Cornelius (1729-1780?) .891 

Ceadda, Saint {d. 672), better known as Chad 891 
CeadwaUa. See CsBdwalla. 

Ceallachan {d. 954) 898 

Cearbhall, lord of Ossory (d. 888) . .898 

Ceawlin (d. 593) 894 

Cecil, Sir Edward, Viscount Wimbledon 

(1572-1688) 895 

Cecil, James, third Earl of Salisbury {d. 1688) 397 
Cecil, James, fourth Earl of Salisbury {d. 

1698) 

CecU, Richard (1748-1810) .... 
Cecil, Robert, first Earl of Salisbury and first 

Viscount Cranbome (1568 ?-1612) 
Cecil, Thomas, first Earl of Exeter and second 

Baron Burghley (1542-1622) 

Cecil, Thomas (fj. 1680) 405 

Cecil. William, Baron Burghley (1520-1598) . 406 
Cecilia or Cecily (1469-1507) . .412 

Cedd or Cedda, Saint {d. 664) . .418 

Cedmon, Saint (fl. 670). See Csedmon. 
Celeclerech, 'Cilian, Saint {d. 697). See 

Cilian. 
Celesia, Dorothea (1788-1790) . .414 

Celeste, Madame, proper name Celeste-Elliott 

(1814?-1882) 415 

Cellach, Saint (6th cent.) .415 

CeUach, Saint (1079-1129). See Celsus. 
Cellier, Elizabeth (/. 1680) . . .417 

Celling, William, or perhaps more properly 

William Tilly of Selling {d, 1494) . 417 

Celsns or Cellach, Saint (1079-1129) . 418 

Centlivre, Susannah (1667 ?-172d) . .420 

Centwine or Kenten [d. 685) . .422 



397 
398 

400 

404 



PAGE 

Cenwalh, Kenwealh, or Coinwalch {d. 672) . 428 
Cenwulf or Kenulf (d. 1006) . . .424 

Ceolfrid or Ceolfrith, Saint (642-716) . 424 

Ceohioth {d. 870) 426 

Ceolred {d. 716) 426 

Ceolric or Ceol {d. 597) 427 

Ceolwulf (d. 764) 427 

Cerdic {d. 534) 427 

Cemach, Saint (/f. 450). See Carantacos. 
Cervetto, Giacobbe (1682 ?-1788) . . .428 
Cervetto, James (1749 ?-1887) . .429 

Cestreton, Adam de (d. 1269) .... 429 
Chabham or Chobham, Thomas de (/. 1280). 429 
Cliabot, Charles (181.'>-1882j . . .429 

Chacepore or Chaceport, Peter {d. 1254) . 480 
Chad or Ceadda, Saint {d. 672). See Ceadda. 
Chaderton, Laurence ( l.'>86 ?-1640) . 
Chaderton, ChaddertOn, or Chatterton, Wil 

liam (1540?-1608) 
Chads, Sir Henry Ducie (1788?-1868) 
Chadwick, James (1818-1882) . 
Chafy, William (1779-1848) . 
Chaigneau, William (1709-1781) 
Chalk, Sir James Jell (1808-1878) . 
Chalkhill, John {Jl. 1678) 
Chalkley, Thomas ( 1075-1741 ) 
Challice, Annie Emma (1821-1875). See under 

Challice, John. 
Challice, John (1815-1868) .... 
Challis, James (1803-1882) .... 
Challoner, Richard (1691-1781) 
Chalmers, Alexander (1759-1884) . 
Chalmers or Chambers, David (1580 ?-1692). 

See Chambers. 
Chalmers, Sir George {d. 1791) 
Chalmers, George (1742-1825) 
Chalmers, George Paul (1836-1878) 
Chalmers, James (1782-1858) . 
Chalmers, Sir John (1756-1818) 
Chalmers, Patrick (1802-1854) 
Chalmers, Thomas (1780-1847) 
Chalmers, W. A. (//. 1798) 
Chalmers, Sir William (1787-1860) 
Chalon, Alfred Edward (1780-1860) 
Chalon, John James (1778-1854) 
Chaloner, James (1603-1660) . 
ChaJoner, Richard {d. 1043) . 
Chaloner, Sir Thomas, the elder (1521-1565) . 467 
Chaloner, Sir Thomas, the younger (1661- 

1615) 458 

Chaloner, Thomas (1595-1661) . . .460 



480 

482 
484 
485 
486 
436 
436 
437 
487 



488 
488 
440 
448 



446 
445 
446 
447 
447 
448 
449 
464 
454 
455 
456 
466 
467 



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